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77 "7- 77 I

R E S T R I C T E D
 g03LWo03 oD
AIRMANSHIP AND DISCIPLINE

It has long been my firm conviction that the

achievements of any Service are directly proportion-
al to its standard of discipline . With the RCAF on
10 the threshold of a large expansion programme any
slackening or lowering of our standards will certain-
ly have an adverse affect on the fighting efficienc Y of
our Force .

It is often difficult to carry into the air the

restraining influence attached to discipline on the
ground . Therefore discipline applies to flying per-
sonnel to an even greater degree than to those con-
cerned with ground duties . When I speak of discipline in connection with fl y -
ing I mean not only obedience to orders or the punishments that accompany
the breaking of such orders, but also the many other things that discipline
includes, for example ; teamwork, knowing your job both on the ground and in
the air, accepting responsibility, putting the Service foremost and doing your
utmost to be a credit to yourself and to your country .

We often refer to our airwork with the general term airmanshiP . It and
discipline are so closely interwoven as to become almost indistinguishable .
One begets the other and a high standard of discipline is always accompanied
by a high standard of airmanship .

I have reviewed our flying accidents during the past summer and regret
to say that the majority of them have been the result of pilot error and can be
traced back to poor discipline . Premature undercarriage retractions, dis-
obedience of briefing orders, running out of fuel, low flying, approaching
with undercarriage retracted and avoidable taxYing accidents are all occasions
which strain our resources to the utmost and which on numerous instances
have caused the RCAF considerable embarrassment .

Rapid scientific advancements have brought modern highly technical

aircraft which are expensive and costly to maintain, and it is our duty to en-
sure thatevery possible precaution is taken to avoid unnecessary accidents .

That a certain rate of attrition will always accompany the building u

P
of a fighting force goes without saying but I ask that everyone does his utmost
"Crash Comment" is classified "Restricted" and it's con- towards vigorously maintaining a high standard of discipline .
tents, or any part thereof, are not to be divulged to persons not
entitled to receive such information . The attention of all users

, is drawn to : The Official Secrets Act andKR(Air) Para 401 .

(W .A . Curtis )
Air Marshal
Chief of the Air Staff
 Zplg b w2AVIDA TAXYING ACCIDENTS

LOW FLYING
During an authorized low level formation flight at 300 feet above
all obstacles, one of the pilots broke formation, descended and accord-
ing to witnesses flew so low he had to raise the wings of his aircraft in
order to get over the trees . He was also seen to complete a slow roll
at an altitude of approximately 100 feet . Shortly after the pilot was
This was the outstanding taxying accident for the quarter . Dam-
seen to dive his aircraft within a f ew feet of the surface of a lake, pull
age amounted to $6000 .00 .
up to about 150 feet, and commence another roll . The roll ended dis-
astrouslywith the aircraft crashing into the lake . Both the pilot and Two other collisions occurred which raised the dollar cost for
passenger were killed . Harvard taxying accidents this quarter to almost $ 10 , 000 .00

The formal investigation into the accident disclosed no evidence

of structural or engine failure or malfunction of controls but uncover-
ed one very important fact---"prior to the flight the pilot had advised
his crewman that he would be flying upside down" .

The actual cause of the accident was obscure . However, the

evidence obtained very strongly suggests that this accident was caused
bythepilot losing control while executing unauthorized aerobatics at
an altitude contrary to CAP 100, Chapter I1, Section 8, Para 9?(2)(b)(c) .

Loss of life, destruction of property, discredit tothe RCAF, and

heavy extra administrative and maintenance loads are a few of the re-
grettable results that accompany accidents occasioned by unauthorized
and foolhardy low flying .

It is certainly hoped that this particular crash will serve as a

deterrent to any pilot who's discipline is such that he would consider
contravening the regulations concerning low flying .
(ii) (iii)
 ~~N TS
AC'C'ID PE
60

ON 9T J Ajj SED 0
ID B
A 171 - VAMPIRE
* No . 1 -- PILOT ERROR

IS YOUR WINTER GEN PROGRAM COMPLETE?

Icing
Engine Handling
Taxying and Landing Hazards
- Slush and Water
- Icy Strips
- Blowing Snow
- Snow-Banks
Snow Clearance
Ski Conversion
Flight Planning
Meteorology

Pilot error, especially during landing, was conspicuous in the

Vampire statistical review for the quarter . The following are out-
standing examples : -

ACCIDENT PREVENTION PAYS DIVIDENDS : The pilot rounded out too soon and too low causing the star-
board flap to collide with a fence post .
An outstanding example of the results of an
intensive safety campaign was the FTS Station Cent- The pilot made a low approach at low airspeed . During the
ralia feat of flying 3868 accident-free hours during round out the aircraft stalled and the starboard wing struck
the month of August . the runway . The wing had to be replaced .

The pilot undershot and landed short . The aircraft struck

the centre contact light just short of the button, resulting
in damage to the port flap .

(iv)
 The pilot landed with the flaps in the "up" position . Sub- The cause of the engine ceasing to function was attributed to
sequentharsh use of brakes caused both tires to blow out . rear bearing failure . This was brought about by oil starvation caused
Luckily damage was not severe when the aircraft swung off by the rear metering pump being set so low that insufficient oil was
the runway. The accident is featured on page 1 . supplied to the bearing .

The pilot retracted the wheels too soon on take-off and EO 05-10A-7A, Section 2, Item PP15, outlines the procedure
scraped the runway . Both drop tanks and the underside of when alterations are made to the settings of metering pumps .
the fuselage were damaged . 10
* No . 6 -- MATERIEL FAILURES
No . 2 -- LONG RANGE TANKS
The following cases of materiel failure occurred during this
Shortly after take-off the starboard long range tank fell from quarter :
the aircraft . The pilot flew out to sea, jettisoned the port long range
tank and returned to base . Radio compass dynamotor burned out filling cockpit with
smoke . Successful landing completed .
As the starboard tank could not be found it was impossible to
determine whether faulty installation or materiel failure was re- The bolts holding the starboard oleo leg in place sheared
sponsible for the loss of the tank . on landing . Inspection disclosed that the undercarriage
collapsed because a high carbon steel bolt had been installed
* No . 3 -- BIRD TROUBLE in place of a high tensile steel bolt . Further investigation
alsobrought to light that both types of bolts were stamped
Two occasions arose of Vampires striking birds during flight . with the same part number . Neither Unit maintenance per-
Damage in one case was serious . sonnel nor the pilot were to blame for this one .

* No . 4 -- FORCED LANDING During a patrol at 10,200 feet engine failure occurred . The
pilot displayed excellent skill in carrying out a wheels-down
Rapid deterioration of weather conditions over base, with fog forced landing on the parent aerodrome . Inspection dis-
forming to a height of 200 feet, resulted in one of the pilots returning closed that the fuel pump was inoperative as a result of
from an interception exercise being unable to align his aircraft with failure of the centre gear cluster . The engine was removed
the runway . He had insufficient fuel to proceed to an alternate and for shipment to the contractor .
was ordered to look for an opening in the fog and carry out a wheels-up
forced landing . Complete severing of the brake cable atthe ferrule attached
to the pilot's hand control caused the braking system to be-
The pilot completed a successful forced landing and was un- come inoperative and resulted in the aircraft overshooting
injured . The aircraft however was seriously damaged and ihe accident the end of the runway .
was categorized as a "B" crash .
Excessive wear on the canopy operating lever locking pin
Annual overhaul of the Station's GCA equipment at this time was caused the pin to disengage during flight . As a result the
instrumental in the accident occurring . canopy blew completely open and cracked in two places .
The pilot was able to effect a safe landing .
No . 5 -- MAINTENANCE ERROR
The canopy problem is still unsolved . This one disintegrat-
Severe vibration accompanied by a steady rise in rear bearing ed at 31,700 feet . The pilot returned to base successfully .
temperature necessitated another forced landing . The pilot did an
0
excellent job of landing the aircraft wheels down without further dam-
age on an unused airstrip .
 HARVARD
# No . 8 -- DUBIOUS LEADERSHIP
No . 7 -- WHAT - NO GAS?
During a formation landing, No . 3 aircraft swung and damaged
a wing tip .

One of the main causes of the accident was considered to be the

failure of the leader to keep rolling thus forcing both No . 2 and No . 3
off the runwa v
0
The leader was reprimanded and relieved of his duties as for-
mation leader .

f * No . 9 -- MATERIEL FAILURE
I On routine flight at normal cruising settings the engine cut
suddenly and excessive vibration developed . The pilot carried out a
successful forced landing with a minimum of damage to the aircraft .

Subsequent inspection disclosed the loss of power was occasion-

ed by the failure of No's . 8 and 9 cylinder heads .

No . 10 -- INADEQUATE LIGHTING

It's not hard to imagine the look of chagrin on the Chief Instruct- Whentaxyingout to commence a night take-off, the pilot taxied
or's face when helearned that this student had failed to switch over to into an unmarked hole in an area under construction . Replacement of
a full tank before commencing a forced landing practice . the starboard wing was required .

The student forgot his cockpit check and as a result the RCAF Flying control were at fault this time in that the area under con-
had another "A" category crash on its hands . struction was not properly marked .

Tempting fate is a risky business and it is to be hoped that this # No . 1 l  MAINTENANCE

student doesn't push his luck too far .
A routine navigation flight abruptly ended when a sharp explosion
intheengine followed byvery rough running necessitated a wheels-up
forced landing .

Inspection disclosed that the engine failure was caused by the

exhaust rocker housing assembly breaking free from No . 2 cylinder
head .

i
Further examination indicated that the break had been progres-
sive and that the engine had been operating for a considerable time with
the exhaust rocker housing partly cracked .

Attention toSpecial Inspection EO 05-55A-5 / 17 wouldhavepre-

vented this accident .
 No . 12 -- CARBURETTOR TROUBLE * No . 13 -- STALL ON APPROACH

During mutual practice two experienced instructors stalled one

in while simulating a precautionary landing .

Both the starboard oleo leg and starboard wheel had to be re-
placed .
0
Remember - It can happen to anyone'.

No . 14 -- GROUNDLOOPS

This peculiar condition of flight was very inconspicuous during

thefirst half of this year, but sure carne into prominence with a bang
during the Jul - Sep quarter when eight Harvard groundloops occurred .
The majority of these accidents were the result of inexperience, as
in only one case was an experienced instructor in charge .

Groundloops canbe quite costly, as several of the eight aircraft

had to have undercarriages and wings replaced .
While on a ferry flight at 5000 ft, the pilot experienced surging
and sputtering of the engine when about two-thirds of the way over a
large lake . Constant use of the wobble pump and primer resulted in
the engine catching intermittently and enabled the pilot to lose height AUSTER
slowly enough to be able to reach land . Shortly after, at about 50 -
100 ft the primer jammed and the engine cut completely .
No . 15 -- AUSTER REVIEW
The pilot landed the aircraft in a clump of trees - the impact
resulting in "A" category damage to the Harvard . Neither occupant
was injured .

The cause of the accident was not definitely determined . The

engine was removed and shipped to a Repair Depot where it was test
run and performed satisfactorily . In the absence of any materiel de-
fect it appears most probable that a blockage occurred in the carbur-
ettor fuel nozzle occasioned by either foreign particles or carburet-
tor icing . It is worthy of note to mention here that temperature and
humidity conditions were ideal for carburettor icing .
Two incidents involving Auster aircraft occurred during the
quarter under review . One resulted in slight damage when, after the
aircraft ballooned on landing, the pilot overcontrolled causing the
propellor tips to strike the ground . The other was the result of engine
failure occurring at 300 feet during take-off . The pilot carried out
a successful forced landing with no damage to the aircraft . The cause
n
v of the failure was fuel starvation resulting from foreign particles
jamming the carburettor float .
 # No . 17 -- FOULED CONTROLS

After completing an ice reconnaissance the crew of the Lan-

caster flew over a Northern weather station in order to drop supplies
of food and equipment to the personnel engaged in manning the station .

According to the witnesses the run was made over the station

0 at approximately 400 feet . The pack and parachute were seen to leave
the rear door of the aircraft and immediately become entangled in the
starboard elevator . The aircraft, out of control, (lived into the ground
at an estimated angle of 45 degrees, exploded and burned .

* No . 16 -- FUEL STARVATION All nine personnel on board were immediately killed and the
aircraft was completely destroyed .
During approach to land, at an altitude of approximately 100 feet
The reviewing authorities were of the opinion that the accident
and one hundred yards from the end of the runway, the aircraft sudden-
ly swung to port . was due partly to the members of the crew not having sufficient, if
any, experience in handling parachute packs for dropping and due also
to the inherent dangers that exist when supply dropping is attempted
The captain opened all throttles fully, called for wheels and flaps
up and endeavoured to keep the Lancaster airborne . However, even from the side door of the Lancaster aircraft .
with full right rudder and aileron he was unable to maintain direction-
al control and was forced to close the throttles and crash land to the They recommended that supplies should only be dropped from
left of the runway . The resultant "write-off" is shown on the front bomb-bays of Lancaster aircraft, and if a role is visualized whereby
Lancasters,
cover of this issue . Para rescue personnel will be required to drop from
then consideration should be given to removing the tail gun turret and
Subsequent investigation disclosed that the fuel selectors had utilizing its space in the extreme tail to provide a safe exit for both
been on No . 2 tanks at the time of the crash . The investigation also P ara rescue personnel and supply dropping .
brought to light that there was no fuel remaining in the No . 2 and No . 3
* No . 18 -- SWING ON TAKE-OFF
port tanks and that the port engines had failed as a result of fuel star-
vation .
The third Lancaster write-off for the quarter was caused by
At the time of the crash there were still at least 1000 gallons the aircraft swinging on take-off and running into rough ground beside
of fuel on board approximately 475 of which were. in the port No . 1 tank . the runway .
The primary cause of the accident was assessed as mismanagement of
the fuel system . A contributing cause was the unserviceability of the The investigation on this accident is not complete at date of
pilot's fuel gauge for the No . 2 port tank . The captain was also crit- writing .
icized for not exercising sufficient supervision over his crew .

a ar44 gtrotd"d .1acipAve

7/ad 4cadavi 0
 # No . 20 -- WATER LOOP

* No . 19 -- UP PERISCOPE This accident occurred during a northern transport operation .

The pilot made a careful survey of the lake and chose a landing run
in comparatively smooth water between the shore and an island which
was a short distance off-shore .

Initial touchdown took place at least halfway along the selected

landing run and the aircraft travelled beyond the shelter of the island
into the open water where it was subjected to a stronger wind and to
rougher water conditions . At this point the aircraft began to swing to
starboard . Starboard throttle and rudder were applied but were in-
effective . The pilot advanced both throttles with the intention of tak-
ing off but as the aircraft was in danger of colliding with a small
island directly to the right,throttles were closed immediately and the
aircraft completed a waterloop .

On completion of the water loop the pilot commenced to taxi to

a dock about one mile distant . The aircraft at this point had sprung
a leak and one of the compartments was leaking badly . The pilot
lowered the wheels and used drogues because the aircraft was being
taxied downwind . After docking was completed the pilot selected
wheels up but as the main wheels were aground they could not be re-
tracted until the aircraft was unloaded . During the unloading of the
supplies aboard the Canso the aircraft took on water faster than the
bilge pump could pump it out and when the undercarriage was raised
The day previous to the accident pictured above, the captain the aircraft sank, the bottom of the hull coming to rest on the lake
bottom with the nose in four to five feet of water .
had flown over the lake and carefully selected a landing and take-off
area and a suitable path to taxy into a sheltered beach . The subsequent
landing and beaching were uneventful . The investigation attributed the cause of the accident to inex-
perience on the part of the pilot in that he attempted to land the air-
The following day when taxying out to take-off, the captain chose craft on the water using a technique -- "slightly moving the control
a different taxy path . The consequences were disastrous, as shortly column forward when the aircraft contacted the surface of the water
after the undercarriage was raised the hull struck a submerged rock and waiting until the aircraft lost sufficient speed before closing the
or reef, throttle" -- he had not as yet mastered . It was considered that this
technique resulted in a longer landing run and left the aircraft in a
The captain attempted to take-off but the aircraft filled with critical attitude, where trouble could develop, for a much longer per-
water so rapidly that take-off had to be abandoned . An effort was iod of time than necessary .
made to beach the aircraft on a nearby island but the Canso sunk when
still about 150 feet off shore . The captain was criticized for not beaching his aircraft on a
suitable sandbar approximately half-way between the point of the water
The crew and passengers were uninjured and were able to aban- loop and the dock . He was also severely criticized for not having

s
don the aircraft and move ashore in the dinghies . briefed his crew on ditching or emergency procedures .

The cause of the accident was considered primarily an error in

judgement on the part of the captain in that he did not use the same
taxying path that he had used previously . Limited experience on fly-
ing boats was a contributing factor .
-10- -I1 -
 .. ~i~
V
\M

COMMANDING OFFICERS
r

and

ACCIDENT PREVENTION OFFICERS

%l,l~

Statistics record that during the past three years the highest
quarterly accident rate of each calendar year has occurred during
the first quarter .
NO/
I/
A special effort is required towards keeping everyone "Safety
Conscious" during this period .

\
\\~~ ~~`;~.. ~`\\
.. .:
\\~\ .,. "CrashComment" has now completed its
\\\\~\,\\\\\\\ firstyear of publication . The Editors would like
to take this opportunity to thank our readers for
their suggestions and critici~sms . These, where-
ever possible, have been utilized in an effort to
increase the value of the magazine . Further
comments are welcome and should be addressed
to CAS, AFHQ Attn : AIB .