Introduction.

Background of the study

Traveling through the air is one of the most prominent transportation well known in our current time.

Airplanes are made so that our travel will be more efficient and fast when going to other countries. And safety is the

top priority in aviation as it is important to the lives of the passengers and aircrews on board. However Pilot fatigue is

a major issue in modern aviation, owing to the unpredictability of work hours, long duty periods, Cicadian Phase and

insufficient sleep that are all too frequent in both civilian and military aircraft operations. Although the full impact of

fatigue is often underestimated, many of its negative consequences have long been recognized. Persons who are sleep

deprived think and move slower, make more mistakes, and have memory problems than people who are well-rested.

These unfavorable consequences can and do result in aircraft mishaps and blunders . “Great pilots are made not

born… A man may possess good eyesight, sensitive hands, and perfect coordination, but the end result is only

fashioned by steady coaching, much practice, and experience.” — Air Vice Marshal J. E. “Johnnie” Johnson,

RAF.

Factors that cause human fatigue, like sleep deprivation, circadian rhythm abnormalities, health-related

tiredness and task-induced influences, may have adverse effects on human performance. Solutions to these issues are

not simple, but they may be developed with the help of air crew members, managers, and the pilots themselves. As

we all know the risks in flying the aircraft when your body is in bad condition. It has been noted that fatigue creates

complication in every flight and has become more complex than normal. This attracted the attention of the

researchers and created the concept of knowing where this fatigue originates.

Objective of the Study.

1. To know where this fatigue originates.

2. To find the reasons behind pilot’s fatigue

3. To find the most type of fatigue that greatly affect the pilot.

4. To find out the risk of being fatigue.

Significance of the study.

This study aims to know the reasons behind every pilot's fatigue and to find where it begins. This could be

highly significant and beneficial specifically from the following:

Pilot- the result of this study can greatly help to improve the physical and mental state of the pilot while on

taking flights.

Passengers- the proposed study will assist the passengers on board about their. It will significantly affect the well

being of the passengers.

Future Researcher- the proposed study will benefits and help the future researcher as their guide. The study can also

open in development of the study.

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 Scope and Limitations of the study

This study attempted to know every fatigue of every airline crew members. This is the study of AMT Hotel-1 that

primarily aims to know the reason behind every fatigue that the airline members experience.

The coverage of this study is limited to first year college of Visayas Aerospace College and Technology. The

researcher will have a sample size with the total of five (5) airline members to perform an survey to know its causes.

Definitions of Term

Fatigue- extreme tiredness resulting from mental or physical exertion or illness.

(https://www.google.com/search?

q=Fatigue+meaning&rlz=1C1CHBD_enPH969PH969&oq=fatigue+&aqs=chrome.0.69i59j69i57j69i59j0i512l2j69i61l2j69i60.138

7j0j9&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8)

Airline members (crews)- are personnel who operate an aircraft while in flight

(https://www.google.com/search?q=Airline+crew+meaning&rlz=1C1CHBD_enPH969PH969&oq=Airline+crew+

+meaning&aqs=chrome..69i57j0i19i22i30l2.616j0j9&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8)

Aviation- the flying or operating of aircraft.

(https://www.google.com/search?

q=Aviation+meaning&rlz=1C1CHBD_enPH969PH969&oq=Aviation+meaning&aqs=chrome..69i57j0i512j0i22i30l8.3570j0j9&so

urceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8)

Sleep loss- not getting enough sleep

(https://www.google.com/search?

q=Sleep+loss+meaning&rlz=1C1CHBD_enPH969PH969&oq=Sleep+loss+meaning&aqs=chrome..69i57.1986j0j9&sourceid

=chrome&ie=UTF-8)

Safety- the condition of being protected from or unlikely to cause danger, risk, or injury.

(https://www.google.com/search?

q=Safety+meaning&rlz=1C1CHBD_enPH969PH969&oq=Safety+meaning&aqs=chrome..69i57j0i512l9.3081j0j9&sourceid=chro

me&ie=UTF-8)

Review of Related Literature.

Fatigue Countermeasures in Aviation

Pilot fatigue is a significant problem in modern aviation operations, largely because of the unpredictable work hours,

long duty periods, circadian disruptions, and insufficient sleep that are commonplace in both civilian and military flight

operations. The full impact of fatigue is often underappreciated, but many of its deleterious effects have long been known.

Compared to people who are well-rested, people who are sleep deprived think and move more slowly, make more mistakes,

and have memory difficulties. These negative effects may and do lead to aviation errors and accidents. In the 1930s, flight

time limitations, suggested layover durations, and aircrew sleep recommendations were developed in an attempt to mitigate

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aircrew fatigue. Unfortunately, there have been few changes to aircrew scheduling provisions and flight time limitations since

the time they were first introduced, despite evidence that updates are needed. Although the scientific understanding of

fatigue, sleep, shift work, and circadian physiology has advanced significantly over the past several decades, current

regulations and industry practices have in large part failed to adequately incorporate the new knowledge. Thus, the problem

of pilot fatigue has steadily increased along with fatigue-related concerns over air safety. Accident statistics, reports from

pilots themselves, and operational flight studies all show that fatigue is a growing concern within aviation operations. This

position paper reviews the relevant scientific literature, summarizes applicable U.S. civilian and military flight regulations,

evaluates various in-flight and pre-/postflight fatigue countermeasures, and describes emerging technologies for detecting and

countering fatigue. Following the discussion of each major issue, position statements address ways to deal with fatigue in

specific contexts with the goal of using current scientific knowledge to update policy and provide tools and techniques for

improving air safety.

Fatigue in aviation

Pilot fatigue is a significant, but often under-reported problem in both civilian and military aviation operations.

Although estimates vary, official statistics indicate that fatigue is involved in at least 4–8% of aviation mishaps, and surveys

of pilots and aircrew members reveal that fatigue is an important concern throughout today's 24/7 flight operations.

Regulatory efforts aimed at limiting flight hours and ensuring at least minimal periods of crew rest have to some extent

mitigated fatigue-related difficulties in the cockpit, but it is clear that much remains to be done about this insidious threat to

air safety. Scheduling factors, sleep deprivation, circadian disruptions, and extended duty periods continue to challenge the

alertness and performance levels of both short-haul and long-haul pilots and crews. Solutions for these problems are not

straightforward, but they can be developed through the cooperative efforts of scientists, regulators, managers, and the pilots

themselves. Over the past 20 years, scientific understanding of human sleep, fatigue, and circadian rhythms has expanded

considerably. The thorough integration of this new knowledge into modern crew-resource management practices will

facilitate the establishment of optimal crew scheduling routines and the implementation of valid aviation fatigue

countermeasures.

Human Factors in Aviation

At any point in the history of human factors in aviation, one could characterize its current state at that time by the

progress that had been made and by the opportunities that presented themselves for the future. Keeping this in mind, this

chapter aims to provide a brief snapshot of aviation human factors. It first highlights a few brief themes that show the

progress that has been made in aviation research. Following this, it discusses the opportunities that human factors

professionals, pilots, instructors, maintenance personnel, air traffic controllers, and interested parties in general are presented

with currently to drive future generations of aviation. The chapter orients the reader to the causes and effects that guide the

cutting edge of the field now.

Human Error Perspectives in Aviation

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 As aircraft have become more reliable, humans have played a progressively more important causal role in aviation

accidents, resulting in the proliferation of human error frameworks and accident investigation schemes. To date, however,

few efforts have been made to systematically organize these different approaches based on underlying theoretical similarities,

and formalized methods for evaluating the utility of these multiple approaches have not been clearly defined. Many safety

professionals, therefore, have been at a loss when choosing which error analysis and prevention approach to use within their

organizations. As a result, those tasked with instituting human-centered safety programs often rely primarily on personal

experience and intuition to address their needs. The purpose of this article is to help remedy this situation by providing safety

practitioners with an overview of the prominent human error perspectives in aviation, as well as a set of objective criteria for

evaluating human error frameworks.

History of Aviation

The man has always wanted to be able to fly. The dream or although it has achieved, has not been reached yet fully.

The fuse of the flight today is much higher than in the past, but is not yet complete. Although they have carried out the steps

in the increase of the safety of a ship in flight, there are still many steps to do. For our passengers, but also for our pilots,

these brave people and beautiful, it's time to do something in addition, something more. All those who are to get into a ship

must be confident that they will fly absolutely without any problems, regardless of the weather, time, climate, brightness,

weather conditions, temperature, altitude... In order to achieve a flight higher quality, it is first necessary to know the history

of the flight of the man from its inception up today. The present paper wants to present history human flight, as she was in a

vision as realistic as possible. The paper is addressed to in the first place to all those who contributed or still contribute to the

achievement of this beautiful dream of the man, the flight. According to Aulus Gellius, Archytas philosopher of the old

Greek, a mathematician, astronomers, law and political strategist, was considered that has designed and built around 400

B.C., first artificial device of the flight is self-propelled, a model in the form of bird propelled by an steam boost (an engine

with the steamer) used as the reactor with steam, about whom they say he flew effectively to about 200 m altitude. This

machine, named by its inventor “The Dove”, could be suspended on a wire to fly securely on a path of feed. The inventor of

the berbers from the ninth century, Abbas Ibn Firnas, is considered by John Harding to be the first attempt of the flight

heavier than air in the history of aviation. In 1010 AD, a British (English) monk, Eilmer of Malmesbury, assumed the piloting

of a primitive sliding boat from the Malmesbury Abbey tower. It is said that Eilmer flew over 200 m (180 m) before landing

and breaking his legs. He later remarked that the only reason he did not fly further was that he forgot to design his flight

instrument and a queue, for which he redesigned his aircraft more technically, but his ancestor took Forbidden any other

experiments on the grounds that they are bad (Satanic inspiration) and lead to serious accidents.

Analyzing aviation safety: Problems, challenges, opportunities

This paper reviews the economic literature relating to aviation safety; analyzes the safety record of commercial

passenger aviation in the United States and abroad; examines aviation security as a growing dimension of aviation safety; and

identifies emerging issues in airline safety and challenges for aviation safety research. Commercial airline safety has

improved dramatically since the industry's birth over a century ago. Fatal accident rates for large scheduled jet airlines have

fallen to the level where (along many dimensions) aviation is now the safest mode of commercial transportation. However,

safety performance has not been evenly distributed across all segments of commercial aviation, nor among all countries and

4
regions of the world. The finding that developing countries have much poorer safety records has been a persistent conclusion

aviation safety research and continues to be the case. Unfortunately, operations data are not available for many of the airlines

that experience fatal accidents, so it is not possible to calculate reliable fatality rates for many segments of the

worldwide aviation industry. Without more complete information, it will likely be difficult to make substantial improvements

in the safety of these operations. Challenges to improving aviation security include: how much to focus on identifying the

terrorists as opposed to identifying the tools they might use; determining how to respond to terrorist threats; and determining

the public versus private roles in providing aviation security. The next generation of safety challenges now require

development and understanding of new forms of data to improve safety in other segments of commercial aviation, and

moving from a reactive, incident-based approach toward a more proactive, predictive and systems-based approach.

Aviation and externalities: the accomplishments and problems

Civil aviation has become a major industry and is one of the fastest growing sectors of the world economy. The

growth of civil aviation has advantages and disadvantages for the society. The advantages include the direct and indirect

generation of new jobs within and around the sector as well as providing a strong stimulus to the globalisation of the industry,

business and long distance tourism. Disadvantages include its negative impacts on the environment. This paper presents an

overview of the impacts of civil aviation on the environment. In particular, it considers some of the important technological

and institutional innovations, that have been implemented in the sector over time in order to simultaneously increase its

efficiency and decrease the negative impacts on the environment. Thus, it illustrates how a `sustainable' development of the

sector is attempted to be achieved through management of the system's noise, air pollution and safety side effects.

Fatigue in Aviation: Safety Risks, Preventive Strategies and Pharmacological Interventions

Fatigue poses an important safety risk to civil and military aviation. In addition to decreasing performance in-flight

(chronic) fatigue has negative long-term health effects. Possible causes of fatigue include sleep loss, extended time awake,

circadian phase irregularities and work load. Despite regulations limiting flight time and enabling optimal rostering, fatigue

cannot be prevented completely. Especially in military operations, where limits may be extended due to operational

necessities, it is impossible to rely solely on regulations to prevent fatigue. Fatigue management, consisting of preventive

strategies and operational countermeasures, such as pre-flight naps and pharmaceuticals that either promote adequate sleep

(hypnotics or chronobiotics) or enhance performance (stimulants), may be required to mitigate fatigue in challenging

(military) aviation operations. This review describes the pathophysiology, epidemiology and effects of fatigue and its impact

on aviation, as well as several aspects of fatigue management and recommendations for future research in this field.

Summary

The Aviation Industry is currently experiencing problems regarding fatigue and its risk affecting Aviation crews, this

may also influence the future of Aviation unable to recognize their issue concerning aviation difficulties. This discusses the

etiology, epidemiology, and impacts of fatigue, as well as the impact of fatigue on aviation, as well as numerous areas of

fatigue management and suggestions for further studies. But in order to stop this problem, we researchers come up with an

idea that knowing every fatigue will greatly affect both the physical and mental state of every crew member, also this can

5
help to create and prevent this kind of issue. This will help crew members minimize the fatigue without any extra work

manually assisting it.

Conclusion

Fatigue remains an important safety risk in civil aviation. Possible causes of fatigue include sleep loss, extended time

awake, circadian rhythm disruption, and workload. Despite regulations limiting flight times and suggesting optimal rosters,

not all effects of fatigue are mitigated, where limits may be extended due to operational necessities. Workload greatly affect

all crew members in aviation. Workload situation may lead to reductions in performance, classified as active and passive

fatigue, respectively. High workload situations may exceed the capacity of the fatigued individual due to the high their effort

demanded, whereas low workload situations may lack sufficient stimulation which may unmask underlying sleepiness. These

are the risks that most affect on crew members: decreased mental performance, including impaired alertness and long-term

health effects. Research has shown that fatigue may cause long-term health effects. Although these effects may have a limited

influence on the performance of a fatigued pilot, they may lead to long-term reductions in performance.

Recommendation

Based on the findings and conclusion of the study, here are several recommendations to be considered:

1.The cooperation between resting hours and working hours should be amplify so that the fatigue experience by the

crew reduces.

2. Airline Crew Members should change their attitude and do not always push their body to their limits. They should

observe their body time to time on, and during working hours.

3. Resting one’s body is very important to perform better and execute every task efficiently.

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