Caliphate

Abu Bakr (radi Allahu anho)

Role as a Caliph 11 to 13 A.H/632 to 634 A.D. 2 years and 3 months

1. Conflict between the Ansar and the Muhajirin over the issue of
Caliphate after demise of the Prophet saw.
2. Two caliphs were suggested. (but rejected due to fear of
disunity)
3. Abu Bakr (radi Allahu anho) suggested the name of Umar and Abu
Obaidah Al-Jarrah (radi Allahu anhuma) for caliph.
4. But all of them elected Abu Bakr (radi Allahu anho) as the
first Caliph.
5. His address . . .
6. Usama’s (radi Allahu anho) Expedition to Syria to avenge battle
of Mauta) but people had objection…
7. Refusal to pay Zakaat and Bedouin attack on Madinah.
8. The False Prophets (Musailma, Sajjah,Tulaiha, followers of
Aswad ansi,etc)
9. The Wars of Apostasy And the Campaign in Arab (rejection of
islam)
10. The Era of Conquest Against Persian [C.M.W.U.H.A.A.F]
[Battle of chains, Mazaar, Walaja, Ulies, Hira, Anbar, Ain-ul-
tamr
and Firad]
11. The Era of Conquest Against Romans [B.A.D] {battle of
Basra(tunnel), Ajnadin and Damascus(Abu Bakr passed away)}
Details

Usama’s (radi Allahu anho) Expedition to Syria (June 26, 632 A.D.)

 The Syrian were persuading Bedouin tribes to attack on the Muslims allied, on
the borders
 Usama (radi Allahu anho) was to avenge Battle of Mautah also in which his
father, Zaid (radi Allahu anho), was martyred by the Syrians.
 Muhammad “Rasool Allah Khatam-un-Nabiyyin SallAllahu Alaihi Wasallam” had
prepared a troop under Osama (radi Allahu anho) to Syria.
 On hearing the news of the Holy Prophet’s “Rasool Allah Khatam-un-Nabiyyin
SallAllahu Alaihi Wasallam” demise, the troops of this expedition broke the
camps and returned to Madinah.
 After ten days, he took over the enemy, Banu Quza.

The problems with in Arabia/Rida Movement/apostasy movement

The Ridda wars were against;

1. The false prophets.

2. Those who refused to pay Zakat.
3. The Apostate movements.

Refusal to pay Zakaat and Bedouin attack on Madinah in June-August,

632 A.D.

 Some Bedouin tribes were incited by the false prophet; Tulaiha, to attack on
Madinah.
 To find an excuse for attacking Madinah, these tribes sent deputations to Abu
Bakr (radi Allahu anho), asking for exemption from Zakaat.
  Abu Bakr (radi Allahu anho) told them flatly that he would take Zakaat from
everyone, even if it were a string to tie a camel.
 Three Bedouin tribes (Banu Abs, Banu Dhubyan and Banu Sulaim) attacked Madinah,
under the command of Tulaiha’s brother.
 The Madenite army surprised them and the Bedouin tribes were defeated in the
Battle of Zul-Qissa.
 This battle saved Madinah from its menacing Bedouin neighbours.

The False Prophets (detailed account)

Musailma the Liar (battle of Yamamah)

 Belonged to the powerful tribe of Banu Hanifa.

 Musailma wrote to Muhammad “Rasool Allah Khatam-un-Nabiyyin SallAllahu Alaihi

Wasallam” that he too was a prophet and demanded that Muhammad “Rasool Allah
Khatam-un-Nabiyyin SallAllahu Alaihi Wasallam” should divide the earth with
him.
 Musailma even composed some clumsy verses of his own and established his own
method of worship. He reduced the number of Prayers and abolished Fasting and
Zakaat.
 Musailma means “Little Muslim.” He was called this because of his pathetic
imitation of Islam.
 Musailma soon made himself master of Banu Hanifa and took command of 40,000
men.
 Sajjah (another false prophetess) and Musailma got married.

 Abu Bakr (radi Allaho anho) dispatched Ikrama bin Abu Jahl and Shurhabil
against Musailma and told them to attack simultaneously.
 Ikrama (radi Allaho anho) was defeated.

 Musailma was killed by Khalid bin Walid (radi Allaho anho)

 1200 Muslims died and 21,000 of Musailma’s force perished.

Tulayha

 He was the Chief of Banu Asad.

  He divined a water spring in the desert.

 Khalid bin Walid (radi Allaho anho) led the expedition against Tulayha.

 Tulayha was defeated in the Battle of Buzakha and he fled to Syria.

 He was arrested when Muslims later conquered Syria and accepted Islam.

 His tribe was also pardoned when they submitted to Islam.

Aswad Ansi

 He was ugly and used veil to cover his face.

 As he claimed magical powers, people flocked under his banner.

 He captured Najran and Sana.

 He was assassinated by a party of Muslims, one day before the Prophet’s “Rasool
Allah Khatam-un-Nabiyyin SallAllahu Alaihi Wasallam” demise.
 His followers in Yamen, arose against Abu Bakr (radi Allaho anho) but were
defeated.

Sajjah

 She was a Christian woman.

 She belonged to the Banu Taghlib, which was a branch of the large Banu Tamim.

 Her appearance was due to the Persian instigation.

 She planned to attack on Musailma but he enchanted her and they got married.

 She fled from the Battle of Yamama to her people in Iraq and later on in the
Caliphate of Umar (radi Allaho anho) she converted to Islam.

Importance of crushing the false prophets

Abu Bakr (radi Allaho anho) saved Islam by crushing this movement as they were
deteriorating the true spirit of Islam. Musailma composed verses from his side and
cheated his tribes by declaring them the words of Allah (Subhanahu wa-ta’ala). He
reduced the number of daily Prayers, excused his followers from the obligation of
Fast and Alms-giving and legalized adultery and wine drinking. Having crushed the
false prophets, Abu Bakr (radi Allaho anho) also ensured the main belief of Islam
that Muhammad “Rasool Allah Khatam-un-Nabiyyin SallAllahu Alaihi Wasallam” is the
last Prophet of Allah (Subhanahu wa-ta’ala). As the Quran says, Muhammad……is the
Messenger of Allah and the seal of the Prophets.” He also saved Muslims unity by
bringing them under the banner of Islam as the false prophets were disuniting the
Muslims. The Quran was also compiled after the Battle of Yamama in which many Huffaz
died and the Muslims thought of compiling and preserving the Quran.

Expected question

1. What was the significance of his actions in dealing firmly with the apostate
tribes?

The Conquest against Persian 12 A.H. 633 A.D.

Causes of wars:

 The kings of Iran had done all they could do to crush Islam, even Khusroe
Pervez had ordered to arrest the Holy Prophet “Rasool Allah Khatam-un-Nabiyyin
SallAllahu Alaihi Wasallam” after he received the letter from him to accept
Islam.
 Thus in 633 A.D Abu Bakr (radi Allahu anho) had to take account of the ever-
present danger on the border of Madinah as they persuaded people of Yamen to
rebel against Madinah.
 They instigated Sajjah to rise against Islam and to proclaim herself as a
prophetess.
 Persians started fighting against the Arab tribes who had to seek help from the
Muslims against them.
 Abu Bakr (radi Allahu anho) sent Muslim army to curb the Persians threats, and
defeated them on all the fronts.

Battle of Chain/Kazmia

 Muslim Commander: Khalid bin Waleed

 Persian Commander: Hurmuz (Governor)

 Muslim Army: 18000

 Persian Army:15000-20,000
  Events: Persian tied one another in chain to stay united, but Muslim army
crushed them.
 Results: They were defeated, Hurmuz was killed and thousands of Persians were
taken as captives.

Battle of Mazar (River) (conquest)

 Muslim Commander: Khalid bin Waleed (radi Allahu anho)

 Persian Commander: Qarin (who came to support Harmuz)

 Persian Army: 20,000/22000.

 Muslim Army: 17000

 Results 3000 Persians were killed, many drowned in the Tigris and they agreed
to pay Jizya.

Battle of Walija (Walaja)

 Muslim Commander: Khalid bin Waleed (radi Allahu anho)

 Persian Commander: Enderz.

 Persian Army: 25000-30,000

 Muslim Army: 15000

 Result: 20,000 Persians and 2000 Muslims lost their lives.

Battle of Ullies (conquest)

 Muslim Commander: Khalid bin Waleed (radi Allahu anho)

 Persian Commander: Jaban/Jahan

 Persian Army: 70,000

 Muslim Army: 15000

 Results: Muslims 2000 and Persian entire army finished.

Conquest of Hira

 Muslim Commander: Khalid bin Waleed (radi Allahu anho).

  Persian Commander: Son of Azazia

 Result: Persian were defeated and agreed to pay 100000 Dirham yearly.

Battle of Anbar

 Muslim Commander: Khalid bin Waleed (radi Allahu anho)

 Persian Ruler: Shaherzad

 Events: Khalid bin Waleed (radi Allahu anho) slaughtered old and weak camels to
make a bridge to cross the moat and wall.
 Result: Persians were defeated.

Battle of Ain-ul-Tamr (conquest)

 Muslim Commander: Khalid bin Waleed (radi Allahu anho).

 Persian Commander: Mehram bin Behram.

 Events: Persians joined Arab tribes.

 Result: Persians were defeated and Arabs ran away.

Battle of Firad

 Events: Persians Arabs and Roman launched joint attack on Muslims.

 Results: 100000 enemies were killed.

 After this battle the whole of south and northern Iraq was conquered.
 According to the order of Caliph half Muslim army was sent under Khalid bin
Waleed (radi Allahu anho) to Syria, while the remaining army was appointed in
Iraq under the command of Muthanna bin Hartha (radi Allahu anho).

Overview of the expansion of Islamic

Empire in Persia

The kings of Iran had done all they could do to crush Islam, even Khusroe Pervez had
ordered to arrest the Holy Prophet “Rasool Allah Khatam-un-Nabiyyin SallAllahu Alaihi
Wasallam” after he received the letter from him to accept Islam. Thus in 633 A.D Abu
Bakr (radi Allahu anho) had to take account of the ever-present danger on the border
of Madinah as they persuaded people of Yamen to rebel against Madinah. They
instigated Sajjah to rise against Islam and to proclaim herself as a prophetess.
Persians started fighting against the Arab tribes who had to seek help from the
Muslims against them. Thus Abu Bakr (radi Allahu anho) sent Muslim army to curb the
Persians threats, and defeated them on all the fronts. He sent Khalid bin Waleed
(radi Allahu anho) with the army of 18000 to attack on the Persians. A series of the
battles were fought in which Persians had to face a crushing defeat. The first battle
was the Battle of Chain/Kazmia in which around 20000 Persians tied one another in
chain to stay united against the Muslims. As a result, they were defeated, their
leader Hurmuz was killed and thousands of Persians were taken as captives. Then
Khalid bin Walid fought Battle of Mazar (River) with 17000 Muslims. The Persians
under the command of Qarin could not stand the attack of Muslims and 3000 of them
were killed and many drowned in the river Tigris while the remaining agreed to pay
Jizya.
After the victory of Mazar 15000 Muslims fought Battle of Walija (Walaja), in this
battle the Persians were around 30,000 under the command of Enderz. As a result,
20,000 Persians and 2000 Muslims lost their lives. Khalid bin Waleed (radi Allahu
anho) did not stop here; he fought Battle of Ullais with almost 13000 Muslims and
crushed 70,000 Persians who were under the command of Jaban. In this battle 2000
Muslims were martyred. In the next step Khalid bin Waleed (radi Allahu anho)
conquered Hira, Persian under the command of son of Azazia were defeated and agreed
to pay 100000 Dirham tax yearly. When Muslim reached at Anbar, they found moat in
front of the fort. Khalid bin Waleed (radi Allahu anho) slaughtered old and weak
camels to dump in moat in order to cross it. Thereafter the Muslims opened the gate
of fort and defeated the Persians. At the end after the defeat of Ain-ul-Tamr, the
Persians allied with Arabs and Roman and launched joint attack on Muslims at Firad;
in this bloody battle around 100000 enemies were killed. After this battle the whole
of South and Northern Iraq was conquered by the Muslims.
According to the order of the Caliph, half Muslim army was sent under Khalid bin
Waleed (radi Allahu anho) to Syria, while the remaining army was appointed in Iraq
under the command of Muthanna bin Hartha (radi Allahu anhuma).

The Conquest against Romans 13 Hijri

Causes of wars:
  Relations of the Romans and Muslims were hostile due to the Battle of Mautah
and the Tabook Expedition.
 After the Conquest of Makkah and the success of Tabook Expedition, the dream of
Romans to end Islam seemed impossible.

Therefore, they started persuading Bedouin tribes to attack on the Muslims allied on
the borders and moreover they were so proud that whoever accepted Islam in their area
was put to death.

Battle of Basra (conquest) 13 A.H

 Muslim Commander: Khalid bin Waleed (radi Allahu anho) with 13000 army

 Roman Commander: Romanus (Main leader was Hercules)

 Events: When Islam was offered to Romanus, he accepted it while his army
fortified themselves. Romanus guided the Muslims through underground passage to
enter the city. The enemies were taken by surprise and were killed in large
number and were defeated. Then eventually they agreed to pay Jizya.

Battle of Ajnadein: 13 A.H

 Muslim Commander: Khalid bin Waleed (radi Allahu anho) gathered all Muslim
Commanders [Amr bin Al-Aas, Yazid son of Abu Sufyan and Abu-Obaida Al-Jarrah
(radi Allahu anhum)]
 Roman Commander: Theodrus

 Roman Army: 90000-10,0000

 Muslim Army:15000-20000

 Results: Romans were defeated. In the Battle of Ajnadayn 3000 Muslims were
martyred and 70,000 Romans were killed.

Siege of Damascus

 Muslim Commander: Khalid bin Waleed (radi Allahu anho)

 Roman commander: Thomas

 Roman Army: 15000

  Muslim Army: 20,000

 Event: No battle took place, as the Muslim army had to return due to the
serious illness of Abu Bakr (radi Allahu anho).

Overview of the expansion of Islamic Empire in Rome

Relations of the Romans and Muslims were hostile due to the Battle of Mautah and the
Tabook Expedition. After the Conquest of Makkah and the success of Tabook Expedition,
the dream of Romans to end Islam seemed impossible. Therefore, they started
persuading Bedouin tribes to attack on the Muslims allied on the borders and moreover
they were so proud that whoever accepted Islam in their area was put to death.
Therefore, in 634 A.D. Abu Bakr (radi Allahu anho) took this matter more seriously
and dispatched an army to set them right. Muslim army defeated the Romans in all
battles. Khalid bin Waleed (radi Allahu anho) along with 13000 Muslims fought Battle
of Basra. When Islam was offered to the Roman army, their commander Romanus accepted
Islam while his army fortified themselves and was defeated. Then eventually they
agreed to pay Jizyah. In the next step to Ajnadein, Khalid bin Waleed (radi Allahu
anho) gathered all the Muslim commanders, Amr bin Al-Aas, Yazid son of Abu Sufyan and
Abu-Obaida Al-Jarrah (radi Allahu anhum) and attacked on the Romans with an army of
20000 Muslims. In this battle 100,000 Romans were defeated under their commander
Theodrus. Lastly, when the Muslim army laid the siege of Damascus with 20000 Muslims,
Abu Bakr (radi Allahu anho) passed away and the army had to come back, but later on
during the Caliphate of Umar (radi Allahu anho) this area was conquered.

Was Abu Bakr (radi Allahu anho) a good choice as caliph?

He was the Holy Prophet’s “Rasool Allah Khatam-un-Nabiyyin SallAllahu Alaihi

Wasallam” closest friend. He was appointed as the first Amir al Hajj by the Holy
Prophet “Rasool Allah Khatam-un-Nabiyyin SallAllahu Alaihi Wasallam” when it first
became obligatory in the 9th year of Hijra and for all his contributions to Islam
etc. After the Holy Prophet’s “Rasool Allah Khatam-un-Nabiyyin SallAllahu Alaihi
Wasallam” demise he convinced the Muslims that the Prop het “Rasool Allah Khatam-un-
Nabiyyin SallAllahu Alaihi Wasallam” being a mortal had passed away. His dynamic
personality made Ansars and Muhajireen accept him as the first caliph and save
Muslims from the conflict over the office of the caliphate. After becoming the caliph
he saved Islam by crushing the false prophets to uphold the finality of the Holy
Prophet “Rasool Allah Khatam-un-Nabiyyin SallAllahu Alaihi Wasallam” and he preserved
the word of Allah (Subhanahu wa-ta’ala) by having the Qur’an compiled. He crushed
apostate tribes, refused to give in to the demands of those who wanted to be exempted
from paying Zakat. He also defended Islamic state by repelling away the Romans and
Persians from its borders and even by defeating them in their own areas.

Abu Bakr lived up to his title (al-Siddiq/Testifier of the Truth) during his
caliphate. Discuss it.

The Holy Prophet “Rasool Allah Khatam-un-Nabiyyin SallAllahu Alaihi Wasallam” had
given this title to him when he was the first to believe the incident of Meraj. After
becoming the caliph he saved Islam by crushing the false prophets to uphold the
finality of the Holy Prophet “Rasool Allah Khatam-un-Nabiyyin SallAllahu Alaihi
Wasallam” and he preserved the word of Allah (Subhanahu wa-ta’ala) by having the
Qur’an compiled. He crushed apostate tribes, refused to give in to the demands of
those who wanted to be exempted from paying Zakat. He also defended Islamic state by
repelling away the Romans and Persians from its borders and even by defeating them in
their own areas.

How does life of Abu Bakr (radi Allahu anho) show example of loyalty to the friends
and colleagues?

Offering help and support to your friends when they need it, even if you do not get
something back in return, rather doing it just to make them happy. As he arranged
resources for the Holy Prophet’s “Rasool Allah Khatam-un-Nabiyyin SallAllahu Alaihi
Wasallam” move to yathrib. Be honest with them, and do not try to hide things from
them. Help them when they need help with a project or work. As Abu Bakr (radi Allahu
anho) helped the Holy Prophet’s “Rasool Allah Khatam-un-Nabiyyin SallAllahu Alaihi
Wasallam” preach Islam. Being there to support them when they are in a time of
difficulty. Supporting them when others are hurting/making fun of them, and not
remaining silent. As Abu Bakr (radi Allahu anho) came to rescue the Holy Prophet’s
“Rasool Allah Khatam-un-Nabiyyin SallAllahu Alaihi Wasallam” from the grip of the
Quraish in Kabah. If you see them going astray you can guide them back.

Why was Abu Bakr (radi Allahu anho) known as a saviour of Islam with in Arabia?
Abu Bakr (radi Allahu anho) saved Islam by convincing and comforting the sad mob that
Muhammad “Rasool Allah Khatam-un-Nabiyyin SallAllahu Alaihi Wasallam” being mortal
had passed away though many of them were reluctant to bury him. His dynamic
personality agreed people on his caliphate who were even about to fight over the
issue of a new head after the demise of the Holy Prophet “Rasool Allah Khatam-un-
Nabiyyin SallAllahu Alaihi Wasallam”.
As soon as Abu Bakr (radi Allahu anho) became caliph, the first thing he thought of,
was to send out Usama (radi Allahu anho) on the expedition to Syria in order to stop
them from persuading Bedouin tribes to attack on the Muslims allied. Some companions
opposed the caliph to do so as there were internal threats regarding the false
prophets, refusal to pay Zakaat and apostasy movement but Abu Bakr (radi Allahu anho)
turned down the proposal and sent the army.
Meanwhile neighbouring tribes of Abs, Zibyan, Asad and Fizara, after the demise of
the Holy Prophet “Rasool Allah Khatam-un-Nabiyyin SallAllahu Alaihi Wasallam” refused
to pay Zakaat as it was a burden on their pockets. They sent a deputation to the
Caliph, offering to stay within the fold of Islam if they were exempted from paying
the poor-rate (zakat). Abu Bakr (radi Allahu anho) firmly turned down the proposal.
At the same time, he set about strengthening the defense of Madinah by sending Ali,
Talha, Zubair and Abdullah bin Masood (radi Allahu anhum) along with their troops,
for he expected a treacherous attack from the rebel tribes. At night in 632 A.D., the
treacherous blow came at Zulqisa, but the ready Muslim army defeated the enemy, many
were killed and the others ran away. After the battle many tribes agreed to pay
Zakaat and those who still rejected were expelled from their areas.
After the battle of Zulqisa the false prophets, apostates and other Zakaat rejecters
launched move against the caliph. When army of Osama returned from Syria then the
caliph divided army into 11 troops to fight the ridda wars against the rebels. Abu
Bakr (radi Allahu anho) sent Khalid (radi Allahu anhu), to Najd, Muhajir bin Abi
Umayyah along with Ziyad bin Lubaid and Ikrama (radi Allahu anhum) sent to Kindi
tribe at Hadr Maut to launch an attack against the rejecters of Zakaat. By crushing
the movement of refusal to pay Zakaat Abu Bakr (radi Allahu anho) ensured the safety
of Islam by saving its main Pillar. Had he let the rejection of Zakaat go, then the
people would have been encouraged to leave rest of the Islamic obligations, such as
Prayers (salat), Fasting (Sawm) and Pilgrimage (hajj). This severe action alarmed the
enemies, even to think against Islam.
The caliph not only took action against the refusal to pay Zakaat but he also saved
the solidarity of Islam by crushing the rebels, who apostatized by rejecting Islam,
in Bahrain, Oman, Mahra, Tabuk, Daumat-ul-Jandal, Yemen and Hadhramaut. To accomplish
this task the caliph sent Ala bin Hadrami, Hudaifa, Ikrimah, Amr bin Aas and
Shurhabil, and Muhajir bin Abi Umayyah (radi Allahu anhum). By taking this action
against the rebels, he discouraged the legacy and trend to bolt out from the fold of
Islam and saved the unity of Muslims.
Action was also taken against the main cause of ridda wars, i.e. the false prophets.
People who had spent no time with the Holy Prophet “Rasool Allah Khatam-un-Nabiyyin
SallAllahu Alaihi Wasallam”, nor studied him closely, thought of him as a mere ruler.
The cleverer among such people began to dream of a similar career. Thus they hoped to
rise to power and fame. Abu bakr (radi Allahu anho) sent Suwaid bin Muqaran, Ikrama,
Shurhabil and Khalid bin Waleed (radi Allahu anhum) to control the followers of Aswad
Ansi in Yamen, to crush the power of Musailma, Sajjah and Tulaiha.
This action saved Islam as they were deteriorating the true spirit of Islam. They
composed verses from their side, they reduced the number of daily Prayers (salat),
excused his followers from the obligation of Fast and Almsgiving (zakat) and
legalized ill-relations and wine drinking. Having crushed the false prophets, Abu
Bakr (radi Allahu anho) also ensured the main belief of Islam that Muhammad “Rasool
Allah Khatam-un-Nabiyyin SallAllahu Alaihi Wasallam” is the last Prophet of Allah
(Subhanahu wa-ta’ala). As the Qur’an says, “Muhammad……is the Messenger of Allah and
the seal of the Prophets.” He also saved Muslims unity by bringing them under the
banner of Islam as the false prophets were disuniting the Muslims. The Qur’an was
also compiled after the Battle of Yamama in which many Huffaz died and the Muslims
thought of compiling and preserving the Qur’an.
With the collapse of the rebellions and Arabia united under the central authority of
the Caliph at Madinah.

Expected questions

1. There are no rightly-guided rulers today! Do you agree? Give reasons for your
opinion.

2. How did Abu Bakr (radi Allahu anho) respond to the threats of the false
prophets?

3. Abu Bakr (radi Allahu anho) was a good choice as caliph? Give reasons to
support your answer.
4. Write an account of the major contributions made to Islam by Abu Bakr (radi
Allahu anho); during the Holy Prophet’s “Rasool Allah Khatam-un-Nabiyyin
SallAllahu Alaihi Wasallam” lifetime, during his Caliphate.

5. Explain why Abu Bakr (radi Allahu anho) was known as the honest one (Al-Sadiq),
and the saviour of Islam.

6. Write an account of the major events of Abu Bakr’s (radi Allahu anho)
Caliphate.

7. Explain why Abu Bakr (radi Allahu anho) was known as the saviour of Islam.
8. In your opinion what was the most important task that faced Abu Bakr (radi
Allahu anho) on becoming Caliph?

9. What does the way Abu Bakr (radi Allahu anho) passed away tell us about his
character?

10. Discuss the main services to Islam performed by Abu Bakr (radi Allahu anho).

11. Write an account of the ways in which: Abu Bakr (radi Allahu anho) protected
the Muslim state inside Arabia.

12. Describe the main achievements of Abu Bakr (radi Allahu anho) during the period
when he was Caliph.

13. Explain the importance of the achievements of one of the four rightly Caliphs
in Islamic history.

14. Write about Abu Bakr’s (radi Allahu anho) conquest of the false Prophets.

15. Write briefly about the conversion to Islam of Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman and Ali
(radi Allahu anhum).

16. Write a detailed account of the four false prophets, and how the caliph Abu
Bakr defeated them.
17. Write about how the four Rightly Guided Caliphs are role models for leaders
today.