CHEMISTRY

FORM 4

Chapter 6:
Acid, Base and Salt

Note 2:
- Concentration & Molarity
- Standard Solution
- Dilution
- Neutralisation & Titration

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Form 4 Chapter 6: Acid, Base and Salt

Concentration of Aqueous Solution

1. Concentration of a solution is a measurement that shows the quantity of solute dissolved in a unit volume of
solution (usually in 1 dm3 solution).
2. The higher the quantity of solute, the higher the concentration of solution.
3. The quantity of solute dissolved can be measured in gram or mole, g dm-3 and mol dm-3.

÷ molar mass (g mol-1)

Concentration, g dm-3 Molarity, mol dm-3

• Mass of solute found in 1 dm³ solution • Number of moles of solute found in 1 dm³ solution.
Mass of solute (g) Number of moles of solute mol
• Concentration = • Molarity =
Volume of solution (dm3) Volume of solution (dm3)

× molar mass (g mol-1)

Standard Solution
1. Standard solution is a solution with known concentration.
2. To prepare a standard solution, the mass of solute and volume of distilled water must be measured accurately.
3. Standard solution can be prepared in two way:
i. Prepared by dissolving solid (solute) in distilled water
ii. Prepared by diluting an aqueous solution using distilled water

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Form 4 Chapter 6: Acid, Base and Salt

Preparation of Standard Solution by Dissolving Solid

1. A standard solution of sodium hydroxide is not suitable to be prepared using this method as sodium hydroxide is
hygroscopic (absorbs water in the air).
2. Sodium hydroxide also absorbs carbon dioxide in the air to form sodium carbonate.

2NaOH (s) + CO2 (g) → Na2CO3 (s) + H2O (l)

3. Thus, the mass of sodium hydroxide is hard to be determined.

Experiment
1. The beaker and filter must be rinsed with distilled water to ensure all the residue of sodium carbonate on the
wall of beaker and filter funnel is transferred into the volumetric flask.
2. The remaining solution must be transferred into the volumetric flask to ensure the standard solution prepared
has the exact concentration with the concentration that has planned to be prepared.
3. The volumetric flask must be closed immediately after the standard solution is prepared to ensure the
evaporation of water added into it, which will affect the final concentration of the standard solution prepared.

Procedure
1. Calculate the mass of sodium carbonate needed using formula 𝑛 = .
2. Weigh the mass calculated using electronic balance.
3. Add 100 cm 3 of distilled water to the solid in a beaker.
4. Stir the mixture until all solid sodium carbonate is completely dissolved in distilled water using glass rod.
5. Pour the sodium carbonate solution into a 250 cm3 volumetric flask using a filter funnel.
6. Rinse the beaker and filter funnel using distilled water to make sure all the remaining solution is transferred into the
volumetric flask.
7. Remove the filter funnel.
8. Add distilled water into solution in the volumetric flask until it approaches the calibration mark of the flask.
9. Using a dropper, add distilled water slowly and drop by drop until the meniscus level is aligned exactly on the calibration
mark of the volumetric flask.
10. Close the volumetric flask using a stopper
11. Invert the volumetric flask for several flask until the solution is homogenous.

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Form 4 Chapter 6: Acid, Base and Salt

Preparation of Standard Solution by Dilution

1. Dilution method is a method of adding distilled water into a concentrated standard solution (stock solution) to
produce a more diluted solution.
2. During dilution, the addition of water will change the concentration of the solution but not the amount (number
of moles) of solute in the solution.
3. Thus, number of moles of solute before dilution will same as number of moles of solute after dilution.
nbefore dilution = nafter dilution → M1V1 = M2V2

Experiment
1. The pipette is rinsed with sodium carbonate solution instead of distilled water to ensure the sodium carbonate
solution withdrew is not diluted by distilled water.
2. If the pipette is rinsed with distilled water before withdrawing the sodium carbonate solution, the remaining
water droplets will dilute the solution, and affect the final concentrated on the standard solution prepared.
3. The pipette is not rinsed after withdrawing the sodium carbonate solution into the volumetric flask because the
pipette has been accurately calibrated and the volume of solution that withdraws from the pipette is exactly
same as the label on the pipette.

Procedure
1. Pour 250 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 sodium carbonate solution.
2. Rinse a 20 cm3 pipette using 1.0 mol dm-3 sodium carbonate solution.
3. Calculate the volume of sodium carbonate solution needed using formula 𝑀 𝑉 = 𝑀 𝑉 .
4. Withdraw the volume calculated of sodium carbonate solution using a pipette.
5. Transfer the withdrew solution into a 100 cm3 volumetric flask.
6. Add distilled water into solution in the volumetric flask until it approaches the calibration mark of the flask.
7. Using a dropper, add distilled water slowly and drop by drop until the meniscus level is aligned exactly on the calibration
mark of the volumetric flask.
8. Close the volumetric flask using a stopper.
9. Invert the volumetric flask for several flask until the solution is homogenous.

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Form 4 Chapter 6: Acid, Base and Salt

Neutralisation
1. Neutralisation is a reaction between an acid and an alkali to produce salt and water only.

Acid + Alkali → Salt + Water

2. For example, the neutralisation reaction between hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide solution will produce
sodium chloride solution (salt) and water.

HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq)→ NaCl (aq) + H2O (l)

3. The actual reaction that occurs is the combination of hydrogen ions from acid and hydroxide ions from alkali to
produce water molecules. Thus, the ionic equation for the neutralisation reaction is:
H+ (aq) + OH- (aq) → H2O (l)

Titration
1. Titration method is a quantitative analysis method to determine the volume of acid needed to completely
neutralise a given volume of alkali and vice versa.
2. In an acid-base titration (neutralisation), a standard solution of acid is added slowly from the burette into a
conical flask that contains a certain volume of alkali with unknown concentration or vice versa.
3. Titration stops at end point.
4. End point is a point of titration at which the acid-base indicator changes colour.
5. End point is achieved when all hydrogen ions from acid is completely neutralised by all hydroxide ions from alkali
to produce water molecules.

Colour
Acid-Base Indicator
Acidic Neutral Alkaline

Phenolphthalein Colourless Colourless Pink

Methyl orange Red Orange Yellow

Universal indicator Red Green Purple

6. If a mol acid A is completely neutralised by b mol of alkali B, then use the following formula to solve the
calculation related to neutralisation reaction.

a Acid + b Alkali → c Salt + d Water

𝑴𝒂 𝑽𝒂 𝒂
=
𝑴𝒃 𝑽𝒃 𝒃
where, Ma = molarity of acid Mb = molarity of base
Va = volume of acid Vb = volume of base

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Form 4 Chapter 6: Acid, Base and Salt

Exercise (Objective Question)

1. A volumetric flask is used to prepare the standard solution of sodium carbonate by dissolving 10.6 g of sodium
carbonate in distilled water and making the volume up to 100 cm3.
What is the volume of standard solution prepared that should be used if a student wants to prepare 50 cm3 of
0.5 mol dm –3 sodium carbonate solution?
[Relative formula mass: Na2CO3 = 106]
A. 10.0 cm3
B. 12.5 cm3
C. 25.0 cm3
D. 50.0 cm3

2. In a reaction, 4.6 g of sodium is reacted with oxygen gas in a gas jar. The result of the reaction is a white solid.
Some of the solid is dissolved in 25 cm3 of distilled water to form a colourless solution and the concentration is
2.0 mol dm–3. The solution changed the colour of litmus paper from red to blue.
What is the mass of white solid that has reacted with the distilled water to produce the colourless solution.
[Relative atomic mass: Na = 23, O = 16]
A. 2.3 g
B. 3.1 g
C. 6.2 g
D. 6.6 g

3. Diagram shows 75 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid that is diluted to X mol dm–3 when 25 cm3 of distilled
water is added.

What is the volume of dilute hydrochloric acid that should be used to neutralize 25 cm3 of 3.0 mol dm–3 sodium
hydroxide?
A. 50 cm 3
B. 37 cm3
C. 375 cm3
D. 500 cm3

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Form 4 Chapter 6: Acid, Base and Salt

Exercise (Objective Question)

4. Which pairs are reactants in neutralization reaction?
I. Sulphuric acid + sodium hydroxide
II. Hydrochloric acid + copper(II) oxide
III. Sulphuric acid + calcium carbonate
IV. Hydrochloric acid + potassium carbonate

A. I and II
B. I and IV
C. II and III
D. III and IV

5. When hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide react, the ionic equation for the reaction can be represented by
A. Na+ + Cl– → NaCl
B. H+ + OH– → H2O
C. 2H+ + O2– → H2O
D. H+ + Cl– → HCl

6. 20 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm–3 metal X hydroxide solution reacts completely with 20 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm–3 nitric acid.
What is the formula of metal X nitrate salt produced?
A. XNO 3
B. X(NO3)2
C. X(NO3)3
D. X2NO3

7. Which of the following solutions have the same number of hydrogen ions as in 50 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm–3 sulphuric
acid?
I. 100 cm 3 of 0.1 mol dm–3 ethanoic acid
II. 50 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm–3 phosphoric acid
III. 100 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid
IV. 50 cm3 of 0.2 mol dm–3 nitric acid

A. I and II
B. I and III
C. II and IV
D. III and IV

8. The following chemical equation represents a reaction between sulphuric acid and sodium hydroxide solution.
H2SO4 + 2NaOH → Na2SO4 + 2H2O
What is the volume of 0.5 mol dm–3 sulphuric acid used to neutralize 25 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm–3 sodium hydroxide?
A. 0.625 cm 3
B. 1.25 cm3
C. 2.5 cm3
D. 5.0 cm3

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Form 4 Chapter 6: Acid, Base and Salt

Exercise (Objective Question)

9. The following equation represents the reaction of metal X with sulphuric acid.
2X + H2SO4 → X2SO4 + H2
What is the mass of metal X that required to react with 100 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm–3 sulphuric acid?
[Relative atomic mass: X = 23]
A. 2.3 g
B. 23 g
C. 1.15 g
D. 1150 g

10. The chemical equation below represents the reaction between 100 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm–3 sulphuric acid and 10 g
copper(II) oxide.
CuO + H 2SO4 → CuSO4 + H2O
What is the mass of copper(II) oxide that remains unreacted?
[Relative atomic mass: Cu = 64, O = 16]
A. 2 g
B. 4 g
C. 8 g
D. 10 g

11. Diagram below shows an experiment carried out by a group of students in the laboratory.

The chemical equation for the reaction in the diagram is as below:

CaCO3 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
What is the maximum volume of carbon dioxide gas produces in the experiment?
[Relative atomic mass: Ca = 40, C = 12, O = 16; 1 mol of gas = 24 dm3 at room condition]
A. 0.60 dm 3
B. 1.20 dm3
C. 1.44 dm3
D. 2.88 dm3

12. The following chemical equation shows the dissociation of barium hydroxide in water.
Ba(OH)2 → Ba2+ + 2OH–
What is the number of moles of hydroxide ion in 250 cm3 of 0.2 mol dm–3 barium hydroxide?
A. 0.05 mol
B. 0.10 mol
C. 0.20 mol
D. 0.80 mol

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Form 4 Chapter 6: Acid, Base and Salt

Exercise (Objective Question)

13. The following equation represents the reaction between 50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid with calcium
carbonate chips.
CaCO 3 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O
What is the number of carbon dioxide molecules released?
[Avogadro constant: 6.02 × 1023 mol–1]
A. 1.505 × 1022
B. 3.01 × 1022
C. 6.02 × 1023
D. 1.204 × 1024

14. Diagram shows conversation between two farmers.

Based on the conversation in diagram above, which of the following substance is suitable to overcome problem
faced by the farmer?
A. Barium sulphate
B. Calcium oxide
C. Sodium oxide
D. Calcium chloride

15. The crop production at ANZ Farm is decreasing due to a soil problem. The soil sample is dissolved in distilled
water and a few tests are carried out on the solution. It is found that the soil is polluted by monoprotic acid X.
The acid is titrated with 25 cm3 of 0.001 mol dm–3 of calcium hydroxide solution that is added with three drops
of phenolphthalein.
Table below shows the results of the test carried out.

Volume of acid X (cm 3) 49.50 49.60 49.70 49.80 49.90

Colour of phenolphthalein in
Pink Pink Pink Colourless Colourless
solution mixture

What is the pH value of acid X?

A. 3.0
B. 3.3
C. 3.6
D. 4.6

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Form 4 Chapter 6: Acid, Base and Salt

Exercise (Structured Question)

Diagram below shows two reagent bottles.

1. State the meaning of strong acid?

_________________________________________________________________________________ [1M]

2. (a) Based on the diagram above, which reagent bottle gives a lower pH value?
______________________________________________________________________________ [1M]
(b) State the pH value of HCl acid in bottle B.
______________________________________________________________________________ [1M]

3. Diagram below shows titration method carry out by a student.

(a) Write the chemical equation for the reaction.

______________________________________________________________________________ [2M]
(b) The experiment is repeated by using ethanoic acid. Which acid will use more volume?
Explain your answer.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________ [3M]
(c) During the experiment, what should you do so that the volume of acid used while titration is doubled than in
the diagram above? Justify your actions.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________ [2M]

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Form 4 Chapter 6: Acid, Base and Salt

Exercise (Essay Question)

Diagram below shows a titration curve based on the reaction between sodium hydroxide solution and 1.0 mol dm–3
hydrochloric acid, HCl using phenolphthalein as the indicator.

1. (a) Name the type of reaction that occurs in the conical flask.
______________________________________________________________________________ [1M]
(b) State the colour change of the solution in the conical flask when the end point of titration is reached.
______________________________________________________________________________ [1M]
(c) State the pH value at the end point of titration.
______________________________________________________________________________ [1M]

Diagram below shows the titration of 50 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm–3 sulphuric acid, H2SO4 reacts completely with 25 cm3 of
sodium hydroxide solution, NaOH.

1. (a) Write the chemical equation for the reaction.

______________________________________________________________________________ [1M]
(b) Calculate the molarity of the sodium hydroxide solution, NaOH needed to neutralise the sulphuric acid.

[4M]

2. If the sulphuric acid in (b)(i) is replaced with hydrochloric acid with the same volume and concentration, predict
the molarity of sodium hydroxide solution needed.
Explain your answer
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________ [2M]

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Form 4 Chapter 6: Acid, Base and Salt

Exercise (Essay Question)

Table below shows observations when a dry red litmus paper is dipped into two beakers containing sodium
hydroxide pellet in solvent P and solvent Q respectively to study the properties of alkali.

Beaker Observation

Colour of red litmus paper does not change

Red litmus paper turns blue

1. Based on the table above, state the chemical formula of sodium hydroxide.
Identify solvent P and solvent Q. Explain why there are differences in the observation.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________ [5M]

2. A student added 25 cm3 of 0.01 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid into 20 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution.
Calculate the concentration of sodium hydroxide solution.
Hence, determine the pH value of the sodium hydroxide solution.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________ [6M]

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