LAB MANUAL ELECTRICAL POWER TRANSMISSION Name: M Kamran

CMS ID: 54115

LAB NO. 01
INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRIC POWER TRANSMISSION AND
LABORATORY EQUIPMENT

Objective:
 To learn about the lab equipment which will be used in PT lab.
Equipment:
• 3 phase variable power supply
• 3 phase voltage Transformer
• 3 phase power power supply
• PCB
• 3 phase power meter
• Power factor meter
• 3 phase resistance load
• 3 phase Inductance load
• 3 phase Capacitance load
• Voltage Transformer
• Current Transformer
• Model of transmission Line
• 3 phase capacitor set
Introduction:
Electrical energy, after being produced at generating stations (TPS, HPS, NPS, etc.) is transmitted
to the consumers for utilization. This is due to the fact that generating stations are usually situated
away from the load centers. The network that transmits and delivers power from the producers to
the consumers is called the transmission system. This energy can be transmitted in AC or DC
form. Traditionally, AC has been used for years now, but HVDC (High Voltage DC) is rapidly
gaining popularity.
3 Phase Variable Power Supply:
Three-phase power is a three-wire ac power circuit with each phase ac signal 120 electrical degrees
apart. Residential homes are usually served by a single-phase power supply, while commercial
and industrial facilities usually use a three-phase supply.

Fig.1.0.power supply
 LAB MANUAL ELECTRICAL POWER TRANSMISSION Name: M Kamran
CMS ID: 54115

3 Phase Voltage Transformer:

Three-phase transformers are passive machines that pass electrical energy between circuits. In the
secondary circuit, a magnetic flux induces an electromotive force (emf), thus stepping up (increase)
or stepping down (decrease) voltages without altering the frequency.

Fig.1.1. 3 phase Transformer

Power Circuit Breaker:

The Three-Phase Circuit Breaker is a three-pole magnetic control circuit device that provides the
following function.
Disconnect Switch: It provides a means whereby the conductors of a circuit can be isolated from
their source of power. A single toggle handle operates all three poles. When used in this manner it
is also called a safety or isolating switch.
Circuit Protector: It provides reliable circuit overload protection. The structure consists of three
single poles, each rated at 5 A, assembled with an internal mechanical interlock which actuates all
units simultaneously, opening each line conductor. The single toggle handle moves to the off
position on overload, and cannot be forced to close until the overload is removed. It is said to be
"trip-free".
Manual Control Switch: Its special time-delay series tripping characteristics, and high rupturing
current capacity, make it useful as a direct motor on-off control switch, when used within its ratings.
It may also be called a motor-circuit switch.

Fig 1.2.PCB
 LAB MANUAL ELECTRICAL POWER TRANSMISSION Name: M Kamran
CMS ID: 54115

3 Phase Power Meter:

A 3-phase power meter / 3-phase power analyzer, also called a three-phase power meter, can
measure a variety of electrical parameters, from current and voltage to resistance, continuity and
beyond. A 3-phase power analyzer is used by electrical contractors to assess everything from live
wires and circuit breakers to electrical panels and power transformers. In addition to being referred
to as a three-phase power meter, a 3-phase power meter goes by many different names, including
but not limited to clamp meter, current clamp, digital multimeter, electrical tester, oscilloscope,
circuit tester, ground checker, voltage detector, milliohm meter, phase rotation meter and power
analyzer.

Fig.1.3. 3 phase power meter

Power Factor Meter:

The power factor meter measures the power factor of a transmission system. The power factor is the
cosine of the angle between the voltage and current. The power factor meter determines the types
of load using on the line, and it also calculates the losses occur on it

Fig.1.4. Power factor meter

 LAB MANUAL ELECTRICAL POWER TRANSMISSION Name: M Kamran
CMS ID: 54115

Phase Resistance Load:

simple word, anything which can consume electrical energy and convert it into another form of
energy is called the electrical load. The electrical load, which consumes electrical energy in a pure
form and shows its resistance effect is called Resistive load. The resistance effect covers two factors,
first, it tries to block the flow of electrical current, and second, it converts the electrical energy into
heat energy. So, we can also say, the electrical load, which converts electrical energy into heat
energy is called the resistive load

Fig.1.5. 3 phase resistance load

3 Phase Inductance Load:

In simple word, the electrical load, which consume electrical power to produce inductance or
electromagnetism is called Inductive Load. It can be called a simple definition of inductive load.
An inductive load mainly converts the electrical energy to magnetic energy further which is used as
mechanical energy such as electric motors. Inductive load shows the inductance effect which
depends upon the type of applied power supply, it does not depend upon the physical characteristics
like a resistive load. Remember that, the practically pure inductive load is not available because any
magnetic coil has a resistance due to its physical structure and the material it is made of.

Fig.1.6. 3 phase Inductance load

 LAB MANUAL ELECTRICAL POWER TRANSMISSION Name: M Kamran
CMS ID: 54115

3 Phase Capacitance Load:

The electrical load which is capacitive in nature and causes the consuming current to lead behind
the voltage is called Capacitive Load. Like an inductive load capacitive load also consume both
active and reactive power. The phase difference between current and voltage consumed by a pure
capacitive load is 90 degrees leading. Although the practically pure capacitive load is not available.
All capacitive loads are having capacitance as well as resistance properties.

Fig.1.7. 3 phase Capacitance load

Current Transformer:
Also known as CTs, current transformers are devices that measure alternating current. They are
widely used to measure high magnitude currents.A current transformer essentially lowers (steps
down) a high current to a lower, safer level that you can manage properly. It steps down the current
to be measured so that you can measure it with an average range ammeter.

Fig.1.8.current transformers
 LAB MANUAL ELECTRICAL POWER TRANSMISSION Name: M Kamran
CMS ID: 54115

Potential Transformers:
On the other hand, potential transformers, also known as voltage transformers, measure an aspect of
the power supply. While a current transformer measures current, the potential transformer measures
voltage. The majority of American homes use different voltages for various purposes.

Fig .1.9.potential transformers

Model Of Transmission Line:

A transmission Line is used by electrical power systems to transfer electricity between any two distant
points. In terms of electrical engineering, the Transmission Line is a set of conductors that is designed
to transfer the power from the generating station to a far-end substation that is located near the load
centers, in the most efficient and secure way.

The transmission line is generally made up of ACSR (aluminum conductor steel reinforced) type
conductors, the steel is used to improve the mechanical strength of the conductor. The majority of
strands in the ACSR conductor are made up of aluminum as it is a good conductor of electricity and
its weight per unit length is less compared to copper. In this article, we will discuss the classification
of transmission lines, transmission line parameters, and modeling.

Fig.1.10. Model of transmission Line

 LAB MANUAL ELECTRICAL POWER TRANSMISSION Name: M Kamran
CMS ID: 54115

LAB NO. 02
ANALYSIS OF NO LOAD PERFORMANCES OF TRANSMISSION LINE

Objective:
• Measurement of voltages in no load operation.
• Observation of Ferranti effect.
• Voltages calculation in presence of Ferranti effect.

Equipment:
• 3 phase variable power supply
• 3 phase transformer
• PCB
• Power transmission line model
• Power meter
• Voltmeter
• Ammeter

Theory:
A no-load transmission line refers to a power transmission line that is energized but does not have
any load connected to it. It is a condition where the transmission line is open or disconnected from
any electrical load or consumer, and therefore, no power is being delivered or consumed along the
line. This can occur during maintenance or when there is no demand for electricity at a particular
location.

Ferranti Effect:
The effect in which the voltage at the receiving end of the transmission line is more than the sending
voltage is known as the Ferranti effect. Such type of effect mainly occurs because of light load or open
circuit at the receiving end. Ferranti effect is due to the charging current of the line. When an alternating
voltage is applied, the current that flows into the capacitor is called charging current. A charging
current is also known as capacitive current. The charging current increases in the line when the
receiving end voltage of the line is larger than the sending end.

Why Ferranti effect occurs:

Capacitance and inductance are the main parameters of the lines having a length 240km or above. On
such transmission lines, the capacitance is not concentrated at some definite points. It is distributed
uniformly along the whole length of the line.

When the voltage is applied at the sending end, the current drawn by the capacitance of the line is more
than current associated with the load. Thus, at no load or light load, the voltage at the receiving end is
quite large as compared to the constant voltage at the sending end.
 LAB MANUAL ELECTRICAL POWER TRANSMISSION Name: M Kamran
CMS ID: 54115

Circuit Diagram:

Fig.2.0. circuit diagram

 LAB MANUAL ELECTRICAL POWER TRANSMISSION Name: M Kamran
CMS ID: 54115

Phasor Diagram:

Fig.2.1. phasor diagram

OA = Receiving voltages
OD = Charging current drawn by capacitor
AB = Resistive drop
CB = Inductive Load
OC = sending voltages
VR = VR (1+JO )
IC = VR jwc
VS = VR + Resistive drop + Reactive drop
VS = VR + IC R + j IC X
VS = VR + IC (R+Jx)
= VR + IC (R+jwL)
VS = VR + VR jwc (R+jwL)
VS = VR + VR jwc R + j2 w2 VR CL
VS = VR + VR jwC R - w2 VR CL
Procedure:
• First we connect the 3 phase power supply with transformer.
• Than we connect 3 phase power transformer with PCB
• 3 phase power circuit breaker connect with voltmeter and also connect with Ammeter.
• Now in next step we connect the Power circuit breaker with Transmission line model.
• In next step we connect the transmission line model with voltmeter.
• If we complete the circuit connection, we recheck the all connection for our safety.
 We give the power supply and we check the no load condition of
transmission line.
 LAB MANUAL ELECTRICAL POWER TRANSMISSION Name: M Kamran
CMS ID: 54115

Reading:
Table 1:
S NO VS VR IS = IC QC C R L

1 63V 65V 0.1A 0.006KVA 5×10-6 f 13 Ω 290mH

2 117.6V 128V 0.192A 0.023KVA 5×10-6 f 13 Ω 290mH

3 200V 221V 0.324A 0.064KVA 5×10-6 f 13 Ω 290mH

QC = WC VS 2
= 2 𝜋 (50) (5×10-6 )(63)2
= 6.2344
= 2 𝜋 (50) (5×10-6 )(117.6)2
= 21.723
= 2 𝜋 (50) (5×10-6 )(200)2
= 62.83

Hardware Implementation:

Fig.2.2. phasor diagram

Conclusion:
In this lab we learn about no load performances of transmission line and we also learned about the
Ferranti effect which occur in the transmission when there is no load connect with transmission line.
 LAB MANUAL ELECTRICAL POWER TRANSMISSION Name: M Kamran
CMS ID: 54115

Rubrics
Absent Student is Student can Student has Student has Student
unable to understand followed constructed perfectly
follow the the provided instructions the implemented a
provided laboratory to construct functional/ working
instructions instructions the working model/ logic/
properly. and familiar fundamental schematic/ circuit/ block
The student with the lab schematic/ model/ block diagram/ code
can name the environment block diagram/ and
hardware or (Trainer/ diagram/ code, and successfully
simulation software/ code/ model have executed
platform, but IDE), but on the successfully the
Demonstration
unable to cannot protoboard/ executed the lab
implement implement trainer/ program/ run objecti
anything on the simulation circuit on ve in Realtime
practically or platform software. software or in a
practically or platform
on the simulation
software on the environment
software and produced
the
desire
d
results
Category Ungraded Very Poor Poor Fair Good Excellent
Percentage [0] [1-20] [21-40] [41-60] [61-80] [81-100]
Marks 0.0 0.01 - 0.20 0.21 - 0.40 0.41 - 0.60 0.61 - 0.80 0.81 - 1.0
Date Total Marks Instructor’s Signature

Report not Plagiarized Requirements Observations Appropriate Correctly

submitted content are listed and are recorded computations drawn
presented experimental along with or numerical conclusion
Laboratory or procedure is detailed analysis is with exact
Reports incomplete presented procedure performed results and
submission complete
report in all
respects
Category Ungraded Very Poor Poor Fair Good Excellent
Percentage [0] [1-20] [21-40] [41-60] [61-80] [81-100]
Marks 0.0 0.01 - 0.20 0.21 - 0.40 0.41 - 0.60 0.61 - 0.80 0.81 - 1.0
Date Total Marks Instructor’s Signature
 LAB MANUAL ELECTRICAL POWER TRANSMISSION Name: M Kamran
CMS ID: 54115

LAB NO. 03
ANALYSIS OF THREE PHASE SHORT CIRCUIT TEST OF
TRANSMISSION LINE
Objective:
• Measurement & Interpretation of voltage & Current ratio of a Transmission line during a
three phase short circuit line operation.
Equipment:
• 3 phase variable power supply
• 3 phase transformer
• PCB
• Power transmission line model
• 3 phase Power meter
• Voltmeter
• Ammeter
Theory:
Short Circuit Faults:
A short circuit can be defined as an abnormal connection of very low impedance between two points
of different potential, whether made intentionally or accidentally.

These are the most common and severe kind of faults, resulting in the flow of abnormal high currents
through the equipment or transmission lines. If these faults are allowed to persist even for a short
period, it leads to the extensive damage to the equipment.

Short circuit faults are also called as shunt faults. These faults are caused due to the insulation failure
between phase conductors or between earth and phase conductors or both.

The various possible short circuit fault conditions include three phase to earth, three phase clear of
earth, phase to phase, single phase to earth, two phase to earth and phase to phase plus single phase to
earth as shown in figure.

The three phase fault clear of earth and three phase fault to earth are balanced or symmetrical short
circuit faults while other remaining faults are unsymmetrical faults.

Fig.3.0:short circuit faults

 LAB MANUAL ELECTRICAL POWER TRANSMISSION Name: M Kamran
CMS ID: 54115

Symmetrical and Unsymmetrical Faults:

As discussed above that faults are mainly classified into symmetrical or unsymmetrical faults.

Symmetrical fault:
A symmetrical fault gives rise to symmetrical fault currents that are displaced with 1200 each other.
Symmetrical fault is also called as balanced fault. This fault occurs when all the three phases are
simultaneously short circuited.

These faults rarely occur in practice as compared with unsymmetrical faults. Two kinds of symmetrical
faults include line to line to line (L-L-L) and line to line to line to ground (L-L-L-G) as shown in figure
below.

Fig.3.1. Symmetrical Faults

A rough occurrence of symmetrical faults is in the range of 2 to 5% of the total system faults. However,
if these faults occur, they cause a very severe damage to the equipments even though the system
remains in balanced condition.

The analysis of these faults is required for selecting the rupturing capacity of the circuit breakers,
choosing set-phase relays and other protective switchgear. These faults are analyzed on per phase basis
using bus impedance matrix or Thevenins’s theorem.

Unsymmetrical Faults:

The most common faults that occur in the power system network are unsymmetrical faults. This kind
of fault gives rise to unsymmetrical fault currents (having different magnitudes with unequal phase
displacement). These faults are also called as unbalanced faults as it causes unbalanced currents in the
system.

Up to the above discussion, unsymmetrical faults include both open circuit faults (single and two phase
open condition) and short circuit faults (excluding L-L-L-G and L-L-L).
 LAB MANUAL ELECTRICAL POWER TRANSMISSION Name: M Kamran
CMS ID: 54115

The figure below shows the three types of symmetrical faults occurred due to the short circuit
conditions, namely phase or line to ground (L-G) fault, phase to phase (L-L) fault and double line to
ground (L-L-G) fault.

Fig.3.2. Unsymmetrical Faults

A single line-to-ground (LG) fault is one of the most common faults and experiences show that 70-80 percent of the
faults that occur in power system are of this type. This forms a short circuit path between the line and ground. These
are very less severe faults compared to other faults.

A line to line fault occur when a live conductor get in contact with other live conductor. Heavy winds are the major
cause for this fault during which swinging of overhead conductors may touch together. These are less severe faults
and its occurrence range may be between 15-20%.

In double line to ground faults, two lines come into the contact with each other as well as with ground. These are
severe faults and the occurrence these faults is about 10% when compared with total system faults.

Unsymmetrical faults are analyzed using methods of unsymmetrical components in order to determine the voltage
and currents in all parts of the system. The analysis of these faults is more difficult compared to symmetrical faults.

This analysis is necessary for determining the size of a circuit breaker for largest short circuit current. The greater
current usually occurs for either L-G or L-L fault.
 LAB MANUAL ELECTRICAL POWER TRANSMISSION Name: M Kamran
CMS ID: 54115

Circuit Diagram:

Fig.3.3.circuit diagram
 LAB MANUAL ELECTRICAL POWER TRANSMISSION Name: M Kamran
CMS ID: 54115

Procedure:
• First we connect the 3 phase power supply with transformer.
• Than we connect 3 phase power transformer with PCB
• 3 phase power circuit breaker connect with voltmeter and also connect with Ammeter.
• Now in next step we connect the Power circuit breaker with power meter.
• Now in next step we connect the Power meter with Transmission line model.
• In next step we connect the transmission line model with voltmeter L1 and L2 and also
connect Ammeter with L1.
• If we complete the circuit connection, we recheck the all connection for our safety.
 We give the power supply and we analyze the three phase short
circuit of transmission line.

Observation and calculation:

Table 1:
V1 (V) V2 (V) I1 I2 P = I1 × V1 Q
92 0 0.94 0.99 0.063 255

Hardware Implementation:

Fig.3.4.hardware Implementation

Conclusion:
In this lab we learn about the three phase short circuit of transmission line and we also learned about
the faults occur due to short circuit and we also discuss the different types of faults that occurs. We
also perform lab practically.
 LAB MANUAL ELECTRICAL POWER TRANSMISSION Name: M Kamran
CMS ID: 54115

Rubrics
Absent Student is Student can Student has Student has Student
unable to understand followed constructed perfectly
follow the the provided instructions the implemented a
provided laboratory to construct functional/ working
instructions instructions the working model/ logic/
properly. and familiar fundamental schematic/ circuit/ block
The student with the lab schematic/ model/ block diagram/ code
can name the environment block diagram/ and
hardware or (Trainer/ diagram/ code, and successfully
simulation software/ code/ model have executed
platform, but IDE), but on the successfully the
Demonstration
unable to cannot protoboard/ executed the lab
implement implement trainer/ program/ run objecti
anything on the simulation circuit on ve in Realtime
practically or platform software. software or in a
practically or platform
on the simulation
software on the environment
software and produced
the
desire
d
results
Category Ungraded Very Poor Poor Fair Good Excellent
Percentage [0] [1-20] [21-40] [41-60] [61-80] [81-100]
Marks 0.0 0.01 - 0.20 0.21 - 0.40 0.41 - 0.60 0.61 - 0.80 0.81 - 1.0
Date Total Marks Instructor’s Signature

Report not Plagiarized Requirements Observations Appropriate Correctly

submitted content are listed and are recorded computations drawn
presented experimental along with or numerical conclusion
Laboratory or procedure is detailed analysis is with exact
Reports incomplete presented procedure performed results and
submission complete
report in all
respects
Category Ungraded Very Poor Poor Fair Good Excellent
Percentage [0] [1-20] [21-40] [41-60] [61-80] [81-100]
Marks 0.0 0.01 - 0.20 0.21 - 0.40 0.41 - 0.60 0.61 - 0.80 0.81 - 1.0
Date Total Marks Instructor’s Signature