Heat Exchanger Experiment

TD360
Bench-Top Heat Exchangers
User Guide
© TecQuipment Ltd 2016
Do not reproduce or transmit this document in any form or by

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manual accurate and up to date. However, if there are any
errors, please let us know so we can rectify the problem.
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equipment. Carefully check the contents of the package(s)
against the list. If any items are missing or damaged, contact
TecQuipment or the local agent.
DB/EM/mb/BW/bw/0318
Symbols used in this manual
NOTE Important information.
Failure to follow these instructions can damage the unit, other

CAUTION
equipment, personal property or the environment.
WARNING Failure to follow this instruction may cause injury.
User Guide 2 TecQuipment Ltd

TD360 Bench-top Heat Exchangers
Contents
Introduction .................................................................. 1
Description ................................................................... 3
The Service Module (TD360) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger (TD360a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Plate Heat Exchanger (TD360b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger (TD360c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Jacketed Vessel with Coil and Stirrer (TD360d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Versatile Data Acquisition System (VDAS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Technical Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Service Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Noise Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Assembly and Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Location and Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Electrical Connection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Connection to VDAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Notation, Useful Equations and Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Flow Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Average Temperatures in Heat Exchangers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Useful Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Heat Transfer, Energy Balance and Efficiencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Safety. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Useful Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
To Fit a Heat Exchanger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Experiment 1 - The Effect of Varying Flow Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Experiment 2 - Effect of Varying Temperature (Driving Force) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Experiment 3 - Batch Heating Through a Jacket and Coil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Experiment 4 - Continuous Heating Through a Jacket and Coil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Experiment 5 - How Stirring Affects Heat Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Experiment 1 - The Effect of Varying Flow Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
TecQuipment Ltd User Guide

Experiment 2 - Effect of Varying Temperature (Driving Force) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Experiment 3 - Batch Heating Through a Jacket and Coil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Experiment 4 - Continuous Heating Through a Jacket and Coil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Experiment 5 - How Stirring Affects Heat Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Useful Textbooks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Maintenance, Spare Parts and Customer Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Spare Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Customer Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
TD360
Bench-top
Heat Exchangers
User Guide
Introduction
Figure 1 The Service Module of the Bench-top Heat Exchangers (TD360)
This product works with VDAS®
Engineers learning about thermodynamics and heat transfer need to know how well different heat
exchangers work. They can use this information to decide the correct heat exchanger for their own
designs. TecQuipment’s Bench-top Heat Exchangers show students how different small-scale heat
exchangers work. They mimic the most common heat exchangers used in industry and compare how
well they work for different flow rates and temperatures.
The main part is the Service Module (TD360). This is a compact frame with two water circuits (hot and
cold) and instruments to measure and display water flow and temperature. At least one of the optional
heat exchangers (TD360a, TD360b, TD360c and TD360d) is needed. Each heat exchanger fits on the
front of the Service Module and connects to it’s water circuits and temperature measurement circuits.
Students test each of the optional heat exchangers and record the flow and temperature changes to see
how well the heat exchanger works. If more than one of the heat exchangers is available, students can
compare them to see which is best for any application.
To automatically record experiment results and save time, the Service Module works with TecQuipment’s
Versatile Data Acquisition System (VDAS).
TecQuipment Ltd 1 User Guide


Description
Cold water circuit display
Hot water circuit Optional

display VDAS-F
Hardware
Heater tank
controls
Thermocouple
Connectors
Optional heat exchanger
Figure 2 The Service Module (TD360), an Optional Heat Exchanger (TD360b) and the Optional 
VDAS-F Hardware
The Service Module (TD360)

The Service Module is the main part of the Bench-top Heat Exchangers. It is a compact bench-mounting
frame that connects to a suitable electrical supply and a cold water supply and drain. It has two water
circuits - hot and cold. Each circuit has a flow sensor to measure and display the flow rate.
The cold water circuit is simply the incoming mains cold water supply, that passes through an incoming
flow regulator, through a hand adjusted flow control valve, though the optional heat exchanger and out
to a suitable drain.

Figure 3 Cold Circuit Flow Control Valve
The hot water circuit has an electric heater tank. An adjustable controller sets the tank temperature. The
heater tank has water level float sensors connected to indicators to shows how much water is in the tank
(full, half and empty). A ‘press to fill tank’ button on the front panel works a solenoid valve that allows the
user to easily add more water to the tank from the cold supply when needed. A pump in the hot water
circuit recirculates hot water from the tank, through a hand adjusted flow control valve, through the heat
exchanger and back to the tank. The tank has a safety sensor that cuts off the power to the heater if the
temperature becomes dangerous. The tank ‘full’ float sensor disconnects the tank filling solenoid, so the
tank cannot be overfilled.
To protect the equipment, the pump and heater will not work unless the heater
NOTE tank is at least half full of water.
Figure 4 Hot Circuit Flow Control Valve
Flexible pipes with quick-release connectors connect the hot and cold circuits from the Service Module
to the optional heat exchangers. The hot and cold circuits have different connectors to reduce mistakes.
Near to each connector is a thermocouple that connect to sockets on the Service Module to measure
the water temperature at the inlet and outlet of the heat exchangers.
A low voltage connector from the Service Module supplies current for the stirrer of the optional Jacketed
Vessel with Coil and Stirrer (TD360d).
The hot and cold circuit display panels each have a socket for connection to TecQuipment’s optional
VDAS. VDAS allows data acquisition from this equipment, with the use of a suitable computer (not
supplied).

Thermocouple Connections and The Displays

Table 1 shows the symbols used on the thermocouple connections and the displays, and what they
mean.
Symbol What it means
TH1, TH2, TH3, TH4 Hot circuit temperatures, in and out of

the Heat Exchangers
TC1, TC2, TC3, TC4 Cold circuit temperatures, in and out of

the Heat Exchangers
Fh Hot circuit flow
Fc Cold circuit flow
Table 1 Symbols Used and What They Mean
The experiments in this guide do not use TH4 and TC4. They are spare, for
NOTE future use, or for project work (not shown in this guide). Suitable K-type
thermocouples must be used with these sockets.
Water Filters
Hot water filter
Cold water filter
Figure 5 Water Filters
Clean water must be used with this equipment. Dirty water or mineral-rich water will gradually damage
the inside of the heat exchangers and parts of the Service Module - especially the flow sensors. To help
reduce problems, the Service Module has two water filters to filter out small particles of dirt or debris that
may be in the water supply. The cold water supply circuit has one filter, and the hot water supply from
the heater has the other filter.
Refer to Maintenance, Spare Parts and Customer Care for more details on the filters.

Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger (TD360a)
Figure 6 The Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger (TD360a)
At least one of the optional heat exchangers is needed to do experiments. 

NOTE TecQuipment recommend that this heat exchanger is bought first, because it
has extra temperature measurement points.
This heat exchanger is a simple shell and tube heat exchanger. It has two tubes, one inside the other.
The outer tube is the shell. The inner tube carries the water from the hot circuit of the Service Module,
the other tube carries the water from the cold circuit. Heat transfers between the two tubes. The water
circuits may be connected to give contra-flow (counter-flow) or parallel flow experiments.
This heat exchanger is in two equal parts with extra thermocouples at the mid-point. This helps students
understand more clearly how the temperature changes along the heat exchanger.
A diagram in the middle of the heat exchanger bedplate shows students how to connect the heat
exchanger.
Figure 7 How the Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger (TD360a) Works

Plate Heat Exchanger (TD360b)
Figure 8 The Plate Heat Exchanger (TD360b)
This heat exchanger is compact and efficient. This makes it good for applications with limited space.
Invented in 1923 by Richard Seligman, it is layers of metal plates separated by gaskets (or spacers). The
plates and gaskets have holes, so the hot and cold water circuits pass alternately through the plates. The
circuits are completely separate but heat transfers between them through the metal plates. Figure 9
shows how it works when connected for parallel and counter flow.
Figure 9 How the Plate Heat Exchanger (TD360b) Works
The size and amount of plates determines the performance of this heat exchanger. More plates give
more heat transfer area, but increased flow resistance. The plates of commercial plate heat exchangers
have ‘chevron’ shapes pressed into their surface, to increase their surface area and disturb the flow for
better heat transfer. TecQuipment’s plates have small flow disturbers to do a similar job (see Figure 10).
A diagram on the heat exchanger bedplate shows students how to connect the heat exchanger.

Figure 10 Chevrons and Flow Disturbers
Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger (TD360c)
Figure 11 The Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger (TD360c)
This is the most common heat exchanger used in many industries, especially oil refineries and chemical
plants. It is compact and can work at high pressures. It is a large tube (shell) that surrounds several
smaller tubes (a bundle). One water circuit passes through the bundle and the other passes through the
shell. Heat transfers between them. The bundle has baffles to help create a turbulent (mixed) flow in the
shell.
A diagram on the heat exchanger bedplate shows students how to connect the heat exchanger.

Figure 12 How the The Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger (TD360c) Works
Jacketed Vessel with Coil and Stirrer (TD360d)
Figure 13 The Jacketed Vessel with Coil and Stirrer (TD360d)
This heat exchanger mimics those used in the process industry. It is one vessel inside another, so that
the inner vessel has an outer ‘jacket’. The inner vessel has an inlet at its top and an ‘overflow’ outlet at

a high level, to trap a ‘batch’ of cold water. This allows a test on a fixed batch of water, or leave the water
running for a continuous flow test at a fixed level.
Figure 14 How the Jacketed Vessel with Coil and Stirrer (TD360d) Works
Use the controlled cold water circuit as the feed to the inner vessel, but the
NOTE outlet of the inner vessel connects directly to the drain.
The hot water circuit can be connected to the jacket around the inner vessel, so that heat transfers
through the metal wall of the inner vessel (jacket heating). The hot water circuit may also be connected
to a coil inside the inner vessel, so that heat transfers through the metal wall of the coil (coil heating).
The inner vessel includes an extra thermocouple to measure its water temperature and a stirrer with
adjustable speed to show how stirring can affect heat transfer.

Versatile Data Acquisition System (VDAS)
Figure 15 The VDAS Hardware and Software
TecQuipment’s VDAS is an optional extra for the Bench-top Heat Exchangers. It is a two-part product
(Hardware and Software) that will:
• automatically log data from experiments
• automatically calculate data
• save time
• reduce errors
• create charts and tables of data
• export data for processing in other software
NOTE A suitable computer (not supplied) is needed to use TecQuipment’s VDAS.


Technical Details
Service Module
Item Details
Operating Indoor (laboratory)

Environment Altitude up to 2000 m
Temperature range 5°C to 40°C
Maximum relative humidity 80% for temperatures up to 31°C, decreasing
linearly to 50% relative humidity at 40°C
Overvoltage category 2 (as specified in EN61010-1).
Pollution degree 2 (as specified in EN61010-1).
Nett Dimensions 1350 mm long x 500 mm front to back x 500 mm high
Nett Weight 40 kg
Electrical Supply 220 VAC to 240 VAC Phase to Neutral or Phase to Phase 
50 Hz to 60 Hz at 13 A
External Optional VDAS interface IEC socket (where fitted): At mains supply voltage
Connections Type RJ45 sockets for VDAS: Extra Low Voltage <25 VDC
(electrical) K type thermocouple sockets: Extra Low Voltage <25 VDC
Ancillary Experiment socket: Extra Low Voltage <25 VDC
External Cold water circuit in and out

Connections Water inlet for heater tank
(water) All connections 15 mm diameter.
Electrical Circuit Main switch - 13 A 2-pole circuit breaker

protection
For internal power supply and outlet to optional VDAS Interface:
4 A type D 2-pole circuit breaker
Note: Some units do not have the outlet for the optional VDAS interface. The
interface must be connected to its own supply - refer to the VDAS User Guide
for details.
Cold water supply Clean cold water supply at 5 L.min-1, between 1 bar and 3 bar.
and waste needed Minimum Temperature 5°C, maximum temperature 20°C*.
Standard drinking water waste.
*If water above this temperature is used, it will not be possible to successfully do
all the experiments and results will be very different to those in this guide.
Optional Heat Exchangers

Heat Exchanger Details
Concentric Tube Nett Dimensions:

Heat Exchanger 500 mm wide x 260 mm front to back x 160 mm high and 3.5 kg
(TD360a)
Outer Tube (shell): Clear acrylic, 30 mm outside diameter and 
20 mm inside diameter.
Inner Tube: Stainless steel, 12 mm outside diameter and 10 mm inside

diameter.
Mean Heat Transfer Area: 0.02 m2

Heat Exchanger Details
Plate Heat Nett Dimensions:

Exchanger 500 mm wide x 260 mm front to back x 100 mm high and 2.4 kg
(TD360b)
4 Stainless Steel Plates, each 0.005 m2
Shell and Tube Heat Nett Dimensions:

Exchanger 500 mm wide x 260 mm front to back x 150 mm high and 2.7 kg
(TD360c)
Outer Tube (shell): Clear Acrylic, 60 mm outside diameter and 50 mm
inside diameter
Tube bundle: 6 Stainless steel tubes, each 6 mm outside diameter and 

4 mm inside diameter.
Three baffles
Jacketed Vessel Nett Dimensions:

with Coil and Stirrer 500 mm wide x 260 mm front to back x 310 mm high and 6 kg
(TD360d)
Outer vessel: Grey UPVC, 140 mm outside diameter and 127 mm inside
diameter
Inner (jacketed) vessel: Stainless steel, 101 mm outside diameter and 

99 mm inside diameter (1 mm wall)
Coil: Stainless steel, 6 mm outside diameter and 4 mm inside diameter
Batch Volume: *Approximately 0.5 L (set by overflow)
Mean Heat Transfer Area of coil/jacket: Approximately 0.02 m2
*The coil and other engineering tolerances affect the batch volume of the
inner vessel of the TD360d. The value stated is accurate for the tests in this
NOTE guide. For increased accuracy, an accurate volume measuring container may
be used to find the actual volume of water held in the inner vessel of this heat
exchanger. To empty the inner vessel, see To Drain the Jacketed Vessel
with Coil and Stirrer (TD360d) on page 70).
Noise Levels
The noise levels recorded at this apparatus are less than 70 dB (A).

Assembly and Installation
The terms left, right, front and rear of the apparatus refer to the operators’ position, facing the unit.
• A wax coating may have been applied to parts of this apparatus to

prevent corrosion during transport. Remove the wax coating by
NOTE using paraffin or white spirit, applied with either a soft brush or a
cloth.
• Follow any regulations that affect the installation, operation and
maintenance of this apparatus in the country where it is to be
used.
Location and Assembly

Use the Bench-top Heat Exchangers in a clean, well-lit laboratory or classroom type area. Put the
Service Module on top of a solid, level workbench, near to a water supply and drain.
The Service Module uses a bench area of 800 mm x 700 mm. If using the optional VDAS, allow room
nearby for a computer.
The connectors ‘self-seal’ but small amounts of water will spill when
connecting and disconnecting the optional heat exchangers. Make sure the
CAUTION
workbench can resist water and that some paper towels or clean cloth are
around to wipe up any spills.
Service Module Assembly

The Service Module is supplied already assembled. Obey the installation instructions for the Service
Module and refer to ‘To Fit a Heat Exchanger’ for details on how to fit the optional Heat Exchanger.
Installation
1. Put the Service Module on the workbench.
The equipment is heavy (see Technical Details). Use assistance and

WARNING
move or lift the equipment using its frame.

2. Connect the cold water incoming and drain connections to the cold water supply and drain (see
Figure 16).
Clean cold water must be used, or the experiment results will be wrong and
the equipment may break. For best results, make sure that the water supply
CAUTION has a filter and has a low mineral content.
For best results, the cold water supply should be between 5°C and 20°C (not
too cold and not higher than room temperature). See ‘Technical Details on
page 13’.
3. Connect the cold water supply for the heater tank (see Figure 17).
4. If using the optional VDAS, hook the VDAS-F Hardware into the frame and connect as shown in
‘Connection to VDAS’.
5. Connect the electrical supply cable from the back of the Service Module to the electrical supply (see
Electrical Connection).
Cold water Cold water

circuit supply. circuit drain.
Figure 16 Connect the Cold Water Supply and Drain

Cold water
supply for
heater tank.
Figure 17 Connect the Cold Water supply for the Heater Tank
6. Switch on the electrical supply and the cold water supply. Fix any leaks immediately.
7. On the Service Module front panel, switch off the pump and the heater. Press and hold the button
that fills the heater tank, until the upper green lamp is on.
Figure 18 Press and Hold the ‘Press to fill tank’ Button until the Upper Lamp is Green
8. Fit the heat exchanger as shown in ‘Notation, Useful Equations and Theory’.
9. The Service Module is now ready for experiments.

Electrical Connection
Use the cable supplied to connect the Service Module to the electrical supply.
Connect the Service Module to the electrical supply through a plug and
socket. The switch on the side of the equipment and the plug and
WARNING socket form the mains disconnect devices. Make sure the user can
easily reach them.
The apparatus must be connected to earth.
These are the colours of each individual conductor:
Phase to Neutral Supply:

GREEN AND YELLOW: EARTH E OR
BROWN: LIVE
BLUE: NEUTRAL
Phase to Phase Supply:

GREEN AND YELLOW: EARTH E OR
BROWN: PHASE 1 OR L1 or Hot 1
BLACK: PHASE 2 OR L2 or Hot 2
GREY: Do not use
Connection to VDAS
If using the optional VDAS with the Bench-top Heat Exchangers, read the VDAS User Guide and connect
the Service Module to the VDAS-F Interface and computer as shown in Figure 19.
Figure 19 Connection to VDAS

Notation, Useful Equations and Theory
This section only gives the basic information needed to do the experiments. For full theory, refer to the
textbooks listed in Maintenance, Spare Parts and Customer Care on page 67.
Notation
Symbol Definition Units
A Heat Transfer Area m2
C Heat capacity J.K-1
cp Specific Heat Capacity of Water at Constant Pressure J.kg-1K-1
LMTD Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference K or °C where

shown
r Density of water kg.L-1
o Overall Efficiency %
CEB Energy Balance Coefficient -
Mean Temperature Efficiency %


Q Heat energy transferred for a unit mass J.kg-1
Qꞏ
Heat energy transferred for a unit time W
(heat transfer rate - or power)
ꞏ ꞏ Heat energy (power) absorbed and emitted in a unit W

Qa and Qe time
T Temperature K or °C where
shown
DT Change in Temperature K or °C where

shown
Mean Temperature K or °C where

T shown
U Heat Transfer Coefficient W.m-2K-1
VH and VC Volumetric Flow Rate (hot circuit and cold circuit) m3.s-1 or L.min-1
where stated
mH and mC Mass Flow Rate (hot circuit and cold circuit) kg.s-1
Flow Conversion
The Service Module measures flow in litres per minute (L.min-1), but the calculations need flow in cubic
metres per second (m3.s-1).
10 L.min-1 = 0.0001667 m3.s-1

Average Temperatures in Heat Exchangers
Figure 20 Average Temperatures in Heat Exchangers
For most heat transfer equations, and calculations of specific heat capacity and density of water, the
average temperature for the hot and cold circuits in the heat exchanger must be found. This is the
calculated value of the temperature at a mid-point between the inlet and outlet of the circuit (see Figure
20).
NOTE The Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger (TD360a) has thermocouples at its
mid-point to measure this value.
To find the average temperature of the cold circuit:
T C1 + T C2
T C = ----------------------
- (1)
2
To find the average temperature of the hot circuit:
T H1 + T H2
T H = ----------------------- (2)
2
Useful Equations
Heat Capacity (C)

This is a measure of the heat needed to increase the temperature of a given mass of material by 1
degree (Kelvin or Celsius).
It is a product of the mass of a material (m) and its specific heat capacity (c).

C = mc (3)
Specific Heat Capacity at Constant Pressure (cp)
Specific heat capacity is the amount of heat energy needed to raise the temperature of exactly 1 kg of
material by 1 degree (Celsius). It is a ratio of the change in heat energy and the change in temperature.
Q
c = -------- (4)
T
Pressure and temperature affects specific heat capacity, so equation 5 assumes constant pressure over
a known range of temperature. It is the ‘isobaric’ (equal pressure) specific heat capacity.
Q
c P = ------- (5)
T
Figure 21 may be used to find the specific heat capacity for the mean water temperature. Alternatively,
Equation 6 (based on data from tests) will give an accurate answer (where the temperature T is in
Celsius):
c p (at T°C) + 100- 5.26

- = 0.996185 + 0.0002874  T
------------------------------ ----------------- + 0.011160  10
– 0.036T
(6)
c p (at 15°C)  100 
From tests, the specific heat capacity of water at 15°C is 4185.5 J.kg-1.K-1
NOTE The mean (or average) temperature of the flow circuit in this equation must
be used.

Figure 21 Specific Heat Capacity of Water at Constant Pressure
Density ()
As water temperature changes, its density changes slightly. Its maximum density is at approximately 4
degrees celsius and decreases as its temperature increases or decreases from this value. This affects
all the calculations. Figure 22 can be used to find water density for the water temperature, for a unit mass
and a constant pressure. Alternatively, Equation 7 shows how to accurately calculate it (where T is the
water temperature in degrees centigrade).
 999.839 + 16.952 T – 7.990  10 – 3 T 2 – 46.241  10 – 6 T 3 + 105.846  10 – 9 T 4 – 281.030  10 – 12 T 5

 
 = --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
–3
 1 + 16.887  10 T 
(7)
NOTE The average temperature of the flow circuit must be used in this equation.

Figure 22 Water Density
Heat Transfer, Energy Balance and Efficiencies

In heat exchangers, heat transfers or ‘flows’ from the hot water circuit to the cold water circuit.
The heat transfer rate is a function of the fluid mass flow rate, the temperature change and the specific
heat capacity of the fluid (at mean temperature).
Qꞏ = m  c p  T (8)
In an ideal heat exchanger, that does not lose or absorb heat from its surroundings, the cool fluid absorbs
all the heat from the hot fluid. So the heat transfer rate is:
Qꞏ = Qꞏ e = Qꞏ a = m H  c pH  T H = m C  c pC  T C (9)
Rearranged for volumetric flow gives:
Qꞏ = Qꞏ e = Qꞏ a = V H   H  c pH  T H = V C   C  c pC  T C (10)

Figure 23 System Boundary
To better understand the heat transfer in a heat exchanger, it must be assumed that it is a ‘system’ with
the hot and cold water flows as its input and outputs (see Figure 23).
As mentioned earlier, there is no heat transfer across the ‘system boundary’ in an ideal heat exchanger.
But, in reality the hot and cold fluids are usually at different temperatures to the surroundings, so some
heat transfers across the system boundary. For example, the heat from a warm room would transfer to
the cold fluid. Figure 24 shows the input, outputs and losses in diagram form as relative quantities.
Figure 24 Ideal and Real Heat Exchangers
The energy balance coefficient (CEB) shows the relationship between the energy absorbed and emitted,
where:
Qꞏ a
C EB = -----
-
Qꞏ e

But, as shown, because of the possible heat flow into or out of the system, the energy balance coefficient
can give answers of greater than 1 if the heat exchanger absorbs energy from its surroundings. So, it is
only for guidance, because, in reality:
Qꞏ e = Qꞏ a  Losses or gains from surroundings
The mean temperature efficiency and heat transfer coefficient give more useful results for comparison
between heat exchangers.
The temperature efficiency of the hot circuit of the Heat Exchanger is the ratio of the temperature
change in the hot circuit, divided by the difference between the maximum and minimum temperatures of
the hot and cold circuits:
T H1 – T H2
 H = ----------------------
-  100 (11)
T H1 – T C1
The temperature efficiency of the cold circuit of the Heat Exchanger is the ratio of the temperature
change in the cold circuit, divided by the difference between the maximum and minimum temperatures
of the hot and cold circuits:
T C2 – T C1
 C = ----------------------
-  100 (12)
T H1 – T C1
The mean temperature efficiency of the two circuits is the average efficiency of them both:
H + C
 = ------------------
- (13)
2
Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD)

This is a measure of the heat driving force that creates the heat transfer. It is a logarithmic average of
the temperature difference between the hot and cold circuits at each end of the heat exchanger.
 T H2 – T C2  –  T H1 – T C1 
LMTD = -------------------------------------------------------------
- (14)
 T H2 – T C2
ln  -----------------------
T H1 – T C1

Heat Transfer Coefficient (U)

This is the overall heat transfer coefficient for the wall and boundary layers. It is a measure of how well
the heat exchanger works. A good heat exchanger will give a high coefficient, therefore this value is
important to engineers.
Qꞏ e
U = --------------------------
- (15)
A  LMTD
All optional heat exchangers have the same heat transfer area (A), to allow
NOTE direct comparisons to be made.

Experiments
Safety
Always clean up any water spills immediately. Never use any electrical
switches with wet hands. Disconnect electrical supply before cleaning up
WARNING water spills.
Never exceed a heater temperature of 60°C on the temperature controller.
If the equipment is not used as described in these instructions, its
protective parts may not work correctly.
Useful Notes
Local Temperatures
Local ambient temperature and the cold water inlet temperature have a large affect on the results. Make
sure that experiments are done in a place that has a constant ambient temperature and a constant
temperature cold water supply. TecQuipment’s results are based on a standard room temperature of
approximately 20°C and a cold water supply temperature of between 10°C and 15°C.
At Least Two People

This equipment is simple to use, but several readings must be recorded while experiments are being
done. TecQuipment recommend that at least two people do the experiments together. One person can
record the results, while the other controls the experiment.
Thermal Equilibrium for Accurate Results

The results will be more accurate if the temperatures are allowed to stabilise before taking results. This
is when the heat exchanger system reaches ‘thermal equilibrium’ and can take several minutes.
To Fit a Heat Exchanger

1. Switch off the pump and heater switches.
2. Put the heat exchanger onto the front of the Service Module. Use the thumbscrews to hold it in
position.
For the Tubular and Flat Plate Heat Exchangers (TD360a, TD360b
and TD360c):
3. Connect the hot and cold circuits to the heat exchanger for parallel or counter flow, as shown on the
diagram on the bedplate of each heat exchanger.

For the Jacketed Vessel with Coil and Stirrer (TD360d):

4. This heat exchanger has no diagram on its bedplate, as parallel or counter flow do not apply. So
connect as shown by the writing near to each connection and as shown in Figures 25 and 26. The
cold return pipe and thermocouple are not used, wind these up (disconnect the thermocouple from
the Service Module) and put them out of the way.
Make sure the Cold Water Supply OUT to Drain connection is free to drain by
CAUTION gravity (so its pipework travels downwards). If this is not done, the vessel may
flood and damage the stirrer.
TC2 (Batch Temperature)

Cold water supply IN
+ TC1.
12 VDC Supply Plug for

stirrer.
Cold water supply OUT

to drain.
Hot water IN + TH1
(coil heating).
Hot water OUT + TH2

(coil heating).
Figure 25 To Connect the Jacketed Vessel with Coil and Stirrer (TD360d) - COIL HEATING.
TC2 (Batch Temperature)

Cold water supply IN
+ TC1.
Hot water IN + TH1
Hot water OUT + TH2 (jacket heating).
(jacket heating).
12 VDC Supply Plug for
stirrer.
Cold water supply

OUT to drain.
Figure 26 To Connect the Jacketed Vessel with Coil and Stirrer (TD360d) - JACKET HEATING.

5. Use the short cable (supplied) to connect the low voltage (12 VDC) stirrer supply cable from the
socket on the Service Module (see Figure 27) to the socket on the right hand side of the Heat
Exchanger.
12 VDC
Connection
Figure 27 12 VDC Connection at the Back of the Service Module
For All Heat Exchangers:

6. Connect the thermocouples to their sockets as shown in the diagram on the bedplate of each heat
exchanger, or as shown in Figures 25 and 26 (for the TD360d).
7. Switch on the electrical power and the cold water supply to the Service Module. Fully open the hand
operated hot and cold water circuit flow control valves.
8. Make sure the heater tank is full and switch on the pump and the heater, use the buttons on the
controller to set the heater set point (SP) to the temperature shown in the experiment procedure.
Figures 28 and 29 show how to use the controller.
NOTE To protect the equipment, the pump and heater will not work until the heater
tank is at least half full of water.
The temperature controller continually updates its own PID (response)

NOTE settings. If it is found that it has become very slow to respond to changes in
heater temperature, try resetting it by pressing the up and down arrowed
buttons together for at least two seconds. This will force it to readjust itself.

Figure 28 Setting the Controller
1.Use this
button to
display the 2. Then use
setpoint (SP) these buttons
temperature. to change the
setpoint (SP)
The SP lamp temperature.
will go on.
3. Then use
this button to
show the
actual
temperature.
The SP lamp
will go off.
Figure 29 How to Use the Controller
9. Make sure any large air bubbles have moved out from the heat exchanger. The heat exchanger may
need to be tilted or gently rocked to do this.
10. The equipment is now ready to do experiments.
Experiment 1 - The Effect of Varying Flow Rate
This experiment is not for the Jacketed Vessel with Coil and Stirrer
NOTE (TD360d).
Aim
To show how different cold flow rates affect the performance of the heat exchanger in both parallel flow
and counter flow connection (hot flow rate and heater temperature are fixed).

Procedure 1 - Parallel Flow

1. Connect and set up the heat exchanger as shown in To Fit a Heat Exchanger on page 27. Connect
for parallel flow and a heater tank temperature of 60°C.
Heat Exchanger Connection Service Module Connections
TH1 Hot In TH1 and Hot Supply
TH2 Hot Out TH2 and Hot Return
TH3 (only on the TD360a) TH3
TC1 Cold In (swap with TC2 for counter flow) TC1 and Cold Supply
TC2 Cold Out (swap with TC1 for counter flow) TC2 and Cold Return
TC3 (only on the TD360a) TC3
Table 2 Heat Exchanger Connections
2. Create a blank results table, similar to Table 3. If using VDAS, in the top left of the layout, select the
correct heat exchanger. The software will create a table automatically when readings start being
taken.
3. Use an accurate thermometer to check the local ambient air temperature for reference.
4. For the first test, use the hand operated flow control valves to set the hot and cold flow rates as
shown for Test 1 in Table 3. Allow at least five minutes for the heat exchanger temperatures to
stabilize.
The cold water supply will probably change slightly as the experiment is done,
NOTE so the flow control valves may need to be adjusted slightly to keep the flow
rate constant.
5. Record the hot and cold circuit temperatures.
6. Repeat the procedure for flow rates as shown in the table for tests 2, 3 and 4.

User Guide
Heat Exchanger:
Table 3 Blank Results Table

Connection (Parallel or counter flow):
Ambient Temperature:
Heater Tank Temperature:
Test
LMTD
32
(L/min)
(L/min)
Hot Flow
Cold Flow
U
Average TH*
Average TC*
TH1 TH2 T H TH3* TC1 TC2 T C TC3* H C H C cpH cpC Qꞏ e Qꞏ a CEB 
1 3 3
2 3 2
3 3 1
4 3 0.5
* If using the TD360a, use the TH3 and TC3

readings as the average temperatures.
TecQuipment Ltd
Procedure 2 - Counter Flow

Reconnect the the heat exchanger for counter flow and repeat procedure 1.
Results Analysis
Use the input and output temperatures (TH1, TH2, TC1 and TC2) to create simple temperature charts for
each flow, similar to Figure 30. Note that the results for parallel flow and counter flow will be different.
Figure 30 Simple Temperature Charts
Find the change in temperature (T) for each circuit and the average temperature for each circuit.
NOTE If using the Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger (TD360a), use the mid-points
TH3 and TC3 as the average temperatures.
Convert flow rates from L.min-1 to m3.s-1.
Use the charts or the equations in the theory section to calculate the water density for the hot and cold
water circuits (H and C) at each flow rate and the specific heat capacity for each circuit at each flow
rate.
Calculate the heat emitted, heat absorbed, mean temperature efficiencies and energy balance
coefficient of the parallel-flow and counter-flow systems for all flow rates. Create charts of energy
balance coefficient (vertical axis) against cold flow rate (horizontal axis). Find the LMTD and use this to
calculate the heat transfer coefficient (U) for each flow. From the results, comment on how the flow rate
affects the heat exchanger performance.
If three is more than one heat exchanger, compare the heat transfer coefficients of the heat exchangers
for any given flow rate.

Experiment 2 - Effect of Varying Temperature (Driving Force)
This experiment is not for the Jacketed Vessel with Coil and Stirrer
NOTE (TD360d).
Aim
To show how different hot water supply temperatures affect the performance of the heat exchanger in
both parallel and counter flow connections (flow rates are fixed).
Procedure 1 - Parallel Flow

for parallel flow and a heater tank temperature of 30°C.
Heat Exchanger Connection Service Module Connections
TH1 Hot In TH1 and Hot Supply
TH2 Hot Out TH2 and Hot Return
TH3 (only on the TD360a) TH3
TC1 Cold In (swap with TC2 for counter flow) TC1 and Cold Supply
TC2 Cold Out (swap with TC1 for counter flow) TC2 and Cold Return
TC3 (only on the TD360a) TC3
correct heat exchanger. The software will create a table automatically when readings start being
taken.
3. Use an accurate thermometer to check the local ambient temperature for reference.
4. For the first test, use the hand operated flow control valves to set the hot and cold flow rates as
shown in Table 5. Allow at least five minutes for the heat exchanger temperatures to stabilize.
The cold water supply will probably change slightly as the experiment is done,
NOTE so the flow control valves may need to be adjusted slightly to keep the flow
rate constant.
5. Record the hot and cold circuit temperatures.
6. Repeat the procedure for heated tank temperatures of 40°C, 50°C and 60°C as shown in the table
for tests 2, 3 and 4.

User Guide
Heat Exchanger:
Connection (Parallel or counter flow):
Hot Flow: 3 L.min-1
Cold Flow: 2 L.min-1
Temperature
Average TH*
Average TC*
Heater
LMTD
Test
TH1 TH2 T H TH3* TC1 TC2 T C TC3* H C H C cpH cpC Qꞏ e Qꞏ a CEB  U
35
1 30
2 40
3 50
4 60

* If using the TD360a, use the TH3 and TC3
readings as the average temperatures.
TecQuipment Ltd
Procedure 2 - Counter Flow

Reconnect the heat exchanger for counter flow and repeat procedure 1.
Results Analysis
Use the input and output temperatures (TH1, TH2, TC1 and TC2) to create simple temperature charts for
each heater temperature, similar to Figure 31. Note that the results for parallel flow and counter flow will
be different.
Figure 31 Simple Temperature Charts
Find the change in temperature (T) for each circuit and the average temperature for each circuit.
NOTE If using the Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger (TD360a), use the mid-points
TH3 and TC3 as the average temperatures.
Convert the flow rates from L.min-1 to m3.s-1.
Use the charts or the equations in the theory section to calculate the water density for each circuit at
each heater temperature and the specific heat capacity for each circuit at each heater temperature.
Calculate the power emitted, power absorbed, mean temperature efficiencies and energy balance
coefficient of the parallel-flow and counter-flow systems for all heater temperatures. Create charts of
energy balance coefficient (vertical axis) against heater temperature (horizontal axis).
Find the LMTD and use this to calculate the heat transfer coefficient (U) for each heater temperature.
From the results, comment on how the heater temperature (driving force) affects the heat exchanger
performance.
If there is more than one heat exchanger, compare the heat transfer coefficients of the heat exchangers
for any given heater temperature.

Experiment 3 - Batch Heating Through a Jacket and Coil
This experiment is only for the Jacketed Vessel with Coil and Stirrer
NOTE (TD360d).
Aim
To compare jacket heating with coil heating of a fixed volume (batch) of water.
Procedure 1 - Coil Heating

it for coil heating and set a heater tank temperature of 60°C.
Heat Exchanger Connection

Service Module
Coil Heating Jacket Heating Connections
TH1 Hot In (Coil) Lower Jacket Connection TH1 and Hot Supply
TH2 Hot Out (Coil) Upper Jacket Connection TH2 and Hot Return
Cold In - Top of Heat Exchanger TC1 and Cold Supply
Cold Out - Overflow Drain N/A
Batch Temperature thermocouple - top of heat exchanger TC2 (there is no cold return)
Jacketed Vessel with Coil and Stirrer (TD360d). The software will create a table automatically
when readings start being taken.
4. Open the hand operated cold supply valve to 4 L.min-1. Adjust the hand operated hot supply valve
to set the hot flow to 3 L.min-1, then switch off the pump. Leave the cold flow running for
approximately five minutes to remove any residual heat in the vessel.
Be careful with the cold flow. Make sure the cold water out to drain is free to
CAUTION drain by gravity and try not to exceed 4 L.min-1, or the vessel may flood and
break the stirrer.
5. Shut the cold water supply to leave a ‘batch’ of cold water in the inner vessel.
6. Switch on the stirrer, set to full speed.

7. Record all temperatures, then switch on the hot water pump. At intervals of 30 seconds, record all
readings, as the hot water heats up the batch.
NOTE The hot flow rate may vary slightly as the experiment is done, so ythe valve
slightly may need to be adjusted slightly to keep the flow rate constant.
Heat Exchanger: Jacketed Vessel with Coil and Stirrer Ambient Temperature:
(TD360d) Heater Tank Temperature:
Heating (Coil or Jacket): Hot Flow rate:
Time Batch Temperature

(s) TH1 TH2 TH TC2 H CpH Qꞏ e LMTD U
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
360
390
420
450
480
510
540
570
600
630
660
690
720
750
780
810
840
870
900
8. Stop the experiment when the temperatures stabilize (when the batch has reached its maximum
temperature and reached equilibrium). Note - it can take up to two hours to reach equilibrium.
9. Repeat the procedure for hot water flow rates of 2.0 and 1.0 L.min-1. Remember to leave the cold
water running for few minutes to cool the heat exchanger before each test.

Procedure 2 - Jacket Heating

Repeat procedure 1, but connect for Jacket Heating (see Table 6).
When the experiment is finished, allow the water to cool down and empty the water from the vessel as
shown in To Drain the Jacketed Vessel with Coil and Stirrer (TD360d) on page 70.
Results Analysis
For each row, calculate the temperature difference between the hot in and hot out (TH) connections to
complete the table.
For each flow rate, create a chart of Temperature in °C (vertical axis) against Time in seconds (horizontal
axis). On the chart, plot the batch temperature results.
Calculate the hot water density, the specific heat capacity, the power emitted and LMTD for each row of
results. Use these to find the Heat Transfer Coefficient (U).
Note that the cold water inlet temperature (TC1) is not measured - as it is not used, also there is no parallel
or counter flow. So, equation 16 must be used to find LMTD:
 T H1 – T C2  –  T H2 – T C2 
LMTD = -------------------------------------------------------------
- (16)
 T H1 – T C2
ln -----------------------
 T H2 – T C2
Plot a chart of LMTD (vertical axis) against time (horizontal axis) for both the coil and jacket heating.
Compare the coil heating and jacket heating results. What is the difference?
Experiment 4 - Continuous Heating Through a Jacket and Coil
NOTE This experiment is only for the Jacketed Vessel with Coil and Stirrer
(TD360d).
Aim
To compare coil heating with jacket heating of a continuous flow of water.
Procedure
it for coil heating and set a heater tank temperature of 60°C.

Heat Exchanger Connection

Service Module
Coil Heating Jacket Heating Connections
TH1 Hot In (Coil) Lower Jacket Connection TH1 and Hot Supply
TH2 Hot Out (Coil) Upper Jacket Connection TH2 and Hot Return
Cold in - Top of Heat Exchanger TC1 and Cold Supply
Cold Out - Overflow Drain N/A
Batch Temperature thermocouple - top of heat exchanger TC2 (there is no cold return)
Jacketed Vessel with Coil and Stirrer (TD360d). The software will create a table automatically
4. Open the hand operated cold supply valve to maximum flow. Set the hand operated hot supply valve
to set the hot flow to 3 L.min-1, and the cold flow to 2 L.min-1.
The cold water supply may vary slightly as the experiment is done, so the cold
supply valve may need to be adjusted slightly, to keep a constant level in the
CAUTION
heat exchanger. The water must flow over the overflow pipe, but not fill the
vessel, or water may enter the stirrer motor and break it.
5. Switch on the stirrer, set to full speed.
6. Allow the temperatures to stabilize - this may take approximately 15 minutes, then record all
temperatures.
NOTE Try to keep the flow rates constant as the experiment is done.
7. Repeat the procedure for different combinations of flow rates and heater temperatures.
Remember that cold water must flow over the overflow pipe, but not fill the
CAUTION
vessel, or water may enter the stirrer motor and break it.
8. Repeat the procedure for jacket heating.

Heat Exchanger: Jacketed Vessel with Coil and Stirrer (TD360d)

Heating (Coil or Jacket):
Average TH
Average TC
Cold Flow
Hot Flow
Test
TH1 TH2 T H TC1 TC2 T C H C cpH cpC Qꞏ e Qꞏ a 

1
Results Analysis
For each flow combination, use the input and output temperatures (TH1, TH2, TC1 and TC2) to create
simple temperature charts, similar to Figure 32.
For each test, calculate the temperature difference between the hot in and hot out (TH) connections and
cold in and cold out (TC) connections. Find the average temperatures, densities, coefficients and
efficiencies for each test.
Compare the results to find the flow rates and heater temperatures that give the best performance.
Figure 32 Simple Temperature Chart

Experiment 5 - How Stirring Affects Heat Transfer
NOTE This experiment is only for the Jacketed Vessel with Coil and Stirrer
(TD360d).
Aim
To show how the stirrer affects heat transfer and the heat transfer coefficient of the heat exchanger.
Procedure
1. Create a blank results table, similar to Table 10. If using VDAS, in the top left of the layout, select
the Jacketed Vessel with Coil and Stirrer (TD360d). The software will create a table automatically
2. Set up exactly as in Experiment 4 - Continuous Heating Through a Jacket and Coil. Do three
tests at constant heater temperature and flow rates. Do test 1 with the stirrer set at full speed
(100%), test 2 with the stirrer set at half speed (50%), and test 3 with the stirrer off. At each setting,
allow temperatures to stabilise before taking readings.
NOTE The stirrer may turn slowly with the control set minimum, so unplug the 12
VDC connection to set the stirrer to off (0%).
3. Repeat the experiment for both coil heating and jacket heating.
Results Analysis
For each of the readings, calculate the LMTD and U.
Compare the efficiencies at each stirrer speed.
For each type of heating (jacket and coil), create a chart of LMTD and U against stirrer speed. This shows
how stirrer speed affects the LMTD and therefore the heat transfer coefficient for the heat exchanger.
Note that experiments with this heat exchanger assume the stirrer does no work on the fluid (that would
cause a temperature rise). This is a realistic assumption, as the stirrer motor electrical power is very low,
(less than 1 W) giving an even smaller mechanical power, and an even smaller heat energy transfer to
the fluid. This can be checked by re-doing the experiment, but with no flow and with the ambient
temperature similar to the water temperature.

User Guide
Heat Exchanger: Jacketed Vessel with Coil and Stirrer (TD360d)
Heating (Coil or Jacket):
Average TH
Average TC
Stirrer (%)
Cold Flow
Hot Flow
LMTD
43
TH1 TH2 T H TC1 TC2 T C H C cpH cpC U Qꞏ e Qꞏ a 
100
50
0
TecQuipment Ltd

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TD360

Bench-Top Heat Exchangers

© TecQuipment Ltd 2016

Do not reproduce or transmit this document in any form or by

TecQuipment supply a Packing Contents List (PCL) with the

NOTE Important information.

Failure to follow these instructions can damage the unit, other

WARNING Failure to follow this instruction may cause injury.

User Guide 2 TecQuipment Ltd

The Service Module (TD360) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Assembly and Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Location and Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Notation, Useful Equations and Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Experiment 1 - The Effect of Varying Flow Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

TecQuipment Ltd User Guide

Maintenance, Spare Parts and Customer Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

Figure 1 The Service Module of the Bench-top Heat Exchangers (TD360)

This product works with VDAS®

TecQuipment Ltd 1 User Guide

User Guide 2 TecQuipment Ltd

Hot water circuit Optional

Optional heat exchanger

The Service Module (TD360)

TecQuipment Ltd 3 User Guide

Figure 3 Cold Circuit Flow Control Valve

Figure 4 Hot Circuit Flow Control Valve

User Guide 4 TecQuipment Ltd

Thermocouple Connections and The Displays

Symbol What it means

TH1, TH2, TH3, TH4 Hot circuit temperatures, in and out of

TC1, TC2, TC3, TC4 Cold circuit temperatures, in and out of

Fh Hot circuit flow

Fc Cold circuit flow

Table 1 Symbols Used and What They Mean

Hot water filter

Cold water filter

Figure 5 Water Filters

TecQuipment Ltd 5 User Guide

Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger (TD360a)

Figure 6 The Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger (TD360a)

At least one of the optional heat exchangers is needed to do experiments. 

Figure 7 How the Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger (TD360a) Works

User Guide 6 TecQuipment Ltd

Plate Heat Exchanger (TD360b)

Figure 8 The Plate Heat Exchanger (TD360b)

Figure 9 How the Plate Heat Exchanger (TD360b) Works

TecQuipment Ltd 7 User Guide

Figure 10 Chevrons and Flow Disturbers

Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger (TD360c)

Figure 11 The Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger (TD360c)

User Guide 8 TecQuipment Ltd

Jacketed Vessel with Coil and Stirrer (TD360d)

Figure 13 The Jacketed Vessel with Coil and Stirrer (TD360d)

TecQuipment Ltd 9 User Guide

User Guide 10 TecQuipment Ltd

Versatile Data Acquisition System (VDAS)

Figure 15 The VDAS Hardware and Software

• automatically log data from experiments

• automatically calculate data

• create charts and tables of data