HEAT SET

THERMOPLASTIC
By: Megha
Poshitha Rajeswari.
 Acknowledgment

COURSE: Introduction to Textiles.

PROFESSORS: Dr Sadhana.
Sree Raghavi mam.
 Table of CONTENT

CH 1: Mind map of Fiber, Yarn. CH 5: Types of Thermoplastic .

CH 2: Introduction to Thermoplastic. CH 6: Applications.

CH 3: Properties. CH 7: Care Instructions.

CH 4: Manufacturing Process. CH 8: Bibliography and

Conclusion.

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CH 1: MIND MAP INTRODUCTION TO FIBRES AND
YARN.
Making yarn Fibres are pulled and twisted
Fibres from fibre
into making yarn

Spun yarn, Filament yarn,

Classifications according to the
Natural Human-made number of plys, direction of twist,
Synthetic, technology uses, textured yarns.
Natural
Properties:
Polymers
Plant Animal Physical-staple length, cross
Seed section, thickness, density.
Silk
Bast Functional- durability, comfort,
Wool
Leaf safety.
Hair
Blends, applications, pros and cons

02
CH 2: INTRODUCTION OF THERMOPLASTIC YARN.

Thermoplastic yarns are a type of

synthetic yarn made from polymers that
have the unique property of being able
to be repeatedly softened and reformed
when heated. This characteristic makes
them versatile and widely used in
various industries. Common
thermoplastic yarns include polyester
and nylon, which are known for their
strength, durability, and resistance to
wrinkles and shrinking.

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CH 3: PROPERTIES.

Thermal Stability: Thermoplastic yarns can withstand high

temperatures without undergoing significant degradation,
allowing them to be processed and heat set to retain their shape
and properties.
Versatility: They offer a broad range of applications due to their
ability to be molded and reprocessed multiple times when
heated.
Strength and Durability: Thermoplastic yarns are known for
their high tensile strength, making them robust and resistant to
wear and tear(1500–4000 Mpa).

04
Chemical Resistance: They are generally resistant to chemicals,
which makes them suitable for applications where exposure to
various substances is likely.
Wrinkle Resistance: Fabrics made from thermoplastic yarns
often have good wrinkle resistance, making them low-
maintenance and easy to care for.
Lightweight: Thermoplastic yarns are lightweight, making
them comfortable for use in clothing and other textile
products.

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Fast Drying: Fabrics made from these yarns tend to dry quickly
after washing or exposure to moisture.
Colorfastness: They can retain color well, making them suitable
for dyeing and printing processes.
Electrical Insulation: Some thermoplastic yarns exhibit
electrical insulation properties, making them useful in
electrical and electronic applications.
Hydrophobic: Many thermoplastic yarns are water-repellent or
hydrophobic, which can be beneficial in outdoor and
performance-oriented applications.

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 Diameter
Single yarn
Spun yarn: 3–10 µm.

Roving yarn: 10–24 µm

Ductility: 30%.
Linear density: 120 tex –
2400 tex.
Moisture content: < 0.1%.

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 Raw Material
CH 4: MANUFACTURING PROCESS Acquisition

Polymerization
The first step to the manufacturing process, is to select the right thermoplastic
polymer such as polyester or nylon.
The selected polymer is then synthesized through polymerization where
monomers are chemically bonded togther to form large chains creating the Extrusion/ Inject
thermoplastic polymer. Modelling
The polymer is then extruded or spun through small holes in spinneret to form a
continous filaments.
The filaments are then rapidly cooled to solidfy the material. After cooling, the
yarn might go through a stretching process to align the polymers to increase its Forming & Shaping
strength.
Heat setting is the most crucial part in this process where the yarn is passed
through a heat chamber to relax the polymer chains. It is carefully controlled to
achieve the desired level of stability and shape retention. Heat Setting
It is then cooled again, to lock the new configuration and then wound into
spools.
Finishing & Surface
Treatments

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Heat setting Process

09
CH 5: TYPES OF THERMOPLASTIC YARN.
Different fusing of thermoplastic yarn:
Vinyl, Polyethylene (PE), Polypropylene (PP), Polyvinyl chloride (PVC),
Polyurethane (TPU).

Many thermoplastic yarns consist of a core covered by one of the

thermoplastic materials listed above. Most cores are polyester or stainless-
steel. They also come in a range of coatings: transparent, matte, reflective, etc.
The PE yarn with stainless-steel core when
heat treated shows that the center section
which is properly fused into a solid woven
fabric has no visible damage to the material.
The edges show how incremental heat will
start melting the thermoplastic making the
woven structure unrecognizable and,
eventually, exposing the steel core.
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Another test of the warp PE yarn with stainless-
steel core and the weft with vinyl (Jelly Yarn)
with no core show that the woven structure is
less readable as the vinyl yarn quickly becomes
translucent and starts shrinking.
Natural Thermoplastic yarn made from the fiber
composites of woven hybrid yarn prepregs by
compression molding. The unidirectional woven
fabric prepregs were made from Polylactic acid
(PLA) (warp) and hemp wrapped-spun hybrid
yarn (weft).
The reinforcement component of the hybrid yarn is generally high
performance fibers such as glass, carbon and aramid fibers. The eco-
sustainable composites involves glass/polymer, carbon/polymer,
metal/polymer, polymer/polymer, ceramic/polymer, and
concrete/polymer.

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Types of carbon yarns:
A-Glass (close to window glass), C-Glass(resistant to
chemical impact), D-Glass(Boron Trioxide synthesized) ,
E-Glass(calcium alumino-borosilicate glass), AE-
Glass(Alkali resistant glass), ECR-Glass(electronic glass
fiber has a good waterproofing ratio, high mechanical
strength, electrical acidic and alkali corrosion resistance.),
AR-Glass( Alkali Resistant Glass Fibers specially designed
for concrete construction)

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Types of carbon yarns:
Based on carbon fiber properties, carbon fibers can be grouped into:
Ultra-high-modulus, type UHM (modulus >450Gpa)
High-modulus, type HM (modulus between 350-450Gpa)
Intermediate-modulus, type IM (modulus between 200-350Gpa)
Low modulus and high-tensile, type HT (modulus < 100Gpa, tensile
strength > 3.0Gpa)
Super high-tensile, type SHT (tensile strength > 4.5Gpa)
Based on precursor fiber materials, carbon fibers are classified into:
PAN-based carbon fibers
Pitch-based carbon fibers
Mesophase pitch-based carbon fibers
Isotropic pitch-based carbon fibers
Rayon-based carbon fibers
Gas-phase-grown carbon fibers

Based on final heat treatment temperature, carbon fibers are classified into:
Type-I, high-heat-treatment carbon fibers (HTT), 2000°C .
Type-II, intermediate-heat-treatment c 1000°C.
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Common examples of thermoplastics include acrylic, polyester, polypropylene,
polystyrene, nylon and Teflon.

The integration of reinforcement yarns in the fabric structures were, for

instance, as knit loops; tuck stitches; weft yarns; warp yarns; warp yarns and
tuck stitches; warp and weft yarns; weft and warp yarns including with tuck
stitches.

Knit Loops Tuck Stitches Weft Yarns Warp Yarns Warp and weft.

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Modern electronic flat knitting
machines are capable of
manufacturing 2D or 3D complex
shaped engineering structures.
Unique technical features which
allow rapid and complex
production include individual
needle selection capability, the
presence of holding down sinkers,
presser-foots, racking, transfer,
adapted feeding devices
combined with CAD system and
modern programming
installations.

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CH 6: APPLICATIONS.
Fabrics: Woven fabrics with constructions of
Twill 2/2, non crimp fabrics, knitted socks,
because of its properties like Good stability,
Good drape , Low porosity , Smoothness,
Balance, Symmetrical, Low crimp, Cosmetics,
Ease of use.
Sheets/Plates: Sheets by compression moulding
maximum width 600/650 Length, thickness and
composition free maximum width 800 mm only
on special requirements.

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Industrial Hose: PVC braided hose with red and blue trace yarn.
Uses of glass fiber include mats and fabrics for thermal
insulation, electrical insulation, sound insulation, high-strength
fabrics or heat- and corrosion-resistant fabrics. It is also used to
reinforce various materials, such as tent poles, pole vault poles,
arrows, bows and crossbows, translucent roofing panels,
automobile bodies, hockey sticks, surfboards, boat hulls, and
paper honeycomb.

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Glass fiber is also used for medical purposes in casts. Making
FRP tanks and vessels.
Open-weave glass fiber grids are used to reinforce asphalt
pavement.
Non-woven glass fiber/polymer blend mats are used saturated
with asphalt emulsion and overlaid with asphalt, producing a
waterproof, crack-resistant membrane.
Glass fiber use has recently seen use in biomedical applications
in the assistance of joint replacement.

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Carbon fiber is used as an additive to
asphalt to make electrically conductive
asphalt concrete. Using this composite
material in the transportation
infrastructure, especially for airport
pavement, decreases some winter
maintenance problems that lead to flight
cancellation or delay due to the presence
of ice and snow.
Some carbon fibers like polyacrylonitrile
(PAN), rayon and pitch are used in several
processing techniques: the direct uses are
for prepregging, filament winding,
pultrusion, weaving, braiding, etc.

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woven cloth, such as cloths and tapes for marine and composite
repair
chopped strand mats
specialty fabrics combined with polyester resins
Kevlar or aramid cloths that are used in reinforcing composite
materials
Carbon fiber-reinforced composite materials are used to make
aircraft and spacecraft parts, racing car bodies, golf club shafts,
bicycle frames, fishing rods, automobile springs, sailboat masts.
Acrylic yarn: used to make
socks, hats, gloves, scarves,
sweaters, home furnishing
fabrics, and awnings.

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Polyester yarn: used in knitting &
weaving to make polyester fabrics
such as consumer fabrics and
home furnishing like curtains, bed
sheets, bed spreads and draperies.
Similarly Polyester high tenacity
industrial yarns can be used to
make ropes, conveyor belts, safety
belts & tire fabric.
Polypropylene yarn: Used in
household products such as
blinders, carpets, and mattress
coverings to increase the
durability of the product.

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Polystyrene: used to make a large
array of consumer goods, such as
clothing, food containers, building
insulation material, cushioning, and
packaging for shipping.
Nylon: used for knitting projects.
Teflon: used to make high-
performance mesh, fabric, sewing
thread, dental floss, membrane
structures.

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CH 7: CARE INSTRUCTIONS.
Glass Yarn:
They are wrinkle- and soil-resistant, but they have poor resistance
to abrasion. They are not absorbent, but stand up well to sun and
weather, which makes fiberglass fabrics ideal for curtains and
draperies. Fiberglass is never made into wearing apparel because it
sheds small glass fibers.
Dust fiberglass periodically with the upholstery attachment of
your vacuum cleaner.
For best results, hand-wash fiberglass using an all-purpose
detergent. Wear rubber gloves to protect your hands from
fibers.
Drip-dry fiberglass articles; do not iron them.

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Carbon yarn:
Regular washing and waxing will help to protect the yarn parts
from dirt, grime, and other contaminants that can dull its
appearance. Use a gentle car wash soap and a soft sponge or
microfiber cloth to avoid scratching the surface.
Avoid harsh chemicals. Carbon yarn is a delicate material and
can be damaged by strong chemicals, such as gasoline, brake
fluid, and windshield wiper fluid.
Use a UV protectant.
Avoid abrasive cleaning tools. Carbon yarn is a soft and delicate
material, and using abrasive tools, such as steel wool or scouring
pads, can scratch and damage the surface. Use soft, non-abrasive
tools for cleaning and waxing your carbon yarn parts.
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Acrylic Yarn:
Choose a mild and gentle detergent that's free of harsh chemicals or
bleach.
The washing can be done either by hand or machine depending on
the care instruction label of the product.
When storing acrylic yarn, it's important to keep it in a cool, dry
place away from direct sunlight and heat. Exposure to these
elements can cause the yarn to become discolored or weakened.
Polyester Yarn:
Most items made from polyester can be machine washed and dried.
Use warm water and add a fabric softener to the final rinse
cycle.
Machine dry at low temperature setting and remove articles as
soon as the tumbling cycle is complete.
If ironing is needed, use a moderately warm iron.
Most items made from polyester can be dry-cleaned
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Polypropylene Yarn:
It can be washed in the washing machine or by hand with mild dish
detergent. Heat can damage the fibers, so air dry your items and
avoid placing them in direct sunlight.
Nylon Yarn:
It should be washed separately on a cold water setting for best
results. You can use regular laundry detergents on nylon but never
use chlorine bleach.

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CH 8: CONCLUSION AND BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Conclusion:
This PPT contains the entire research on Heat set thermoplastic
including the definitions ,properties, manufacturing process, types
and blends of thermoplastic yarn, glass fiber yarn, carbon yarn,
acrylic, polyester etc, different knitting styles, applications of the
yarn and the care instructions for ever blend.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0266353810005166

https://www.materialsciencejournal.org/vol14no1/carbon-fibres-production-
properties-and-potential-use/
https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6439/5/3/26
https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/15/1/242
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1359835X08000420

https://patents.google.com/patent/GB1022639A/en

https://www.comfil.biz/

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-011-4421-6_12

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