TECHNICAL REPORT NO.

1: CONCEPTUAL
GROUP NAME: AIR FOREFRONT I
DESIGN

DATE: 3/29/2023 PAGE NO.: 1 OF 1

INSTRUCTOR: ENGR. ALFRANCIS REY POSADAS
RATING: ISSUE NO.: 01

HONESTY CLAUSE

AS AN INSTITUTION OF HIGHER LEARNING, STUDENTS ARE EXPECTED TO DISPLAY

HIGHEST DEGREE OF HONESTY AND PROFESSIONALISM IN THEIR CLASS WORK,
REQUIREMENTS, AND ACTIVITIES; THUS, IN NO CASE THAT CHEATING—OR ANY FORM OF
IT, MAY IT BE PLAGIARISM, COPYING OTHER STUDENTS' WORKS, AND FABRICATION OF
MATERIALS—SHALL BE TOLERATED. THE COLLEGE ASSUMES AS A SIMPLE AND MINIMAL
PREFERRED OF HABITS IN ACADEMIC MATTERS THAT STUDENTS BE TRUTHFUL AND THAT
THEY PUBLISH FOR DEPOSIT SOLELY THE MERCHANDISE OF THEIR PERSONAL EFFORTS.

BARRANTES, PAOLO R.

CANTADA, JOVEN M.

FABABIER, KYHART R.

MANALO, LORENZO JOSE B.

PRINCIPE, ROLAND PAUL DG.

SANCHEZ, REMUELLE

SUMAGUI, MAXY LOUISE B.

VALENCIA, SYMOND RICH T.

TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 1: CONCEPTUAL
GROUP NAME: AIR FOREFRONT I
DESIGN

DATE: 3/29/2023 PAGE NO.: 1 OF 1

INSTRUCTOR: ENGR. ALFRANCIS REY POSADAS
RATING: ISSUE NO.: 01

AIR FOREFRONT I
AIR FOREFRONT I IS A LIGHT, FOUR-SEATER TRAINER AIRCRAFT PRIMARILY
DESIGNED TO FULFILL THE TRAINING REQUIREMENTS OF ASPIRING PILOTS. THE
CONCEPTUAL AIRCRAFT DESIGN IS NAMED “AIR FOREFRONT I” THAT IS MEANT TO BE
ADVANCED IN INNOVATION AND PROGRESSIVE IN HELPING TRAIN THE STUDENT PILOTS
AND IMPROVE THEIR SKILLS. THE DESIGNERS AIM TO ANSWER THE GROWING DEMAND
FOR SAFE TRAINING EXPERIENCES AND THUS, MARKET THE AIRCRAFT TOWARDS FLIGHT
TRAINING SCHOOLS.
DOWN TO ITS DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS, THE DESIGNERS ARE OBJECTIVE
ON MAKING THE AIR FOREFRONT I HAVE SUFFICIENT STABILITY TO MAINTAIN A UNIFORM
FLIGHT PATH AND RECOVER FROM THE DIFFERENT UPSETTING FORCES THE AIRCRAFT
ENCOUNTER DURING THE ENTIRE PHASES OF FLIGHT. IN ESSENCE, CONCEPTUAL
AIRCRAFT ASPIRE TO ACHIEVE THE BEST PERFORMANCE AND COMFORTABILITY THEY
CAN OFFER TO STUDENT PILOTS. THE SUBSONIC MONOPLANE HAS RECTANGULAR WINGS
FIXED ON A HIGH LOCATION SUPPORTED BY EXTERNAL STRUTS ATTACHED TO THE
FUSELAGE. NOT TO MENTION THAT THE SEMI-CANTILEVER HIGH WING IS UNIQUELY
STABLE AT LOWER SPEEDS, THE PILOTS ARE GIVEN FAR BETTER GROUND VISIBILITY,
WHICH PROVIDES AN UNOBSTRUCTED VIEW OF THE AIRSPACE AROUND THE AIRCRAFT.
THIS WILL MAKE THE ENTIRE EXPERIENCE IN THE AIR FOREFRONT I EASIER FOR
STUDENTS TO FAMILIARIZE THEIR WAY AROUND THE AIRCRAFT, RUNWAYS, AND SKIES
ALIKE. ADDITIONALLY, THE WEIGHT OF THE ENGINE AND FUSELAGE IS LOCATED
BENEATH THE WINGS, WHICH FORMS A NATURAL PENDULUM EFFECT THAT HELPS KEEP
THE AIRCRAFT TO BE MORE STABLE IN FLIGHT. THE HIGH-WING DESIGN OF AIR
FOREFRONT I CAN PRODUCE A POSITIVE ANGLE OF ATTACK THAT WOULD HELP KEEP THE
AIRCRAFT FROM STALLING AT LOW SPEEDS AND READS PREDICTABLE STALL BEHAVIOR.
BESIDES, THE TAIL CONFIGURATION OF AIR FOREFRONT I, WHICH INCLUDES A VERTICAL,
AND HORIZONTAL STABILIZER, RUDDER, AND ELEVATOR, WORKS TOGETHER WITH THE
WING DESIGN TO OFFER GREAT DIRECTIONAL STABILITY, ADDITIONAL LIFT, AND
CONTROL OVER THE PROP-WASH EFFECTS AS IT UTILIZED A TWO-BLADED FIXED-PITCH
PROPELLER. THIS RESULTS IN AN AIRCRAFT THAT IS SAFE AND EFFECTIVE FOR GENERAL
AVIATION AND FLIGHT TRAINING PURPOSES.
AIR FOREFRONT I UTILIZED A SEMI-MONOCOQUE STRUCTURE THAT IS ABLE TO
CATER TO FOUR SEATS ALONG WITH THE OTHER PAYLOADS. ONE OF THE KEY
ADVANTAGES OF THE SEMI-MONOCOQUE STRUCTURE IS THAT IT ALLOWS FOR A HIGH
STRENGTH-TO-WEIGHT RATIO. THIS IS IMPORTANT IN TRAINER AIRCRAFT BECAUSE IT
ENABLES THE AIRCRAFT TO WITHSTAND THE STRESSES OF TRAINING FLIGHTS WHILE
REMAINING LIGHTWEIGHT, WHICH IS CRUCIAL FOR FUEL EFFICIENCY AND
MANEUVERABILITY. OBJECTIVELY, THE DESIGNERS PROPPED FIXED TRICYCLE LANDING
GEAR ON THE CONCEPTUAL AIRCRAFT FOR GOOD GROUND HANDLING CHARACTERISTICS
AND MORE PRECISE STEERING CAPABILITIES DURING TAXI, TAKEOFF, AND LANDING.
LASTLY, AN EFFICIENT POWERPLANT IS CRUCIAL FOR THE SUCCESSFUL OPERATION OF A
TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 1: CONCEPTUAL
GROUP NAME: AIR FOREFRONT I
DESIGN

DATE: 3/29/2023 PAGE NO.: 1 OF 1

INSTRUCTOR: ENGR. ALFRANCIS REY POSADAS
RATING: ISSUE NO.: 01

TRAINER AIRCRAFT, AS IT AFFECTS THE AIRCRAFT’S PERFORMANCE, FUEL EFFICIENCY,

OPERATIONAL COST, RELIABILITY, AND SAFETY. REASONABLY, THE DESIGNERS OF AIR
FOREFRONT I WILL BE USING THE CONTINENTAL O-300, A RELIABLE PISTON ENGINE
THAT CONFORMS TO LESS FUEL CONSUMPTION GIVEN THAT TRAINER AIRCRAFT
INVOLVES LONG HOURS OF FLIGHT TIME. THE SPECIFIED PISTON ENGINE CAN PROVIDE
THE ADEQUATE POWER AND PERFORMANCE REQUIRED FOR AIR FOREFRONT I TO
PERFORM VARIOUS FLIGHT MANEUVERS AND TRAINING EXERCISES. TAKING INTO
ACCOUNT THAT SUCH AN AIRCRAFT PISTON ENGINE HAS ENOUGH CAPABILITY TO
HANDLE EMERGENCIES AND RECOVER FROM STALLS OR OTHER CRITICAL FLIGHT
CONDITIONS.
FURTHERMORE, THE AIRCRAFT IS STRENGTHENED WITH ENHANCED MATERIALS
OF FIBERGLASS, EPOXY RESIN, EXTRUDED FOAM, AND MANY OTHER COMPOSITES FOR
BETTER STRUCTURAL DURABILITY. TO FACILITATE THE FLIGHT TRAINING OF AIRCREWS
AND PILOTS, THE DESIGN INSPIRATIONS OF AIR FOREFRONT I WERE DERIVED FROM THE
FOLLOWING TRAINER AIRCRAFT:
CESSNA 172 SKYHAWK. A POPULAR SINGLE-ENGINE AIRCRAFT THAT IS WIDELY
USED AS A TRAINER AIRCRAFT FOR FLIGHT TRAINING PURPOSES. IT HAS A PROVEN
TRACK RECORD OF BEING SAFE, RELIABLE, AND EASY TO FLY, MAKING IT AN EXCELLENT
CHOICE FOR NOVICE PILOTS AND FLIGHT TRAINING SCHOOLS. THE AIRCRAFT HAS A
SIMPLE AND STRAIGHTFORWARD DESIGN WITH A HIGH-WING CONFIGURATION, WHICH
ALLOWS FOR EASY ACCESS TO THE COCKPIT AND GOOD VISIBILITY FROM THE COCKPIT
CESSNA 140. A TWO-SEAT, SINGLE-ENGINE AIRPLANE THAT WAS DESIGNED AND
PRODUCED BY CESSNA AIRCRAFT COMPANY IN THE LATE 1940S. IT WAS PRIMARILY
DESIGNED AS A TRAINING AIRCRAFT AND WAS WELL-SUITED FOR THIS PURPOSE DUE TO
ITS EASE OF HANDLING, SIMPLE CONTROLS, AND FORGIVING FLIGHT CHARACTERISTICS.
GOAIR GT-1 TRAINER. A LOW-WING MONOPLANE POWERED BY A 118 HP (88 KW)
LYCOMING O-235 PISTON ENGINE DRIVING A TWO-BLADED PROPELLER. IT HAS A FIXED
TRICYCLE LANDING GEAR AND AN ENCLOSED COCKPIT FOR TWO IN A SIDE-BY-SIDE
CONFIGURATION WITH A SLIDING CANOPY FOR ACCESS.
CIRRUSS SR22. THE CIRRUS SR22 IS NOT TYPICALLY USED AS A PRIMARY TRAINER
AIRCRAFT, BUT RATHER AS A HIGH-PERFORMANCE AIRCRAFT FOR ADVANCED TRAINING
AND PERSONAL USE. IT IS A FOUR-SEATER, SINGLE-ENGINE, LOW-WING AIRPLANE THAT
IS KNOWN FOR ITS MODERN DESIGN AND ADVANCED AVIONICS SYSTEMS. THE SR22 HAS
A POWERFUL 310 HORSEPOWER ENGINE AND A CRUISING SPEED OF AROUND 180 KNOTS,
MAKING IT FASTER AND MORE POWERFUL THAN MOST TRAINING AIRCRAFT. IT ALSO
FEATURES A PARACHUTE SYSTEM, WHICH CAN BE DEPLOYED IN CASE OF AN EMERGENCY.
PIPER PA-28 CHEROKEE. THE PIPER PA-28 CHEROKEE IS A POPULAR AIRCRAFT
USED FOR FLIGHT TRAINING. IT IS A FOUR-SEATER, SINGLE-ENGINE AIRPLANE WITH A
LOW-WING DESIGN, AND IT IS RENOWNED FOR ITS STABILITY AND EASE OF HANDLING.
THE CHEROKEE IS RELATIVELY FUEL-EFFICIENT AND HAS LOW OPERATING COSTS
TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 1: CONCEPTUAL
GROUP NAME: AIR FOREFRONT I
DESIGN

DATE: 3/29/2023 PAGE NO.: 1 OF 1

INSTRUCTOR: ENGR. ALFRANCIS REY POSADAS
RATING: ISSUE NO.: 01

COMPARED TO OTHER AIRCRAFT, WHICH MAKES IT AN ECONOMICAL OPTION FOR FLIGHT

TRAINING SCHOOLS.

REFERENCES

AOPA (2022). YOUR FREEDOM TO FLY. RETRIEVED FROM: HTTPS://WWW.AOPA.ORG/GO-

FLY/AIRCRAFT-AND-OWNERSHIP/AIRCRAFT-GUIDE/AIRCRAFT/CESSNA-172
COURTNEY C. (2022). DISCIPLES OF FLIGHT. CESSNA 140; LITTLE AIRPLANE THAT COULD.
RETRIEVED FROM: HTTPS://DISCIPLESOFFLIGHT.COM/CESSNA-120-140-AIRCRAFT-
PROFILE/
PILOT INSTITUTE (2022). WHAT IS AIRPLANE STABILITY. RETRIEVED FROM:
HTTPS://PILOTINSTITUTE.COM/AIRPLANE-STABILITY/
SKYBRARY (2022). CIRRUSS SR-22 TECHNICAL DATA. RETRIEVED FROM:
HTTPS://SKYBRARY.AERO/AIRCRAFT/SR22
PILOT FRIEND (2018). GOAIR GT-1 TRAINER HISTORY, PERFORMANCE & SPECIFICATIONS.
RETRIEVED FROM: HTTP://WWW.PILOTFRIEND.COM/AIRCRAFT GOAIR GT-1
TRAINER
AEROCORNER (2023). PIPER PA-28 CHROKEE; PRIVATE SINGLE ENGINE. RETRIEVED
FROM: HTTPS://AEROCORNER.COM/AIRCRAFT/PIPER-PA-28-CHEROKEE/
TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 1: CONCEPTUAL
GROUP NAME: AIR FOREFRONT I
DESIGN

DATE: 3/29/2023 PAGE NO.: 1 OF 1

INSTRUCTOR: ENGR. ALFRANCIS REY POSADAS
RATING: ISSUE NO.: 01

Aircraft 1: PIPER CHEROKEE PA-28-180

IMPERIAL
WEIGHT SI UNIT (kg) UNIT (lbs)
GROSS WEIGHT
A.1 (MTOW) 1088.62 2400
A.2 USEFUL LOAD
CREW 50 110.23
PASSENGERS 150 330.69
BAGGAGE 133.72 294.81
FUEL LOAD 189.27 417.27
OIL LOAD 9.98 22
TOTAL 532.97 1175
EMPTY WEIGHT =
A.3 (MTOW-USEFUL 555.65 1225

IMPERIAL
DIMENSIONS (EXTERNAL) SI UNIT (kg) UNIT (ft)
B.1 WING SPAN (b) 9.14 30
B.2 WING CHORD AT ROOT 1.37 4.48
B.3 WING CHORD AT TIP 0.93 3.04
B.4 WING ASPECT RATIO 5.63
B.5 LENGTH (OVERALL) 7.13 23.4
B.6 HEIGHT (OVERALL) 2.26 7.4
B.7 TAIL PLANE SPAN 1.47 4.82
B.8 WHEEL TRACK 2.74 9
B.9 WHEEL BASE 1.85 6.06
B.10 PROPELLER DIAMETER 0.73 2.41
PROPELLER GROUND
B.11 CLEARANCE 1.27 0.9
B.12 CABIN DOOR HEIGHT 1.22 4.02
CABIN DOOR WIDTH 0.81 2.65

IMPERIAL
AREAS SI UNIT (m2) UNIT (ft2)
C.1 WING AREA 14.86 160
C.2 AILERON AREA 0.89 9.56
C.3 FLAPS AREA 1.76 18.93
C.4 VERTICAL STABILIZER 0.72 7.8
C.5 RUDDER AREA 0.44 4.74
HORIZONTAL
C.6 STABILIZER 1.42 15.33
C.7 ELEVATOR 0.4 4.33

IMPERIAL
LOADINGS SI UNIT (m2) UNIT (ft2)
TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 1: CONCEPTUAL
GROUP NAME: AIR FOREFRONT I
DESIGN

DATE: 3/29/2023 PAGE NO.: 1 OF 1

INSTRUCTOR: ENGR. ALFRANCIS REY POSADAS
RATING: ISSUE NO.: 01

D.1 WING LOADING (W/S) 0.72 kg/m2 0.72 kg/m2

POWER LOADING
D.2 (HP/W) 15 lbs/ft2 15 lbs/ft2

IMPERIAL
ENGINE SPECIFICATIONS SI UNIT UNIT (ft2)
RATED MAXIMUM
E.1 HORSEPOWER 180 hp
E.2 RATED MAXIMUM RPM 2700 rpm
SPECIFIC FUEL
E.3 CONSUMPTION 43 lb/Hp-hr
E.4 NUMBER OF CYLINDER 4
E.5 ENGINE DRY WEIGHT 132.90 kg 132.90 kg
ENGINE DIMENSIONS
E.6 LENGTH 293 293 lbs
ENGINE DIMENSIONS
WIDTH 0.76 0.76 m
ENGINE DIMENSIONS
HEIGHT 2.48 2.48 ft

IMPERIAL
PERFORMANCE SI UNIT UNIT (ft2)
F.1 TOP SPEED (VMAX) 244.46 km/hr 222.79 ft/s
CRUISING SPEED
F.2 (VCRUISE) 222.79 ft/s 209.29 ft/s

STALLING SPEED
F.3 (VSTALL) FLAPS UP 229.65 km/hr 84.39 ft/s

STALLING SPEED
(VSTALL) FLAPS DOWN 209.29 ft/s 84.39 ft/s

MAXIMUM RATE OF
F.4 CLIMB AT SEA LEVEL 92.60 km/hr 11 ft/s

F.5 SERVICE CEILING 84.39 ft/s 2.97 mi

F.6 TAKE-OFF RUN 92.60 km/hr 0.15 mi

F.7 LANDING RUN 84.39 ft/s 0.11 mi
F.8 ENDURANCE 5.26 hrs
F.9 RANGE 944.52 km 586.90 mi