Chapter 2

Concepts in Political Science

Learning Outcomes:
After studying the module the students are expected to:
Distinguish power from authority
Critique the three types of authority
Distinguish state and nation
Classify the different types of states
Discuss the purposes of state
Make a chart showing the functions and obligations of the state
Classify the different theories of state
Trace the evolution of modern states
Analyze the different essential elements of state

Lesson 1: Power and Authority

Lesson 2: Nation-State

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Lesson 1 – Power and Authority

The Meaning of Power and Authority

Authority derives from the Latin word auctoritas and is a concept used to indicate
the foundational right to exercise power, which can be formalized by the State and
exercised by way of judges, monarchs, rulers, police officers or other appointed
executives of government, or the ecclesiastical or priestly appointed representatives of a
higher spiritual power (God or other deities). The term authority can also be used to
indicate an academic knowledge of an area (as in an authority on a subject), or to refer
to an original or natural obligation (as in the authority of a father).

In government, the term authority is often used interchangeably with power.

However, their meanings differ: while power is defined as "the ability to influence
somebody to do something that he/she would not have done", authority refers to a claim
of legitimacy, the justification and right to exercise that power.

Authority is legal and formal right to a person, who can take decisions, give orders
and commands to others to perform a particular task. It is conferred to high officials, to
accomplish organization’s objectives. It is hierarchical in nature, it flows downward, i.e.
delegated from superior to the subordinate.
 In general, authority is exercised to get things done through others. It is attached
to the position, i.e. any person who gets the position enjoys the authority attached to it, the
higher the position, the higher would be his authority. As the authority lies in the
designation, in the absence of authority, the position offered to the person would be of no
use. Moreover, it is restricted to the organisation only.

The Difference between Power and Authority

The difference between power and authority can be drawn clearly on the following
grounds:

1. Power is defined as the ability or potential of an individual to influence others

and control their actions. Authority is the legal and formal right to give orders and
commands, and take decisions.
2. Power is a personal trait, i.e. an acquired ability, whereas authority is a formal right that
vest in the hands of high officials or management personnel.
3. The major source of power is knowledge and expertise. On the other hand,
position and office determine the authority of a person.
4. Power flows in any direction, i.e. it can be upward, downward, crosswise or diagonal,
lateral. As opposed to authority, that flows only in one direction, i.e. downward (from
superior to subordinate).
5. The power lies in person, in essence, a person acquires it, but authority lies in the
designation, i.e. whoever get the designation, get the authority attached to it.
6. Authority is legitimate whereas the power is not.

The Three Types of Authority

The sociologist and philosopher Max Weber distinguishes three types of authority—
charismatic, traditional and legal-rational—each of which corresponds to a brand of
leadership that is operative in contemporary society. Jeffry Ocay, a scholar in critical
theory, explains that the achievement of a particular form of political order in any
democracy depends on prevailing conditions “in which different forms of society cohere”
and different ways “in which consensus is achieved.”

1. Charismatic authority points to an individual who possesses certain traits that make a
leader extraordinary. This type of leader is not only capable of but actually possesses
the superior power of charisma to rally diverse and conflict-prone people behind him.
His power comes from the massive trust and almost unbreakable faith people put in
him.

2. Traditional authority indicates the presence of a dominant personality. This leader is

someone who depends on established tradition or order. While this leader is also a
dominant personality, the prevailing order in society gives him the mandate to rule.
This type of leadership, however, is reflective of everyday routine and conduct.
3. Legal-rational authority is one that is grounded in clearly defined laws. The obedience
of people is not based on the capacity of any leader but on the legitimacy and
competence that procedures and laws bestow upon persons in authority.
Contemporary society depends on this type of rationalization, as the complexities of its
problems require the emergence of a bureaucracy that embodies order and
systematization.

All three forms exhibit a specific weakness or problem

1. Charismatic leadership can be problematic because it is somehow based on some

form of a messianic promise of overhauling an unjust system. It is not impossible,
however, to find such type of a leader, as history would show. Consider Mahatma
Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr., or Nelson Mandela. A charismatic leader holds the
mission to unite his people amid adversity and differences in order to attain an almost
insurmountable goal.

2. Traditional authority poses its particular difficulty insofar as it is based on some kind of
a dominant power. For Weber, all authority exhibits some form of domination. A
traditional leader may rely on or even exploit prevailing practices. Traditional authority
may suffer from a lack of moral regularity in the creation of legal standards.

3. Legal-rational authority makes manifest the power of the bureaucracy over the
individual. In the exercise of authority, the administration of power, laws and rules,
including institutional duties and protocols, have control over individuals. While order
and systematization are desirable, the bureaucracy may not be able to fully address
the problems and concerns of everyone, as what the development of nation-states
today suggests.

Modern societies rely on legal-rational authority in terms of finding a common

ground in which consensus may be achieved. But consensus on the basis of
agreements often lacks flexibility, which may embody the dominance of a bureaucratic
mentality of which government service is sometimes accused.

Weber’s analysis of modern societies also points to the idea that capitalist states
do give rise to bureaucratic authority. Instrumental reason, grounded in the “means to
an end” discourse, can be found in the exercise of authority on the basis of laws, rules
and procedures that govern citizens. For Weber, legal-rational authority has been
successful in Protestant countries because Protestantism fills the bill in terms of
responsible capitalism. The basic point is that Protestant ethics emphasizes hard work
and individual responsibility, which are both necessary in order to maintain and pursue
the ends of capitalism.

As a people, Filipinos not only need to have the knowledge about the character
traits of the leaders we so desire. More importantly, we have the moral duty to
understand collectively the basic requirements that confer legitimacy on the mandate
of government officials in whom we entrust the future of this nation. Democracy is
about how and why power must be reconfigured so that it emanates from the center in
order to capacitate the peripheries. But democratic change cannot be achieved simply
by means of rewriting our laws. An ideal discourse situation in the grassroots must be
present.
 The Philippines has always been a difficult case. Right now, what the country
needs is a unifying leader who must exhibit both political will and charisma, one who
can bring about social and political cohesion in the pursuit of public interest. Given the
problems that we have, becoming the country’s leader should be an unenviable
position. But we have to make the right choice. The continuing saga that is Philippine
democracy is not wanting in terms of potential heroes and villains.

Leadership Power

Everyone leads differently, but all leadership involves authority. Most leaders exhibit the
same types of leadership power.

Each leader usually exhibits at least one of these types of leadership power.

1. Legitimate power is traditional power – it is the type of power a manager, executive, or

another leading official in a company has due to the status of their position.

2. Information power - one gains information power when they know something other
people want to know. This information could be anything from gossip to intricate
knowledge about a person or company.

3. Expert power - people who have more knowledge or experience than other members of
their team exhibit expert power. For example, an executive with 20 years of experience
in their field has expert power over a recent college graduate who is just starting their
career.

4. Reward power - a leader who has the ability to reward an employee or team
member (with money, praise, etc.) has reward power.

5. Coercive power - is the opposite of reward power; a leader who can punish an
employee or team member has coercive power. Because the threat of punishment can
persuade an employee to act a certain way, this type of leadership power is called
“coercive power.”

6. Referent power - is all about “who you know.” A leader with lots of referent power may
have many connections or a large social network they can use to their advantage.
Someone with referent power may also be close to an executive with legitimate power.

7. Charismatic power - charismatic leaders have the ability to influence others. While they
may or may not have an established network of contacts, they usually have a natural
ability to persuade or inspire others.

8. Moral power - A leader who has moral power over his or her employees and
exhibits ethical leadership has been placed on a pedestal, so to speak, due to their
beliefs and actions. A leader’s good qualities can lead to them having moral power
over an employee, because the employee may be inspired to replicate the leader’s
actions.
Lesson 2 – Nation-State

State-Nation Defined

State is a group of people, living in a definite territory, having a government of their

own and enjoying independence from other country.

Nation a large body of people united by common descent, history, culture, or

language, inhabiting a particular state or territory.

Nation is a group of people bound together by certain characteristics such as

common social origin, language, customs and traditions and who believe that they are one
and distinct from others.

State Distinguished from Nation

1. State is a political concept while nation is an ethnic concept.

State is a political concept, a legal fiction. It has perpetual existence as long as its four
elements are intact.

Nation – is an ethnic or a sociological collectivity of individuals, a sociological

collectivity of individuals who possess in common certain non-political characteristics
such as:

a. common racial origin

b. common language
c. common religion
d. common historical experience
e. common cultural and social tradition

There must be among them a common unifying bond that holds them together:
emotionally, culturally, spiritually and socially. They must demonstrate a spirit of
national unity.

Even if some of the essential elements of nation may not be present, like absence of
common social origin, religion or culture, are those of a state, like absence of
sovereignty or lack of territory provided the spirit of nationalism is strong among the
people, they still constitute a nation although they do not form a state.

2. State is not subject to external control while a nation may or may not be independent of
external control.

3. A single state may consist of one or more nations or people, and conversely, a single
nation may be made up of several states.

A nation may comprise several states. Example: Egypt, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Lebanon,
Jordan, Algeria and Libya, among others, while each is a separate state, all belong to
the Arab nation.

On the other hand, it is also possible for a single state to be made up of more than one
nation. Example: United states, which was a melting pot of many nations that were
eventually amalgamated into the “American nation,” or of Malaysia, whose population
 consists of Malay and Chinese, or of the United Kingdom, which is composed of
England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland.

A state need not be a state at all, as demonstrated by Poles after the dismemberment
of their country in 1975 again in World War II or by the Jews before the creation of the
State of Israel in 1948. (Cruz, 2002) as cited by Laurente, 2006).

Types of States

1. Simple State – Type of state in which there is only one state and no other states
included on their statehood. Example – Philippines and Japan.

2. Composite States – Type of state in which there are many states merged to form a
single entity. Examples: United States of America, United Kingdom and the former
Czechoslovakia

Purposes and Functions of State

1. Domestic Order and Tranquility - the government can realize this by providing laws to
regulate the people’s conduct and an effective system of law enforcement.

Essential Functions

a. Maintenance of an effective police force to apprehend criminals and suppress

domestic violence.

b. Keeping an independent and impartial court system to settle disputes.

2. Common Defense of the State

Undertaking to defend the state from external aggression. To attain this end:

a. government build strong armed forces for common defense

b. establishing order
c. protecting national security.

3. Blessings of Liberty and Justice

Freedom of the individual to enjoy these rights is dependent upon government, which
is instituted to safeguard them.
Freedom of speech and of the press, freedom of association, freedom of religion and
the rights of persons accused of crime should not be subject for restraints.

4. Promotion of the General Welfare

Undertaken by the government by performing service functions like:

a. creation of essential public service (establishment of roads and bridges)

b. promotion of health and sanitation
 c. regulation of business and dissemination of public information.
d. Other governmental activities relative to the case of the general interests and
well-being of the state.

5. Promotion of Public Morality

This end of the state is concerned with value judgments and moral standards. The
government should:

a. government build strong armed forces for common defense It should set a high
standard of morality in running the affairs of the state.

Rights and Obligations of the State

Rights of the State

Cruz (1971) as cited by Valenzuela, (2016) enumerated the following rights of states.

1. Existence – A state should exist if all elements are acquired such as government,
territory, people and sovereignty.

2. Independence – The right of the state to manage its affairs without the intervention
coming from other states as defined by Aurego-Aruego-Torres (1981). There are two
types of independence; de-facto and de-jure. The former existence in fact but not in
law and the latter both in existence of fact and in law. Example: Philippine
independence in two declarations – June 12 and July (1898 and 1946 respectively).

3. Self-defense – Self-defense is considered as one of very important right of the state.

The Philippine constitution of 1987 reiterates that – “Civilian authority is, at all times,
supreme over the military. The Armed Forces of the Philippines is the protector of the
people and the state. Its goal is to secure the sovereignty of the state and the integrity
of the national territory.” (Art. II section 3, 1987 Philippine Constitution). It means that
the state shall be protected by its armed forces as designed also by the Geneva
Convention Laws on War and protocol of conventional weapons ratified by the United
Nations Organizations.

4. Property and Domain – Property of the State consists of territorial (within the limits of
territory) and non-territorial (outside the domain of the state) such as embassies,
consulates, warship, airship even submarines of the armed forces; on the other-hand,
domain consists of aerial, maritime and fluvial and terrestrial (land) which is also a part
of the jurisdiction of the state. Outer space is not included.

5. Equality – The essence of equality among state is more on juridical rather than
factual. Physically states are not equal when it comes to territorial size, number of
population, economy, military might and so on. On the other-hand equality of states
are stated in international law regarding to the rights to representation (in United
Nations Organization), right to vote and the right to self-preservation.
6. Territorial Acquisition (Expansion)

According to Aruego and Aruego Torres, (1981) the following are the territorial
acquisition of the states:

a. Discovery and Occupation – An unknown territory should be discovered first and

there is a need of effective occupation to draw its boundaries of claimant. Such as
the case of discovery of Spratley Islands by a Filipino navigator named – Thomas
Cloma; on the other-hand after its discovery of group of islands there is no effective
occupation and that the reason why China and Vietnam claimed some portion of
islands. It should be simultaneously done, discovery and effective occupation to
complete the process of claiming of unknown territory.

b. Prescription – The concept of prescription is a long process. There is no specific

rule as far as international law is concern (Cruz: 1971 p. 86). It should be
considered the consensual agreement of states in practicing their sovereign in a
certain portion of territory or unknown territory as a whole.

c. Cession – Almost the same as of prescription, on the other hand, there should be a
formal agreement between two or more states. Such as sale, just like the case of
the Philippine islands ceded by Spain to the United States for 20 million dollars;
donation, exchange, and even testamentary dispositions (Cruz: 1971 p. 87).

d. Conquest – This acquisition is merely traditional. Just like the empire builders of
Rome and Greece in which a certain state used force or military might to conquer
territories. This is a barbaric style of claiming territories, named or unnamed.

e. Accretion - This is the process whereby territory will expand by natural (alluvium
and erosion of the soil) and by man-made such as reclamation projects (e.g. the
Macapagal Highway along the coastline of Manila Bay in Metropolitan Manila,
Philippines).

f. Jurisdiction – This right merely pertains to the power and authority of the state.
Whether the jurisdiction of the state is territorial or non-territorial possessions.
Jurisdiction also considered the scope of administration of the state whether
persons or things.

g. Legation – This is the right of the state to establish relations with other states.
There are two types of categories of this right; the active and the passive right. The
former is the right of the state to send foreign dignitaries such as ambassadors and
consuls; while the latter is the receiving of such foreign representatives or public
ministers.
Obligation of States

1. Capable to enter international treaty and agreements where the statehood is not
subject as an issue.

2. States shall participate in political and economic declarations where they could stand
on the major concern or issues; and

3. They are capable to join international organizations like United Nations Organizations
or economic block such as Asian Free Trade Area (AFTA), North Atlantic Free Trade
Area (NAFTA), Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), Association of
Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) or Asia Pacific Economic Caucus (APEC).

Theories of State

According to Valenzuela (2016) the following are the theoretical origins of state:

1. Divine-Right-Theory – Was popularized during the 17 th centuries when most people

believed that “God vested political power to his representatives here on earth” and that
was no other than monarchs as well as they are also recognized by the Papacy. This
theory was also epitomized by King Louis XIV wherein he reiterated that his political
power claimed in the name of God. The people believed that their leader was God
sent to them.

2. Contract Theory – Was popularized by John Lock and Jean-Jacques Rousseau (Social
Contract) tackles about the relationship between the government and the governed.
According to this theory, man is sociable and needs a powerful sovereign to protect
his basic rights i.e. the right to life, liberty and property. The theory holds that the
government and sovereign were set up by the people in order to protect their basic
rights and avoid absolutism and the abuse of power against them. The very essence
of the theory is that the constitution per se wherein the contract of the sovereign and
the people’s rights should be limited, and the protection of the basic rights of every
individual.

3. Patriarchal Theory – The theory holds ancient societies were ruled by male based on
their belief that male belief that male is powerful over female. Mostly even today, that
family is ruled by the father. The male designation is most likely believed because
male can think and decide firmly which is contrary to female.

4. Force or “might makes” right” Theory - Might makes right theory known as the force
theory was popularized by Thomas Hobbes where man is at war with every man.
According to this theory, the strong groups can use selfishness. According to this
theory, the strong groups can use force with other groups in order to form the state.
Example: the American Revolution wherein they were united in order to use force
against their British counterpart, domed the United States of American with its 13
original states, and followed by other 37 states.
5. Historical Theory - State was a product of historical development of the society.
According to Aristotle, state was evolved from a family to tribes, tribes into a clan into
a nation and a nation into a state. Moreover, state is only a product of human
civilization in terms of organization of individuals just like a colony, school of fishes and
flock of a sheep.

6. Instinctive Theory - state is a product of necessity. Man is weak if he is alone and

according to English proverb that “no man is an island”. Therefore, the organization of
the society can be considered as the formation of the state.

7. Biological Theory – Biology is the study of life. Just like life itself, state exists because
of the life within the society and that is human. Just like instinctive theory, wherein
man is needed a companion in order to live and that is the harmonious relationship of
the government and the governed.

Evolution of Modern States

States are the product of evolution, which were discussed by the following political
thinkers:

1. According to Aristotle

Aristotle, a Greek thinker wrote a book entitled “The Politics “ wherein according to
him, State is considered a moral idea. As a moralist, State, just like an individual
should be moral in the sense that the foundation of state is family. He also designed
that state comes from individual, into family, into clan, tribe, nation up to state. The
evolution of State is merely coming from the people and the group of people organized
themselves to form the modern state.

Aside from the basic four elements of state, modern political analyst considered
the fifth element-recognition wherein according from the words of Aruego-Aruego-
Torres (1981) as cited by Valenzuela (2016) “recognition is an act which gives the
state an international status.” In short, modern civilization should accept the legal
consequences of recognition. Cruz (1971) on the other hand classifies recognition into
two: express and implied. Express – is by verbal or writing; Implied – formal
agreement which the two states undergoes official intercourse. Moreover, recognition
should be considered as an element of modern states to attain legal status quo.

2. According to Marx

Karl Marx, a German sociologist, discussed in his “theory of Revolution” that the
“State withers away” in the sense that there no more social classes and the
abolishment of private property. For him the state should be abolished in order to
abolish the higher class-the elites and the capitalists comprises in the government in
order to attain the communism stage.
3. According to Immanuel Kant

Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher wrote the book entitled “The Eternal
Peace”. According to him, there is concept of generation of States such as:

a. That there will be the Federation of States such as the one world government
(which was idealized the concept of the United Nations);

b. That states should adjudicate their conflicts in one judicial court or world court; and

c. State must maintain a police force and one world army (which idealized the United
States of America as the policeman of the world.)

Essential Elements of State

1. People are a mass of population living within the state. Without people there can be no
functionaries to govern and no subjects to be governed. The number of people
comprising the state is not definite.

2. Territory includes the lands over which the jurisdiction of the state extends rivers and
lakes therein, certain area of the sea and air space above.

Domain of State

a. fluvial – rivers, lakes and springs

b. terrestial – lands
c. maritime – seas and oceans
d. aerial – air space above

3. Government – agency through which the will of the state is formulated, expressed and
carried out. The word is sometimes used to the person or aggregate of those persons
in whose hands are place for the time being the function of political control.

4. Sovereignty – supreme power of the state to enforce its will upon its citizens through
laws. Also means independence from the control of other states.

In democracy, sovereignty resides on the people. It is the power of the people to

elect or charge officials who will make the laws of the land.
Symbols of State are flag, zeal, currency and stamps.

Flag of the Philippines

Three (3) stars represent Luzon, Visaya, and Mindanao.

The 8 rays refers to the 8 provinces who revolts against the Spaniards:
Cavite, Bulacan, Batangas, Laguna, Manila, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga and Tarlac.
Two Aspects of Sovereignty

1. Internal Sovereignty – is the supreme or absolute power of a state to enforce its

will on the people within its territory. It implies therefore, that the government must
possess adequate powers to control and regulate the conduct and affairs of the
people within the borders of the state.

2. External Sovereignty – means independence of a state from control by any state.

External sovereignty of a state should be recognized and respected by the nation-
states.

Characteristics of Sovereignty

1. Absolute – The exercise by the state of its sovereign powers is absolute in the
sense that the state is not subject to restrictions by another other power. Jean
Bodin (1530-1597), father of the modern theory of sovereignty, defined
sovereignty as the supreme power over subjects and their possessions
unrestrained by law. It is unrestrained by law because the sovereign is the source
of law.

According to De Maistre, a French political philosopher during the French

Revolution sovereignty is “always one, inviolable, and absolute” no matter where
it is located and how it is defined.

2. Comprehensive – The sovereignty of a nation-state is comprehensive for its

supreme legal authority extends to all- the citizens, aliens, associations or
organizations within its boundaries. Rules of international relations, however,
provide several exceptions to this characteristic. Under the principle of mutual
respect or international courtesy, diplomatic immunity is extended to foreign
ambassadors and ministers together with their respective families during the
period of their assignment in the host nation-state. Under the principle of ex-
territoriality, diplomatic immunity means that diplomatic representatives and their
families are exempted from the local jurisdiction of the state.

3. Permanent Sovereignty is perpetual in the sense that as long as the state exists,
sovereignty also exists. This is so because sovereignty is an inherent attribute of
the state. Rulers may be ousted through elections, or they may be overthrown
from power through revolutions. Government may be changed from one form to
another. However, as long as the state exists, sovereignty is always present a
one of its element.

4. Indivisible – Indivisibility has caused misunderstanding among political theories.

Bodin, for example, sought to prove the indivisibility of sovereignty by his theory
that sovereignty should reside in an absolute monarch unrestrained by law
because the sovereign is the source of law. It is perpetual, inalienable, and not
subject to prescription. Yet, he also advocated the sovereign should be limited by
the laws of the nation, laws of God and the natural law. There is no doubt in the
mind of Bodin that the sovereign is requires to respect agreements involving
political obligations toward his subjects or toward other sovereigns and the right of
private property.
 Sovereignty, according to Rosseau, a French social contractualist and
political philosopher who came much later than Bodin, is inalienable and indivisible
in terms of the “general will” which is posited in the great body of people. Such
general will is always for the common good of the polity. For every act of
sovereignty, every act in the name of the general will and not particular individual
wills.

Sovereignty cannot be divided; there could only be one supreme power in

a state. The state may grant the exercise of some powers to its political
subdivisions, but “what it grants it may take away”. The authority to govern may be
shared, but not the supreme power. There is only one state with one sovereignty.

Types of State Sovereignty

1. Legal Sovereignty – defined as the supreme authority of the state expressed by the
law and the constitution, which even authority, has the power to make the law or
amend the constitution, that authority exercises legal or constituent sovereignty.

John Austin – famous jurist describes law as a supreme command enforced by the ruler
upon his people who in turn render habitual loyalty and obedience to their ruler.

In the Philippines it is the Congress or the constitutional convention and the people,
which exercise legal authority. Amends to the constitution may be proposed by:

a. Congress
b. Constitutional convention
c. By the people through initiative

Proposal from Congress requires ¾ of vote of all members of the congress.

Initiative requires petition of at least 12% of the total number of registered voters of
every legislative districts represented by 3% of the registered voters.

2. Political Sovereignty – is the supreme will of the state expressed by the electorate.
Also called electoral sovereignty in the sense that, the supreme authority of the state
is exercised by the electorate, in the choice of public officers at least during election
time.

3. Popular Sovereignty - supreme power of the state, which resides in the people. This
authority means that the people are the ultimate source of power and so they possess
coercive power to control government through which they allow themselves to be
governed. It was said that sovereignty resides in the people and all government
authority emanates from them.

4. De Facto Sovereignty – vested on a person who has succeeded in displacing the

legitimate sovereign. The authority of coercive power of this person or group of persons
exists in fact and is sanctioned by the people within the state territory.
5. De Jure Sovereignty a state is de jure from the viewpoint of recognizing states. Theory
of de Jure Sovereignty is that the supreme legal authority of the state is based on the
supremacy of law.

References:

https://keydifferences.com/difference-between-power-and-authority.html

https://opinion.inquirer.net/85293/max-webers-3-types-of-authority By: Christopher Ryan

Maboloc -Philippine Daily Inquirer
https://yscouts.com/executive/types-of-leadership-power

https://www.iedunote.com/power
 Self-Assessment Question No. 1 (Chapter 1)
Course Code: ____ Description:____________________Time/Day: ______
Class No._______ I.D. No. ________________ Score: _______ EPS: ____
Name_______________________________________Date: ___________
College:________________Course:_____________________Block_____

NOTE: Score and EPS to be accomplished by the subject professor.

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1. Define authority in general term.

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2. Complete the table below to show the difference between authority and power.

Power Authority

3. Describe the President of the Philippines according to the three types of

authority. Explain your answer.

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3.Among the different leadership power, which do you think is best applicable to your
barangay chairman? Justify your answer.

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4. Fill in the table below to distinguish state from nation.

State Nation

5. Identify the different departments of the government assigned to carry out the purposes
and functions of the State.

Purpose/Functions of the State Responsible Department

1. Domestic Order and Tranquility

2. Common Defense of the State

3. Blessings of Liberty and Justice

4. Promotion of the General Welfare

5. Promotion of Public Morality

6. Among the different theories of state, which do you think is most applicable to the
Philippines as a state? Justify your answer.

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7. What methods of political science is applicable to the present situation of the country?
Give examples to back up your argument.

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6. Enumerate the elements of state?

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7. List down the different rights of the state.
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8. List down 10 examples of single state and 2 examples of composite states.
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9. List down the different states in the United States of America.

10. List down the top 20 states/nation in the world affected by Covid 19 pandemic as of
August 31, 2020. Complete the table below:
No. of
No. of No. of No. of
Name of States/Nation active
Positive Recoveries Casualty
cases
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
GOOD LUCK
Note: For further instruction please see Chapter 1