EBN 122

ELECTRICITY AND ELECTRONICS

Chapter 5
Operational Amplifiers
Op Amps

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Operational Amplifier - Chapter 5

5.2 What is an Op Amp?

5.3 Ideal Op Amp
5.4 Configuration of Op Amp
5.5 Cascaded Op Amp
5.6 Application
– Digital-to Analog Converter

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 5.2 What is an Op Amp
• It is an electronic unit that behaves like a voltage-
controlled voltage source.
• It is an active circuit element designed to perform
mathematical operations of addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division, differentiation and
integration.
• Hence: OPERATIONAL Amplifier

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 5.2 What is an Op Amp
Pin Configuration and Circuit Symbol

Transistors, resistors,
capacitors, diodes all
integrated into an “IC”,
integrated circuit.

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 5.2 What is an Op Amp
Equivalent Circuit model of a non-ideal Op
Amp
Op Amp output:
vo as a function of vd
vd = v2 – v1
vo = Avd = A(v2 –v1)
A = Open-loop voltage gain
Open-loop: No external feedback from output v0 to input vd
Typical ranges for op amp parameters
Parameter Range Ideal
A 105 – 108 ∞
Ri 105 – 1013 Ω ∞Ω
Ro 10 – 100 Ω 0Ω
Supply voltage VCC 5 – 24 V 5
 5.2 What is an Op Amp
A Practical Limitation

Output cannot exceed |VCC|

Linear region where vo = Avd

vd = v2 – v1 = v+ – v-

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PP 5.1
Use a 741 Op Amp with A = 2×105,
Ri = 2 MΩ, Ro = 50 Ω.
Determine the closed-loop gain vo/vs

V1 Vo

1V

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 PP 5.1 cont…
Use a 741 Op Amp with A = 2×105, Ri = 2 MΩ, Ro = 50 Ω.
Determine the closed-loop gain vo/vs.
V1 Vo

Nodal analysis:
KCL @ Node V1 KCL @ Node Vo
𝑉1 − 𝑉𝑠 𝑉1 𝑉1 − 𝑉𝑜 𝑉𝑜 − 𝑉1 𝑉𝑜 𝑉𝑜 − 𝐴𝑣𝑑
+ + =0 + + =0
2 × 106 5 × 103 40 × 103 40 × 10 3 20 × 10 3 50
𝑉1 − 𝑉𝑠 + 400𝑉1 + 50𝑉1 − 50𝑉𝑜 = 0 𝑉𝑜 − 𝑉1 + 2𝑉𝑜 + 800 𝑉𝑜 − 𝐴 𝑉𝑠 − 𝑉1 = 0
451𝑉1 − 50𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉𝑠 1 160 × 106 𝑉1 + 803𝑉𝑜 = 160 × 106 𝑉𝑠
451𝑉1 + 2.263 × 10−3 𝑉𝑜 = 451𝑉𝑠 2
−50.00226 = −450𝑉𝑠
1 2 𝑣𝑜 −450
= = 8.9996
𝑣𝑠 −50.00226 8
 5.3 Ideal Op Amp
An ideal op amp has the following characteristics:
1. Infinite open-loop gain, A ≈ ∞
2. Infinite input resistance, Ri ≈ ∞
3. Zero output resistance, Ro ≈ 0

Since Ri = ∞:
i1 = i2 = 0
∴vd = v2 – v1 = 0
∴ v2 = v1

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PP 5.1 for ideal opamp 1V
Assume vs = 1 V and determine vo
and io. 1V
Remember: 9V
i1 = i2 = 0
v+ = 1 V = v- v+ = v-
i1 = i2 = 0
∴vd = v2 – v1 = 0
∴ v2 = v1
KCL @ Node v- to get Vo: KCL @ Node Vo to get io:
1 1 − 𝑉𝑜 9−1 9
+ =0 𝑖𝑜 = +
5 × 103 40 × 103 40 × 103 20 × 103
8 + 1 − 𝑉𝑜 = 0 𝑖𝑜 = 650 µA
𝑉𝑜 = 9 V

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Problem 5.8
Determine vo for both circuits 4V 4V
0A

0V 7V
7V
0V
0A

v+ = v- = 0 V
v+ = v- = 7 V
KCL @ v-: vo = 4 V
0 − 𝑣𝑜
+1 × 10−3 − =0
5 × 103
𝑣𝑜 = −5 V

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Problem 5.9
Determine vo for both circuits
v+ = v- = 6 V

6V KCL @ V-:
6 − 𝑣𝑜
6V 2 × 10−3 − 3
=0
2 × 10
−4 + 6 = 𝑣𝑜
𝑣𝑜 = 2 V

5V
v+ = v- = 5 V
5V vo = 3 V

3V

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 Ch. 5 L#2
5.4 Inverting Amplifier
• Inverting amplifier reverses the polarity of the input signal
while amplifying it

v+ = v- = 0V
KCL at v-
−𝑖1 + 𝑖2 = 0

0 − 𝑉𝑖 0 − 𝑉𝑜
+ =0
𝑅1 𝑅𝑓
𝑉𝑜 𝑅𝑓
=−
𝑉𝑖 𝑅1

𝑅𝑓
𝑉𝑜 = − 𝑉𝑖
𝑅1

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PP 5.3
Determine the output voltage and
current through the feedback resistor. if

𝑅𝑓
𝑉𝑜 = − 𝑉𝑖 0 − 𝑉𝑜
𝑅1 𝑖𝑓 =
120 𝑅𝑓
𝑉𝑜 = − 30 × 10−3 0 − (−1.2)
3
𝑖𝑓 = = 10𝜇𝜇
120 × 103
𝑉𝑜 = −1.2 𝑉

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Example 5.4
Determine Vo. v+ = v- = 2V

2V
𝑅𝑓
𝑉𝑜 = − 𝑉𝑖
𝑅1 2V

Can’t apply classic equation

because of the 2 V source.
Solve from first principles
2 − 6 2 − 𝑉𝑜
+ =0
20𝑘 40𝑘
−8 + 2 − 𝑉𝑜 = 0

𝑉𝑜 = −6𝑉

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 5.4 Inverting Amplifier
Special Case: Current-to-Voltage converter

v+ = v- = 0V
0V
0−𝑉𝑜
0V KCL at v-: 𝑖𝑠 =
𝑅

𝑉𝑜 = −𝑖𝑠 𝑅

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 5.5 Non-inverting Amplifier
• Non-inverting amplifier is designed to produce positive
voltage gain
v+ = v- = Vi
KCL at v-

vi 𝑉𝑖 − 0 𝑉𝑖 − 𝑉𝑜
+ =0
𝑅1 𝑅𝑓
vi
𝑉𝑖 − 𝑉𝑜 𝑅𝑓
=−
𝑉𝑖 𝑅1
𝑉𝑜 𝑅𝑓
1− =−
𝑉𝑖 𝑅1
𝑉𝑜 𝑅𝑓
= 1+
𝑉𝑖 𝑅1
𝑅𝑓
𝑉𝑜 = 1 + 𝑉
𝑅1 𝑖
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 5.5 Non-inverting Amplifier
Special Case: Voltage Follower

• Output = Input

• Advantage: Vi sources a very low

current while Vo can source high
current. (Remember Op Amp is an
Active element getting energy via VCC
and –VCC).

• Circuit is used a BUFFER to isolate

one stage of a circuit from another.

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PP 5.5 i+
2V
Calculate Vo.
2V
i+ = 0 A
Because of this, the 3V is divided
across the 4 kΩ and 8 kΩ resistors,
hence a basic voltage divider.
So:
8
𝑣+ = 3 = 2 𝑉 = 𝑣−
4+8

KCL @ v-:
2 − 0 2 − 𝑉𝑜
+ =0
2𝑘 5𝑘
10 + 4 − 2𝑉𝑜 = 0
𝑉𝑜 = 7 𝑉

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Problem 5.19
Calculate io.
0V

0V

2//4+4
= 5.33 kΩ
0V

Vo
0.667 V
Step 2: Solve for io:
KCL @ Vo:
−1.25 − 0 −1.25 − 0
𝑖𝑜 = +
10𝑘 5𝑘
Step 1: Solve for Vo: = −375 µ𝐴
KCL @ v-: 0 − 0.667 0 − 𝑉𝑜
+ =0
5.33𝑘 10𝑘
−1.25 − 𝑉𝑜 = 0
𝑉𝑜 = −1.25 𝑉
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Problem 5.25
Calculate Vo.

2V

2V 2V

20
𝑣𝑜 = 2 = 1.25 𝑉
12 + 20

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 Ch. 5 L#3
5.6 Summing Amplifier
• Summing Amplifier is an op amp circuit that combines
several inputs and produces an output that is the weighted
sum of the inputs.
• Basic configuration of an inverting amplifier but with
multiple inputs.

 Rf Rf Rf 
vo = − v1 + v2 + v3 
 R1 R2 R3 

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PP 5-6
Determine vo and io
0V
for the following
circuit: 0V

 Rf Rf Rf 

vo = − v1 + v2 + v3 
 R1 R2 R3 

8 8 8
𝑉𝑜 = − 1.5 + 2 + 1.2
20 10 6
𝑉𝑜 = − 0.6 + 1.6 + 1.6
= −3.8 𝑉 𝑉𝑜 𝑉𝑜 −3.8 −3.8
𝑖𝑜 = + = +
4𝑘 8𝑘 4𝑘 8𝑘

= −1.425 𝑚𝑚

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 5.7 Difference Amplifier
• Difference amplifier is a device that amplifies the difference
between two inputs but rejects any signals common to the
two inputs.
• Combination of the inverting and non-inverting op amps.

𝑅4
𝑣𝑏 = 𝑣 = 𝑣𝑎
𝑅3 + 𝑅4 2
See derivation from 1st
principles in textbook
p187 and p188

R2 (1 + R1 / R2 ) R2 1. If R1/R2 = R3/R4: Vo = 0 if V1 = V2
vo = v2 − v1
R1 (1 + R3 / R4 ) R1 2. If R2 = R1 and R3 = R4: Vo = V2 – V1
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Example 5.7
Design an Op Amp circuit with inputs v1 and v2 such
that vo = -5v1 + 3v2

Design 1: Using only 1 Op Amp R2 (1 + R1 / R2 ) R2

vo = v2 − v1
R1 (1 + R3 / R4 ) R1

vo = 3v2 – 5v1
𝑅2
=5 Choose R2 = 5 kΩ; R1 = 1 kΩ
𝑅1

R2 (1 + R1 / R2 ) 5 1 + 1�5
= =3
R1 (1 + R3 / R4 ) 𝑅
1 1 + 3�𝑅
4

5 1 + 1�5 𝑅3
= 1+ �𝑅
3 4
𝑅3
2−1=1= �𝑅 Choose R3 = R4 = 2 kΩ
4 25
Example 5.7
Design an Op Amp circuit with inputs v1 and v2 such
that vo = -5v1 + 3v2

Design 2: Using 2 Op Amps

1. Build a non-inverting 2. Feed the output va into a summing
amp to obtain va = -3v2. amplifier along with v1.

va = – 3R3/R3 × v2
= – 3v2 vo = – (5R1/R1 × v1 + 5R1/5R1 × va)
= – 5v1 – va
= – 5v1 – (– 3v2)
= – 5v1 + 3v2 26
 PP 5-8
Determine io for the following circuit:
R2 (1 + R1 / R2 ) R2
vo = v2 − v1
R1 (1 + R3 / R4 ) R1

Vo 40 1 + 20⁄40 40
𝑣𝑜 = 𝑣2 − 𝑣
20 1 + 20⁄40 20 1
= 2𝑣2 − 2𝑣1

= 2 𝑣2 − 𝑣1

Difference Amplifier = 2 8.01 − 8 = 0.02 𝑉

Voltage Followers
0.02
𝑖𝑜 = = 20 µ𝐴
40 1𝑘
From first principles: 𝑣+ = 𝑣− = 8.01 = 5.34𝑉
60
5.34 − 8 5.34 − 𝑉𝑜
KCL @ v-: + =0
20𝑘 40𝑘
−5.32 + 5.34 − 𝑉𝑜 = 0
0.02
𝑉𝑜 = +0.02 𝑉 ∴ 𝑖𝑜 = = 20 µ𝐴
1𝑘 27
 Ch. 5 L#4
5.8 Cascaded Op Amp Circuits
• It is a head-to-tail arrangement of two or more op amp
circuits such that the output to one is the input of the next.

𝑣𝑜 = 𝐴3 𝑣3 = 𝐴3 𝐴2 𝑣2 = 𝐴3 𝐴2 𝐴1 𝑣1

Total Amplification A = A1A2A3

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PP 5-9
Determine vo and io.
Voltage Follower
v+ = v- = 8 V
or Buffer Non-Inverter
KCL at v-
8 − 0 8 − 𝑣𝑜
8V + =0
4𝑘 8𝑘
8V 16 + 8 = 𝑣𝑜
𝑣𝑜 = 24 𝑉

𝑣− 8
𝑖𝑜 = = = 2 𝑚𝑚
4𝑘 4𝑘

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PP 5-10
If v1 = 4 V and v2 = 3 V, determine vo.

va = v1 = 4 V
Summing Amp
Buffer

4V

60 60
𝑣𝑜 = − 𝑣 + 𝑣
20 𝑎 30 𝑏
3V = − 3⋅4 + 2⋅ − 15
= 18 𝑉

Inverting Amp
50
𝑣𝑏 = − 𝑣2 = −15 𝑉 30
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PP 5-10
If v1 = 4 V and v2 = 3 V, determine vo. From first principles:

4V
4V 0V 0V
4V
0V
4V
KCL @ v-:
0 − 4 0 − −15 0 − 𝑣𝑜
+ + =0
20𝑘 30𝑘 60𝑘
0V
-15 V −12 + 30 − 𝑣𝑜 = 0
0V
3V vx = ? 𝑣𝑜 = 18 𝑉

KCL @ v-: 0 − 3 + 0 − 𝑣𝑥 = 0
10𝑘 50𝑘
−3⋅5 − 𝑣𝑥 = 0
𝑣𝑥 = −15 V

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Problem 5-39
Determine v2 such that vo = -16.5 V.

50 50 50
𝑣𝑜 = − 2 + 𝑣𝑏 + −1 = −16.5
10 20 50
−10 + 1 − 2.5𝑣𝑏 = −16.5
−2.5𝑣𝑏 = −7.5
𝑣𝑏 = 3 𝑉
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Problem 5-39
If v1 = 1 V and v2 = 2 V, determine vo.
1.82 V

1V 1.82 V

2V
First Principles
20
𝑣+ = 𝑣2 = 1. 8̇ 1̇ 𝑉 = 𝑣−
20 + 2 R2 (1 + R1 / R2 ) R2
vo = v2 − v1
KCL @ v-: R1 (1 + R3 / R4 ) R1
1. 8̇ 1̇ − 1 1. 8̇ 1̇ − 𝑣𝑜
+ =0
2𝑘 30𝑘
12. 2̇ 7̇ + 1. 8̇ 1̇ − 𝑣𝑜 = 0
𝑣𝑜 = 14.09 𝑉

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Problem 5-59
Determine vo/vs if R = 20 kΩ.
3𝑅
3𝑅 𝐴1 = 1 + =4
𝑣𝑎 = 1 + 𝑣𝑠 = 4𝑣𝑠 𝑅
𝑅
4𝑅
4𝑅 𝐴2 = − = −4
𝑣𝑜 = − 𝑣 = −4𝑣𝑎 𝑅
𝑅 𝑎
𝑣𝑜
= −4 4𝑣𝑠 = −16𝑣𝑠 𝐴 = 𝐴1 𝐴2 = = −16
𝑣𝑜 𝑣𝑠
= −16
𝑣𝑠

va

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