Citation & Referencing

A citation is a reference to the source of information

used in your research. Any time you directly quote,
paraphrase or summarize the essential elements of
someone else's idea in your work, an in-
text citation should follow,  whilst a reference usually
refers to the full bibliographic information at the end.
When to Cite
The general rule is to cite the work of individuals whose
ideas, theories, or research have directly influenced your
work. By properly citing your sources you will
avoid plagiarism and demonstrate the amount of
research you did in preparing your paper. Citations are
necessary when quoting directly from another source,
when paraphrasing another author, and when discussing
ideas from others.
In-text Citations
Papers written in APA style have brief, in-text citations
that identify the author and year of publication.
Each of these citations must correspond to an entry in the
reference list.
In-text citations have two formats, parenthetical and
narrative:
Parenthetical: (End-text/parenthetical citation)
Both the author and the date, separated by a comma,
appear in parentheses.
“Falsely balanced news coverage can distort the public's
perception of expert consensus on an issue” (Koehler,
2016).
Narrative:
The author appears in the running text and the date
appears in parentheses immediately after the author
name. 
Koehler (2016) noted the “dangers of falsely balanced
news coverage”. 
The reader may then refer to the Reference list to find the
rest of the information about the book or article written
by Koehler and published in 2016.
 Listing Authors In-text

The author-date method of in-text citation requires the

inclusion of the author's surname and year of publication
in the text at the appropriate place. Use surnames only. Do
not include initials for first or middle names or suffixes,
such as Jr. unless you cite more than one author with the
same last name.

 
Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing allows authors to summarize and focus on
significant information from one or more sources. It is
an effective writing strategy and should be used most of
the time rather than using direct quotes. 
Use either the narrative or parenthetical format when
paraphrasing other's work. 
Page numbers when paraphrasing:
It is not required to provide page or paragraph numbers in the
citations when paraphrasing. You may include one with the author
and year if you feel as though it will help interested readers locate
relevant passage in a long work such as a book. 

Webster-Stratton (2016) described a case example of a 4-year-old

girl who showed an insecure attachment to her mother; in working
with the family dyad, the therapist focused on increasing the
mother's empathy for her child (pp. 152-153).
Long Paraphrases:
When paraphrasing continues for several sentences, cite
the work being paraphrased on first mention. It is not
necessary to repeat the citation as long as it is clear that
the same work continues to be paraphrased. If the
paraphrasing continues into a new paragraph,
reintroduce the citation.
Using Direct Quotes
Use a direct quote rather than paraphrasing when: 
reproducing an exact definition
an author has said something memorably or succinctly
you want to respond to exact wording
Direct quotes should be followed by an author-date
citation and the page number or location of the quote.
Short Quote: 
For quotes of fewer than 40 words, surround with
quotation marks and put the period after the citation. 

Effective teams can be difficult to describe because "high

performance along the domain does not translate to high
performance along another" (Erving et al., 2018, p.470).
 APA In-Text Citations
Quotations - Short Quotes
(< 40 words)

Directly quote - include the author, year of

publication, and the page number.

Example: Reference in the text:

According to Jones (2004), "Students often had difficulty using APA style,
especially when it was their first time" (p. 199).

Example: References (at the end of your paper)

Jones, L. (2004). How to research.  (2nd ed.). London: Open University

Press.
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 APA In-Text Citations
Quotations - Long Quotes
(> 40 words)
• Use block form, indent 5 spaces for entire quote
• Use double space and Do not use “ ”

• Use … to indicate omitted words

Example: Reference in the text:

We agree with Obrue (2002), who concluded:

Neurofeedback is perhaps best viewed not as an alternative

to conventional psychopharmacological agents but rather… (p. 8).

Example: References (at the end of your paper)

Obrue, K. (2002). Neurofeedback practice.  (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
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Long Quote: 
For quotes of 40 words or more create an indented block of text
and do not use quotation marks.

Researchers have studied how people talk to themselves:

Inner speech is a paradoxical phenomenon. It is an experience

that is central to many people's everyday lives, and yet it presents
considerable challenges to any effort to study it scientifically.
Nevertheless, a wider range of methodologies and approaches
have combined to shed light on the subjective experience of
inner speech and its cognitive and neural underpinnings.
(Alderson-Day & Fernyhough, 2015, p. 957)
Citing from Secondary Sources

Citing secondary sources, or sources cited in another source,

should generally be avoided. If possible, it is good practice to find
the primary source, read it, and cite it directly. Only use
secondary sources when the original work is out of print,
unavailable, or available only in a language that you do not
understand. 
If you do need to reference a secondary source, provide an in
entry for the secondary source that you used in the reference list.
In the text, identify the primary source and write "as cited in" the
secondary source that you used.

For example:
(Rabbitt, 1982, as cited in Lyon et al., 2014)
 Why should you acknowledge
your sources?

• Citations reflect the careful and thorough

work you have put into locating and
exploring your sources.

• Citations are a courtesy to the reader,

who may share your interest in a
particular area.

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 Why should you acknowledge your sources?

• By citing sources, you demonstrate your

integrity and skill as a responsible
participant in the conversation.

• Failure to provide adequate citations

constitutes plagiarism.

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 Why Use APA Style?

• This is the most common format for

documenting sources.

• This format is widely used for course

papers and journal articles in Psychology
and also in the social sciences, education,
engineering, and business.

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 What is APA In-Text Citations

• Use of a parenthetical reference system in

the text of the paper.

• Tied to an alphabetical References list

(located at the end of your paper)

• Use author-date system of citation

All in-text parenthetical references must correspond to a

source cited in the References list.

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 APA In-Text Citations

One Work by One Author

Example: Reference in the text:
According to Taylor (2000), the personalities of …

OR, you may write like this:

In a study of personalities and character (Taylor, 2000) …

Example: References (at the end of your paper)

Taylor, M. M. (2000). Study of personalities and character. Journal of

Psychology, 93 (1), 257-267.
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 APA In-Text Citations
One Work by One Author (Cont.)
Cite by author and year only even when
reference includes month or date:

Example: Reference in the text:

Mak (2006) found workers are happier …

Example: References (at the end of your paper)

Mak, J. (2006, October 4). More public holidays for workers. The Star, p.
N6.
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 APA In-Text Citations
One Work by Two authors
• Always cite both names every time the reference occurs in
text.
• Use the word "and" between the authors' names within
the text, Use "&" in the parentheses.

Example: Reference in the text:

Serlin and Lapsley (1985) discovered the problems …
OR, you may write like this:

A survey on the problems in … (Serlin & Lapsley, 1985)

Example: References (at the end of your paper)

Serlin, R. C., & Lapsley, D. K. (1985). Rationality in psychological research: The good-
enough principle. American Psychologist, 40, 73-83.
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 APA In-Text Citations
One Work by Multiple authors (3-5 authors)

Example: Reference in the text:

Skinner, Cornell, Sun, and Harlow, 1993 found…
(Use as 1st citation in text)

Skinner et al. (1993) found … (Use as subsequent 1st citation per paragraph
thereafter)
Skinner et al. also found … (Omit year from subsequent citations after 1st citation
within a paragraph)

Example: References (at the end of your paper - List all authors)

Skinner, M. E., Cornell, R. C., Sun, K. F., & Harlow, R. P. (1993). Small group learning,
Psychological Bulletin, 26,
57-63.
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 APA In-Text Citations
6 or More Authors
• For works with 6 or more authors, the 1st
citation & subsequent citations use first
author et al. and year.
• et al means “and others”
Example: Reference in the text:
Wolchik et al. (2000) studied the use of …

Example: References (at the end of your paper) - [List the first six authors, … and the
last author]

Wolchik, S. A., West, S. G., Sandler, I. N., Tein, J., Coatsworth, D., Lengua, L., … Rubin,
L. H. (2000). An experimental evaluation of theory-based mother and mother-child
programs for children of divorce. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68,
843-856.

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 APA In-Text Citations
Groups as Authors

Write down corporate author in full every time if the abbreviation is

NOT common.
Example: (University of Pittsburg, 1998)
If group author is easily identified by its abbreviation, you
may abbreviate the name in the second and subsequent
citations:

Examples:
1st citation:
Ministry of Education [MOE], 2001)

Subsequent text citation:

(MOE, 2001) 25
 APA In-Text Citations
Works With No Author
• Cite the first few words of the reference list entry
• Usually the title of the article or newspaper
• And the year
• Use “ ” and italics

Example: Reference in the text:

Many mentally ill drinkers seek the help from… (“Alcohol and the risk,” 2006).

Example: References (at the end of your paper)

Alcohol and the risk of cancer. (2006, October 10). The Straits Times, p. 32.

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 APA In-Text Citations
Authors With the Same Surname
• Use initials with the last names if your reference
list includes two or more authors with the same
last name.

Example: Reference in the text:

Research by J. Young (1989) revealed that . . .

Survey by E. Young (1990) proved that …

Example: References (at the end of your paper)

Young, J. (1989). The Purification Plan. New York: Rodale Books.

Young, E. (1990). Caring for the Vulnerable. London: Jones and Bartlett.

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 APA In-Text Citations
Secondary Sources

• Give the secondary source in the reference list.

• In text, name the original work, and give a citation for

the secondary source.

Example: Reference in the text:

Irene and John’s study (as cited in Tornhill, Curtis, Atkins, &
Haller, 1993)

Example: References (at the end of your paper)

Tornhill, M., Curtis, B. Atkins, P., & Haller, M. (1993). Models of reading aloud: Dual-
route and parallel-distributed-processing approaches. Psychological Review, 100,
589-608.
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 Part 2:
Formatting Your Reference List

The Basics

● APA requires a hanging indent for its citations.

● Please be sure to use double space citations.

● Documents only sources used in research and

preparation.
● Alphabetize the works.

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 Pay Specific Attention to:

● Consistency in how you apply APA.

● Punctuation (period, comma, semi-colon).

● Location and publisher for books.

● Volume, issue and page numbers for

articles.
● Complete and correct information.
● Spelling.

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 Reference List Order
● Alphabetical by author’s name
● Chronological by same author
● Alphabetical by title
● Same author, same year, different title:
Alleyne, R. L. (2004a). Managing information …
Alleyne, R. L. (2004b). Multimedia management …
● Same author, different year:

Hewlett, L. S. (2005). Critical thinking about …

Hewlett, L. S. (2006). Doing quantitative research …

● Alphabetize the prefix M’, Mc and Mac literally, not as if they were all spelled
Mac. Disregard the apostrophe.

● MacArthur, B. A. (2000). Problems and promises…

McAllister, G. J. (2000). Choice and the relative …
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 Publisher Information

● Give city and state if city is not well known or

ambiguous (US postal code 2-letter).

Example: Hillsdale, NJ or Cambridge, MA

● Spell out other countries
Example: Oxford, England: Blackwell

● Spell out name of publisher especially

associations, corporations, university presses

● Leave out terms like “Publisher, Co, Inc.”

● Retain terms like “Books”, “Press”.

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 More Than One Publisher
Location

• Use the first one, if the book lists more

than one publisher location.

Example:

New York, London: MacMillan

 Cite as New York: MacMillan

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 Book Reference

Single Author

General Format

Author, A. (Year). Title of book. Location: Publisher.

Example:

Zautra, A. (2006). Emotions, stress, and health. New York: Oxford University
Press.
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 Book Reference

Single Author (Cont.)

When the author and publisher are identical, use the word
"Author" as the name of the publisher.

Example:

American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental

disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

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 Book Reference

Multiple Authors

When a work has 2 or more authors:

Example:

3 Authors

Playfair, J. H., Gardner, M., & Bancroft, G. J. (2004). Infection and immunity. (2nd ed.).
Oxford: Oxford University Press.

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 Book Reference

Corporate Author

General Format

Corporate Author. (Year). Title of book. Location: Publisher.

Example:

Institute of Banking & Finance. (2006). Managing personal fund. Toronto:

Midwestern.

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 Book Reference

Unknown or No Author

Begin with title. Titles of books are italicized.

General Format
Title of book. (Year). Place of publication: Publisher.

Example:

Education Handbook. (2005). London: Longman.

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 Edited Book Reference

General Format
Editor, A. (Ed.). (Year). Title of book. Location:
Publisher.

Examples:
One editor:

Michael, G. (Ed.). (1988). Psycholinguistics. Beijing: Peking

University Press.

More than one editor:

Grice, H., & Gregory, R. (Eds.). (1968). Early language

development. New York: McGraw-Hill.
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 Later Edition Book Reference

General Format

Author, A. (Year). Title of book (2nd ed.). Location:

Publisher.

Example:

Skinner, E. (2003). Women and the national experience

(2nd ed.). New York: Longman.

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 English Translation of A Book

General Format
Author, A. (Year). Book title (Name translators). Location:
Publisher. (Original work published 1814)

Example:
Laplace, P.S. (1951). A philosophical essay on
probabilities (F.W. Truscott & F. L. Emory, Trans.). New
York: Dover. (Original work published 1814)
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 Book Chapter Reference

General Format

Article Author. (Year). Article Title. In Book Editor(s), Book

Title (page numbers). Location: Publisher.

Example:
Blaxter, L. (1996). Thinking about research. In R. A. Lillian
& J. F. Rebecca (Eds.), How to research (pp. 19-25).
Buckingham: Open University Press.

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 Journal Article Reference

One Author

General Format
Author, A. (Year). Title of article. Journal Title, Vol(no), pages.

Example:

McGill, K. (2006). Reading the valley: performance as a rhetoric of dimension,

Text and Performance Quarterly, 26(4), 389-404.

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 Journal Article Reference

Two Authors

List all authors with & preceding last

author.

Example:

Racette, A., & Bard, C. (2006). Making non-fluent aphasics

speak. Journal of Logic and Computation, 18, 27-45.

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 Journal Article Reference

More Than Seven Authors

Example:

Bjokr, R. N. Auerbach, J. S., Piaget, J., Tein, J. Y., Kwok,

O. M., Haine, R. A., … Botros, N. (2003). Classroom
Interaction in Science: Teacherquestioning and feedback
to students' responses. International Journal of Science
Education, 63, 57-60.

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 Magazine Article Reference

General Format

Author, A. (Year, Month day). Title of article. Title of Magazine, volume if given,
page-numbers.

Example:
Reppel, F. G. (2003, February 13). Conflict and cognitive
control. Natural Science, 33, 969-970.

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 Newspaper Article Reference

General Format

Author, A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Title of

Newspaper, pages.

Example:
Lee, S. (2006, October 3). Malaysia off the priority
watch list for pirated movies, music. New Straits
Times, p. 6.
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Unpublished Thesis Reference

General Format

Author, A. (Year). Title of thesis. Unpublished level

thesis. University, Place.

Example:
Kondo, T. (1991). The making of a corporate elite
adult targeted comic magazines of Japan. Unpublished
master’s thesis. McGill University, Canada.

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 Web Page Reference
Electronic Copy of a Journal
Article Retrieved from Database with DOI

General Format
Author, A. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, Vol
(no), pages. Retrieved Month Day, Year, Issue, Page
Numbers.

Example:
Borman, W. C., Hanson, M. A., Oppler, S. H., Pulakos, E.
D., & White, L. A. (1993). Role of early supervisory
experience in supervisor performance. Journal of Applied
Psychology, 78, 443-449. doi:10:1002//piq.20033
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 Web Page Reference

Article in an Internet-only Journal

Article does not appear in print journal
or magazine
General Format
Author, A. (Year). Title of article. Journal Title, vol (no),
pages. Retrieved from source.

Example:
Pelling, N. (2002, May 5). The use of technology in career
counseling. Journal of Technology in Counselin (2).
Retrieved from http://jtc.colstate.edu/pelling.htm

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 Web Page Reference

Stand-alone Document, No Author

Identified, No Date

General Format

Title. (n.d.). Retrieved Month Day, Year, from source.

Example:

What I did today. (n.d.). Retrieved August 21, 2010, from

http://www.cc.mystory.life/blog/didtoday.html

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 General Instructions for
Preparing the Paper Manuscript

1. Paper – One side of standard-sized (A4)

2. Typeface – Preferred 12-pt Times Roman
3. Double-spacing – leave one full-size line blank between each line
4. Margins – margins of at least 1 in. (2.54 cm) at the top, bottom,
left and right of every page.

5. Line length and alignment –

- maximum line length 6.5 in. (16.51 cm).

- Do not justify lines, use the flush-left style

- Do not divide words at the end of a line, and do not use the

hyphenation function to break words at the ends of lines.

6. Number of lines – Not more than 27 lines of text. 52