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The nervous system, the muscular system, and the effects of stroke on them.

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The nervous system, the muscular system, and the effects of stroke on them.

The human body contains about six hundred (600) body muscles. Every muscle is a

flexible structure filled with thousands of tiny smooth muscle cells. Numerous tiny threads,

known as fibrils, make up each fiber. Nerve cell signals manage each muscle fiber's relaxation.

The quantity of fibers in a muscle significantly impacts its performance. The body produces

adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which muscle cells convert into kinetic motion to power muscles.

It is well known that the neurological and muscular systems collaborate and are wholly

interdependent in terms of their composition and operations. After a stroke, muscles experience

massive modifications with successive adjustments. Despite this, the issue of skeletal muscle

anomalies following a stroke has received little attention from researchers. The objective of this

study is to provide a concise summary of the present understanding of the collaborative functions

of the nervous and muscular systems and the probable mechanisms underlying alterations

following the event of stroke in the body.

The Muscular and the Nervous system

Skeletal muscles move the legs and the external parts of the body. They provide the

human body with its form and protect the bones. Skeletal muscles act in groups because they can

only move in one way. Movement is made more accessible when one of the pair's muscles

flexes, causing the other to stretch (Ostrovidov et al., 2019). Powerful tendons that either link

directly with the bones or hook to them where the muscles are attached. The tendons' extension

over the joints aids in maintaining the stability of the joints.

The skeletal muscles relax to produce the majority of outwardly observable body

motions, including jogging, to walk, speaking, and moving the eyes, neck, legs, or hands. All

body language, such as smiles, frowns, and mouth and tongue motions, are likewise controlled
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by skeletal muscles. To keep the body's position in place, skeletal muscles constantly make

minute changes. They fix an individual's head in one place or maintain their back directly. They

maintain the joints in the proper alignment along with the fibers to prevent the joints from

dislocating (Tortora et al., 2018). When they stretch and relax, skeletal muscles also produce

heat, which aids in regulating body temperature.

In the stomach, intestines, blood arteries, and abdominal organs, smooth muscles are in

charge of motion. Visceral muscles, as well as smooth muscles, refer to the stomach. People do

not even realize they use these muscles; they do it naturally. They do not require a cognitive

mind, unlike skeletal muscles. Compressions of smooth muscles are necessary for many distinct

muscle activities. They include the contraction of the uterine wall following births, the

movement of food through the intestinal walls, and the dilation and dilatation of the pupils in

response to light levels.

The neurological system, which governs the human body and endocrine glands, causes

muscle movement. They are in charge of maintaining the internal body's stability and

coordinating all body operations. The fundamental building block of the neurological system is a

network of neurons or synapses. Moto neurons are the name for the cells that support muscular.

The body and extensions of a neuron make it up. Nerve cells are the shorter ones, and axons are

the longer ones.

The neuron can receive impulses from the brain through the dendrite. The information

that has been digested is subsequently transmitted to neighboring cells through the axon (e.g.,

muscle cells). Through adjustments in the tension across the cell surface, or "action potential,"

the signal is further distributed along the neuron. Afterward, chemical agents protect the

information flow between particular cells in the brain. The mediator is produced once the action
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potential hits an axon's terminus. The brain and spinal cord are the central nervous system's two

principal components (CNS) components. The brain is linked to 12 pairs of head nerves that

make up the central nervous system, while the spinal cord is interconnected to 31 sets of spinal

nerves. The CNS collects input from bodily sensors through sensory nerves. Motoric nerves send

information to muscle fibers from the central nervous system.

The autonomic nervous system (heart, glands, and smooth muscles) supervises the

interior organs' functions. It is compelled. It comprises sympathetic and parasympathetic

systems, all of which work to maintain the human body's functioning equilibrium with the

potential for either system to take precedence in particular circumstances. When an athlete

moves, the sympathetic nervous system takes over, whereas when they are relaxing, the

parasympathetic system takes over (Weberruss et al., 2018). The parasympathetic nervous

system has the reverse effect, i.e., it decreases organ activities, whereas the sympathetic nervous

system increases organ activity (e.g., increases in HR and BP) (decrease in HR).

How a stroke affects the Muscular and the nervous system of the body

A stroke is a severe brain disease resulting from a disruption of the blood flow and can

harm the neurological and muscular systems (Kuo & Hu 2018). Depending on the extent of the

brain injury experienced by a stroke sufferer, different disabilities may show in different ways.

The majority of the time, however, there are sure general signs. Psychomotor agitation is one of

the effects of stroke from the standpoint of its impact on the neurological system. Individuals can

exhibit excessive irritability, panic attacks, or other emotional disorders because a specific

section of the brain causes them to be injured, which makes it challenging to manage actions

(Kim, 2017). Numbness of a portion of the body or the face is another sign of a stroke on the

neurological system. Brain injury makes it impossible for an individual to manage nerves, which
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makes it impossible to stretch specific muscles, legs, or facial nerves. A person either entirely or

partially quits reacting to outside stimuli.

A high muscular tone and rising tensions are referred to as hypertonia. Usually, it

happens when a stroke destroys the region of the brain that communicates with the movements to

control them (Kuo & Hu, 2018). These impulses tell the muscles to relax as necessary in regular

muscular function. As a response, there is much stress since the muscles are constantly firing.

After a stroke, hypertonic frequently impact the legs. For instance, if the patient's shoulder is

affected, the arm may flex and pull inward towards the body. It also frequently affects the hand,

causing it to tighten into a fist.

Contractures may form if hypertonia goes untreated for an extended period. Contractures

happen when the strands of a muscle, nerve, tissue, or skin shrink and stiffen. As a result, there is

a reduction in mobility range and a limitation of functionality. While they can happen in any

joint, contractures are most frequently found in the thighs, wrists, ankles, and biceps. In two or

more joints, patients occasionally experience contractures. Usually, they appear where

hypertonia is most extreme.

Conclusion

A stroke is a severe medical emergency that poses a life-threatening risk since it is the

brain's equivalent of cardiac arrest. Strokes are especially time-sensitive, and delayed treatment

can result in death or severe brain injury. However, the range of stroke treatments is growing

daily thanks to developments in brain research, scanning technology, and novel pharmaceuticals.

It is crucial to seek prompt medical assistance if an individual exhibits indications of a stroke. A

stroke victim's chances of having its consequences reduced or reversed increase the quicker they

receive medical attention.

References

Kim, J. S. (2017). Management of post-stroke mood and emotional disturbances. Expert Review

of Neurotherapeutics, 17(12), 1179–1188.

https://doi.org/10.1080/14737175.2017.1395281

Kuo, C. L., & Hu, G. C. (2018). Post-stroke Spasticity: A Review of Epidemiology,

Pathophysiology, and Treatments. International Journal of Gerontology, 12(4), 280–284.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijge.2018.05.005

Ostrovidov, S., Salehi, S., Costantini, M., Suthiwanich, K., Ebrahimi, M., Sadeghian, R. B.,

Fujie, T., Shi, X., Cannata, S., Gargioli, C., Tamayol, A., Dokmeci, M. R., Orive, G.,

Swieszkowski, W., & Khademhosseini, A. (2019). 3D Bioprinting in Skeletal Muscle

Tissue Engineering. Small, 15(24), 1805530. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201805530

Tortora, G. J., & Derrickson, B. H. (2018). Principles of anatomy and physiology. John Wiley &

Sons.

Weberruss, H., Maucher, J., Oberhoffer, R., & Müller, J. (2017). Recovery of the cardiac

autonomic nervous and vascular system after maximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing

in recreational athletes. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 118(1), 205–211.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-017-3762-2