QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

Nature of Inquiry and

Research

Identifying Inquiry and

the Statement of the
Problem
Learning from Others
and Reviewing the
Literature
Understanding Data and
Ways to Collect Data

Finding Answers Through

Data Collection
Reporting and Sharing the
Findings
 LEARNING FROM OTHERS AND
REVIEWING THE LITERATURE

At the end this lesson, you are

expected to:
1. illustrate and explain the
conceptual framework;
2. define terms used in the study;
and
3. present written review of
related literature and
conceptual framework.
 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
According to Hart (1998, as cited by Torneo and Clamor, 2017), the
review of related literature is:

“Selection of available documents (both published and unpublished)

on the topic, which contain information, ideas, data and evidence
written from a particular standpoint to fulfill certain aims or express
certain views on the nature of the topic and how it is investigated,
and the effective evaluation of these documents in relation to the
research being proposed.” (1998, 13)
 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Reviewing the related literature is one major activity in research that
makes one examine or study again the concepts or ideas related to
the research study. The following are the purposes of reviewing the
related literature:
• To find out the connection of your research to the current
conditions or situations of the world;
• To know more about theories or concepts underlying your
research and to learn from them with respect to your own
research study
 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Reviewing the related literature is one major activity in research that
makes one examine or study again the concepts or ideas related to
the research study. The following are the purposes of reviewing the
related literature:
• To discover the relation of your research with previous research
studies;
• To obtain information on the accuracy or relevance of your
research questions; and
• To familiarize yourself with technical terms related to your
research.
 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

For quantitative research, the systematic review is the

appropriate method of reviewing related literature.
The systematic review, “a question-driven
methodology”, begins with asking questions – one big
question that states the main problem of the research
and a set of sub-questions that deal with the specific
aspects of the research.
 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
A systematic review of related literature has the following sequential
steps:
1. Clarifying the research questions.
2. Planning the research based on your understanding of the
research questions.
3. Searching for literature.
4. Listing criteria for considering the values of written works.
5. Evaluating the quality of previous research studies.
6. Summarizing the various forms of knowledge collected.
 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
When writing a review of related literature, work around the
variables you have selected. For a quantitative study, a review of
related literature must contain the necessary sections:
1. Introduction - briefly describes the content of the section and how
it is organized
2. Topic 1 or the independent variable
3. Topic 2 or the dependent variable
4. Topic 3 or the link between these variables through previously
conducted studies or the intervening variables
5. Summary
 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
In summarizing the collected information from several related literatures, proper referencing
must be observed. The following table show how APA (American Psychological Association)
differs from MLA (Modern Language Association).

Aspect APA System MLA System

Writing the author’s name Full surname first, then Full surname name,
followed by the initials of followed by full first name
the first and middle name and optional initial of the
middle name
Writing the material’s title Italicized title with only the Underline or italicized title
beginning word capitalized will all content words
(except for proper noun) capitalized
Writing the copyright data Written after the author’s Written after the publisher’s
name name
 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
In summarizing the collected information from several related literatures,
proper referencing must be observed. The following table show how APA
(American Psychological Association) differs from MLA (Modern Language
Association).

https://libguides.murdoch.edu.au/APA
 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
In summarizing the collected information from several related literatures,
proper referencing must be observed. The following table show how APA
(American Psychological Association) differs from MLA (Modern Language
Association).

https://www.enaco.com.pe/es/informacion-de-gestion/codigo-de-etica-
enaco?ss=5_5_2_19_42&pp=apa+reference+website&ii=1991897
 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
In summarizing the collected information from several related literatures,
proper referencing must be observed. The following table show how APA
(American Psychological Association) differs from MLA (Modern Language
Association).

http://www.gemfarmsbuffalo.com/wp/?tag=citations-for-apa
 ETHICAL STANDARDS IN WRITING THE REVIEW OF
RELATED LITERATURE
All researchers must always observe proper research conduct
and ethics, especially when citing and crediting the source of
literature used in their study. The primary function of
citations and references is to help readers in locating
publication. Citations allow readers to distinguish your
original work from the work and ideas of others.
ETHICAL STANDARDS IN WRITING THE REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE: PLAGIARISM
● Cut and paste plagiarism - copying sections of articles or books
directly from the Internet or a CD-ROM and into a personal paper.

● Mosaic plagiarism - occurs when a student borrows phrases from a

source without using quotation marks, or finds synonyms for the
author's language while keeping to the same general structure and
meaning of the original.

https://www.bowdoin.edu/dean-of-students/conduct-review-board/academic-honesty-and-plagiarism/common-types-
of-plagiarism.html#:~:text=Mosaic%20Plagiarism%20occurs%20when%20a,and%20meaning%20of%20the%20original.
ETHICAL STANDARDS IN WRITING THE REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE: PLAGIARISM
● Self-plagiarism (duplication or replication) - occurs when a student
submits his or her own previous work, or mixes parts of previous
works, without permission from all professors involved.
● Accidental plagiarism- occurs when a person neglects to cite their
sources, or misquotes their sources, or unintentionally paraphrases a
source by using similar words, groups of words, and/or sentence
structure without attribution.
https://www.bowdoin.edu/dean-of-students/conduct-review-board/academic-honesty-and-plagiarism/common-types-of-
plagiarism.html#:~:text=Mosaic%20Plagiarism%20occurs%20when%20a,and%20meaning%20of%20the%20original.
 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
The conceptual framework is a graphical
representation of your concepts or ideas on the
basic structure or components of the research
as well as on the relationships of these
elements with one another. This shows the
organization, order, and direction of your
research study.
 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
In making the conceptual framework, the following steps
may be taken into consideration:
1. Identify the important variables in the study. There are
usually two important variables in the study: the
independent and the dependent variables.
2. Think how these variables are related.
3. Create the visual diagram or a model.
4. Explain your conceptual framework in narrative form.
 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
The three most common models are the following:
a. Independent-dependent variable model

Organic Fertilizer and the Growth Rate of Plants

 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
The three most common models are the following:
b. Input-process-output (IPO) model

Level of Satisfaction of College Students on the Use of Google Classroom as an Online

Learning Platform.
 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

The three most

common models are
the following:
c. Using concept
maps

Coping to the Remote Learning System: Anxiety Levels of College Students

 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
The components of the study, however, are not extensively
and thoroughly explained by the conceptual framework.
Hence, there is the theoretical framework that gives and
explains the theories, principles, generalizations, and
findings which are related to your study. The framework
helps you organize the research questions, identify the
variables, and outline relationships between them. This
also helps you formulate the hypotheses to be tested.
 THE LANGUAGE OF RESEARCH
Research involves searching in a systematic way or
in a scientific method. With this, facts, principles,
theories, and others are encountered. Extraordinary
terms also come with this. Thus, the language used
in the research must be communicated to the
readers.
 THE LANGUAGE OF RESEARCH
The Definition of Terms" section helps your readers
comprehend the ideas or elements that will be covered in
your study and provides background information on how you
plan to apply those ideas. This section assures that your
readers will comprehend the study's components as you
intend to present them because frequently, readers may have
their own interpretations of the terms or be completely
unfamiliar with them. You list the terms that will be used in
the dissertation and give definitions for each one in this part.
 THE LANGUAGE OF RESEARCH
A theoretical definition, which is based on the
concepts related to the field and is widely accepted
may prevent the readers from immediately seeing
the relationships of things involved in the research.
To give a clear meaning of the concept involved in
the research is through the operational definition.
 THE LANGUAGE OF RESEARCH
Operational definition is making the concept
meaningful by specifying the way your research
should measure such concept. Defining the term
based on its application in the research gives other
researchers evaluate the measurement procedure
and repeat such procedures in their research studies.
 THE
LANGUAGE
OF
RESEARCH
 THE LANGUAGE OF RESEARCH
The following are pointers on defining terms operationally.
1. Have a clear understanding of the concept focused on by
your study before you begin defining such concept
operationally.
2. Base your operational definition on the concept under
study.
3. Express the operational definition in only one sentence.
 THE LANGUAGE OF RESEARCH

The following are pointers on defining terms

operationally.
4. Let the operational definition explain the
measurement of variables clearly.
5. Construct an operational definition that other
researchers can understand, assess, and
repeat in other research studies.
What are the ethical
considerations in
research?