Referencing Guide 2022

Cambridge Delta with Teaching House
Referencing guidelines
To avoid plagiarism while still adding academic rigour to your assignments, you will need to refer to a range
of sources in your work. Here are some guidelines to help.
The purpose of referencing
As a general rule, referencing should answer the following basic questions about the source consulted.
1) Who wrote it?

2) When was it published?
3) What is the title?
4) Where can it be found?
References within the body of the essay:

Direct quotations: Use quotation marks. Give the author(s) year of publication and page number(s)
e.g. Computers have made it possible to analyse large collections of texts containing millions of words “with
the aim of making statements about a particular language variety” (Adolphs, 2006:3)
Summarised or paraphrased material: Give author(s) and year only. Page number is optional.
e.g. Comics include richness in story content and character development, and reflect authentic language and
culture (Kossack & Hoffman, 1987)
Where there are more than two authors, give the first author only and add et al., for example, Byram et al.
Note the full stop after ‘al’ and the use of italics (you should list all the authors in your bibliography)
Secondary sources: Cite the author and publication year of the original work in the text. Follow this with
the reference for the secondary source.
e.g. Carter suggested an item of vocabulary can be considered a “core” item if it is commonly used to define
other words (in Thornbury, 2017)
Unknown information:
If the author is unknown, e.g. from an online source, use the organisation name as a substitute, if available. If
neither author nor organisation are available, use the title instead.
If the date is unknown, use (n.d) for “no date”. Sometimes the date is listed at the foot of the page or in the
hyperlink of online sources
In your bibliography
List only the works you have mentioned in your essay; do not include general background reading. List the
sources in alphabetical order of author’s last name.
A book with one or more authors:
Kramsch, C. 1993. Context and Culture in Language Teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Tomalin, B. & M. Nicks. 2008. The world’s Business Cultures and How to Unlock Them. London: Thorogood
(Note that the first author is given in the order Surname, Initial(s). and second and subsequent authors are
Initial. Surname.) The book’s title is in italics and there is a colon between the place of publication and the
publisher. If there are two authors, use & between their names)
An edited book:
Doughty, C. And J. Williams (eds.) 1998. Focus on Form in Classroom Second Language Acquisition.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
A single chapter or paper in an edited book:
Stubbs, M. 2007. ‘On texts, corpora and models of language’ in M. Hoey, M. Mahlberg, M. Stubbs and W.
Teubert (eds.). Text, Discourse and Corpora: Theory and Analysis. London: Continuum
An article from a print journal or magazine:
Kitchen, J. and D. Stevens. 2008. ‘Action research in teacher education’. Action Research 6/1: 7-28
Bruton, A. 2005 ‘Power to the People?’ IATEFL Voices 185: 11-12
(Note: ‘title of article’ in single quotation marks, title of publication in italics, give issue number and page
numbers)
A secondary source (only list the secondary source here, not the original)
Thornbury, S. 2017. ‘C is for Core vocabulary’. An A-Z of ELT

https://scottthornbury.wordpress.com/2017/11/05/c-is-for-core-vocabulary/
An article from an online source:
Coombe, C. and C. Canning. 2002. ‘Using self-assessment in the classroom: rationale and suggested
techniques’. Karen’s Linguistics Issues, http://www3.telus.net/liguisticsissues/selfasses2.html)
A general reference to a website:

Council of Europe, 2020. ‘The CEFR Levels’ https://www.coe.int/en/web/common-european-framework-
reference-languages/level-descriptions
An unpublished conference presentation:
Jonkman, R. 1996. ‘Non-convergent discourse in Friesland as a special type of codeswitching’. Paper

presented at the Sociolinguistics Symposium 11, Cardiff, UK, 5-7 September 1996
NOTE – for online sources from 2021 it is no longer necessary to say when the item was retrieved.
The hyperlink is sufficient.
Tips
As you do your background reading, keep a note of the referencing information at the time that you
read it. It is very difficult to go back and find these details retrospectively.
- Read the previous tip again and make sure you do it
- Be consistent in the layout, format and punctuation of your references. We don’t need to follow a
particular style at Teaching House (Harvard, APA etc.), but it’s important that your references are
consistent and contain all the necessary information.
- In-text references should always include the author’s surname and the year. No author initials in
in-text citations.
- Page numbers are required for quotes and desirable for paraphrasing
- Use a colon without a space between the year and page number in your in-text citations to save
a few words! E.g. (Ur, 2012:264)
- Keep a record of the referencing information as you read. Mentioned before but very very
important.
- Synthesize multiple sources to back up your points rather than using the same source multiple
times
- List only the works you have mentioned in your essay; do not include general background
reading.
- When you have finished your final draft, ensure 1) that all references are included in the
bibliography and 2) that all bibliography sources are referenced in the text. Do this by using the
search navigation in your word processing software (CTRL + F then search by author last name).
If there is only one incidence of a name in your document then you have either omitted it or
misspelled it. Check the years match as well.

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Cambridge Delta with Teaching House

The purpose of referencing

1) Who wrote it?

References within the body of the essay:

A book with one or more authors:

A single chapter or paper in an edited book:

An article from a print journal or magazine:

Bruton, A. 2005 ‘Power to the People?’ IATEFL Voices 185: 11-12

Thornbury, S. 2017. ‘C is for Core vocabulary’. An A-Z of ELT

An article from an online source:

A general reference to a website:

An unpublished conference presentation:

Jonkman, R. 1996. ‘Non-convergent discourse in Friesland as a special type of codeswitching’. Paper

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