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    CE242 - Tensile Test - 2023

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    K K Bajpai
    The document provides an introduction to tensile testing. It discusses the importance of tensile testing for measuring the strength and ductility of materials. Tensile testing is used to select materials for engineering applications and ensure quality. It also describes the different regions of a tensile test including the elastic region, yielding, strain hardening, necking, and fracture. The document outlines how ductility is measured and the difference between ductile and brittle materials. It also discusses tensile test specimens, equipment, and the effect of machine stiffness on test results.

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    CE242 - Tensile Test - 2023

    Uploaded by

    K K Bajpai
    8 views25 pages
    The document provides an introduction to tensile testing. It discusses the importance of tensile testing for measuring the strength and ductility of materials. Tensile testing is used to select materials for engineering applications and ensure quality. It also describes the different regions of a tensile test including the elastic region, yielding, strain hardening, necking, and fracture. The document outlines how ductility is measured and the difference between ductile and brittle materials. It also discusses tensile test specimens, equipment, and the effect of machine stiffness on test results.

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    The document provides an introduction to tensile testing. It discusses the importance of tensile testing for measuring the strength and ductility of materials. Tensile testing is used to select materials for engineering applications and ensure quality. It also describes the different regions of a tensile test including the elastic region, yielding, strain hardening, necking, and fracture. The document outlines how ductility is measured and the difference between ductile and brittle materials. It also discusses tensile test specimens, equipment, and the effect of machine stiffness on test results.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    8 views25 pages

    CE242 - Tensile Test - 2023

    Uploaded by

    K K Bajpai
    The document provides an introduction to tensile testing. It discusses the importance of tensile testing for measuring the strength and ductility of materials. Tensile testing is used to select materials for engineering applications and ensure quality. It also describes the different regions of a tensile test including the elastic region, yielding, strain hardening, necking, and fracture. The document outlines how ductility is measured and the difference between ductile and brittle materials. It also discusses tensile test specimens, equipment, and the effect of machine stiffness on test results.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 25

    Introduction to Tensile Testing

    K.K. Bajpai
    Chief Scientific Officer
    Structural Engineering Laboratory
    IIT Kanpur
    IMPORTANCE OF Tensile Test

     Strength of a material is the primary concern.


     The strength may be measured in terms of
     the stress at which plastic deformation is observed (yield
    stress), or
     the maximum stress that the material can withstand
    (ultimate tensile strength).
     These measures of strength are used, with appropriate
    caution in engineering design.
     Material’s ductility is another important property, which
    is a measure of how much it can be deformed before it
    fractures.
     Low ductility in a tensile test often is accompanied by
    low resistance to fracture.
    IMPORTANCE OF Tensile Test

     The results are used in selecting materials for


    engineering applications.
     Tensile properties are included in material
    specifications to ensure quality.
     Tensile properties are measured during
    development of new materials and processes.
     Tensile properties are often used to predict the
    behavior of a material under forms of loading
    other than uni-axial tension.
    Tensile Test
    Tensile Test contd…

    Important Regions:

    • Elastic region
    • Yielding
    • Strain Hardening
    • Necking

    • Fracture

    Note: Very little difference


    between engineering and
    true values in elastic region.
    Tensile Test contd…
    Ductility and Percent Elongation

     Ductility is the degree to which a material will


    deform before ultimate fracture.
     Percent elongation is used as a measure of
    ductility.
     Ductile Materials have %E ≥ 5%
     Brittle Materials have %E < 5%
     For members subject to repeated or shock or
    impact loads, materials with %E > 12% are
    recommended.
    Ductile materials -
    extensive plastic
    deformation and
    energy absorption
    (toughness) before
    fracture

    Brittle materials –
    little plastic deformation
    and low energy
    absorption before failure
    DUCTILE VS BRITTLE FAILURE
    • Classification:

    (a) (b) (c)


    • Ductile Ductile: Brittle: No
    fracture is warning before warning
    desirable! fracture
    DUCTILE FAILURE

    “cup and cone” fracture


    Tensile Test contd…

    Tensile Specimens.
    Enlarged ends for gripping.
    Gage section
    The distances between the ends of the gage
    section and the shoulders should be great enough
    so that the larger ends do not constrain
    deformation within the gage section.
    A variety of testing
    machine types
    (electromechanical,
    hydraulic, closed-
    loop servo-hydraulic,
    and sizes…
    …and a variety of samples sizes.
    Tensile Test contd…
    Tensile Test contd…
    Tensile Test contd…

     Gear Driven (or Screw Driven Machines)


     Crosshead speed
     .001 to 500 mm/min
     1 to 20 mm/min for quasi static testing

     Servo-Hydraulic Machines
     Crosshead speed
     1μm/h for creep/fatigue
     1 cycle/day to 200 cycles/s for cyclic tests
     1μm/min for tensile tests of brittle materials
     10 m/s to 30m/s for dynamic tests
    (testing of seat belts/bumpers/shock absorbers etc.)
    Tensile Test contd…
    Tensile Test contd…
    Load and Displacement
    Control modes

    Stress
    Stress
    OR
    OR Load
    Load

    Strain Strain
    OR OR
    Displacement Displacement
    Stress-Strain Behaviour of Concrete

    Important Regions:
    Tensile Stress vs Strain
    1000

    900

    800

    700

    Stress(MPa)
    600

    500

    400

    300

    200

    100

    0
    0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02
    Strain

    Setup at MTS
    Stress vs strain curve for GFRP-epoxy bar is
    shown with σu=818 MPa and E =49.5865 GPa
    Stiffness of Testing Machine

    L0 L0+Δ L0+Δ - F/K


    Stiffness of Testing Machine..
    Stiffness of Testing Machine Contd..

    If the machine is stiff with respect to the specimen, the


    post-peak curve can be followed. Energy in excess of
    that released by the machine as stored strain energy
    must be supplied in order to deform the specimen along
    ABC.
    Stiffness of Testing Machine Contd..

     Solid steel columns provide an


    exceptionally stiff load frame that stores a
    minimum amount of elastic energy giving
    better control of specimen failure

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