Anatomi: 2022 - 12. Dönem

Anatomi
2022 - 12. Dönem

TASARIM: HÜSEYİN KUL
Dr. Mehmet ARSLAN

İçindekiler
Kemikler Eklemler Kaslar

3 10 14
40 Solunum Sistemi Genital Sistem
59
44 GİS Sinir Sistemi
62
51 Üriner Sistem
Anatomi | 1. Kemikler
Kemikler
03
Anatomi • Sihirli Dokunuşlar
1. F¡Fè
Üst ekstremite
Clavicula
ࢦ7ǫǐơɭʠ˖ʠȥȇơȟǫȇȍơɭƎơȥǉŔɭȇȍǬȶȍŔɭŔȇintramembranöz
ȇơȟǫȇȍơʂǫɭ
› 7ȶǐʠȟƎŔơȥƇȶȇȇǬɭǬȍŔȥ ȇơȟǫȇʋǫɭࡲ
Scapula
› Akromion
› M. trapezius ǫƇǫȥǫȥɽơɭʋǫȶ࡫¡ࡲ7ơȍʋȶǫƎơʠɽ ǫƇǫȥȶɭǫǌȶ
ࢦáɭȶƃơɽɽʠɽ-ȶɭŔƃȶǫƎơʠɽ
ࢦ¡ࡲŹǫƃơɢɽŹɭŔƃǠǫȇǬɽŔŹŔʂǬʽơM.coracobrakialis ǫƇǫȥ
ȶɭǫǌȶ
› M.pectoralis minör ǫƇǫȥǫȥɽơɭʋǫȶ
Humerus
ɭȇŔƎŔʂȍŔɭqʠȟơɭʠɽȇǬɭǬȇȍŔɭǬʽơ˖ơƎơȍơȥơȥˊŔɢǬȍŔɭȍŔ
ǫȍǌǫȍǫȶȇŔƎŔɭƇȶȇɽȶɭʠɽȶɭʠȍʠˊȶɭȇǫ࡫ŹʠǌɃɭɽơȍȍơŔɭʋǬȇ
ǠơɢɽǫȥǫǠǫƇƎʧʂʧȥȟơƎơȥƇɃ˖ȟơȥǫ˖ǫǫɽʋǫˊȶɭʠȟ: ))))
ࡤࡤ-qááŔɭʋǫ%ŔʂȇŔȥǬ%ŔˊȇŔȍȶȍʠȥʠǬɭƎǬࡤࡤ
NOT: Siyasi hiçbir mesaj içermemektedir :)

› Tuberculüm majus ( S--t )
qʠȟơɭʠɽʠȥȇǬɭǬȇȍŔɭǬʽơ˖ơƎơȍơȥơȥɽǫȥǫɭȍơɭ
èȶʋŔʋȶɭƃʠǉǉȇŔɽȍŔɭǬȥƎŔȥ
ࢦ¡ࡲS ʠɢɭŔɽɢǫȥŔʋʠɽ -ȶȍȍʠȟ-ǠǫɭʠɭǌǫƃʠȟȇǬɭǬȇȍŔɭǬȥƎŔ
ࢦ¡ࡲȥǉɭŔɽɢǫȥŔʋʠɽ
ࢦ¡ࡲtơɭơɽȟǫȥɃɭŹʠɭŔˊŔʋʠʋʠȥʠɭࡲ 9 ¥ࡲAˉǫȍȍŔɭǫɽǫȍơࡲʽࡲCǫɭƃʠȟǉzơˉŔHʠȟơɭǫ
Pȶɽʋơɭǫȶɭ
› Tuberculum minus ( S )
èȶʋŔʋȶɭƃʠǉǉȇŔɽȍŔɭǬȥƎŔȥò7F-F òʠȍƃʠɽ¥ơɭʽǫèŔƎǫŔȍǫɽȇǬɭǬȇȍŔɭǬȥƎŔ
ࢦ¡ࡲS ʠŹɽƃŔɢʠȍŔɭǫɽŹʠɭŔˊŔʋʠʋʠȥʠɭࡲ
9 ¥ࡲèŔƎǫŔȍǫɽʽơࡲPɭȶǉʠȥƎŔBɭŔƃǠǫǫ
› Sulcus intertubercularis
ࢦ¡ࡲȍŔʋǫɽɽǫȟʠɽƎȶɭɽǫŹʠɭŔƎŔɽȶȥȍŔȥǬɭࡲ òʠɢɭŔȇȶȥƎǫȍơɭȇǬɭǬȇȍŔɭƎŔ
› M. biceps brachii'nin caput longumࡶʠȥʠȥʋơȥƎȶȥʠ 9 ¥ࡲMơƎǫŔȥʠɽʽơࡲBɭŔƃǠǫŔȍǫɽ
ŹʠɭŔƎŔȥǌơƇơɭࡲ
Sulcus Nervi čȍȥŔɭǫɽȇǬɭǬȇȍŔɭǬȥƎŔ
ࡤʂŔǐǬƎŔȇǫȍơɭƎơȥǠŔȥǌǫɽǫʋʠŹơɭƃʠlum minusa tutunur
ƎǫˊơŹǫɭɽȶɭʠˊŔǠŔ˖ǬɭȍǬȇȍǬȶȍŔȍǬȟู
ฺุ 9 ¥ࡲʠȍȥŔɭǫɽŁF7FF¥F%è
ȶȍʠȥʠȇǬɭŔȥǠŔɽʋŔƎŔƎʧʂʧȇơȍ ǌơȍǫʂʋǫȍơ˖ˊȶȥ
ǠʠȟơɭʠɽʠȥȥơɭơɽǫȥƎơ፼ ४òʠȍƃʠɽȥơɭʽǫɭŔƎǫŔȍǫɽ
ȶȍȇǬɭǬȍƎǬɽȶȥɭŔɽǬȥƎŔȇȶȍʠȥŔơȇɽʋơɭȥŔȍɭȶʋŔɽˊȶȥ
ˊŔɢʋǬɭȟŔȇʋŔǌʧƇȍʧȇƇơȇǫˊȶɭȍơ˖ˊȶȥȥơɭƎơ፼
४¡ʠǠʋơȟơȍơȥŔȇɽǫȍȍơɭɽǫȥǫɭȍơ˖ˊȶȥʠʽŔɭƎǬɭʋơɭơɽȟǫȥɃɭ
ȇŔɽǬǌɃɭơʽǫȥǫˊŔɢŔȟŔƎǬǐǬǫƇǫȥơȇɽʋơɭȥŔȍɭȶʋŔɽˊȶȥ˖ŔˊǬǉ
ȇŔȍȟǬʂʋǬɭࡲĵŔȥǫȍơ˖ˊȶȥcollum chirurgicumƎŔᎅᎅᎅ
ࡤè7čò
-þʠŹơɭȶɽǫʋŔɽɭŔƎǫǫ
9 M.biceps brachii ǫȥɽơɭɽǫˊȶ
-áɭȶƃࡲɽʋˊȍȶǫƎơɽɭŔƎǫǫ
4
9 ¡ࡲŹɭŔƃǠǫȶɭŔƎǫŔȍǫɽ ǫȥɽơɭɽǫˊȶˊŔɢŔɭ 7¶èò
-Tuberositas pronotoria
9 M. pronator teresŹʠɭŔƎŔɽȶȥȍŔȥǬɭࡲ
-lncisura ulnaris
ࡤč¥
-Olecranon
9 M.triceps brachi ŹʠɭŔƎŔɽȶȥȍŔȥǬɭࡲ
-Tuberositas ulna
9 M.brachialis ŹʠɭŔƎŔɽȶȥȍŔȥǬɭࡲ
-Crista musculi supinatori
9 M. supinatorŹʠɭƎŔȥŹŔʂȍŔɭ
-ȥƃǫɽʠɭŔɭŔƎǫŔȍǫɽ
-ȥƃǫɽʠɭŔʋɭȶƃǠȍơŔɭǫɽ
áɭȶȇɽǫȟŔȍòǬɭŔ
-Proc. coroNȶǫƎơʠɽࢎUȍȥŔࢫƎŔʽơMŔȥƎǫŹʠȍŔࢫƎŔ
bulunurÆNUMara ) áɭȶȇɽǫȟŔȍɽǬɭŔ࡫ȍŔʋơɭŔȍƎơȥ-ȟơƎǫŔȍơ
ࠀɽƃŔɢǠȶǫƎÆFȥƇȶȇȇǬɭǬȍŔȥȇŔɭɢŔȍȇơȟǫȇ
(((( Proc. coroCȶǫƎơʠɽÆSȇŔɢʠȍŔࢫƎŔÆC-S Źơȥ˖ơɭȍǫǐǫ ))))
2 lunatumÆ ʠȇɽŔɽˊȶȥʠơȥƇȶȇǌɃɭʧȍơȥȇŔɭɢŔȍ
ȇơȟǫȇʋǫɭࡲ1ǬȇǬǐǬȥƎŔ¥ࡲȟơƎǫŔȥʠɽȇŔɭɢŔȍʋʧȥơȍƎơ
ɽǬȇǬʂŔŹǫȍǫɭࡲ
**Tuberositas raƎǫi ÆM.biceps brachii (bi-Ǝǫ Źơȥ˖ơɭȍǫǐǫ࢏
3 triquetrum
**Tuberositas ulna ÆM.brachialis (l-l ǠŔɭǉʠˊʠȟʠ࢏
ࠂࡲࠄɢǫɽǫǉȶɭȟơÆ 7ȶɭɽŔȍƎơȥŹŔȇǬȥƃŔȥơʋǌɃɭʧȍȟơ˖
**Tuberositas pronotoria ÆM. pèonator teres (èŔƎǫʠɽ࢏
ʽơȥʋɭŔȍƎơȥƇơȇǫȍơȥǌɭŔǉǫƎơʋɭǫɩʠơʋɭʠȟʠȥʧ˖ơɭǫȥƎơ
– ࠁࡲǠŔɭǉ
ŹʠȍʠȥʠɭࡲòơɽŔȟȶǫƎ ȇơȟǫȇʋǫɭࢎM.FCU ʋơȥƎȶȥʠʧ˖ơɭǫȥƎơ࢏
**Crista musculi supinatori ÆM. sUpinator (Ulna) – 2.
7ǫɽʋŔȍòǬɭŔ
qŔɭǉ
7ǫɽʋŔȍɽǬɭŔ࡫ȍŔʋơɭŔȍƎơȥ-ȟơƎǫŔȍơ
ࡤࡤȥƃǫɽʠɭŔʠȍȥŔɭǫɽÆ èŔƎǫʠɽࢎȥƃǫɽʠɭŔƇơȥʋǫȇƎơȟơȇ)
4 trapeziumÆ%ŔʂɢŔɭȟŔȇơȇȍơȟǫȥơȇŔʋǬȍǬɭࡲࢎArt.
*ࡤȥƃǫɽʠɭŔɭŔƎǫŔȍǫɽÆ Ulna (èŔƎǫʠɽǫȍơơȇȍơȟˊŔɢŔƃŔȇ Carpometacarpalispollicis)
ࠄʋɭŔɢơ˖ȶǫƎơʠȟ
ƇơȥʋǫȇčȍȥŔƎŔȶȍʠɭ)
6 capitatum
FF¡Fè 7 hamatum
ĪF¥þè
**¶ɽɢǫɽǫǉȶɭȟơ ʽơos humatum ŔɭŔɽǬȥƎŔCanalis
čȍȥŔɭǫɽࢎeʠˊȶȥȇŔȥŔȍǬ࢏ Źʠȍʠȥʠɭࡲ
Alt ekstremite
**M.obturatorius internusʠȥǉŔɽˊŔɽǬcanalis
ɢʠƎơȥƎŔȍǫɽࢫǫȶȍʠʂʋʠɭʠɭ
ࢎȍƃȶƃȇȇŔȥŔȍǬ)
%ʠȥʠȥǫƇǫȥƎơȥ
ࢦŔࡲʽࡲɢʠƎơȥʋŔǫȥʋơɭȥŔʽơ
ࢦȥࡲɢʠƎơȥƎʠɽǌơƇơɭࡲ
5
ࠁࡲbȶɭࡲǫɽƃǠǫŔƎǫƃʠȟȟǫȥʠɽࡷ
*Gluteal bölge-áơɭǫȥơŔɭŔɽǬ
ࡤࡤbȶɭࡲǫɽƃǠǫŔƎǫƃʠȟȟǫȥʠɽࡶƎŔȥǌơƇơȥŔȥŔʋȶȟǫȇˊŔɢǬȍŔɭࡷ
-¥ࡲɢʠƎơȥƎʠɽʽơŔࡲʽࡲɢʠƎơȥƎŔǫȥʋơɭȥŔ
-¡ࡲȶŹʋʠɭŔʋȶɭǫʠɽǫȥʋơɭȥʠɽࡶʠȥʋơȥƎȶȥʠ
ࠂࡲbȶɭࡲȶŹʋʠɭŔʋʠȟࡷ
*Pelvis minor- čˊȍʠǐʠȥǫƇˊʧ˖ʧŔɭŔɽǬ
**Canalis obturatoriusࢫƎŔȥǌơƇơȥŔȥŔʋȶȟǫȇˊŔɢǬȍŔɭࡷ
-ࡲʽơʽࡲȶŹʋʠɭŔʋȶɭǫŔ
-¥ࡲȶŹʋʠɭŔʋȶɭǫʠɽ
**Tibia
-¡ŔȍȍơȶȍʠɽȟơƎǫŔȍǫɽǫȥŔɭȇŔɽǬȥƎŔȥŔࡲʋǫŹǫŔȍǫɽɢȶɽʋơɭǫȶɭun
ȥŔŹ˖ǫŔȍǫȥǫɭ࡫m.tibialis posteriorʠȥʋơȥƎȶȥʠǌơƇơɭࡲ
-¡ŔȍȍơȶȍʠɽȟơƎǫŔȍǫɽǫȥɃȥʧȥƎơȥʽɽŔɢǠơȥŔȟŔǌȥŔʽơȥ
saphenus ǌơƇơɭࡲ
áơȍʽǫɽƇŔɢȍŔɭǬƎŔǠơȟŔȥŔʋȶȟǫƎơǠơȟȇŔƎǬȥƎȶǐʠȟƎŔ
ƇǬȇŔɭ࡫Źǫȍơȍǫȟุ
ฺ
ู
ࡤáơȍʽǫɽƇŔɢȍŔɭǬ
› Conjugata anatomica ४ɢɭȶȟȶȥʋȶɭǫʠȟǫȍơɽˊȟɢǠˊɽǫɽ
pubicanin üst ȇơȥŔɭǫŔɭŔɽǫȥƎŔȇǫȟơɽŔǉơ
› Conjugata vera(obstretrica) ४promontorium ile
ɽˊȟɢˊɽǫɽɢʠŹǫƃŔȥǫȥorta ȥȶȇʋŔɽǫȥƎŔȇǫȟơɽŔǉơࡲFȥƎŔɭ ࡤFȇȍơȟˊŔɢŔȥʋŔɭɽŔȍȇơȟǫȇȍơɭ
ƇŔɢࡲऒࠈƃȟƃࡸɽơȥƎǫȇŔɽˊȶȥʠ
-TalusÆþǫŹǫŔ࡫bǫŹʠȍŔ࡫-ŔȍƃŔȥơʠɽʽơ¶ɽȥŔʽǫƃʠȍŔɭơ
ࢦ-ȶȥǿʠǌŔʋŔƎǫŔǌȶȥŔȍǫɽ ४ɢɭȶȟȶȥʋȶɭǫʠȟǫȍơɽˊȟɢǠˊɽǫɽ
pubicanin alt ȇơȥŔɭǫŔɭŔɽǫȥƎŔȇǫȟơɽŔǉơƎǫɭࡲĪŔǿǫȥŔȍʋʠʂơ -CalcaneusÆþŔȍʠɽʽơ¶ɽƃʠŹȶǫƎơʠȟ
ǫȍơɃȍƇʧȍơŹǫȍơȥʋơȇȟơɽŔǉơࡲ
-Os naviculareÆþŔȍʠɽ࡫¶ɽƃʠȥơǫǉȶɭȟʽơȶɽƃʠŹȶǫƎơʠȟ
**Calcaneus ˊơɭȍơʋơȟŔɽơƎơȥʋơȇʋŔɭɽŔȍȇơȟǫȇʋǫɭࡲɭȇŔ
*Pelvis minor'un lateraȍƎʠʽŔɭǬȥƎŔࠂŹʧˊʧȇƎơȍǫȇ ˊʧ˖ʧȥơŔʂǫȍʋơȥƎȶȥʠ ʋʠʋʠȥʠɭࡲ
bulunur
qơɭǠŔȥǌǫŹǫɭȇŔɽǬȥˊŔɢǬʂȟŔƎǬǐǬǫȇǫȇơȟǫȇ४þŔȍʠɽʽơ
ȥƃʠɽ
1. bȶɭࡲǫɽƃǠǫŔƎǫƃʠȟȟŔǿʠɽࡷ
*Pelvis minor- eȍʠʋơŔȍŹɃȍǌơŔɭŔɽǬ ˊŔȇŔɭȇʠɽʠȥƎŔʽơʽʧƃʠʋɢȶɽʋʧɭʧȥƎơŔȥŔǠʋŔɭȇơȟǫȇ४
ࡤ¡ࡲáǫɭǫǉȶɭȟǫɽ ŹʠǉȶɭŔȟơȥǫǫȇǫˊơŔˊǬɭǬɭࡲ þŔȍʠɽ
ࡤࡤbȶɭࡲɽʠɢɭŔɢǫɭǫǉȶɭȟơࡶƎơȥǌơƇơȥȶȍʠʂʠȟȍŔɭࡷ
-ࡲʽࡲǌȍʠʋơŔɽʠɢơɭǫȶɭʽơȥࡲǌȍʠʋơʠɽɽʠɢơɭǫȶɭ
ࡤࡤbȶɭࡲǫȥǉɭŔɢǫɭǫǉȶɭȟơࡶƎơȥǌơƇơȥȶȍʠʂʠȟȍŔɭࡷ Vertebra
-A. ʽࡲǌȍʠʋơŔǫȥǉơɭǫȶɭʽơȥࡲǌȍʠʋơʠɽǫȥǉơɭǫȶɭ
ࡤࡤþá%èĪFèþF%èè-čòč
-N. ischiadicus, n. cutaneus femoris posterior
-¥ࡲɢʠƎơȥƎʠɽʽơŔࡲʽࡲɢʠƎơȥƎŔǫȥʋơɭȥŔ - áɭȶƃࡲŔɭʋȇʠȍŔɭǫɽɽʠɢơɭǫȶɭࢎ2)
6
- áɭȶƃࡲŔɭʋȇʠȍŔɭǫɽǫȥǉơɭǫȶɭࢎ2) **Vaskuler TOS- a subklavia ɽǬȇǬʂȟŔɽǬ

- áɭȶƃࡲʋɭŔȥɽʽơɭɽʠɽࢎ2) **Nörolojik TOS- brakial plexus ɽǬȇǬʂȟŔɽǬ
- áɭȶƃࡲspinosusࢎ1࢏ࢎ¶ɭʋŔƎŔŹǫɭȍơʂʋǫǐǫǫƇǫȥtek bir
ƇǬȇǬȥʋǬƎǬɭ࢏ þ¶òࡶʋŔǠŔȥǌǫʋŔȥǬʋơɽʋǫˊŔɢǬȍǬɭ፼ ४ Ǝɽȶȥʋơɽʋǫ
ࡤòFèĪĪFèþF%è ࡤþ¶èĪFèþF%è
-áɭȶƃࡲʋɭŔȥɽʽơɭɽʠɽȍŔɭǬȥƎŔȇǫFor. Transversarium Ǝơȥơȥ --ȶɭɢʠɽʽơɭʋơŹɭŔʽơɢɭȶƃࡲʋɭŔȥɽʽơɭɽʠɽʋŔ¶òþF
ƎơȍǫȇèþFèòþɃ˖ơȍȍǫǐǫƎǫɭࡲ%ʠɭƎŔȥa. vertebralis FF¡ ˊʧ˖ȍơɭʽŔɭࡲ
ve v. vertebralisǌơƇơɭࡲ
ࢎ-ࠆࢫȥǫȥbȶɭࡲþɭŔȥɽʽơɭɽŔɭǫʠȟࢫʠƇȶȇȇʧƇʧȇɽŔƎơƃơʽơȥ
ǌơƇơɭèþFèeF1¡FŁ࡮࡮࢏ ࡤč¡%ĪFèþF%è
-áɭȶƃࡲŔƃƃơɽɽȶɭǫʠɽʽơáɭȶƃࡲȟŔȟǫȍȍŔɭǫɽĪè7zèࡲ
Atipik Servikal Vertebralar
**For. ǫȥʋơɭʽơɭʋơŹɭŔȍơƎơȥǌơƇȟơˊơȥɽɢǫȥŔȍɽǫȥǫɭȍơɭ
*C1(Atlas)
४-ࠀ࡫òࠄʽơƃȶƃƃˊˉࠀ
-Corpus vertơŹɭŔơʽơɢɭȶƃࡲɽɢǫȥȶɽʠɽࡶʠĵ¶þčèࡲ **Uncus corporis(proc.uncinatus) C3-7ࢫƎơʽơ T1ࢫƎơƎǫɭࡲ
-¡ŔɽɽŔȍŔʋơɭŔȍǫɽ࡫ɽʠȍƃʠɽŔɭʋơɭǫŔơʽơɭʋơŹɭŔȍǫɽǫࢎ%ʠɭŔƎŔȥ
%ʠȥȍŔɭunkovertebral eklemi (Luschka eklemi)
ŔࡲʽơɭʋơŹɭŔȍǫɽǫȍơȥࡲɽʠŹȶƃƃǫɢǫʋŔȍǫɽǌơƇơɭ࢏ʽơFovea
ȶȍʠʂʋʠɭʠɭȍŔɭࡲ
Dentisi Īè7zèࡲ
ࡤࡤȶɽʋŔʽơɭŔࢫȍŔɭࢎʽơɭʋơŹɭŔȍȇȶɽʋŔȍŔɭ࢏४ࠀࢫƎơȥࠆࢫˊơ
**Kosta spurialer ४8-9-10

*C2(Axis)
-Dens axisi Īè7zèࡲ-ࠀƎơȇǫbȶʽơŔ7ơȥʋǫɽǫȍơơȇȍơȟ **ȶɽʋŔǉȍʠȇʋʠŔȥʋơɽȍơɭ ४11-12.kosta
ˊŔɢŔɭࡲ
11-ࠀࠁࡲȇȶɽʋŔȍŔɭǬȥŹŔ˖ǬɃ˖ơȍȍǫȇȍơɭǫ
ࢎò¶èčࡪ7ơȥɽŔˉǫɽǫɢȶ˖ǫɽˊȶȥʠȥƎŔʋʠʋŔȥȍǫǌŔȟơȥʋǫȥŔƎǬ ࢦþʠŹơɭƃʠȍʠȟȇȶɽʋŔˊȶȇ
ȥơƎǫɭࡳࡳࡳ--- ǫǌࡲþɭŔȥɽʽơɭɽʠȟʋȍŔȥʋǫɽ) ࢦƃɭǫɽʋŔƃŔɢǫʋǫɽȇȶɽʋŔˊȶȇ
ࢦɽʠȍȇʠɽȇȶɽʋŔˊȶȇ
ࢦŔȥǌʠȍʠɽȇȶɽʋŔˊȶȇ
*C7(Vertebra Prominens)
ࢦǉȶʽơŔƃŔɢǫʋǫɽˊȶȇ
- F¥čŁč¥áɭȶƃࡲɽɢǫȥȶɽʠɽࢎ1þòzŁ࢏ʽơɢɭȶƃࡲ
ࢦɢɭȶƃࡲʋɭŔȥɽʽơɭɽǫȍơɭǫˊȶȇ
transversus
- F¥Ĕ1ĔFor. Transversarium ࢎ1ȶȇȇʧƇʧȇ ȶȍƎʠǐʠǫƇǫȥ
ŔɭʋơɭǌơƇơȟơ˖ ɽŔƎơƃơʽࡲʽơɭʋơŹɭŔȍǫɽǌơƇơɭ࢏
Kranium
**C7 nin For. þɭŔȥɽʽơɭɽŔɭǫʠȟʠȥʠȥþ¡þFèòŹǫɭ qơȟȥɃɭȶǠơȟƎơʽǫɽɽơɭȶȇɭŔȥˊʠȟŔȇŔʋǬȍŔȥȇơȟǫȇȍơɭ४

ʂơȇǫȍƎơ࡫ࡲʽơɭʋơŹɭŔȍǫɽǫȥǌơƇʋǫǐǫŔȟŔĪࡲʽơɭʋơŹɭŔȍǫɽǫȥ ǉɭȶȥʋŔȍ࡫ơʋȟȶǫƎ࡫ɽǉơȥȶǫƎ࡫ʋơȟɢȶɭŔȍ
ǌơƇȟơǫǐǫˊŔɢǬࡳࡳࡳ--- Foramen Magnum
ࡤࡤè7÷è¥þ¶¡%÷þ¶¡ĔŁFèF7hFè ŔǉŔʋŔŹŔȥǬȥǬȶɭŹǫʋŔˊŔŹŔǐȍŔˊŔȥŔƇǬȇȍǬȇ४FǫɽɽʠɭŔ
7FèòFè¥ŁF7F1z÷zèF¥%eFè¡čþ%č OɭŹǫʋŔȍǫɽSʠɢơɭǫȶɭ
÷F7Fzĵò¡zÄhèF¥¥࡫è7bèèz
ĵ-FĪèĵz¥òz¥Ī7èz÷¡òz¥ࡤࡤ ¶ɭŹǫʋŔǫƇƎʠʽŔɭ ˊŔɭŔȍŔȥȟŔȍŔɭǬȥƎŔơȥƇȶȇcellula
ơʋȟȶǫƎŔȍơɽ ˖ŔɭŔɭǌɃɭʧɭࡲ
ࡤࡤáŔɭǫơʋŔȍȇơȟǫȇˊơȥǫƎȶǌŔȥȇɭŔȥǫʠȟʠȥƎŔȇǫࠅ
ǉȶȥʋŔȥơȍǫȥƎơˊŔɢǫɽǫna katilan tek kemiktir.
**ClivusŔbulbus ve pons ȶʋʠɭʠɭࡲ
**¶òòáqF¥¶z7F
*Fissura Orbitalis Superior (FOS)
-¶ɭŹǫʋŔࡶˊǬǉȶɽɽŔƃɭŔȥǫǫȟơƎǫŔࡶˊŔŹŔǐȍŔɭࡲ
-¥ȶƃƃʠȍȶȟȶʋȶɭǫʠɽ࡫¥ʋɭȶƃǠȍơŔɭǫɽ࡫¥ŔŹƎʠƃơȥɽ࡫¥
ophthalmicus ve
V ophthalmica superior ʽơǫȥǉơɭǫȶɭ ǌơƃơɭࡲ
*Canalis OpticuSࢎCOSƎǫˊơȍǫȟŹʠȥŔƎŔ࢏
÷ơȇǫȍȍơɭƇȶȇɃȥơȟȍǫŔɭȇŔƎŔʂȍŔɭŔȥŔʋȶȟǫƎơǌɃɭɽơȍǠŔǉǬ˖Ŕ
ȶȍȟŔƎŔȥʋŔȟȶʋʠɭȟŔ˖Źǫȍǌǫȍơɭᎅ *Sella turcica
7
-þʠŹơɭƃʠȍʠȟɽơȍȍŔơ ࡤࡤb¶òòáþFèĵe¶áþz¥
-bȶɽɽŔǠˊɢȶɢǠˊɽǫŔȍǫɽ
-7ȶɭɽʠȟɽơȍȍŔơǫɽǫȟȍǫࠂɢŔɭƇŔƎŔȥȶȍʠʂʠɭࡲ -¶ɭŹǫʋŔŔɢơȇɽǫȥǫȥŔȍʋǬȥƎŔ
-bǫɽɽʠɭŔȶɭŹǫʋŔȍǫɽǫȥǉơɭǫȶɭǫȍơǉǫɽɽʠɭŔ
*Sulcus Caroticus ɢʋơɭˊǌȶȟŔˉǫȍȍŔɭǫɽࡶǫȥ
-òơȍȍŔʋʠɭƃǫƃŔࡶȥǬȥǠơɭǫȇǫˊŔȥǬȥƎŔŹʠȍʠȥŔȥŹǫɭȶȍʠȇʋʠɭ ȇơɽǫʂǫȟˊơɭǫȥƎơ
-ƇǫȥƎơȥa. carotis interna ǌơƇơɭࡲ -òǉơȥȶǫƎȇơȟǫǐǫȥɢɭȶƃࡲɢʋơɭˊǌȶǫƎơʠɽࡶʠǫȍơȟŔȇɽǫȍȍŔ
ʽơɢŔȍŔʋǫȥȇơȟǫȇŔɭŔɽǬȥƎŔ
ࡤbȶɭࡲèȶʋʠȥƎʠȟࢎ¥ࡲȟŔˉǫȍȍŔɭǫɽ࢏ * bȶɽɽŔáʋơɭˊǌȶɢŔȍŔʋǬȥŔ ƇǫȥƎơ%ʠȍʠȥŔȥȥŔʋȶȟǫȇ

- bȶɽɽŔƃɭŔȥǫǫȟơƎǫŔˊǫǉȶɽɽŔɢʋơɭǌȶɢŔȍŔʋǫȥŔˊŔ ŹŔǌȍŔɭ ĵŔɢǬȍŔɭ
-N.maxillaris ǌơƃơɭࡲ
-¥ࡲȟŔˉǫȍȍŔɭǫɽ
-ࡲ¡ŔˉǫȍȍŔɭǫɽ(qF¡b¶òò¥bèþF¡á¶èòþF࡫qF¡7F
*For. Ovale(N. ȟŔȥƎǫŹʠȍŔɭǫɽ࢏ FOSSA áþFèĵe¶áþ¥7%čč¥čè࡮࡮࡮࢏
- bȶɽɽŔƃɭŔȥǫǫȟơƎǫŔˊǫǉȶɽɽŔǫȥǉɭŔʋơȟɢȶɭŔȍǫɽơ ŹŔǌȍŔɭ -eŔȥǌࡲɢʋơɭˊǌȶɢŔȍŔʋǫȥʠȟ
- ¥ࡲȟŔȥƎǫŹʠȍŔɭǫɽ ǌơƃơɭࡲ -¥ࡲƃŔȥŔȍǫɽɢʋơɭˊǌȶǫƎơǫࢎĪǫƎǫŔȥɽǫȥǫɭǫ࢏
ࡤbȶɭࡲòɢǫȥȶɽʠȟࢎࡲȟơȥǫȥǌơŔȟơƎǫŔ࢏ ࢎ7þ࡮࡮࡮࡮࡮b¶òòáþFèĵe¶áþz¥ࢫ7qF¡¥ࡲ
- bȶɽɽŔƃɭŔȥǫǫȟơƎǫŔˊǫǉȶɽɽŔǫȟǉɭŔʋơȟɢȶɭŔȍǫɽơ ŹŔǌȍŔɭ ¡ĴèòqF¡7Fࡲ¡Ĵèò%čč¥čè¡Īࡲ
- ࡲȟơȥǫȥǌơŔȟơƎǫŔ ǌơƇơɭ ¡Ĵèò%čč¥¡ŁŁŁŁŁŁ࡮࡮࡮࢏
ࡤáɭȶƃࡲáʋơɭˊǌȶǫƎơʠɽ *Fossa áʋơɭˊǌȶɢŔȍŔʋǫȥŔࡶȥǬȥ%ŔǐȍŔȥʋǬȍŔɭǬ

-bǫɽɽʠɭŔȶɭŹǫʋŔȍǫɽǫȥǉơɭǫȶɭǫȍơOrbitaࡶˊŔ࡫
*Canalis áʋơɭˊǌȶǫƎơʠɽࢎ7þ-¥ò -bȶɭࡲèȶʋʠȥƎʠȟǫȍơbȶɽɽŔ-ɭŔȥǫǫ¡ơƎǫŔࡶˊŔ
áþFèĵe¶áþ¥čò7Fh࡮࡮࡮࢏ --ŔȥŔȍǫɽáʋơɭˊǌȶǫơƎʠɽǫȍơbȶɽɽŔ-ɭŔȥǫǫ¡ơƎǫŔࡶˊŔࢎbȶɭࡲ
ŔƃơɭʠȟࡶŔ࢏
-For. Sphenopalatinum ǫȍơCavitas Nasiࡶˊơ
ࡤࡤbǫɽɽʠɭŔ¶ɭŹǫʋŔȍǫɽȍȥǉơɭǫȶɭ -bǫɽɽʠɭŔáʋơɭˊǌȶȟŔˉǫȍȍŔɭǫɽǫȍơbȶɽɽŔȥǉɭŔʋơȟɢȶɭŔȍǫɽࡶơ
-¥ࡲ¡ŔˉǫȍȍŔɭǫɽࢎࠄ-2) ʽơ˖ǫǌȶȟŔʋǫȇƎŔȍǬ --ŔȥŔȍǫɽáʋơɭˊǌȶɢŔȍŔʋǫȥʠɽࢎǉȶɭࡲáŔȍŔʋǫȥʠȟȟŔǿʠɽʽơ
-ࡲʽࡲȥǉɭŔȶɭŹǫʋŔȍǫɽ minus࢏ǫȍơCavum Oris’e ŹŔǐȍŔȥǬɭࡲ
-Īࡲ¶ɢǠʋǠŔȍȟǫƃŔȥǉơɭǫȶɭ
**Fissura Orbitalis Superior ve Fissura Orbitalis

ȍȥǉơɭǫȶɭࢫʋŔȇǫ¶ɭʋŔȇĵŔɢǬȍŔɭ
-Īࡲ¶ɢǠʋǠŔȍȟǫƃŔȥǉơɭǫȶɭ
OS þF¡á¶èF
ࡤþʠŹơɭƃʠȍʠȟŔɭʋǫƃʠȍŔɭơ
ࡤbȶɽɽŔȟŔȥƎǫŹʠȍŔɭǫɽ
ࡤ-ŔȥŔȍǫɽȥơɭʽǫǉŔƃǫŔȍǫɽ
*CŔȥŔȍǫɽCŔɭȶʋǫƃʠɽ
*TơǌȟơȥTˊȟɢŔȥǫ
ࡤ¡ơŔʋʠɽࢎɢȶɭʠɽ࢏Ŕƃʠɽʋǫƃʠɽǫȥʋơɭȥʠɽ ࡤࡤbǫɽɽʠɭŔ¶ɭŹǫʋŔȍǫɽòʠɢơɭǫȶɭࢎb¶ò࢏ࡷ
-bȶɽɽŔƃɭŔȥǫǫȟơƎǫŔࡶˊǬɃȥƎơOrbitaࡶˊŔŹŔǐȍŔɭࡲ
*Foramen JUGulare= OȇɽǫɢǫʋŔȍʽơTơȟɢȶɭŔȍȇơȟǫȇ -Fossa áʋơɭˊǌȶɢŔȍŔʋǫȥŔǫȍơŹŔǐȍŔȥʋǬɽǬˊȶȇʋʠɭࡲ
ŔɭŔɽǬȥƎŔ
ࢎJug-OT– ŁǫǌȶʋࢫʋŔȥƇŔǐɭǬʂǬȟˊŔɢǬȍŔŹǫȍǫɭ࢏ ࡤࡤbȶɽɽŔࢫȍŔɭƎŔȥŹǫɭƎǫǐơɭɃȥơȟȍǫȶȍŔȥǫȇǫʋŔȥơɽǫƎơ
ʋơȟɢȶɭŔȍǫɽʽơǫȥǉɭŔʋơȟɢȶɭŔȍǫɽࡲࡲ
bȶɭŔȟơȥǿʠǌʠȍŔɭơƎơȥ
ࢦɽǫȥʠɽɽǫǌȟȶǫƎơʠɽ ࡤࡤ%ǫɭƎơȥǉŔ˖ȍŔǉȶɽɽŔƎŔȶɭʋŔȇȶȍŔɭŔȇŹʠȍʠȥŔȥˊŔɢǬȍŔɭŔ
ࢦʽǿʠǌʠȍŔɭơǫȥʋơɭȥŔ ĵèz-7þF7F¡ò¶èč¡á¶þ¥òĵF7q
ࢦɽǫȥʠɽɢơʋɭȶɽʠɽǫȥǉơɭǫȶɭ ĵĔòF࡮࡮࡮
ࢦࠈ࡫ࠀ߿࡫ࠀࠀࡲȇŔǉŔƃǫǉʋȍơɭǫ **Fossa temporalis
ࢦŔȟơȥǫȥǌơŔɢȶɽʋơɭǫȶɭǌơƇơɭ
-ࡲĪࡲʋơȟɢȶɭŔȍǫɽɽʠɢơɭǉǫƃǫŔȍǫɽ
* ɭƃʠɽ˖ˊǌȶȟŔʋǫƃʠɽ'u ¶ɽ ŁˊǌȶȟŔʋǬƃʠȟʽơ -¥ࡲŔʠɭǫƃʠȍȶʋơȟɢȶɭŔȍǫɽ
¶ɽTemporale ȶȍʠʂʋʠɭʠɭࡲ -¡ࡲʋơȟɢȶɭŔȍǫɽ
-PterionࢎࡲȟơȥǫȥǌơŔȟơƎǫŔǫȍơǫȍǌǫȍǫǌǫɭǫʂǫȟȍơɭƎơ
ࢎŁˊǌȶȟŔʋǫƃʠȟ˖ŔʋơȥŔƎǬȥƎŔȥŔȥȍŔʂǬȍǬɭʂǬȇȍŔɭƎŔʽŔɭɽŔ ƃơɭɭŔǠǫȶȍŔɭŔȇȇʠȍȍŔȥǬȍŔȥȥȶȇʋŔƎǬɭ࡫ŹʠˊɃȥʧˊȍơɽȶȥ
ǫʂŔɭơʋȍơȟơȇȇȶȍŔˊȶȍʠɭŔȟŔþF¡á¶èF7þ¶¥č þčòࢫȍŔɭƎŔɽȶɭʠȍƎʠ࡮࡮࡮
¡čþ%F¡࡮࡮)
8
1z%F-F%è7hFèò¶èč࡫áþFè¶¥č¥%Fĵ¥7F orbitaࡶˊŔʠȍŔʂǬɭࡲ
òč-čòþFèòF7F¥eF¡Fò࡮࡮࢏
ࡤࡤ¥ࡲǉŔƃǫŔȍǫɽ
ࡤࡤbȶɽɽŔǫȥǉɭŔʋơȟɢȶɭŔȍǫɽ -Fossa cranii posteriorࡶʠporus acusticus
internusࡶŔǌǫɭơɭơȇʋơɭȇơʋʋǫȇʋơȥ
-ࡲ¡ŔˉǫȍȍŔɭǫɽʽơƎŔȍȍŔɭǬ ɽȶȥɭŔtemporal kemikǫƇơɭǫɽǫȥƎơȇǫcanalis nervi
-¥ࡲ¡ŔȥƎǫŹʠȍŔɭǫɽʽơƎŔȍȍŔɭǬ ǉŔƃǫŔȍǫɽࡶơǌǫɭơɭࡲ
-1ǫǐȥơȟơȇŔɽȍŔɭǬࢎ¡ࡲ¡ŔɽɽơʋơɭǠŔɭǫƇ) %ʠȇŔȥŔȍǬȥƇǬȇǬʂƎơȍǫǐǫȥơǫɽơǉȶɭࡲɽʋˊȍȶȟŔɽʋȶǫƎơʠȟƎơȥǫɭࡲ
-áŔɭȶʋǫɽŹơ˖ǫ
-eŔȥǌࡲȶʋǫƃʠȟ ࡤࡤɭʋơɭǫŔȟơȥǫȥǌơŔȟơƎǫŔ
-áȍơˉʠɽɢʋơɭˊǌȶǫƎơʠɽ
-Arteria maxillarisࡶǫȥǉȶɽɽŔǫȥǉɭŔʋơȟɢȶɭŔȍǫɽࡶƎơʽơɭƎǫǐǫ
**Fossa temporalis ve Fossa ǫȥǉɭŔʋơȟɢȶɭŔȍǫɽࢫʋơȇǫ¶ɭʋŔȇ ƎŔȍȍŔɭƎŔȥŹǫɭǫƎǫɭ
ĵŔɢǬȍŔɭࢎࠀŔɭʋơɭࠀȇŔɽࠀɽǫȥǫɭ࢏ -DuramaterǫŹơɽȍơˊơȥŔȥŔŔɭʋơɭƎǫɭࡲ
-bȶɽɽŔǫȥǉɭŔʋơȟɢȶɭŔȍǫɽࡶǫǉȶɭŔȟơȥɽáǫȥȶɽʠȟʽŔɽǬʋŔɽǬˊȍŔ
-ࡲȟơȥǫȥǌǫŔȟơƎǫŔ ʋơɭȇơƎơɭơȇǉȶɽɽŔƃɭŔȥǫǫȟơƎǫŔࡶˊŔǌǫɭơɭࡲ
-¡ࡲʋơȟɢȶɭŔȍǫɽ -%ʠɭŔƎŔơɢǫƎʠɭŔȍŔɭŔȍǬȇʋŔɽơˊɭơƎơɭȇơȥ
-¥ࡲŔʠɭǫƃʠȍȶʋơȟɢȶɭŔȍǫɽ áŔɭˊơʋŔȍȇơȟǫǐǫȥǫƇˊʧ˖ʧȥƎơƎŔȍȍŔɭǬȥŔŔˊɭǬȍǬɭࡲ
-ɭʋơɭǫŔȟơȥǫȥǌơŔȟơƎǫŔࡶȥǬȥɃȥƎŔȍǬPterion(=Sulcus
ŔʋơɭŔȍǫɽ࢏ࡶʠȥǫƇˊʧ˖ʧȥƎơȥǌơƇơɭࡲ
ࡤࡤbȶɽࡲʋơȟɢȶɭŔȍǫɽǫǉȶɽࡲǫȥǉɭŔʋơȟɢȶɭŔȍǫɽʋơȥŔˊǬɭŔȥ४ -ŔǉŔʋŔɽǬȥŔˊŔȥƎŔȥǌơȍơȥʋɭŔʽȟŔȍŔɭƎŔɢʋơɭǫȶȥ
ƃɭǫɽʋŔǫȥǉɭŔʋơȟɢȶɭŔȍǫɽ ȇǬɭǬǐǬɽȶȥʠƇʠơáǫƎʠɭŔȍǠơȟŔʋȶȟǌơȍǫʂơŹǫȍǫɭࡲ
ࡤࡤbȶɽࡲǫȥǉɭŔʋơȟɢȶɭŔȍǫɽǫǉȶɽࡲɢʋơɭˊǌȶɢŔȍŔʋǫȥŔƎŔȥŔˊǬɭŔȥ४ **Membrana atlantooccipitalis posterior

ǉǫɽɽʠɭŔɢʋơɭˊǌȶȟŔˉǫȍȍŔɭǫɽ - Atlas(C1) ʽơOccipitalis ŔɭŔɽǬȥƎŔŹʠȍʠȥʠɭࡲ
- ࡲʽơɭʋơŹɭŔȍǫɽʽơ¥ࡲɽʠŹȶƃƃǫɢǫʋŔȍǫɽʋŔɭŔǉǬȥƎŔȥƎơȍǫȥǫɭࡲ
ࡤࡤbȶɽɽŔ-ɭŔȥǫǫ¡ơƎǫŔ%ŔǐȍŔȥʋǬȍŔɭǬ
*Foramen magnum
-For. Ovaleࢎ¥ࡲȟŔȥƎǫŹʠȍŔɭǫɽǌơƇơɭǫƇǫȥƎơȥ࢏ʽơFor.
SpinosumࢎࡲȟơȥǫȥǌǫŔȟơƎǫŔ࢏ǫȍơFossa --ŔȥŔȍǫɽʽơɭʋơŹɭŔȍǫɽǫȍơǉȶɽɽŔƃɭŔȥǫǫɢȶɽʋơɭǫȶɭŔɭŔɽǬ
ǫȥǉɭŔʋơȟɢȶɭŔȍǫɽơ࡫
ƇǫȥƎơȥ
-bȶɭࡲèȶʋʠȥƎʠȟࢎ¥ࡲȟŔˉǫȍȍŔɭǫɽ࢏ʽơ-ŔȥŔȍǫɽáʋơɭˊǌȶǫƎơŔǫȍơ
-¡ơƎʠȍȍŔɽɢǫȥŔȍǫɽʽơ˖ŔɭȍŔɭǬ
Fossa ɢʋơɭˊǌȶɢŔȍŔʋǫȥŔˊŔ࡫
-A. vertebralis ʽơƎŔȍȍŔɭǬࢎŔࡲɽɢǫȥŔȍǫɽŔȥʋơɭǫȶɭǫȍơŔࡲ
- Fissura orbitalis superior (FOS) ʽơ Canalis Opticusǫȍơ
ɽɢǫȥŔȍǫɽɢȶɽʋơɭǫȶɭࢫȍŔɭ࢏
OrbitaˊŔŹŔǐȍŔȥǬɭࡲ
-C1-3 ɽɢǫȥŔȍɽǫȥǫɭȍơɭǫȥȟơȥǫȥǌơŔȍƎŔȍȍŔɭǬ
-¥ࡲŔƃƃơɽɽȶɭǫʠɽࢫʠȥࢎࠀࠀࡲ-¥࢏ɽɢǫȥŔȍɢŔɭƇŔɽǬǌơƇơɭࡲ
ࡤࡲʽơɭʋơŹɭŔȍǫɽǫȥǌơƇơɭŔȟŔV. vơɭʋơŹɭŔȍǫɽǫȥǌơƇȟơ˖
ÆForamen Magnum
*ࡲʽơɭʋơŹɭŔȍǫɽǫȥǌơƇȟơ˖ŔȟŔĪࡲʽơɭʋơŹɭŔȍǫɽǫȥǌơƇơɭÆC7
nin For. Trans.
**Fossa cranii posterior

-Meatus acusticus internusࡶƎŔȥȥࡲǉŔƃǫŔȍǫɽࢎࠆ࢏ʽơȥࡲ
vestibulucochlearis(8)
-For. jugulareࡶƎơȥࡷn. ǌȍȶɽɽȶɢǠŔɭˊȥǌơʠɽࢎࠈ࢏࡫ȥࡲʽŔǌʠɽࢎࠀ߿࢏
ve n. accessorius(11)
--ŔȥŔȍǫɽȥơɭʽǫǠˊɢȶǌȍȶɽɽǫࡶƎơȥࡷȥࡲǠˊɢȶǌȍȶɽɽʠɽࢎࠀࠁ࢏ǌơƇơɭࡲ
¡ơŔʋʠɽƃʠɽʋǫƃʠɽȥʋơɭȥʠɽ
-¥ࡲǉŔƃǫŔȍǫɽࢎ7)
-¥ơɭʽʠɽʽơɽʋǫŹʠȍȶƃȶƃǠȍơŔɭǫɽࢎ8)
-¥ࡲǫȥʋơɭȟơƎǫʠɽ
-ࡲȍŔŹˊɭǫȥʋǫ
ࡤ¥ࡲŔŹƎʠƃơȥɽ࡫ǉȶɽɽŔƃɭŔȥǫǫȟơƎǫŔࡶƎŔƎǬɭࡲ%ʠǉȶɽɽŔˊǬ
ǉǫɽɽʠɭŔȶɭŹǫʋŔȍǫɽɽʠɢơɭǫȶɭࢎFOS࢏ࡶƎŔȥʋơɭȇơƎơɭơȇ
9
Anatomi | 2. Eklemler
Eklemler
10
2. EKLEMLER ȶȍȟŔˊŔȥơȇȍơȟǫɽȶɭʠˊȶɭƎʠɭ ˊʠȇŔɭƎŔȇǫࠅǌɭʠɢơȇȍơȟ

ƎǬʂǬȥƎŔȇǫơȇȍơȟƎȶǐɭʠƃơʽŔɢȶȍŔƃŔȇʋǬɭ࡭
ࡤFȇȍơȟˊʧ˖ơˊǫȥǫɃɭʋơȥơȇȍơȟȇǬȇǬɭƎŔǐǬǌơȥơȍƎơqĵ¥
zzè7ˊŔɢǬɽǬȥƎŔƎǬɭ ࡤࡤɭʋࡲ-ʠŹǫʋǫ
ࡤࡤb%èÄŁzzè7ĪĔ-čþþ%čč¥¡÷FFè
-qʠȟơɭʠɽ࡫èŔƎǫʠɽ࡫čȍȥŔȇŔʋǬȍǬɭ
-7ǫɽƃʠɽ(7 adet)
-ࠂơȇȍơȟƎơȥȶȍʠʂʠɭÆ ɭʋࡲƃȶȟɢȶɽǫʋŔ
-ŔŹɭʠȟ (2 adet) -->Art. qʠȟơɭǫ(labrum glenoidale) ve
Art. -ȶˉŔơ(labrum acetabuli) -ɭʋࡲǠʠȟơɭȶɭŔƎǫŔȍǫɽࢎɽǉơɭȶǫƎ࢏࡫
-¡ơȥǫɽƃʠɽ(1 adet) -->Art. eơȥʠɽ ŔɭʋࡲǠʠȟơɭȶʠȍȥŔɭǫɽࢎʋɭȶȇȍơŔɭ࢏࡫ŔࡲɭŔƎǫȶʠȍȥŔɭǫɽɢɭȶˉǫȟŔȍǫɽ-
ƎǫɽʋŔȍǫɽࢎʋɭȶƃǠȶǫƎ࢏
ࡤࡤ7ò-čòèþ-čèòࡶ¶¥ò¥¶Īĵ
ࡤࡤɭʋࡲqʠȟơɭȶʠȍȥŔɭǫɽ
EKLEMLER(qèFFþ࢏ࢎࠄ7Fþ࢏
-Art. sternoƃȍŔʽǫƃʠȍŔris
-þɭȶƃǠȍơŔɭࢎǌǫȥǌȍˊȟʠɽ࢏tipte bir eklemdir
-Art. acromioƃȍŔʽǫƃʠȍŔris
-þɭȶƃǠȍơŔǠʠȟơɭǫࢎǠʠȟơɭʠɽ࢏ ile ǫȥƃǫɽʠɭŔ
-Art. ɭŔƎǫȶulnaris distalisࢎࠁŔƎơʋ-ȍŔʽǫƃʠȍŔࠁŔƎơʋèŔƎǫʠɽ
ʋɭȶƃǠȍơŔɭǫɽࢎʠȍȥŔ࢏ŔɭŔɽǬȥƎŔŹʠȍʠȥʠɭࡲ
ࠀʋŔȥơƎơʋȟ࢏
-Art. ɭŔƎǫȶcarpalis(ɽǫȥȶʽǫŔȍƎǫɽƃʠɽu olan eklemler)
-Art. temporomandibularis ࡤࡤèŔƎǫʠɽŹŔʂǬȥǬȇȶȟɢȍơɽŔɭŔȥʽơȶȥʠȥʠȍȥŔƎŔȥ
ʠ˖ŔȇȍŔʂȟŔɽǬȥǬơȥǌơȍȍơˊơȥȍǫǌŔȟŔȥ४ anulare radi
**èþࡲ-èþe¥¶ò eèč%čòĵ¡áqĵòò (ĵèz
qèFFþ࢏ࢎࠁ7Fþ࢏
- Symphysis ɢʠŹǫƃŔ
- Symphysis ǫȥʋơɭʽơɭʋơŹɭŔȍǫ( non-ɽǫȥȶʽǫŔȍƎǫɽƃʠɽu olan
eklemler)
**èþࡲòĵ¥¶Īòeèč%č
EKLEMLER(qèFFþEKLEMLER)
-Troklear(ginglymus)
-Trokoid
-Sellar
-Elipsoid
-Sfenoid
-Plana
ࠀࡲɭʋࡲʋɭȶƃǠȍơŔɭǫɽ४ŔɭʋࡲǫȥʋơɭɢǠŔȍŔȥǌơŔ࡫ ࡤࡤŔȍƇŔơȇȍơȟǫȥǫȥǠǫɢơɭơȇɽʋŔȥɽǫˊȶȥʠȥʠơȥǌơȍȍơˊơȥ४
ŔɭʋࡲǠʠȟơɭȶʠȍȥŔɭǫɽ࡫ŔɭʋࡲʋŔȍȶƃɭʠɭŔȍǫɽ lig.iliofemorale
ࠀࡲŔɭʋࡲŹǫƃȶȥƎˊȍŔɭǫɽ ४ Ŕɭʋࡲǌơȥʠɽ࡫ ࡤࡤŔȍƇŔơȇȍơȟǫȥǫȥǠǫɢơɭŔŹƎʠȇɽǫˊȶȥʠȥʠơȥǌơȍȍơˊơȥ४

art.temporomandibularis lig.pubofemorale
ࠁࡲɭʋࡲʋɭȶƃǠȶǫƎơŔ ४ a.radioulnaris proximalis-ƎǫɽʋŔȍǫɽ࡫ ࡤࡤŔȍƇŔơȇȍơȟǫȥǫȥǠǫɢơɭǫƇɭȶʋŔɽˊȶȥʠȥʠơȥǌơȍȍơˊơȥ४

art.atlantoaxialis mediana lig.iskiofemorale
ࠂࡲɭʋࡲɽơȍȍŔɭǫɽ ४ ŔơɭࡲɽʋơɭȥȶƃȍŔʽǫƃʠȍŔɭǫɽ࡫
art.carpometacarpalis pollicis
ࠃࡲɭʋࡲơȍȍǫɢɽȶǫƎơŔ४ŔɭʋࡲɭŔƎǫȶƃŔɭɢŔȍǫɽ࡫
ŔɭʋࡲŔʋȍŔȥʋȶȶƃƃǫɢʋŔȍǫɽ࡫ŔɭʋࡲȟơʋŔƃŔɭɢȶɢǠŔȍŔȥǌơŔ࡫
art.metatarsophalangea
ࠄࡲɭʋࡲɽɢǠơɭȶǫƎơŔ ४ ŔɭʋࡲǠʠȟơɭǫ࡫ŔɭʋࡲǠʠȟơɭȶɭŔƎǫŔȍǫɽ࡫
art.coxae
ࠅࡲɭʋࡲáȍŔȥŔÆ FȇȍơȟȍơɭǫȥŹǫɭƇȶǐʠ࡫ȇŔˊȟŔǠŔɭơȇơʋǫ
**ò¥¶ĪĵFF¡Fè7hFèFF¡Fè7F¥ĵzè¥Ĕ1
Ä¥F¡ÄŁF
- FȇȍơȟȇŔɢɽʧȍʧ(capsula articularis)
- FȇȍơȟŹȶʂȍʠǐʠࢎƃŔʽǫʋŔɽŔɭʋǫƃʠȍŔɭǫɽ࢏
- FȇȍơȟȇǬȇǬɭƎŔǐǬࢎƃŔɭʋǫȍŔǌȶŔɭʋǫƃʠȍŔɭǫɽ࢏
ࡤࡤʂŔǐǬƎŔȇǫơȇȍơȟȍơɭƎơȥǠŔȥǌǫɽǫȥƎơࡵƃŔɢɽʠȍŔ
ŔɭʋǫƃʠȍŔɭǫɽࡵŹʠȍʠȥȟŔ˖ࡳ ÷ơȇȍǫȥƎơɽȶɭʠǌơȍǫɭɽơǠŔɭơȇơʋȍǫ
11
7ǫ˖ơȇȍơȟǫȥǫȥǫƇȍǫǌŔȟơȥʋȍơɭǫࢎǫȥʋɭŔŔɭʋǫȇʧȍơɭ -èȶʋŔʋȶɭȇŔǉ࡫ƎơȍʋȶǫƎʽơŹǫɽơɢɽǫȥʠ˖ʠȥŹŔʂǬࢎƎǫȥŔȟǫȇ࢏
ȍǫǌŔȟơȥʋȍơr)
-ǫǌŔȟơȥʋʠȟƃɭʠƃǫŔʋʠȟŔȥʋơɭǫʠɽÆFemur üzerinde
ʋǫŹǫŔࢫȥǬȥɃȥơǠŔɭơȇơʋǫȥǫɽǬȥǬɭȍŔɭࡲ%ŔƃŔǐǬȥŔʂǬɭǬ ࡤࡤˊŔǐǬȥŔʂǬɭǬǫȥʽơɭɽǫȶȥʠȥʠơȥǌơȍȍơˊơȥȍǫǌŔȟŔȥ४
ơȇɽʋơȥɽǫˊȶȥʠȥʠɃȥȍơɭࡲ talofibulare anterior
-ǫǌŔȟơȥʋʠȟƃɭʠƃǫŔʋʠȟɢȶɽʋơɭǫʠɽÆFemur üzerinde
ʋǫŹǫŔࢫȥǬȥŔɭȇŔˊŔǠŔɭơȇơʋǫȥǫɽǬȥǬɭȍŔɭࡲ%ŔƃŔǐǬȥŔʂǬɭǬ ࡤࡤʂǬɭǬơʽơɭɽǫȶȥʠơȥǌơȍȍơˊơȥ४ deltoideum(medianum)
ǉȍơȇɽǫˊȶȥʠȥʠɃȥȍơɭࡲ
ࡤࡤˊŔȇʋŔȇǫɽɢɭǫȥǌࡸˊŔˊȍǫǌŔȟŔȥ४ calcaneonaviculare
-ǫǌŔȟơȥʋʠȟʋɭŔȥɽʽơɭɽʠȟǌơȥʠɽÆ¡ơȥǫɽȇʧɽȍơɭǫȥɃȥ
ʠƇȍŔɭǬȥǬŹǫɭȍơʂʋǫɭǫɭ࡫ȟơȥǫɽȇʧɽȍơɭǫȥŹǫɭȍǫȇʋơǠŔɭơȇơʋ ɢȍŔȥʋŔɭơࡲ%ʠȍǫǌŔȟŔȥȇȶɢŔɭɽŔɢơɽɢȍŔȥʠɽ ȶȍʠʂʠɭࡲ
ơʋȟơɽǫȥǫɽŔǐȍŔɭࡲ
1F¥FFF¡áòĔĔࢎɭʋࡲʋơȟɢȶɭȶȟŔȥƎǫŹʠȍŔɭǫɽ࢏
-ǫǌŔȟơȥʋʠȟȟơȥǫɽƃȶǉơȟȶɭŔȍơ
-7Ǭʂtaraftan ¥ࡲbŔƃǫŔȍǫɽ
Ŕȥʋơɭǫʠɽ/ɢȶɽʋơɭǫʠɽÆMeniscus lateralis’in arka
-ƇʋŔɭŔǉʋŔȥ¥ࡲ¡ŔȥƎǫŹʠȍŔɭǫɽǫȥƎŔȍǬȶȍŔȥ¥ࡲ
Źȶˊȥʠ˖ʠȥƎŔȥǉơȟʠɭࢫʠȥȟơƎǫŔȍȇȶȥƎʧȍʧȥơʠ˖ŔȥǬɭࡲ
ʠɭǫƃʠȍȶʋơȟɢȶɭŔȍǫɽǫȍơȇȶȟʂʠƎʠɭࡲ
7ǫ˖ơȇȍơȟǫȥơŔǫʋŹʠɭɽŔȍŔɭ
èþࡲþ¥þ¶Ĵzzò¡F7z¥
-Suprapatellar -7ơȥɽŔˉǫɽ ile ŔʋȍŔɽ ve ȍǫǌࡲʋɭŔȥɽʽơɭɽʠȟŔʋȍŔȥʋǫɽŔɭŔɽǬȥƎŔ
-òʠŹȇʧʋŔȥɃ˖áɭơɢŔʋơȍȍŔɭ -þɭȶȇȶǫƎtip eklem
-òʠŹȇʧʋŔȥɃ˖ȥǉɭŔɢŔʋơȍȍŔɭ -%ŔʂǬȥɭȶʋŔɽˊȶȥǠŔɭơȇơʋȍơɭǫȥǫȥˊŔɢǬȍƎǬǐǬơȇȍơȟƎǫɭࡲ
-7ơɭǫȥȥǉɭŔɢŔʋơȍȍŔɭ -ࡵqŔˊǬɭࢎȥȶ࢏ࡵǫǉŔƎơɽǫȥǫʽơɭƎǫɭơȥŹŔʂǠŔɭơȇơʋǫ
-Semimembranosus
**¡ơƎǫŔȥŔɭʋࡲŔʋȍŔȥʋȶŔˉǫŔȍǫɽtRȶȇȶǫƎtiptedir ve RȶʋŔɽˊȶȥ
ࡤࡤ7ǫ˖ơȇȍơȟǫȥǫȥǫƇǫǫȍơǫȍǫʂȇǫȍǫȶȍŔȥȍŔɭ yapar.
-òʠɢɭŔɢŔʋơȍȍŔɭŹʠɭɽŔ
**ŔʋơɭŔȍŔɭʋࡲŔʋȍŔȥʋȶŔˉǫŔȍǫɽɢLŔȥŔ tiptedir ve LŔʋơɭŔȍ
-7ơɭǫȥǫȥǉɭŔɢŔʋơȍȍŔɭŹʠɭɽŔ ǉȍơˉǫȶȥ yapar.
%ʠɭɽŔòʠɢɭŔɢŔʋơȍȍŔɭǫɽ ࡤࡤèþࡲþ¥þ¶Ĵzzò¡F7z¥ࢫ¥z¥e¡F¥þFè
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ˊŔɢʋǬǐǬŹǫɭʠ˖ŔȥʋǬƎǬɭࡲ ࡤǫǌࡲȍŔRǫŔ
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ȶȟʠ˖ ȶȍʠɭ࡮࢏
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ȇŔɽʋǬɭࡲ › qŔɽŔɭ ǌɃɭʧɭɽơǠŔɽʋŔŔƎƎʠȇɽǫˊȶȥˊŔɢŔȟŔˊŔƃŔǐǬǫƇǫȥ
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› ĪࡲʠǌʠȍŔɭǫɽǫȥʋơɭȥŔࢎĪࡲࡲFÆ þɭǫǌȶȥʠȟ ࢦ¡ࡲþơɭơɽȟŔǿɃɭ
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ࢦ¥ࡲĪŔǌʠɽ
ࢦ¥ࡲƃƃơɽɽȶɭǫʠɽ ¡ࡲơʽŔʋȶR òȇŔɢʠȍŔ
› ¥ࡲqǫɢȶǌȍȶɽɽʠɽÆ ࡲƃŔɭȶʋǫɽơˉʋơɭȥŔˊǬŹʠʋɭǫǌȶȥʠȟƎŔ › ¶ȟ˖ʠȥƇɃȇȟơɽǫȥǫɃȥȍơȟơde ¡ࡲʋɭŔɢơ˖ǫʠɽŔˊŔɭƎǬȟ
ƇŔɢɭŔ˖ȍŔɭࡲ eder.
› M. RǠȶȟŹȶǫƎơʠɽȟǫȥɃɭʽơȟŔǿɃɭile Skapulaya
Īe¥-è¶þ- RơʋɭŔȇɽǫˊȶȥˊŔɢʋǬɭǬɭࡲࢎPɭȶʋɭŔȇɽǫˊȶȥÆSơɭɭŔʋʠɽAȥʋơɭǫȶɭ—
ŹŔʂǠŔɭǉȍơɭPSA)
ƇơɭǫɽǫȥƎơ
› ¥ࡲƎȶɭɽŔȍǫɽòáč ࢎ¡ࡲȍơʽŔʋȶɭòáč ࢏
ࢦŔࡲƃŔɭȶʋǫɽƃȶȟȟʠȥǫɽ
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M SơɭɭŔʋʠɽAȥʋơɭǫȶɭ
ࢦȶȍŔǠǫɢơɭŔŹƎʠȇɽǫˊȶȥࢎऑࠈ߿Ǝơɭơƃơ࢏ ˊŔɢʋǬɭǬɭࡲ
› Skapulaya PɭȶʋɭŔȇɽǫˊȶȥˊŔɢʋǬɭŔȥȇŔɽʋǬɭࢎPSA)
ࢦč˖ŔȥȟŔ࡫ˊơʋǫʂȟơ࡫ŹȶȇɽɃɭȇŔɽǬ
› ¥ࡲʋǠȶɭŔƃǫƃʠɽȍȶȥǌʠɽ ǫȥȥơɭʽơơƎơɭࡲbơȍƃǫÆȇŔȥŔʋ
ɽȇŔɢʠȍŔ
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ࢦȶȍŔƎƎʠȇɽǫˊȶȥbȍơȇɽǫˊȶȥʽơƇèȶʋŔɽˊȶȥˊŔɢʋǬɭǬɭࡲ
ࢎƎƎ-bȍơˉ-èÆ¡ࡲŔʋǫɽɽǫȟʠɽƎȶɭɽǫʽơ¡ࡲþơɭơɽȟŔǿȶɭ
ƎƎ-Ex-è ˊŔɢʋǬɭǬɭ7þ࡮࡮࡮࢏
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ŔɭȇŔƎŔʂȍŔɭǠơɭ˖ŔȟŔȥǠơɭȟơȇŔȥǫ˖ȟŔˊǬ
ǠŔʋǬɭȍŔˊŔȟŔ˖ɽǬȥǬ˖ŹŔ˖ơȥɽŔƇȟŔƎŔȶȍɽŔȶȍʠʂʋʠɭƎʠǐʠȥʠ˖
ŹŔ˖ǬʂǫǉɭơȍơɭȍơƇɃ˖ȟơȇ˖ȶɭʠȥƎŔɽǬȥǬ˖Źʠǫʂǫ࡮࡮࡮
ࡤþɭǫǌȶȥʠȟ-ȍŔʽǫɢơƃʋȶɭŔȍơࢎþɭǫǌȶȥʠȟ7ơȍʋȶɢơƃʋȶɭŔȍơ࢏
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ŔɭŔɽǬȥƎŔ
-ࡲʋǠȶɭŔƃȶŔƃɭȶȟǫŔȍǫɽ
-ĪࡲƃơɢǠŔȍǫƃŔ
-¥ࡲɢơƃʋȶɭŔȍǫɽȍŔʋơɭŔȍǫɽ
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ȥʋơɭȇȶɽʋŔȍŔɽȍŔɭ
ࢦ¡ࡲȥʋơɭƃȶɽʋŔȍǫɽEˉʋơɭȥǫ– ȥɽɢǫɭŔɽˊȶȥ
ࢦ¡ࡲȥʋơɭƃȶɽʋŔȍǫɽȥʋơɭȥǫ– EȇɽɢǫɭŔɽˊȶȥ
ࢦ¡ࡲȥʋơɭƃȶɽʋŔȍǫɽȥʋǫȟǫ-- EȇɽɢǫɭŔɽˊȶȥࢎE-ve -E ŹŔʂ
ǠŔɭǉȍơɭƇŔɢɭŔ˖ơʂȍơʂǫˊȶɭ࢏
ࡤࡤ7ĵbèe¡71zzè
ࡤqǫŔʋʠɽȶɭʋǫƃʠɽ
-þࠀࠁ ɽơʽǫˊơɽǫȥƎơ
-ƇǫȥƎơȥȶɭʋŔ࡫7ʠƃʋʠɽþǠȶɭŔƃǫƃʠɽ࡫Īࡲ˖ˊǌȶɽǫȍơĪࡲ
qơȟǫŔ˖ˊǌȶɽ geçer.
ࡤqǫŔʋʠɽ¶ơɽȶɢǠŔǌʠɽ
¡ࡲáơƃʋȶɭŔȍǫɽ¡ǫȥɃɭ -þࠀ߿ ɽơʽǫˊơɽǫȥƎơ

-ƇǫȥƎơȥÄ˖ȶǉŔǌʠɽ࡫¥ࡲʽŔǌʠɽʽơࡲʽࡲeŔɽʋɭǫƃŔ
ࢦ¶ȟʠ˖ŔáɭȶʋɭŔȇɽǫˊȶȥࢎɽǬȍ ˊŔɢʋǬɭŔȥòơɭɭŔʋʠɽȥʋơɭǫȶɭ—
ɽǫȥǫɽʋɭŔࡶȍŔɭǬȥɃ˖ȶǉŔǌơŔȍƎŔȍȍŔɭǬ geçer
PSAࢫˊǬǠŔʋǬɭȍŔ࢏ʽơ7ơɢɭơɽˊȶȥ ˊŔɢʋǬɭǬɭࡲ
ࢦáɭȶƃࡲ-ȶɭŔƃȶǫƎơʠɽࢫʋŔɽȶȥȍŔȥŔȥþFȇŔɽʋǬɭࢎ¡ࡲŹǫƃơɢɽ ࡤbȶɭࡲĪơȥŔơ-ŔʽŔơ
ŹɭŔƃǠǫǫȇǬɽŔŹŔʂǬʽơ¡ࡲ-ȶɭŔƃȶŹɭŔƃǠǫŔȍǫɽǫɽơáɭȶƃࡲ -T8 ɽơʽǫˊơɽǫȥƎơ
-ȶɭŔƃȶǫƎơʠɽࢫʋŔȥŹŔʂȍŔɭ࢏࡫¶qèFFþĵáþzè¡Ł࡮࡮ -ƇǫȥƎơȥĪࡲ-ŔʽŔǫȥǉơɭǫȶɭʽơ¥ࡲɢǠɭơȥǫƃʠɽࢎɽŔǐ࢏ geçer.
17
ࡤþɭʠȥƃʠɽòˊȟɢǠŔʋǫƃʠɽ ࢇõĄêࢪʄŔƌƟǇŔȊŔɧƂŔƅǩȄȜǩɻɷȲɧʙ—ȲȊʙȢŔŔŸƌࡲ
˃ŔɝʄǩɧŔȜŔ˃ŔȢƌŔɷȲɧʙȢȲȊŔȢȄŔɷࡳ࢈
-7ǫˊŔǉɭŔȟǬȥȍǫǉȍơɭǫŔɭŔɽǬȥƎŔȇǫȍǫǌࡲŔɭƃʠŔʋʠȟ
ȟơƎǫŔȍơࡶȍơɭǫȥŔɭȇŔɽǬȥƎŔȥ geçer. AKSǫȍȍơɭɽǫȥǫɭʠˊŔɭƎǬǐǬȇŔɽȍŔɭ፼ þơɭơɽ¡ȥɃɭʽơDeȍʋȶǫƎ
ĔɽʋơȇɽʋɭơȟǫʋơȇŔɽȍŔɭǬ
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ࡤ¥ơɭʽʠɽȟơƎǫŔȥʠɽ
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-ÄȥȇȶȍɢɭȶȥŔʋɃɭleri
-ࠀࡲʽơࠁࡲʠȟŹɭǫȇŔȍȇŔɽȍŔɭ innerve eder
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ࢦ¡ࡲS ʠɢɭŔɽɢǫȥŔʋʠɽ
ࢦ¡ࡲ ȥǉɭŔɽɢǫȥŔʋʠɽ
ࢦ¡ࡲʋ ơɭơɽȟǫȥɃɭ
ࢦ¡ࡲS ʠŹɽƃŔɢʠȍŔɭǫɽ(S--ʋ-ò࢏
ࡤ¥ơɭʽʠɽʠȍȥŔɭǫɽ
-qǫɢȶʋơȥŔɭȇŔɽȍŔɭǬʽơb-č innerve eder. ***èȶʋŔʋȶɭƃʠǉǉȇŔɽȍŔɭǬƎơȟơȇȶȟʠ˖ŔɭȶʋŔɽˊȶȥˊŔɢʋǬɭŔȥ
-ʠȟŹɭǫȇŔȍȇŔɽlar ile b7áʠȍȥŔɭˊŔɭǬɽǬȥǬǫȥȥơɭʽơơƎơɭࡲ ȇŔɽȍŔɭƎơȟơȇ7Fh7èࡷ¶ȟʠ˖ ơȇȍơȟȇŔɢɽʧȍʧȥơʋʠʋʠȥŔȥ
ࢎɭŔƎˊŔȍ ˊŔɭǬɽǬ¥ࡲȟơƎǫŔȥʠɽ࢏ ȇŔɽȍŔɭƎơȟơȇʋǫɭࡲ࡮࡮࡮
-ˊɭǬƃŔǫȥʋơɭȶɽɽơɃ˖ȇŔɽȍŔɭǬǫȥȥơɭʽơơƎơɭ
ࢎþčò—èȶʋŔʋȶɭƃʠǉǉȶȍȟŔˊŔȥࡳ—¡ࡲʋơɭơɽȟŔǿɃɭ࢏
ࡤ¥ࡲèŔƎǫŔȍǫɽ
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ơȇɽʋŔȥɽǫˊȶȥʠƎơǐǫȍ࡮࡮࡮࢏
¡ࡲɽʠɢɭŔɽɢǫȥŔʋʠɽ
¡ࡲ7ơȍʋȶǫƎơʠɽ ࢦȶȍʠȥŔŹƎʧȇɽǫˊȶȥʠȥʠŹŔʂȍŔʋǬɭࢎ߿-ࠀࠄ࢏
› þơȥƎȶȥˊǬɭʋǬǐǬȥǬȥơȥǉŔ˖ȍŔȶȍƎʠǐʠɭȶʋŔʋȶɭƃʠǉǉȇŔɽǬƎǬɭࡲ
› èȶʋŔʋȶɭƃʠǉǉȇŔɽǬ ȶȍȟŔɽǬȥŔɭŔǐȟơȥ¶č¥è¶þòĵ¶¥
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ࢦþơȥƎȶȥʠŔƃɭȶȟǫȶȥʠȥŔȍʋǬȥƎŔȥǌơƇơɭȇơȥɽǬȇǬʂǬɭɽŔŹʠȥŔ
ǫȟɢơȥǌơȟơȥʋɽơȥƎɭȶȟʠࢎɽʠŹŔȇɭȶȟǫˊŔȍɽǬȇǬʂȟŔ࢏ denir
› Siniri ¥ࡲòʠɢɭŔɽƃŔɢʠȍŔɭǫɽ ࢎòʠɢɭŔɽɢǫȥŔʋʠɽʋơȥƎȶȥ

ˊǬɭʋǬǐǬȥƎŔòʠɢɭŔɽƃŔɢʠȍŔɭɽǫȥǫɭŹȍȶȇŔǿǬˊŔɢǬȍǬɭbþè
ȇȍǫȥǫǐǫȥƎơɽǬȇȍǬȇȍŔȇʠȍȍŔȥǬȍǬɭŹʠŹȍȶȇŔǿ࢏
ࢎþčò—ࠀࠄƎơɭơƃơˊơȇŔƎŔɭŔŹƎʠȇɽǫˊȶȥʠȇǬɽǬʋȍǬǠŔɽʋŔƎŔ
ǠŔȥǌǫɽǫȥǫɭƎơȍơ˖ˊȶȥࡳ࢏
ࢦȶȍŔŔŹƎʠȇɽǫˊȶȥࢎࠀࠄ-ࠈ߿࢏
ࢦƎƎʠȇɽǫȶȥǠŔɭǫƇʋʧȟǠŔɭơȇơʋȍơɭ
› ƃɭȶȟǫȶȥŔʋʠʋʠȥʠɭࢎ¡ࡲʋɭŔɢơ˖ǫʠɽ ƎŔŹʠɭŔˊŔʋʠʋʠȥʠɭ࢏
› Siniri ¥ࡲȇɽǫȍȍŔɭǫɽࢎ¡ࡲʋơɭơɽȟǫȥɃɭࢫʧȥƎơɽǫȥǫɭǫŹʠ࢏
18
ȶȍʠȥŹƎʠȇɽǫˊȶȥʠ
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ࢦȥࡲŔƃƃơɽȶɭǫʠɽ
• 15-ࠈ߿ࡪ¡ࡲ7ơȍʋȶǫƎơʠɽࢎ¥ࡲˉǫȍȍŔɭǫɽ࢏ ¡ࡲɽʠɢɭŔɽɢǫȥŔʋʠɽʽơȟࡲǫȥǉɭŔɽɢǫȥŔʋʠɽ
ࢦȥࡲɽʠɢɭŔɽƃŔɢʠȍŔɭǬɽ
• ऑࠈ߿एqǫɢơɭŔŹƎʧȇɽǫˊȶȥࡪ¡ࡲ òơɭɭŔʋʠɽŔȥʋơɭǫȶɭࢎ
¡ࡲȍơʽŔʋȶɭɽƃŔɢʠȍŔʽơɭǠȶȟŹȶǫƎȇŔɽȍŔɭ
ʋǠȶɭŔƃǫƃʠɽȍȶȥǌʠɽ࢏ʽơˊŔɭƎǬȟƃǬɽǬ
ࢦȥࡲƎȶɭɽŔȍǫɽɽƃŔɢʠȍŔ
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M. ǫ ȥǉɭŔɽɢǫȥŔʋʠɽ ࢦȥࡲɽʠŹɽƃŔɢʠȍŔɭǫɽ
¡ࡲƎơȍʋȶǫƎơʠɽʽơȟࡲʋơɭơɽȟǫȥɃɭ
ࢦȶȍŔE ȇɽʋơɭȥŔȍèȶʋŔɽˊȶȥˊŔɢʋǬɭǬɭࡲࢎ-E ƇŔɢɭŔ˖ơʂȍơʂȟơ࢏ ࢦȥࡲŔˉǫȍȍŔɭǫɽ
› Siniri ¥ࡲòʠɢɭŔɽƃŔɢʠȍŔɭǫɽ
¡ࡲʋơɭơɽȟǫȥɃɭ
ࢦȶȍŔE ȇɽʋơɭȥŔȍɭȶʋŔɽˊȶȥˊŔɢʋǬɭǬɭࡲࢎȟ--nör E-ȇɽʋơɭȥŔȍ
ɭȶʋŔɽˊȶȥ--- -E ƇŔɢɭŔ˖ơʂȍơʂȟơ࢏
› Siniri ¥ࡲȇɽǫȍȍŔɭǫɽࢎ¡ࡲƎơȍʋȶǫƎơʠɽʠȥƎŔɽǫȥǫɭǫŹʠ࡫ȥơˊƎǫ
ʂǫǉɭơȟǫ˖-->¡ǫ-De’de ȇɽࢫǫȍǫȇƇǬȇʋǬ࢏
¡ࡲɽʠŹɽƃŔɢʠȍŔɭǫɽ
ࢦqʠȟơɭʠɽʠȥʋʠŹơɭƃʠȍʠȟȟǫȥʠɽʠȥŔˊŔɢǬʂŔȥTEK ȇŔɽʋǬɭࡲ
ࢎ7ǫǐơɭɭȶʋŔʋȶɭƃʠǉǉ lar ʋʠŹơɭƃʠȍʠȟȟŔǿʠɽŔˊŔɢǬʂǬɭ)
› Siniri ¥ࡲòʠŹɽƃŔɢʠȍŔɭǫɽ
ࢦȶȍŔȥʋơɭȥŔȍèȶʋŔɽˊȶȥ ʽơŹǫɭŔ˖ƎŔŔƎƎʠȇɽǫˊȶȥ
ˊŔɢʋǬɭǬɭࡲ
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ࢦȶȍŔƎƎʠȇɽǫˊȶȥExʋŔȥɽǫˊȶȥʽơç RȶʋŔɽˊȶȥˊŔɢʋǬɭǬɭ
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ࠀ࢏ȟࡲɽʠɢɭŔɽɢǫȥŔʋʠɽ
ˊŔɢʋǬɭǬɭࡲ
ࠁ࢏ȟࡲɽơɭɭŔʋʠɽŔȥʋơɭǫȶɭ
¡ࡲɢơƃʋȶɭŔȍǫɽȟŔǿȶɭ ǫɽơƎƎ-bȍơˉ-è ˊŔɢʋǬɭǬɭ࢏ ࠂ࢏ȟࡲƃȶɭŔƃȶŹɭŔƃǠǫŔȍǫɽ
ࠃ࢏ȟࡲƎơȍʋȶǫƎơʠɽɢŔɭɽŔƃɭȶȟǫŔȍǫɽǫ
› è¶þòĵ¶¥ĵáþzèzèAMA ȶȟʠ˖ơȇȍơȟȇŔɢɽʧȍʧȥơ
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ࡤb¶òò-č%zþzò
-7ǬʂʋŔࡷȟࡲŹɭŔƃǠǫȶɭŔƎǫŔȍǫɽ
-ƇʋơࡷȟࡲɢɭȶȥŔʋȶɭʋơɭơɽ
-þŔŹŔȥǬࡷ ǠʠȟơɭʠɽࡶʠȥơɢǫȇȶȥƎʧȍȍơɭǫȥǫŹǫɭȍơʂʋǫɭơȥǠŔˊŔȍǫ
ʋɭŔȥɽʽơɭɽƇǫ˖ǌǫ
19
-1ŔʋǬɽǬࡷ Ǝơɭǫ࡫ǉŔɽˊŔʽơŔɢȶȥơʠɭȶɽǫɽŹǫƃǫɢǫʋŔȍǫɽࢎȍŔƃơɭʋʠɽ ࡤ¡ࡲþɭǫƃơɢɽ%ɭŔƃǠǫǫ

ǉǫŹɭȶɽʠɽ࢏
-%ŔʂȍŔȥǌǬƇࡪþʠŹơɭƃʠȍʠȟǫȥǉɭŔǌȍơȥȶǫƎŔȍơࢎ-Ŕɢʠʋȍȶȥǌʠȟ࢏
ƇǫȥƎơŹʠȍʠȥŔȥŔȥŔʋȶȟǫȇˊŔɢǬȍŔɭ Ǡʠȟơɭʠɽ ǌɃʽƎơɽǫࢎ-ŔɢʠʋȟơƎǫŔȍơʽơ-ŔɢʠʋȍŔʋơɭŔȍơ࢏
-%ǫʋǫʂࡪ¶ȍơƃɭŔȥȶȥࢎ%ʠɭƎŔɽȶȥȍŔȥŔȥþFȇŔɽ࢏
- ¥ࡲȟơƎǫŔȥʠɽ -bȶȥȇɽǫˊȶȥࡪÄȥȇȶȍŔơȇɽʋŔȥɽǫˊȶȥ
- ࡲŹɭŔƃǠǫŔȍǫɽ ʽơʠƇƎŔȍȍŔɭǬȶȍŔȥŔࡲʠȍȥŔɭǫɽǫȍơŔࡲɭŔƎǫŔȍǫɽ -òǫȥǫɭǫࡪ¥ࡲɭŔƎǫŔȍǫɽ
- N. ɭŔƎǫŔȍǫɽ ʽơƎơɭǫȥƎŔȍǬࢎȥࡲǫȥʋơɭȶɽɽơʠɽɢȶɽʋơɭǫȶɭ࡫ए
á¥࢏
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ࢎȥȶƎǫɽʠɢɭŔʋɭȶƃǠȍơŔɭơɽ࢏
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ࡤ¡ࡲ%ǫƃơɢɽ%ɭŔƃǠǫǫ
-%ŔʂȍŔȥǌǬƇ: áɭȶƃࡲ-ȶɭŔƃȶǫƎơʠɽࢎƃŔɢʠʋŹɭơʽơ࢏ʽơ
þʠŹơɭƃʠȍʠȟɽʠɢɭŔǌȍơȥȶǫƎŔȍơࢎƃŔɢʠʋȍȶȥǌʠȟ࢏
-%ǫʋǫʂࡪþʠŹơɭȶɽǫʋŔɽɭŔƎǫǫ
-bȶȥȇɽǫˊȶȥࡪȶȍŔʽơɃȥȇȶȍŔǉȍơȇɽǫˊȶȥǫȍơɃȥȇȶȍŔ
ɽʠɢǫȥŔɽˊȶȥࢎơȥǌʧƇȍʧ࢏
-òǫȥǫɭǫࡪ¥ࡲ¡ʠɽƃʠȍȶƃʠʋŔȥơʠɽ
ࡤࡤ¡ࡲɢơƃʋȶɭŔȍǫɽȟǫȥȶɭʽơ¡ࡲŹǫƃơɢɽŹɭŔƃǠǫǫǠʠȟơɭʠɽŔ
ʋʠʋʠȥȟŔ˖ࡲ
20
ࡤ¡ࡲ%ɭŔƃǠǫŔȍǫɽ ࡤ¡ࡲ%ɭŔƃǠǫȶɭŔƎǫŔȍǫɽ
-%ŔʂȍŔȥǌǬƇࡪqʠȟơɭʠɽǌɃʽƎơɽǫ -%ŔʂȍŔȥǌǬƇࡪqʠȟơɭʠɽƎǫɽʋŔȍǫ
-%ǫʋǫʂࡪþʠŹơɭȶɽǫʋŔɽʠȍȥŔơ -%ǫʋǫʂࡪáɭȶƃࡲɽʋˊȍȶǫƎơʠɽɭŔƎǫǫ
-bȶȥȇɽǫˊȶȥࡪÄȥȇȶȍŔǉȍơȇɽǫˊȶȥ -bȶȥȇɽǫˊȶȥࡪÄȥȇȶȍŔǉȍơȇɽǫˊȶȥ
-òǫȥǫɭǫࡪ¥ࡲ¡ʠɽƃʠȍȶƃʠʋŔȥơʠɽ -òǫȥǫɭǫࡪ¥ࡲɭŔƎǫŔȍǫɽ
ࡤࡤ¥ࡲɭŔƎǫŔȍǫɽʋŔɭŔǉǬȥƎŔȥʠˊŔɭǬȍȟŔɽǬȥŔɭŔǐȟơȥ࡫ɃȥȇȶȍŔ
ǉȍơȇɽǫˊȶȥˊŔɢʋǬɭǬɭࢎòþò¥ࡪ1ʧȥȇʧƎǫɭɽơȇơȇȍơȟǫȥǫɃȥ
ˊʧ˖ƎơȥƇŔɢɭŔ˖ȍŔɭࡲ¥ࡲɭŔƎǫŔȍǫɽǫȍơʠˊŔɭǬȍŔȥƎǫǐơɭȇŔɽȍŔɭɃȥ
ȇȶȍŔơȇɽʋơȥɽǫˊȶȥˊŔɢʋǬɭǬɭࡲ࢏
21
ࡤ¡ࡲ-ȶɭŔƃȶŹɭŔƃǠǫŔȍǫɽ ࡤÄȥȇȶȍǉȍơȇɽɃɭȍơɭǫ
-%ŔʂȍŔȥǌǬƇࡪáɭȶƃࡲƃȶɭŔƃȶǫƎơʠɽ ĵʧ˖ơˊơȍʋŔŹŔȇŔ
-%ǫʋǫʂࡪqʠȟơɭʠɽǌɃʽƎơɽǫ -¡ࡲɢɭȶȥŔʋȶɭʋơɭơɽ
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-òǫȥǫɭǫࡪ¥ࡲ¡ʠɽƃʠȍȶƃʠʋŔȥơʠɽࢎ%ʠɽǫȥǫɭʋŔɭŔǉǬȥƎŔȥƎơȍǫȥǫɭ࢏ -¡ࡲɢŔȍȟŔɭǫɽȍȶȥǌʠɽ
-¡ࡲǉȍơˉȶɭƃŔɭɢǫʠȍȥŔɭǫɽ
¶ɭʋŔʋŔŹŔȇŔ
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7ơɭǫȥʋŔŹŔȇŔ
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- ¡ࡲǉȍơˉȶɭƎǫǌǫʋȶɭʠȟɢɭȶǉʠȥƎʠɽࡶʠȥʋơȥƎȶȥȍŔɭǬ
- ¡ࡲǉȍơˉȶɭɢȶȍȍǫƃǫɽȍȶȥǌʠɽࡶʠȥʋơȥƎȶȥʠ
** ࠄáŔɭȟŔǐŔǌǫƎơȥǉȍơȇɽȶɭʋơȥƎȶȥȍŔɭࢎࠃʋŔȥơb7òࠃʋŔȥơ
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ʋơȥƎȶȥȍŔɭǬȥɽǫȥǫɭǫȶȍŔȥ¥ࡲ¡ơƎǫŔȥʠɽ ȇŔɭɢŔȍʋʧȥơȍƎơȥ
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ࡤࡤȶȍʠȥƎƎʠȇɽǫˊȶȥʠ
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ȟơƎǫŔȍǫɽ࢏
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ࡤࡤȶȍʠȥFȇɽʋŔȥɽǫˊȶȥʠ
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ࡤࡤÄȥȇȶȍáɭȶȥŔɽˊȶȥʠ
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ࡤ¥ࡲȟơƎǫŔȥʠɽǠŔɽŔɭǬȥƎŔ¡ࡲ¶ɢɢȶȥơȥɽɢȶȍȍǫƃǫɽࡶǫȥ
ǠŔɽŔɭǬȥŔŹŔǐȍǬȶȍŔɭŔȇŹŔʂɢŔɭȟŔȇȶɢɢȶ˖ǫɽˊȶȥˊŔɢŔȟŔ˖ࡲ
ࡤÄȥȇȶȍơȇɽʋơȥɽɃɭȍơɭǫए¥ࡲèŔƎǫŔȍǫɽएࢎBEST ABD-A-L࢏
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-SʠɢǫȥŔʋȶɭ
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Aȥƃȶȥơʠɽ࢏
22
ȍʋơȇɽʋɭơȟǫʋơȇŔɽȍŔɭǬ ࡤ¡ࡲǫȍǫȶɢɽȶŔɽ
-¶ࡪþࠀࠁ࡫ࠀ-ࠃʽơɭʋơŹɭŔࢎ¡ࡲɢɽȶŔɽȟŔǿɃɭ࢏ʽơbȶɽɽŔ
čˊȍʠȇÄȥ7ǬʂŔɽȍŔɭǬ ǫȍǫŔƃŔࢎ¡ࡲǫȍǫŔƃʠɽ࢏
-ࡪþɭȶƃǠŔȥʋơɭȟǫȥȶɭࢎ%ʠɭƎŔɽȶȥȍŔȥŔȥþFȇŔɽ࢏
ࡤ¡ࡲʋơȥɽȶɭǉŔɽƃǫŔơȍŔʋŔơ -bࡪŔȍƇŔˊŔǉȍơȇɽǫˊȶȥࢎơɽŔɽ࢏ʽơFè࡫eɃʽƎơˊơ
ǉȍơȇɽǫˊȶȥࢎòʠɢǫȥÆ ¶ʋʠɭȟŔ࢏
-¶ࡪòò -òࡪ¥ࡲbơȟȶɭŔȍǫɽࢎ¡ࡲǫȍǫŔƃʠɽ࢏ʽơࠀ࡫ࠁ࡫ࠂɃȥƎŔȍȍŔɭǬࢎ¡ࡲɢɽȶŔɽ
-ࡪþɭŔƃʋʠɽǫȍǫȶʋǫŹǫŔȍǫɽ ȟŔǿɃɭ࢏
-bࡪčˊȍʠǐŔǉȍơȇɽǫˊȶȥࢎơɽŔɽ࢏࡫è࡫ŔŹƎʠȇɽǫˊȶȥǫȍơŹŔƃŔǐŔ
ơȇɽʋơȥɽǫˊȶȥʽơFè ࡤࡤáȍơˉʠɽʠȟŹŔȍǫɽ࡫¡ࡲɢɽȶŔɽȟŔǿɃɭࢫʧȥèɽǬȥƎŔˊơɭ
-òࡪ¥ࡲǌȍʠʋơʠɽɽʠɢơɭǫȶɭ ŔȍǬɭࡲ
**M. ǫȍǫȶɢɽȶŔɽǫǌࡲȥǌʠǫȥŔȍơࢫȥǫȥèɽǬȥƎŔȥǌơƇơɭࡲ
þɭŔƃʋʠɽǫȍǫȶʋǫŹǫŔȍǫɽ
ࡤbŔɽƃǫŔȍŔʋŔࢎएbŔɽƃǫŔɢɭȶǉʠȥƎŔࢫȥǬȥʠˊȍʠȇʋŔȇǫŹɃȍʧȟʧ࢏ȥǬȥ
ȇŔȍǬȥƎǬʂɢŔɭƇŔɽǬ
ࡤ¡ࡲǌȍʠʋơʠɽȟŔˉǫȟʠɽʽơ¡ࡲʋơȥɽȶɭǉŔɽƃǫŔȍŔʋŔơ ǫƇǫȥ
ˊŔɢǬʂȟŔˊơɭǫƎǫɭࡲ
23
ࡤ¡ࡲòŔɭʋȶɭǫʠɽ ࡤ¡ࡲɩʠŔƎɭǫƃơɢɽǉơȟȶɭǫɽ
-¶ࡪòǫò -¶ࡪòǫǫࢎèơƃʋʠɽǉơȟȶɭǫɽ࢏
-ࡪþʠŹơɭȶɽǫʋŔɽʋǫŹǫŔȥǬȥȟơƎǫŔȍǫȥƎơȇǫɢơɽ bơȟʠɭɢɭȶȇɽࡲࢎĪŔɽʋʠɽȟơƎࡲࡸȍŔʋࡲࡸǫȥʋơɭȟơƎࡲ࢏
ŔȥɽơɭǫȥʠɽࢎbơȟʠɭࢫŔʋʠʋʠȥȟŔ˖࢏ -ࡪþʠŹơɭȶɽǫʋŔɽʋǫŹǫŔࢎǫǌࡲɢŔʋơȍȍŔ࢏
-bࡪŔȍƇŔˊŔǉȍơȇɽǫˊȶȥ࡫ŔŹƎʠȇɽǫˊȶȥʽơǫƇɭȶʋŔɽˊȶȥࡷƎǫ˖ơ -bࡪŔȍƇŔˊŔǉȍơȇɽǫˊȶȥࢎɭơƃʋʠɽǉơȟȶɭǫɽ࢏
ǉȍơȇɽǫˊȶȥʽơǫƇɭȶʋŔɽˊȶȥ 7ǫ˖ơơȇɽʋŔȥɽǫˊȶȥࢎǠơɢɽǫ࢏
-òࡪ¥ࡲbơȟȶɭŔȍǫɽ -òࡪ¥ࡲbơȟȶɭŔȍǫɽ
ࡤþɭǫǌȶȥʠȟǉơȟȶɭŔȍơȥǫȥƎǬʂɽǬȥǬɭǬȥǬˊŔɢŔɭࡲ
24
ࡤþɭǫǌȶȥʠȟbơȟȶɭŔȍơ čˊȍʠȇǫƇŹɃȍǌơȇŔɽȍŔɭǬ
ࡤ-ŔȥŔȍǫɽbơȟȶɭŔȍǫɽ
-bơȟȶɭŔȍȇǬȍǬǉǫƇǫȥƎơ࡫qǫŔʋʠɽòŔɢǠơȥʠɽࢫŔȇŔƎŔɭʠ˖ŔȥǬɭࡲ
-ŔɭǬȥŹȶʂȍʠǐʠȥŔŹŔȇŔȥɢɭȶȇɽǫȟŔȍʠƃʠÆȥʠȍʠɽ
ǉơȟȶɭŔȍǫɽ
ࡤȥʠȍʠɽbơȟȶɭŔȍǫɽࡶǫȥòǬȥǬɭȍŔɭǬ
-ÖnÆ ǫǌࡲȥǌʠǫȥŔȍơࢎࠀ࢏
-ƇÆ ǫǌࡲŔƃʠȥŔɭơࢎࠁ࢏
-ArkaÆ ¡ࡲáơƃʋǫȥơʠɽࢎࠂ࢏ʽơǫǌࡲáơƃʋǫȥơʠȟ
-7ǬʂÆ ĪࡲbơȟȶɭŔȍǫɽ
ࡤ-ŔȥŔȍǫɽƎƎʠƃʋȶɭǫʠɽࢎòʠŹɽŔɭʋȶɭˊŔȍŔȥŔȍ࡫qʠȥʋơɭ
ŔȥŔȍǬ࢏
-þɭǫǌȶȥʠȟǉơȟȶɭŔȍơࡶˊǫbȶɽɽŔɢȶɢȍǫʋơŔࢫˊŔŹŔǐȍŔɭࡲ
-¡ࡲɽŔɭʋȶɭǫʠɽࡶʠȥŔȍʋǬȥƎŔƎǬɭࡲ
-qǫŔʋʠɽŔƎƎʠƃʋȶɭǫʠɽÆ ¡ࡲŔƎƎʠƃʋȶɭȟŔǌȥʠɽࡶʠȥ
ŔɢȶȥɃɭȶ˖ʠ
ƇǫȥƎơࡷ
-ࡲǉơȟȶɭŔȍǫɽʽơࡲƎơɽƃơȥƎơȥɽǌơȥʠ
-ĪࡲǉơȟȶɭŔȍǫɽ
-¥ࡲɽŔɢǠơȥʠɽࢎ¥ࡲǉơȟȶɭŔȍǫɽࡶǫȥƎơɭǫƎŔȍǬ࡫ʠˊȍʠȇŔɭȇŔɽǬȥŔ
ǌơƇȟơ˖ࡲŔȟǫȥŔʽŔɽʋȶŔƎƎʠƃʋȶɭǫŔࡶˊǬƎơȍơɭơȇȇŔȥŔȍǬ
ƇŔʋǬɽǬȥƎŔȥʋơɭȇơƎơɭࡲ࢏
-¥ࡲȶŹʋʠɭŔʋȶɭǫʠɽࡶŔŔǫʋŹǫɭȇǬɽǬȟȍǫǉȍơɭ
-ơȥǉƎŔȟŔɭȍŔɭǬ
òǬȥǬɭȍŔɭǬࡷ
Äȥ-ƎǬʂࡪ¡ࡲʽŔɽʋʠɽȟơƎǫŔȍǫɽ
ɭȇŔ-ˊʠȇŔɭǬࡪ¡ࡲŔƎƎʠƃʋȶɭȍȶȥǌʠɽ
ɭȇŔ-ŔʂŔǐǬࡪ¡ࡲŔƎƎʠƃʋȶɭȟŔǌȥʠɽ
Äȥ-ǫƇࡪ¡ࡲŔƎƎʠƃʋȶɭȍȶȥǌʠɽ ve ȟŔǌȥʠɽ ǫȍơ¡ࡲʽŔɽʋʠɽ
ȟơƎǫŔȍǫɽ ŔɭŔɽǬȥƎŔʠ˖ŔȥŔȥŔɢȶȥɃɭȶ˖
25
ࡤ¡ࡲɢơƃʋǫȥơʠɽ ࡤ¡ࡲƎƎʠƃʋȶɭ%ɭơʽǫɽ
-¶ࡪáʠŹǫɽ
-ࡪbơȟʠɭƎŔǫȥơŔáơƃʋǫȥơŔ -¶ࡪáʠŹǫɽ
-bࡪŔȍƇŔˊŔŔƎƎʠȇɽǫˊȶȥ࡫ǉȍơȇɽǫˊȶȥ -ࡪbơȟʠɭȶɭʋŔ-ƎǫɽʋŔȍŹɃȍʧȟʧȥȟơƎǫŔȍȇǬɽȟǬ
-òࡪ¥ࡲbơȟȶɭŔȍǫɽࢎŹŔ˖ơȥ¥ࡲȶŹʋʠɭŔʋȶɭǫʠɽŔƃƃơɽɽȶɭǫʠɽ࢏ -bࡪŔȍƇŔˊŔŔƎƎʠȇɽǫˊȶȥ
-òࡪ¥ࡲ¶ŹʋʠɭŔʋȶɭǫʠɽ
ࡤࡤþɭǫǌȶȥʠȟbơȟȶɭŔȍơࢫȥǫȥƎɃʂơȟơɽǫȥǫˊŔɢŔɭࡲ
26
ࡤ¡ࡲƎƎʠƃʋȶɭȶȥǌʠɽ * M. ƎƎʠƃʋȶɭ¡Ŕǌȥʠɽ
-¶ࡪáʠŹǫɽ -¶ࡪáʠŹǫɽ
-ࡪbơȟʠɭȶɭʋŔ-ƎǫɽʋŔȍŹɃȍʧȟʧȥȟơƎǫŔȍȇǬɽȟǬ -ࡪbơȟʠɭȶɭʋŔ-ƎǫɽʋŔȍŹɃȍʧȟʧȥȟơƎǫŔȍȇǬɽȟǬ
-bࡪŔȍƇŔˊŔŔƎƎʠȇɽǫˊȶȥ -bࡪŔȍƇŔˊŔŔƎƎʠȇɽǫˊȶȥ࡫ƎǬʂɭȶʋŔɽˊȶȥࢎǫƇɢŔɭƇŔ࢏ʽơ
-òࡪ¥ࡲ¶ŹʋʠɭŔʋȶɭǫʠɽ ơȇɽʋŔȥɽǫˊȶȥࢎŔɭȇŔɢŔɭƇŔ࢏
-òࡪ¥ࡲ¶ŹʋʠɭŔʋȶɭǫʠɽࢎǫƇɢŔɭƇŔɽǬ࢏ʽơ¥ࡲþǫŹǫŔȍǫɽࢎŔɭȇŔ
ɢŔɭƇŔɽǬ࢏
ࡤࡤqǫŔʋʠɽŔƎƎʠƃʋȶɭǫʠɽʠȶȍʠʂʋʠɭʠɭࡲ
ࡤࡤčˊȍʠǐʠȥǠơȟǫƇ࡫ǠơȟƎơŔɭȇŔŹɃȍǌơɽǫȥƎơˊơɭʋʠʋŔȥʋơȇ
ȇŔɽʋǬɭࡲ
27
ࡤ¡ࡲeɭŔƃǫȍǫɽ eȍʠʋơŔȍ%ɃȍǌơȇŔɽȍŔɭǬ
-¶ࡪáʠŹǫɽ ࡤ¡ࡲǌȍʠʋơʠɽȟŔˉǫȟʠɽ
-ࡪþʠŹơɭȶɽǫʋŔɽʋǫŹǫŔȟơƎǫŔȍǫȥƎơáơɽȥɽơɭǫʠɽ -¶ࡪòŔƃɭʠȟʽơǫȍǫʠȟŔɭȇŔɽǬ
-bࡪŔȍƇŔˊŔŔƎƎʠȇɽǫˊȶȥʽơǉȍơȇɽǫˊȶȥ࡫ŹŔƃŔǐŔǫɽơ -ࡪþʠŹơɭȶɽǫʋŔɽǌȍʠʋơŔʽơʋɭŔƃʋʠɽǫȍǫȶʋǫŹǫŔȍǫɽ
ǉȍơȇɽǫˊȶȥʽơǫƇɭȶʋŔɽˊȶȥ -bࡪŔȍƇŔơȇɽʋŔȥɽǫˊȶȥʠ࡫ơȇɽʋơɭȥŔȍɭȶʋŔɽˊȶȥʠࢎFò-Fè࢏
-òࡪ¥ࡲ¶ŹʋʠɭŔʋȶɭǫʠɽ ࡤࡤŔɽǬȥĔɽʋȍǫǉȍơɭǫÆ ŹƎʠȇɽǫˊȶȥȍʋȍǫǉȍơɭǫÆ
ƎƎʠȇɽǫˊȶȥ
ࡤࡤƎƎʠȇʋȶɭǌɭʠɢʋŔˊơɭŔȍŔȥȇŔɽȍŔɭǬȥǠơɢɽǫƃȶˉŔƎŔȥ -òࡪ¥ࡲeȍʠʋơʠɽǫȥǉơɭǫȶɭ
ŹŔʂȍŔɭࡲ¡ࡲǌɭŔƃǫȍǫɽǠŔɭǫƇƎǫǐơɭȍơɭǫǉơȟʠɭƎŔɽȶȥȍŔȥǬɭࡲ
**¡ࡲǌɭŔƃǫȍǫɽ࡫ʋǫŹǫŔƎŔɽȶȥȍŔȥƎǬǐǬǫƇǫȥʠˊȍʠȇŔƎƎʧȇʋɃɭ ࡤȶʂȟŔ࡫ȟơɭƎǫʽơȥƇǬȇȟŔ࡫ˊȶȇʠʂƇǬȇȟŔ࡫ȶʋʠɭʠɭ
ȇŔɽȍŔɭǬŔɭŔɽǬȥƎŔŔˊȥǬ˖ŔȟŔȥƎŔŹŔƃŔǐŔƎŔǠŔɭơȇơʋ ɢȶ˖ǫɽˊȶȥƎŔȥ
ˊŔɢʋǬɭǬŔȥþFȇŔɽʋǬɭࡲ ƎȶǐɭʠȍȟŔơɽȥŔɽǬȥƎŔŔȇʋǫǉʋǫɭࡲ
28
ࡤ¡ࡲǌȍʠʋơʠɽȟơƎǫʠɽࡸȟǫȥǫȟʠɽ
-¶ࡪǫȍǫʠȟŔɭȇŔɽǬ
-ࡪþɭȶƃǠŔȥʋơɭȟŔǿɃɭ
-bࡪŔȍƇŔŔŹƎʧȇɽǫˊȶȥʠ࡫ǫȥʋơɭȥŔȍɭȶʋŔɽˊȶȥʠࢎ%7-è࢏
áơȍʽǫɽǫˊơɭơŹŔɽŔȥŔˊŔȇʋŔɭŔǉǬȥŔƇơȇơɭࡲ
-òࡪ¥ࡲeȍʠʋơʠɽɽʠɢơɭǫȶɭ
bơȍƃǫÆ þɭơȥƎơȍơȥŹʠɭǌŹơȍǫɭʋǫɽǫࢎþơȇʋŔɭŔǉȍǬ࢏
ÄɭƎơȇʽŔɭǫˊʧɭʧˊʧʂࢎ1ǫǉʋʋŔɭŔǉȍǬ࢏
ࡤþɭơȥƎơȍơȥŹʠɭǌþơɽʋǫ
¥ȶɭȟŔȍƎơʋơȇŔˊŔȇʧ˖ơɭǫȥƎơŔˊŔȇʋŔƎʠɭʠȍƎʠǐʠ˖ŔȟŔȥ
ŔǐǬɭȍǬȇŹǫȥơȥʋŔɭŔǉʋŔȇǫŔŹƎʠȇʋȶɭȇŔɽȍŔɭƎơȥǌơˊǫ
ɽʧɭƎʧɭȟơȇǫƇǫȥȇŔɽǬȍǬɭʽơƎơɽʋơȇɽǫ˖ʋŔɭŔǉʋŔȇǫȇɭǫɽʋŔ
ǫȍǫŔȇŔƎŔǠŔˊʧȇɽơȇʋơȇŔȍǬɭ࡫ʋơɭɽǫȶȍʠɭˊŔȥǫȇɭǫɽʋŔǫȍǫŔȇŔ
ƎŔǠŔŔʂŔǐǬƎŔȇŔȍǬɭɽŔ࡫ǌȍʠʋơʠɽȟơƎǫʠɽȇŔɽǬȥǬȥ˖ŔˊǬǉȍǬǐǬȥŔ
ǫʂŔɭơʋơƎơɭࡲ
čˊȍʠȇ7ǬʂèȶʋŔʋȶɭȇŔɽȍŔɭǬ
29
čˊȍʠȇŔɭȇŔŹɃȍǌơȇŔɽȍŔɭǬ
ࡤࡤqŔȟɽʋɭǫȥǌࢎɽƃǠǫȶƃɭʠɭŔȍ࢏ŔɽȍŔɭǬ
-¡ࡲŹǫƃơɢɽǉơȟȶɭǫɽ࡫¡ࡲɽơȟǫʋơȥƎǫȥȶɽʠɽʽơ
¡ࡲɽơȟǫȟơȟŹɭŔȥȶɽʠɽ
-ɽȇǫʠȟƎŔȥŹŔʂȍŔɭȇɭʠɭǫɽơˊŔɢǬʂǬɭࡲ
-qơȟȇŔȍƇŔơȇȍơȟǫȥǫǠơȟƎơƎǫ˖ơȇȍơȟǫȥǫŔɭȇŔƎŔȥ
geçer.
-7ȶȍŔˊǬɽǬˊȍŔȇŔȍƇŔˊŔơȇɽʋŔȥɽǫˊȶȥʽơƎǫ˖ơǉȍơȇɽǫˊȶȥ
ˊŔɢʋǬɭǬɭȍŔɭࡲ
ࡤ¡ࡲ%ǫƃơɢɽǉơȟȶɭǫɽ
-¶ࡪþʠŹơɭǫɽƃǠǫŔƎǫƃʠȟࢎ-Ŕɢʠʋȍȶȥǌʠȟ࢏ʽơǫȥơŔŔɽɢơɭŔ
ࢎ-ŔɢʠʋŹɭơʽơ࢏
-ࡪ-ŔɢʠʋǉǫŹʠȍŔࢎ%ʠɭŔƎŔɽȶȥȍŔȥŔȥþFȇŔɽ࢏
-bࡪŔȍƇŔˊŔơȇɽʋŔȥɽǫˊȶȥ࡫ŹŔƃŔǐŔǉȍơȇɽǫˊȶȥʽơƎǬʂ
ɭȶʋŔɽˊȶȥ
-òࡪ¥ࡲþǫŹǫŔȍǫɽࢎ-Ŕɢʠʋȍȶȥǌʠȟ࢏ʽơ¥ࡲbǫŹʠȍŔɭǫɽ
ƃȶȟȟʠȥǫɽࢎ-ŔɢʠʋŹɭơʽơ࢏
ࡤ¡ࡲɢǫɭǫǉȶɭȟǫɽ
ࡤࡤ¥ࡲɽƃǠǫŔƎǫƃʠɽए¥ࡲþǫŹǫŔȍǫɽऋ¥ࡲbǫŹʠȍŔɭǫɽࢎɢơɭȶȥơʠɽ࢏
-¶ࡪòŔȇɭʠȟ ƃȶȟȟʠȥǫɽ
-ࡪþɭȶƃǠŔȥʋơɭȟŔǿɃɭ 7ȶȍŔˊǬɽǬˊȍŔ¡ࡲ%ǫƃơɢɽǉơȟȶɭǫɽ࡫¥ࡲɽƃǠǫŔƎǫƃʠɽʋŔɭŔǉǬȥƎŔȥ
-bࡪŔȍƇŔˊŔ7z÷è¶þòĵ¶¥࡫ŔŹƎʠȇɽǫˊȶȥʽơơȇɽʋŔȥɽǫˊȶȥ ʠˊŔɭǬȍŔȥʋơȇȇŔɽʋǬɭࡲࢎࡤࡤÄ¥F¡%eࡤࡤ࢏
-òࡪáȍơˉʠɽɽŔȇɭŔȍǫɽࢫʋơȥƇǬȇŔȥƎŔȍȍŔɭ
ࡤbȶɭŔȟơȥǫɽƃǠǫŔƎǫƃʠȟȟŔǿʠɽࡶʋŔȥǌơƇơȥơȥŹʧˊʧȇ
ȶȍʠʂʠȟ
ࡵǉȶɭࡲɽʠɢɭŔɢǫɭǫǉȶɭȟơʽơǉȶɭࡲǫȥǉɭŔɢǫɭǫǉȶɭȟơࡵ
ࡤáȍơˉʠɽɽŔƃɭŔȍǫɽ࡫ŹʠȇŔɽǬȥÖN ˊʧ˖ʧʧ˖ơɭǫȥƎơȶʋʠɭʠɭࡲ
30
ࡤ¡ࡲòơȟǫʋơȥƎǫȥȶɽʠɽ
-¶ࡪþʠŹơɭǫɽƃǠǫŔƎǫƃʠȟ
-ࡪþʠŹơɭȶɽǫʋŔɽʋǫŹǫŔȥǬȥǫƇʋŔɭŔǉǬȥƎŔȇǫáơɽȥɽơɭǫȥ
ŹɃȍǌơɽǫ
-bࡪŔȍƇŔˊŔơȇɽʋŔȥɽǫˊȶȥŹŔƃŔǐŔǉȍơȇɽǫˊȶȥʽơǫƇɭȶʋŔɽˊȶȥ
-òࡪ¥ࡲþǫŹǫŔȍǫɽ
31
ࡤ¡ࡲòơȟǫȟơȟŹɭŔȥȶɽʠɽ
-¶ࡪþʠŹơɭǫɽƃǠǫŔƎǫƃʠȟ
-ࡪþǫŹǫŔȟơƎǫŔȍȇȶȥƎǫȍǫ
-bࡪŔȍƇŔˊŔơȇɽʋŔȥɽǫˊȶȥŹŔƃŔǐŔǉȍơȇɽǫˊȶȥʽơǫƇɭȶʋŔɽˊȶȥ
ࡤáơɽȥɽơɭǫȥʠɽ
ࡤࡤòȶȥʠƇʋơȥƎȶȥʠȥʠȥŹǫɭɢŔɭƇŔɽǬ࡫Ǝǫ˖ơȇȍơȟǫȥǫȥƎǬʂ
ȍǫǌŔȟơȥʋȍơɭǫȥƎơȥŹǫɭǫɽǫȶȍŔȥ ǫǌࡲɢȶɢȍǫʋơʠȟȶŹȍǫɩʠȟʠ
ȶȍʠʂʋʠɭʠɭࡲ
ࡤbȶɽɽŔɢȶɢȍǫʋơŔ
ƇǫȥƎơࡷ
-ࡲɢȶɢȍǫʋơŔ
-ĪࡲɢȶɢȍǫʋơŔ
-ĪࡲɽŔɢǠơȥŔɢŔɭʽŔ
-¥ࡲʋǫŹǫŔȍǫɽ
-¥ࡲǉǫŹʠȍŔɭǫɽƃȶȟȟʠȥǫɽ
-¥ࡲɽʠɭŔȍǫɽǫȶȍʠʂʋʠɭŔȥƎŔȍȍŔɭࢎ¥ࡲƃʠʋŔȥơʠɽɽʠɭŔơȟơƎǫŔȍǫɽ
ʽơȍŔʋơɭŔȍǫɽ࢏
32
-¥ࡲƃʠʋŔȥơʠɽǉơȟȶɭǫɽɢȶɽʋơɭǫȶɭ
ࢎĪࡲɽŔɢǠơȥŔ ȟŔǌȥŔ࡫ࡲʋǫŹǫŔȍǫɽŔȥʋࡲʽơɢȶɽʋࡲb¶òò
á¶áþF7%čč¥¡Ł࡮࢏
òǬȥǬɭȍŔɭǬࡷ
-ĵʠȇŔɭǬ-ǫƇࡪ¡ࡲɽơȟǫȟơȟŹɭŔȥȶɽʠɽʽơ¡ࡲɽơȟǫʋơȥƎǫȥȶɽʠɽ
-ĵʠȇŔɭǬ-ƎǬʂࡪ¡ࡲŹǫƃơɢɽǉơȟȶɭǫɽ
-ʂŔǐǬ-ǫƇࡪ¡ࡲǌŔɽʋɭȶƃȥơȟǫʠɽƃŔɢʠʋȟơƎǫŔȍơ
-ʂŔǐǬ-ƎǬʂࡪ¡ࡲǌŔɽʋɭȶƃȥơȟǫʠɽƃŔɢʠʋȍŔʋơɭŔȍơʽơ¡ࡲ
ɢȍŔȥʋŔɭǫɽ
ࡤ¡ࡲʋǫŹǫŔȍǫɽŔȥʋơɭǫȶɭ
%ŔƃŔȇɃȥŹɃȍǌơȇŔɽȍŔɭǬ
ࡤ%ŔƃŔǐǬȥÄȥ %ɃȍǌơɽǫȥǫȥŔɽȍŔɭǬ
ࢎए7ȶɭɽǫǉȍơȇɽǫˊȶȥए¥ࡲǉǫŹʠȍŔɭǫɽɢɭȶǉʠȥƎʠɽ࢏
-¡ࡲʋǫŹǫŔȍǫɽŔȥʋơɭǫȶɭ
-¡ࡲơˉʋơȥɽȶɭǠŔȍȍʠƃǫɽȍȶȥǌʠɽ
-¡ࡲơˉʋơȥɽȶɭƎǫǌǫʋȶɭʠȟȍȶȥǌʠɽ
-¡ࡲǉǫŹʠȍŔɭǫɽࢎɢơɭȶȥơʠɽ࢏ʋơɭʋǫʠɽ
33
*M. ơˉʋơȥɽȶɭǠŔȍȍʠƃǫɽȍȶȥǌʠɽ
%ŔƃŔȇƎǬʂŹɃȍǌơȇŔɽȍŔɭǬ
ࡤ%ŔƃŔǐǬȥĵŔȥ %ɃȍǌơɽǫȥǫȥŔɽȍŔɭǬ
ࢎएFʽơɭɽǫˊȶȥऋɢȍŔȥʋŔɭǉȍơȇɽǫˊȶȥए¥ࡲǉǫŹʠȍŔɭǫɽɽʠɢơɭǉǫƃǫŔȍǫɽ࢏
-¡ࡲǉǫŹʠȍŔɭǫɽȍȶȥǌʠɽࢎ1. ¡ơʋŔʋŔɭɽŔʋʠʋʠȥʠɭ࢏एˊŔȇ
ȇʠŹŹơɽǫȥǫȥŔȇʋǫǉƎơɽʋơǐǫ
-¡ࡲǉǫŹʠȍŔɭǫɽŹɭơʽǫɽࢎ5. ¡ơʋŔʋŔɭɽŔʋʠʋʠȥʠɭ࢏
ࡤFʽơɭɽǫˊȶȥएŔŹƎʧȇɽǫˊȶȥऋǫƇɭȶʋŔɽˊȶȥÆ ǫƇǫȥƎơ
ࢪࢫb%čèòࢫࢫǌơƇơȥȇŔɽȍŔɭ
ࡤ¡ࡲơˉʋơȥɽȶɭƎǫǌǫʋȶɭʠȟȍȶȥǌʠɽ
34
ࡤȥʽơɭɽǫˊȶȥएŔƎƎʠȇɽǫˊȶȥऋƎǬʂɭȶʋŔɽˊȶȥÆ ǫƇǫȥƎơ
ࢪࢫþ%òࢫࢫǌơƇơȥȇŔɽȍŔɭ
%ŔƃŔȇŔɭȇŔŹɃȍǌơȇŔɽȍŔɭǬ
*M. eŔɽʋɭȶƃȥơȟǫʠɽ
-¶ࡪbơȟʠɭʠȥȇȶȥƎǫȍȍơɭǫ
-ࡪ-ŔȍƃŔȥơɽʠɽࢎþơȥƎȶȥʠʂǫȍʋơȥƎȶȥʠȥʠȥˊŔɢǬɽǬȥŔ
ȇŔʋǬȍǬɭ࢏
-bࡪ%ŔƃŔǐŔǉȍơȇɽǫˊȶȥࢎòȶȍơʠɽŹʠȥʠˊŔɢȟŔ˖࡮࢏ʽơŔˊŔǐŔ
ɢȍŔȥʋŔɭǉȍơȇɽǫˊȶȥࢎqơȟŹŔƃŔǐŔǠơȟŔˊŔǐŔǉȍơȇɽǫˊȶȥ
ˊŔɢʋǬɭŔȥʋơȇȇŔɽ࢏
ࡤ¡ࡲòȶȍơʠɽ
-¶ࡪþǫŹǫŔࡶȥǬȥŔɭȇŔˊʧ˖ʧʽơ-ŔɢʠʋǫȍơƃȶȍȍʠȟǉǫŹʠȍŔȥǬȥ
ŔɭȇŔˊʧ˖ʧ
-ࡪ-ŔȍƃŔȥơɽʠɽࢎþơȥƎȶȥʠʂǫȍʋơȥƎȶȥʠȥʠȥˊŔɢǬɽǬȥŔ
ȇŔʋǬȍǬɭ࢏
-bࡪˊŔǐŔɢȍŔȥʋŔɭǉȍơȇɽǫˊȶȥ
ࡤࡤ¡ࡲǌŔɽʋɭȶƃȥơȟǫʠɽʽơ¡ࡲɽȶȍơʠɽ ȇŔɽȍŔɭǬȥŔǫȇǫɽǫȥơŹǫɭƎơȥ
ࡵ¡ࡲʋɭǫƃơɢɽɽʠɭŔơࡵƎơȥǫɭࡲòȶȥʠƇʋơȥƎȶȥʠʂǫȍ
ʋơȥƎȶȥʠƎʠɭࢎʋơȥƎȶƃŔȍƃŔȥơʠɽ࢏ࡲ
35
ࡤ¡ࡲɢȍŔȥʋŔɭǫɽ
ࡤ¡ࡲɢȶɢȍǫʋơʠɽ
-¶ࡪbơȟʠɭʠȥƎǬʂȇȶȥƎǫȍǫ ࡤ¡ࡲʋǫŹǫŔȍǫɽɢȶɽʋơɭǫȶɭ
-ࡪþǫŹǫŔȥǬȥŔɭȇŔˊʧ˖ʧ
-bࡪ%ŔƃŔǐŔǉȍơȇɽǫˊȶȥʽơǫƇɭȶʋŔɽˊȶȥࢎ%ŔƃŔȇʋŔŹʠȍʠȥʠɢƎŔ -¶ࡪþǫŹǫŔʽơbǫŹʠȍŔŔɭȇŔˊʧ˖ʧ
ŔˊŔǐŔǠŔɭơȇơʋˊŔɢʋǬɭȟŔˊŔȥʋơȇȇŔɽ࢏ -ࡪࠀࡲȟơʋŔʋŔɭɽ
-òࡪ¥ࡲþǫŹǫŔȍǫɽ -bࡪˊŔǐŔɢȍŔȥʋŔɭǉȍơȇɽǫˊȶȥʽơǫȥʽơɭɽǫˊȶȥ
ࡤࡤþơȥƎȶȥʠ࡫ơȇȍơȟȇŔɢɽʧȍʧȥʧƎơȍơɭʽơơȇȍơȟǫȥǫƇǫȥƎơȥ
ǌơƇơɭࢎʋơȥƎȶȥ࡫Ǝǫ˖ơȇȍơȟǫǫƇǫȥƎơƎǫɭˊŔȥǫ ࡤ%ŔƃŔȇŔɭȇŔɽǬȇŔɽȍŔɭǬȥơȥƎơɭǫȥƎơȶȍŔȥǬƎǬɭࡲ
ǫȥʋɭŔȇŔɢɽʧȍơɭƎǫɭ࢏ࡲࢎࡤࡤÄ¥F¡%eࡤࡤ࢏ ࡤ¡Ŕȍȍơȶȍʠɽ¡ơƎǫŔȍǫɽࢫǫȥŔɭȇŔɽǬȥƎŔȥǌơƇơȥˊŔɢǬȍŔɭǬȥơȥ
ɃȥƎơȶȍŔȥǬƎǬɭࡲ
36
ˊŔȇʋŔŹŔȥǬȇŔɽȍŔɭǬ
ࡤࡤˊŔȇþŔŹŔȥǬŔɽȍŔɭǬࢎáȍŔȥʋŔɭŔɽȍŔɭ࢏
¥ࡲʋǫŹǫŔȍǫɽࢫǫȥʠƇƎŔȍȍŔɭǬएȥࡲɢȍŔȥʋŔɭǫɽȍŔʋơɭŔȍǫɽʽơȥࡲ
ɢȍŔȥʋŔɭǫɽȟơƎǫŔȍǫɽ
ࡤ¥ࡲɢȍŔȥʋŔɭǫɽȟơƎǫŔȍǫɽʋŔɭŔǉǬȥƎŔȥʠˊŔɭǬȍŔȥȇŔɽȍŔɭ
ࡤ¡ࡲŔŹƎʠƃʋȶɭǠŔȍȍʠƃǫɽ
ࡤ¡ࡲǉȍơˉȶɭƎǫǌǫʋȶɭʠȟŹɭơʽǫɽ
ࡤ¡ࡲȍʠȟŹɭǫƃŔȍǫɽࠀ
ࡤ¡ࡲǉȍơˉȶɭǠŔȍȍʠƃǫɽŹɭơʽǫɽ
ࡤ%ʠȇŔɽȍŔɭǬȥƎǬʂǬȥƎŔȇŔȍŔȥɢȍŔȥʋŔɭȇŔɽȍŔɭ࡫ȥࡲɢȍŔȥʋŔɭǫɽ
ȍŔʋơɭŔȍǫɽʋŔɭŔǉǬȥƎŔȥʠˊŔɭǬȍǬɭࡲ
ࡤ%ŔƃŔȇȇŔɽȍŔɭǬʋɭŔȥɽʽơɭɽȇơɽǫʋ
37
ࡤáȍŔȥʋŔɭǉȍơȇɽǫˊȶȥएǉȍơȇɽǫˊȶȥ
ࡤ7ȶɭɽǫǉȍơȇɽǫˊȶȥएơȇɽʋŔȥɽǫˊȶȥ
¥ࡲǫɽƃǠǫŔƎǫƃʠɽए¥ࡲʋǫŹǫŔȍǫɽऋ¥ࡲǉǫŹʠȍŔɭǫɽࢎɢơɭȶȥơʠɽ࢏
ƃȶȟȟʠȥǫɽ
¥ࡲǉǫŹʠȍŔɭǫɽƃȶȟȟʠȥǫɽए¥ࡲǉǫŹʠȍŔɭǫɽɢɭȶǉʠȥƎʠɽऋ ࡤáơɽŔȥƃơɭǫʠɽࢎŔɭȇŔƎŔȥ-Ƀȥơ࢏
¥ࡲǉǫŹʠȍŔɭǫɽ ɽʠɢơɭǉǫƃǫŔȍǫɽ
¥ࡲǉǫŹʠȍŔɭǫɽɽʠɢơɭǉǫƃǫŔȍǫɽ ए¥ࡲƃʠʋŔȥơʠɽƎȶɭɽŔȍǫɽȟơƎǫʠɽ ࢦ¡ɽơȟǫʋơȥƎǫȥơʠɽʠȥʋơȥƎȶȥȍŔɭǬ
ʽơ¥ࡲƃʠʋŔȥơʠɽƎȶɭɽŔȍǫɽǫȥʋơɭȟơƎǫʠɽ
ࢦ¡ǌɭŔƃǫȍǫɽ
ࢦ¡ɽŔɭʋȶɭǫʠɽ
ࡤèơȇʋʠɽȇǬȍǬǉǬǫƇǫȥƎơŹʠȍʠȥŔȥˊŔɢǬȍŔɭ
-M. ɭơƃʋʠɽŔŹƎȶȟǫȥǫɽ
-¡ࡲɢˊɭŔȟǫƎŔȍǫɽࢎǫȥơŔŔȍŹŔࢫˊǬǌơɭơɭ࢏
-A.v. ơɢǫǌŔɽʋɭǫƃŔɽʠɢơɭǫȶɭʽơǫȥǉơɭǫȶɭ
-A.v. ǫȥʋơɭƃȶɽʋŔȍǫɽɢȶɽʋơɭǫȶɭ
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-V.a.ȥɽȶŹƃȶɽʋŔȍǫɽ
%Ŕ˖Ǭơ˖ˊȶȥȍŔɭ
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ࢦþơȥɽȶɭǉŔɽƃǫŔơȍŔʋŔơ
¥ࡲǫɽƃǠǫŔƎǫƃʠɽȍŔʠˊŔɭǬȍŔȥȇŔɽ
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ˊŔǐǬȥŔǉȍơˉǫˊȶȥˊŔɢʋǬɭŔȟŔˊŔȥƎŔȍơ˖ˊȶȥ
ࢦ¥ࡲʋǫŹǫŔȍǫɽ
ࡤ%ŔƃŔǐǬȥɭȇŔ%ɃȍǌơɽǫȥǫȥŔɽȍŔɭǬ
ࢎएáȍŔȥʋŔɭǉȍơȇɽǫˊȶȥए¥ࡲʋǫŹǫŔȍǫɽ࢏ FˉʋŔȥɽǫˊȶȥˊŔɢʋǬɭŔȟŔˊŔȥƎŔȍơ˖ˊȶȥ
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FʽơɭɽǫˊȶȥˊŔɢʋǬɭŔȟŔˊŔȥƎŔȍơ˖ˊȶȥ
ࢦȥࡲǉǫŹʠȍŔɭǫɽɽʠɢơɭǉǫƃǫŔȍǫɽ
ࡤ%ŔƃŔǐǬȥĵŔȥ %ɃȍǌơɽǫȥǫȥŔɽȍŔɭǬ
ࢎएFʽơɭɽǫˊȶȥऋɢȍŔȥʋŔɭǉȍơȇɽǫˊȶȥए¥ࡲǉǫŹʠȍŔɭǫɽɽʠɢơɭǉǫƃǫŔȍǫɽ࢏
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› 1ǫǉʋ ʋŔɭŔǉȍǬɽǫȥǫɭǉơȍƃinde ɃɭƎơȇʽŔɭǫˊʧɭʧˊʧʂ görülür
ࡤFʽơɭɽǫˊȶȥएŔŹƎʧȇɽǫˊȶȥऋǫƇɭȶʋŔɽˊȶȥÆ ǫƇǫȥƎơ
ࢪࢫb%čèòࢫࢫǌơƇơȥȇŔɽȍŔɭ
ࡤȥʽơɭɽǫˊȶȥएŔƎƎʠȇɽǫˊȶȥऋƎǬʂɭȶʋŔɽˊȶȥÆ ǫƇǫȥƎơ
ࢪࢫþ%òࢫࢫǌơƇơȥȇŔɽȍŔɭ ࡤ¥ࡲɢȍŔȥʋŔɭơɽȟơƎǫŔȍǫɽ
ࠀ࢏¡ࡲŔŹƎʠƃʋȶɭǠŔȍȍʠƃǫɽ
38
ࠁ࢏¡ࡲǉȍơˉȶɭƎǫǌǫʋȶɭʠȟŹɭơʽǫɽ
ࠂ࢏¡ࡲǉȍơˉȶɭǠŔȍȍʠƃǫɽŹɭơʽǫɽ
ࡤ-ŔȥŔȍǫɽɢʠƎơȥƎŔȍǫɽ
ࠃ࢏¡ࡲʠȟŹɭǫƃŔȍơɽࠀյյ
-¡ࡲȶŹʋʠɭŔʋȶɭǫʠɽǫȥʋơɭȥʠɽʠȥǉŔɽˊŔɽǬʧ˖ơɭǫȥƎơƎǫɭࡲ
eʧ˖ơȍŹǫɭɽȶɭʠǌơȍǫɭŹʠɭƎŔȥื
ƇǫȥƎơȥ
› A.v ɢʠƎơȥƎŔǫȥʋơɭȥŔ
¡ơƎǫŔȍȟŔȍȍơȶȍʧȥŔɭȇŔɽǬȥƎŔȥǌơƇơȥȍơɭ
› N.ɢʠƎơȥƎʠɽ
ࢦȟࡲʋǫŹǫŔȍǫɽɢȶɽʋơɭǫȶɭʋơȥƎȶȥʠࢎơȥɃȥƎơ࢏
ࢦȟࡲǉȍơˉȶɭʠȟƎǫǌǫʋȶɭʠȟȍȶȥǌʠɽ
ࢦȟࡲǉȍơˉȶɭǠŔȍȍʠƃǫɽȍȶȥǌʠɽ
qơɭǫȇǫƃǫȥɽʋơƎơƎǫŔǉɭŔǌȟŔʠɭȶǌơȥǫʋŔȍơƎơŹʠȍʠȥŔȥȍŔɭ
ࢦȥࡲʋǫŹǫŔȍǫɽ
ࢦ¡ࡲʋɭŔȥɽʽơɭɽʠɽɢơɭǫȥơǫɢɭȶǉʠȥƎʠɽ
ࢦŔࡲʽࡲʋǫŹǫŔȍǫɽɢȶɽʋơɭǫȶɭ ࢦ¡ࡲɽǉǫȥȇʋơɭʠɭơʋɭŔơˉʋơɭȥʠȟ
ࢦࡲʽɢʠƎơȥƎŔǫȥʋơɭȥŔ
ࢦ¥ࡲɢʠƎơȥƎʠɽ
¡ŔȍȍơʠɽȍŔʋơɭŔȍǫɽǫȥŔɭȇŔɽǬȥƎŔȥǌơƇơȥȍơɭ
ࢦ¡ࡲǉǫŹʠȍŔɭǫɽȍȶȥǌʠɽʽơŹɭơʽǫɽ
ࢦ¥ࡲɽʠɭŔȍǫɽ þơȥƎȶƃȶȥǿʠȥƃʋǫʽʠɽʠȶȍʠʂʋʠɭŔȥˊŔɢǬȍŔɭ
ࢦĪࡲɽŔɢǠơȥŔɢŔɭʽŔ ࢦ¡ࡲþɭŔȥɽʽơɭɽʠɽŔŹƎȶȟǫȥǫɽ
ࢦ¡ࡲ¶ŹȍǫɩʠʠɽǫȥʋơɭȥʠɽŔŹƎȶȟǫȥǫɽ
ࡤࡤ¡ࡲáǫɭǫǉȶɭȟǫɽ४þȶɭŔȇŔȥʋơɭȟŔǿȶɭƎơɽȶȥȍŔȥǬɭ
ࡤࡤ¡ࡲȍǫȶɢɽȶŔɽ४þȶɭŔȇŔȥʋơɭȟǫȥȶɭƎơɽȶȥȍŔȥǬɭ
ࡤࡤ¡ࡲ¶ŹʋʠɭŔʋȶɭǫʠɽ ơˉʋơɭȥʠɽ४bȶɽɽŔʋɭȶȇŔȥʋơɭǫȇŔda
ɽȶȥȍŔȥǬɭ
ࡤࡤ¡ࡲ¶ŹʋʠɭŔʋȶɭǫʠɽǫȥʋơɭȥʠɽ४-ɭǫɽʋŔǫȥʋơɭʋɭȶȇŔȥʋơɭǫȇŔda
ɽȶȥȍŔȥǬɭ
ŔɭǬȥƎǫˊŔǉɭŔǌȟŔɢơȍʽǫɽʽơɢơɭǫȥơȇŔɽȍŔɭǬ
ࡤ¡ࡲ¶ŹȍǫɩʠɽơˉʋơɭȥʠɽŔŹƎȶȟǫȥǫɽ
-ŔɭǬȥȇŔɽȍŔɭǬȥǬȥơȥƎǬʂʋŔȶȍŔȥǬƎǬɭࡲ
-ǫǉȍơɭǫˊʠȇŔɭǬƎŔȥŔʂŔǐǬˊŔve ƎǬʂʋŔȥǫƇơƎȶǐɭʠɽơˊɭơƎơɭࡲ
¶ȍʠʂʋʠɭƎʠǐʠɃȥơȟȍǫˊŔɢǬȍŔɭࡷ
-bŔɽƃǫŔɽɢơɭȟŔʋǫƃŔơˉʋơɭȥŔ; ǉʠȥǫƃʠȍʠɽɽɢơɭȟŔʋǫƃʠɽࡶʠȥ
ơȥƎǬʂʋŔŹŔȇŔɽǬ
-ǫǌࡲǫȥǌʠǫȥŔȍơ; %ʠȍǫǌŔȟơȥʋǫȥȟơƎǫŔȍʠƃʠȥƎŔȥǫȇǫʋŔȥơ
ȍǫǌŔȟơȥʋȶȍʠʂʠɭࡲ
-ǫǌࡲȍŔƃʠȥŔɭơ; ŹʠȍǫǌŔȟơȥʋȍǫǌࡲɢơƃʋǫȥơʠȟࡶʠyapar.
-ǫǌࡲɭơǉȍơˉʠȟ
-ȥʠȍʠɽǫȥǌʠǫȥŔȍǫɽɽʠɢơɭǉǫƃǫŔȍǫɽ
ࡤ¡ࡲ¶ŹȍǫɩʠɽǫȥʋơɭȥʠɽŔŹƎȶȟǫȥǫɽ
-bŔɽƃǫŔƃɭơȟŔɽʋơɭǫƃŔ ve
-¡ࡲ-ɭơȟŔɽʋơɭࢫǫ ȶȍʠʂʋʠɭʠɭࡲ
-bŔȍˉǫȥǌʠǫȥŔȍǫɽࢎþơȥɽȶƃȶȥǿʠȥƃʋǫʽʠɽ)’i ȇǬɽȟơȥyapan
ࡤ¡ࡲþɭŔȥɽʽơɭɽʠɽŔŹƎȶȟǫȥǫɽ
-bŔȍˉǫȥǌʠǫȥŔȍǫɽࢎþơȥɽȶƃȶȥǿʠȥƃʋǫʽʠɽ)’i ŹŔʂȍǬƃŔyapan
ࡤbŔɽƃǫŔʋɭŔȥɽʽơɭɽŔȍǫɽ
-bŔɽƃǫŔɽɢơɭȟŔʋǫƃŔǫȥʋơɭȥŔ
-ȥʠȍʠɽǫȥǌʠǫȥŔȍǫɽɢɭȶǉʠȥƎʠɽ
39
Anatomi | 4. Solunum Sistemi
Solunum
Sistemi
40
4. ò¶č¥č¡òòþF¡ ࡤࡤȍʋƎʠʽŔɭࢎɽơɭʋƎŔȟŔȇ࢏
-Maksilla
-áŔȍŔʋǫȥȇơȟǫǐǫȥȍŔȟǫȥŔǠȶɭǫ˖ȶȥʋŔȍǫɽࡶǫ
*1-6 a.intercostalis antơɭǫȶɭ४a.thoracica internanin ࡤࡤƇƎʠʽŔɭࢎɽơɢʋʠȟȥŔɽǫ࢏

dali -FʋȟȶǫƎȇơȟǫǐǫȥȍŔȟǫȥŔɢơɭɢơȥƎǫƃʠȍŔɭǫɽࡶǫ
-Vomer
*7-8-9 a.intercostalis.anterior ४a.musculophernica ࡶȥǬȥ -Cartilago septi nasi
dali
ࡤࡤ7ǬʂƎʠʽŔɭ
* 1-2 a.intercostalis posterior ४a.intercostalis suprema -Concha nasalis superior ve media(Etmoid)
ࡶȥǬȥƎŔȍǬ -Concha nasalis inferior(Visserokranyum)
-¡ŔȇɽǫȍȍŔࡶȥǬȥɢɭȶƃࡲǉɭȶȥʋŔȍǫɽࡶ
(truncus costoservikalis dali)
-Nazal kemik
*3-11 a.intercostalis posterior ४aorta thoracica ࡶȥǬȥ -Lakrimal kemik
-áŔȍŔʋǫȥȇơȟǫǐǫȥȍŔȟǫȥŔɢơɭɢơȥƎǫƃʠȍŔɭǫɽࡶǫ
dali
-òǉơȥȶǫƎȇơȟǫǐǫȥɢɭȶƃࡲɢʋơɭˊǌȶǫƎơʠɽࡶʠȥʠȥȍŔȟǫȥŔ
Kisselbach pleksusu medialis'i
-ǫʋʋȍơŔȍŔȥǬolarak bilinen septum nasinin ön-alt ࡤࡤࡤÄ˖ơʋȍơ˖ˊǌȶȟŔʋǫƃʠȟȶɭŹǫʋŔȥǬȥƎǬʂƎʠʽŔɭǬȥǬˊŔɢŔȥ

ɢŔɭƇŔɽǬnda bulunur. ơɽŔɽȇơȟǫȇʋǫɭ࡫ŹʠɭʠȥˊŔɢǬɽǬȥŔȇŔʋǬȍȟŔ˖ࡲĪȶȟơɭƎơ
-FɢǫɽʋŔȇɽǫɽǫȥơȥˊŔˊǌǬȥyeridir. ȶɭŹǫʋŔˊŔɢǬɽǬȥŔȇŔʋǬȍȟŔ˖࡮࡮࡮ࡤࡤ
1)A. Sphenopalatina ࢎ%ʠɭʠȥŹȶʂȍʠǐʠȥʠȥŔȥŔƎŔȟŔɭǬ࢏

ࡤࡤࡤˊɭǬƃŔƎǫȇȇŔʋʋ࡮࡮-ȶȥƃǠŔȥŔɽŔȍǫɽɽʠɢơɭǫȶɭʽơȟơƎǫŔ
2) A. Labialis Superior ơʋȟȶǫƎȇơȟǫǐơŔǫʋˊŔɢǬȍŔɭǫȇơȥ, concha nasalis inferior
3) A. Palatina Majör ŹŔʂȍǬŹŔʂǬȥŔŹǫɭʽǫɽɽơɭȶȇɭŔȥˊʠȟȇơȟǫǐǫƎǫɭ. Fʂȍơʂʋǫɭȟơ
4) A. Ethmoidalis Anterior ɽȶɭʠȍŔɭǬȥƎŔɽǫ˖ǫŹʠɭŔƎŔȥʋʠ˖ŔǐŔƎʧʂʧɭȟơȇǫɽʋơˊơƃơȇȍơɭ
ɽŔȇǬȥƎʧʂȟơˊǫȥȥȥ࡮࡮࡮ࡤࡤ
ࡤࡤࡲơʋǠȟȶǫƎŔȍǫɽɢȶɽʋơɭǫȶɭburnu besleyen
ƎŔȟŔɭȍŔɭƎŔȥŹǫɭǫƎǫɭ¡FòòF%-qáFòčòčȥʠȥ ** -ŔʽǫʋŔɽȥŔɽǫˊǫǉȶɽɽŔɢʋơɭǌȶɢŔȍŔʋǫȥŔˊŔ
ˊŔɢǬɽǬȥŔȇŔʋǬȍȟŔ˖࡭
ŹŔǐȍŔˊŔȥÆForamen Spinapalatinum
ࡤࡤࡲơʋǠȟȶǫƎŔȍǫɽŔȥʋơɭǫȶɭʽơposterior A. ** -ŔʽǫʋŔɽȶɭǫɽɢɭȶɢɭǫŔˊǫȶɭȶǉŔɭǫȥȇɽơŹŔǐȍŔˊŔȥÆɽʋǠȟʠɽ
ophtalmicaࢫȥǬȥƎŔȍǬƎǬɭࡲ bŔʽȶɽǫʠȟ
ࡤ%ʠɭʠȥŹȶʂȍʠǐʠƎʠˊʠɽʠ ࡤࡤþʠ˖ŔǐŔ7ʧʂʧȍơŹǫȍǫɭ¥ȶȇʋŔ
-N. ophtalmicus Æ5(1)
-òǫȥʠɽơʋǠȟȶǫƎŔȍǫɽanterior Æ Meatus nasi ¡F7čò
-N. maxillarisÆ5(2)
-òǫȥʠɽơʋǠȟȶǫƎŔȍǫɽȟơƎǫʠɽ Æ Meatus nasi ¡F7čò
ࡤࡤ%ʠɭʠȥŹȶʂȍʠǐʠȥʠȥƎʠʽŔɭȍŔɭǬࡤࡤ
-òǫȥʠɽơʋǠȟȶǫƎŔȍǫɽáoSterior Æ Meatus nasi SUáFè¶è
ࡤࡤĔɽʋƎʠʽŔɭ
ÄȥƎơȥŔɭȇŔˊŔƎȶǐɭʠ -Sinus sphenoparietalisÆòǫȥʠɽƃŔʽơɭȥȶɽʠɽࡶŔ
- N azal Ǝɭơȥơolan bir 7čèsinüstür
- F rontal
- Ftmoid -òǫȥʠɽɽɢǠơȥȶǫƎŔȍǫɽÆèơƃࡲɽɢǠơȥȶơʋǠȟȶǫƎŔȍǫɽࢫơŔƇǬȍŔȥ
- S fenoid ( N e bFò olarak kodlanabilir) bir áè¥Łsinüstür
41
ࡤ-ơȍȍʠȍŔơʋǠȟȶǫƎŔȍǫɽ४FȥǉơȇɽǫˊȶȥȍŔɭǬȥorbitaya en ȇȶȟʂʠȍŔɭƇʧȥȇʧ࢏òơɽȇǬɽǬȇȍǬǐǬ olurࡲࢎĪò¶èčòč

ȇȶȍŔˊˊŔˊǬȍƎǬǐǬ sinüs, optik nörite neden olabilir. ¶èeFF%èࡷ%ĵ¶èòč¥čŁò¶¥ĵzè7
¥þ¶¡ò¶èčèz7¥F¶èFF%è÷F7F
ࡤòǫȥʧɽȟŔˉǫȍȍŔɭǫɽࢎƃŔʽʠȟǠǫǌɭȶȟŔ࢏४FȥɽǬȇ eFĵ¶èèþzᎅ)
enfeksiyongörülen paranasal sinüstür. Meatus nasi
ȟơƎǫʠɽʋŔǠǫŔʋʠɽɽơȟǫȍʠȥŔɭǫɽơŔƇǬȍǬɭ
ࡤ¡ơȟŹɭŔȥŔʋǠˊɭȶǫƎơŔˊǬƎơȍơȥȍơɭ
-A./ V. Laryngea superior
-N.laryngeaus òčáerior ramus iNternus( òčá-¥
*Larinks
ɢȶ˖ǫɽˊȶȥƎŔǫȇơȥ¡ơȟŹɭŔȥŔʋǠˊɭȶǫƎơŔˊǬƎơȍƎǫȍơɭ diye
--ࠂ--ࠅŔɭŔɽǬ ŔȇȍǬȟǬ˖ƎŔʋʠʋŔȍǬȟ࢏
þFȇǫȇǫɭƎŔȇȍŔɭǫÆ 3 tane ࡤࡤĵʠʋȇʠȥȟŔŔɽŔȟŔɽǫȥƎŔǌǫƎŔȍŔɭǫȥȍŔɭǫȥȇɽơȇŔƃȟŔȍŔɭǫȥǫ

› Cart. þ hyroidea ơȥǌơȍȍơˊơȥȇŔɽ४ M.aryepiglottica
› Cart. F piglottica (elastik)
› Cart. K ricoidea (TAM HALKA) ࡤࡤþɭŔƃǠơŔ
--ࠅ ʽơɭʋơŹɭŔŔȍʋȇơȥŔɭǬɽơʽǫˊơɽǫȥƎơŹŔʂȍŔɭࡲ
1ǫǉʋȇǬȇǬɭƎŔȇȍŔɭǬࡪࠂƇǫǉʋ
-þࠃʽơɭʋơŹɭŔǌɃʽƎơɽǫȥǫȥŔȍʋȇơȥŔɭǬ(ya da Ŕȥǌʠȍʠɽ
› Cart. Arytenoidea(ses ȶȍʠʂʠȟʠȥƎŔɽȶɭʠȟȍʠ࢏
sterni) seviyesinde bronchus principalis dexter ve
› Cart. Corniculata
sinister ȶȍŔɭŔȇǫȇǫŔȥŔŹɭȶȥȇʠɽŔŔˊɭǬȍǬɭ.
› Cart. Cuneuformis - þɭŔƃǠơŔÆ ¡ơƎǫŔɽʋǫȥʠȟòʠɢơɭǫʠɽ
- Bifurkasyo trakeaÆ¡ơƎǫŔɽʋơȥʠȟ¡ơƎǫʠɽ
ࡤࡤŔɭǫȥȇɽŔɽȍŔɭǬ ࡤࡤǫǌࡲƃɭǫƃȶʋǠˊɭȶǫƎơʠȟȟơƎǫŔȥʠȟ---Acil trakeostomi
ˊŔɢǬȍŔȥˊơɭ
ࡤࡤ¡ࡲƃɭǫƃȶʋǠˊɭȶǫƎơʠɽ
ࡤࡤòŔǐȇƃǫǐơɭࡶƎơ˖ǫ¶ȍŔȥĵŔɢǬȍŔɭ
-Larinksin önünde yer alan þF kas
-þơȍȍơɭǫǌơɭơɭơȇʠ˖ŔʋǬɭएsesi inceltir(ŔȍǬȥȍŔʂʋǬɭŔȥ kas
-V. Cava superior
ȟࡲʋǠˊɭȶŔɭˊʋǠơȥȶǫƎơʠɽ) -V. Cava inferior
-Īࡲ%ɭŔƃǠǫȶƃơɢǠŔȍǫƃŔƎơˉʋɭŔ
-Siniri ¥ࡲȍŔɭˊȥǌơʠɽòčáFèz¶è( 7ǫǐơɭȍŔɭǫȥȇɽȇŔɽȍŔɭǬȥǬȥ
-V.Azygos
ɽǫȥǫɭǫࡪȥࡲȍŔɭˊȥǌơʠɽèF-čèèF¥ò࢏
-Ä˖ȶǉŔǌʠɽ
ࢎࢎࢎɭȇŔƎŔʂȍŔɭŹǫɭɽɢơɽǫǉǫȇŹǫȍǌǫɃǐɭơȥǫɭȇơȥȟʠʋȍŔȇŔȶȥʠȥ
ࡤࡤòȶȍȇƃǫǐơɭࡶƎơ˖ǫ¶ȍŔȥĵŔɢǬȍŔɭ
˖ǬʋʋǬʽŔɭɽŔȶȥʠƎŔɃǐɭơȥǫȥʽơˊŔŔˊȥǬǉȶȥȇɽǫˊȶȥʠǌɃɭơȥ
ŹŔʂȇŔŹǫɭˊŔɢǬʽŔɭɽŔȶȥʠƎŔɃǐɭơȥǫȥ࡫ŔȥŔʋȶȟǫʋŔȟŔȟ
-Arcus aortae
ơ˖ŹơɭŔȟŔȇʠɭʠơ˖ŹơɭˊŔɢǬɢǌơƇȟơˊǫȥŔɭŔƎŔŹŔǐȍŔȥʋǬ -Aorta thoracica
ȇʠɭȟŔˊŔƇŔȍǬʂǬȥ࡮࡮࡮࢏࢏࢏ -A. subclavia sinistra
-V. brachiocephalica sinistra
-Ä˖ȶǉŔǌʠɽ
ࡤ¡ࡲƃɭǫƃȶŔɭˊʋơȥȶǫƎơʠɽposterior
-Lig. vocale'lere ŔŹƎʧȇɽǫˊȶȥˊŔɢʋǬɭŔɭŔȇ࡫ɭǫȟŔǌȍȶʋʋǫɽǫ
açan tek kas
(ŔŹƎ’de post açʋǬ࢏
ࡤ¡ࡲƃɭǫƃȶŔɭˊʋơȥȶǫƎơʠɽȍŔʋơɭŔȍǫɽ
-Lig. vocale'lere ŔƎƎʠȇɽǫˊȶȥˊŔɢʋǬɭŔȥơɽŔɽȇŔɽʋǬɭࡲ
*M. ŔɭˊʋơȥȶǫƎơʠɽʋɭŔȥɽʽơɭɽʠɽ
-þơȇ ȶȍŔȥȍŔɭǫȥȇɽȇŔɽǬƎǬɭࡲɭǫʋơȥȶǫƎȇǬȇǬɭƎŔȇȍŔɭŔɭŔɽǬȥƎŔ
ʠ˖ŔȥǬɭࡲ
ࡤ¡ࡲŔɭˊʋơȥȶǫƎơʠɽȶŹȍǫɩʠʠɽࡷ
-ŔɭǫȥȇɽǌǫɭǫʂǫȥǫƎŔɭŔȍʋŔȥȇŔɽʋǬɭࡲ%ʠȥơƎơȥȍơlarinks
ǌǫɭǫʂǫȥǫȥɽǉǫȥȇʋơɭǫolarak kabul edilir.
ࡤ¡ࡲʋǠˊɭȶŔɭˊʋơȥȶǫƎơʠɽ
-ŔɽǬȥŔȍʋɢŔɭƇŔɽǬȥǬȥƎơɭǫȥƎơȇǫȍǫǉȍơɭǫ࡫ɢɭȶƃơɽɽʠɽ
vocalis'e tutunur ve
ȟࡲʽȶƃŔȍǫɽŔƎǬǫȍơŹǫȍǫȥǫɭࡲ
* þǫɭȶǫƎơȇʋȶȟǫde ŔࡲʋǠˊɭȶǫƎơŔǫȥǉơɭǫȶɭŹŔǐȍŔȥǬɭȇơȥ
ȥࡲȍŔˊɭȥǌơʠɽɭơƃƃʠɭɭơȥɽ(N.laryngeus recurrensin uç
ȇǬɽȟǬए¥ࡲȍŔɭˊȥǌơʠɽǫȥǉơɭǫȶɭ࢏ƎơŹŔǐȍŔȥŔŹǫȍǫɭࡲࢎŹǫɭŹǫɭǫȥe
42
ࡤࡤqơɭǫȇǫ-ƎơŔȍɢʽơÄ˖ơǉŔǌʠɽʠȥǫ˖ǫʽŔɭ
ࡤࡤþɭŔȇơŔǠơɭǫȇǫŔȇƃǫǐơɭǫȥŔɭŔɽǬȥƎŔȟơƎǫŔɽʋǫȥʠȟ
ɽʠɢơɭǫȶɭƎŔɽơˊɭơƎơȥŹǫɭˊŔɢǬƎǬɭʽơǫȇǫŔȇƃǫǐơɭȍơƎơ
ʋơȟŔɽʂơȇȍǫȥƎơȇȶȟʂʠȍʠǐʠˊȶȇʋʠɭ࡮࡮࡮
ࡤòŔǐ -ŹɭȶȥʂǫŔȍŔɭʋơɭǫࢎࠀʋŔȥơ࢏४ a.intercost. post. 3 ten

gelir(aorta thoracica)
ࡤòŔǐ -ŹɭȶȥʂǫŔȍʽơȥȍơɭǫ४ v.azygosa ya dökülür.
*Sol -ŹɭȶȥʂǫŔȍŔɭʋơɭȍơɭǫࢎ2 tane࢏४aorta thoracica dan

direk gelir
*Sol -ŹɭȶȥʂǫŔȍʽơȥȍơɭǫ४ ʽࡲǠơȟǫŔ˖ˊǌȶɽŔƃƃơɽɽȶɭǫŔ ya

dökülür.
ࡤ¡ơƎǫŔɽʋǫȥʠȟɢȶɽʋơɭǫȶɭ
-Aorta thoracica
-Ductus thoracicus
-V. azygos
-V. hemiazygos
-V. hemiazygos accessoria
-Oesophagus
-N. vagus
43
Anatomi | 5. Dolaşım Sistemi
Dolaşım
Sistemi
44
5. 7¶÷z¡òòþF¡ ࡤĪŔȍʽŔŔȶɭʋŔơ
-òȶȍࠂࡲǫȥʋơɭȇȶɽʋŔȍŹȶʂȍʠȇɽơʽǫˊơɽǫȥƎơ࡫ɽʋơɭȥʠȟࢫʠȥɽȶȍ
ȇơȥŔɭǬȥǬȥŔɭȇŔɽǬȥƎŔ
ࡤĪŔȍʽŔʋɭǫƃʠɽɢǫƎŔȍǫɽ
ࡤþȶɢȶǌɭŔǉǫ -òʋơɭȥʠȟࢫʠȥŔȍʋɢŔɭƇŔɽǬȥǬȥȶɭʋŔŹɃȍʧȟʧȥʧȥŔɭȇŔɽǬȥƎŔ
-òŔǐŔʋɭǫʠȟ࡫Ī-ò࡫Ī-Æ òŔǐƎŔ ࡤĪŔȍʽŔŹǫƃʠɽɢǫƎŔȍǫɽࢎʽŔȍʽŔȟǫʋɭŔȍǫɽ࢏
-eơɭǫȇŔȍŔȥȇǬɽǬȟȍŔɭǬÆ òȶȍƎŔ -òȶȍࠃࡲȇǬȇǬɭƎŔȇȇŔŹʠɭǌŔɽơʽǫˊơɽǫȥƎơ࡫ɽʋơɭȥʠȟࢫʠȥɽȶȍ
ˊŔɭǬɽǬȥǬȥŔɭȇŔɽǬȥƎŔ
ɭȇŔÆ %ŔɽǫɽÆ òȶȍŔʋɭǫʠȟࢎơɽŔɽ࢏࡫ɽŔǐŔʋɭǫʠȟ
ȍʋÆ bŔƃǫơɽƎǫŔɢǠɭŔǌȟŔʋǫƃŔÆ òȶȍʽơȥʋɭǫȇʧȍ
ÄȥʧɽʋÆbŔƃǫơɽɽʋơɭȥȶƃȶɽʋŔȍǫɽÆòŔǐʽơȥʋɭǫȇʧȍࢎơɽŔɽ࢏࡫ɽŔǐ
Ŕʋɭǫʠȟ࡫ɽȶȍʽơȥʋɭǫȇʧȍ
ɢơˉÆ òȶȍʽơȥʋɭǫȇʧȍ
þơȍơƎơɽŔǐȇơȥŔɭÆɽŔǐŔʋɭǫʠȟ
ŔȍʋȇơȥŔɭÆɽŔǐʽơȥʋɭǫȇʧȍ-ɽȶȍʽơȥʋɭǫȇʧȍࢎFɽŔɽơȥ
ɽŔǐ࢏
ࡤŔȍŹǫȥÄȥˊʧ˖ȇȶȟʂʠȍŔɭǬ
-ࡲʽࡲʋǠȶɭŔƃǫƃŔǫȥʋơɭȥŔ
-þǫȟʠɽŹơ˖ǫ
ࡤɭȇŔˊʧ˖ࢎŹŔɽǫɽƃȶɭƎǫɽ࢏ȇȶȟʂʠȍŔɭǬ
-¥ࡲʽŔǌʠɽ
-ĪࡲɢʠȍȟȶȥŔȍǫɽƎơˉʋơɭ
-ĪࡲŔ˖ˊǌȶɽ
-ĪࡲǠơȟǫŔ˖ˊǌȶɽ ࡤòŔǐŔʋɭǫʠȟˊŔɢǬȍŔɭǬ
-¡ȟࡲɢơƃʋǫȥŔʋǫ
ࡤŔɭƎǫˊŔȇ¶ɽȇʧȍʋŔɽˊȶȥ
--ɭǫɽʋŔʋơɭȟǫȥŔȍǫɽ
-¡ǫʋɭŔȍÆ òȶȍࠄࡲǫȍơȟǫƎȇȍŔʽǫȇʧȍơɭǠŔʋȇơɽǫʂǫȟǫ -bȶɽɽŔȶʽŔȍǫɽ
-þɭǫȇʧɽɢǫʋ Æ -ȶɭɢʠɽ ɽʋơɭȥǫȥǫȥ Ŕȍʋ ɢŔɭƇŔɽǬȥǬȥ ȶɭʋŔ ࡤòŔǐŔʋɭǫʠȟŔŔƇǬȍŔȥȍŔɭ

ŹɃȍʧȟʧ-ɽȶȍŔƎȶǐɭʠ -ĪࡲƃŔʽŔɽʠɢơɭǫȶɭ
-ĪࡲƃŔʽŔǫȥǉơɭǫȶɭ
-ȶɭʋÆ òŔǐࠁࡲɽʋơɭȥʠȟȍŔŹǫɭȍơʂʋǫǐǫˊơɭ -òǫȥʠɽƃȶɭȶȥŔɭǫʠɽ
-ĪࡲƃŔɭƎǫŔƃŔŔȥʋơɭǫȶɭࢎƎǫɭơȇɽŔǐŔʋɭǫˊʠȟŔŔƇǬȍǬɭ࢏
-áʠȍȟȶȥơɭÆ òȶȍࠁࡲɽʋơɭȥʠȟȍŔŹǫɭȍơʂʋǫǐǫˊơɭ
-ĪࡲƃŔɭƎǫŔƃŔȟǫȥǫȟŔơࢎʋʧȟȇŔȍɢŹȶʂȍʠȇȍŔɭǬȥŔŔƇǬȍǬɭ࢏
-¡ơ˖ȶȇŔɭƎǫˊŔȇÆ òȶȍࠂࡲࠃࡲɽʋơɭȥʠȟȍŔŹǫɭȍơʂʋǫǐǫˊơɭ
ࡤòŔǐʽơȥʋɭǫȇʠȍˊŔɢǬȍŔɭǬ
-þɭŔŹơƃʠȍŔƃŔɭȥơŔࢎŔȍǬȥȍŔʂȟŔɽǬˊȍŔÆ áŔɢǫȍȍơɭ
ȇŔɽȶȍʠʂʠɭ࢏
--ǠȶɭƎŔʋơȥƎǫȥơŔࢎɽǫɽʋȶȍƎơȇʧɽɢǫɽȍơɭǫȥŔʋɭǫˊʠȟȍŔɭŔ
ƎɃȥȟơɽǫȥǫɃȥȍơɭ࢏
--ɭǫɽʋŔɽʠɢɭŔʽơȥʋɭǫȇʠȍŔɭǫɽࢎþɭǫȇʧɽɢǫʋȇŔɢŔȇǫȍơ
ɢʠȍȟȶȥơɭȇŔɢŔǐǬŔˊǬɭǬɭ࢏
--ȶȥʠɽŔɭʋơɭǫȶɽʠɽࢎɢʠȍȟȶȥơɭȇŔɢŔǐǬȥŔȍʋǬȥƎŔȇǫƎʧ˖
ŔȍŔȥ࢏
-þɭŔŹơƃʠȍŔɽơɢʋȶȟŔɭǌǫȥŔȍǫɽࢎ¡ȶƎơɭŔʋȶɭŹŔȥʋÆŔȍŹǫȥ
ǫȍơʋǫɽǫɽʋơȟǫǌơƇơɭ࢏
ࢎòơɢʋʠȟǫȥʋơɭʽơȥʋɭǫƃʠȍŔɭơƎơȥ¡ࡲ
ɢŔɢǫȍȍŔɭǫɽŔȥʋơɭǫȶɭŔʠ˖ŔȥǬɭ࢏
ࡤþɭǫǌȶȥʠȟǉǫŹɭȶɽʠȟƎơˉʋɭʠȟࢎ ¡A þ࢏
-¶ɽʋǫʠȟŔʋɭǫʽơȥʋɽǫȥǫɽʋɭʠȟࢎ¡ǫʋɭŔȍ࢏
-¶ɽʋǫʠȟŔȶɭʋŔࢎAȶɭʋ࢏
-¶ɽʋǫʠȟŔʋɭǫʽơȥʋƎơˉʋɭʠȟࢎþɭǫȇʧɽɢǫʋ࢏
ááèz¥z¥áè¶Fòĵ¶¥č
ࡤĪŔȍʽŔʋɭʠȥƃǫɢʠȍȟȶȥŔȍǫɽ ࡤþɭǫǌȶȥʠȟǉǫŹɭȶɽʠȟɽǫȥǫɽʋɭʠȟࢎ ¡A ࢏
-òȶȍࠂࡲȇǬȇǬɭƎŔȇȇŔŹʠɭǌŔɽơʽǫˊơɽǫȥƎơ࡫ɽʋơɭȥʠȟࢫʠȥɽȶȍ -¶ɽʋǫʠȟŔʋɭǫȶʽơȥʋɽǫȥǫɽʋɭʠȟࢎ¡ǫʋɭŔȍ࢏
ȇơȥŔɭǬȥǬȥŔɭȇŔɽǬȥƎŔ -¶ɽʋǫʠȟŔȶɭʋŔࢎAȶɭʋ࢏
45
ࡤqǫɽŹŔȥƎǬࢎǉŔɽǫƃʠȍʠɽŔʋɭǫȶʽơȥʋɭǫƃʠȍŔɭǫɽ࢏ -èࡲǫȥʋơɭʽơȥʋɭǫȇʧȍŔɭǫɽɢȶɽʋơɭǫȶɭ-- ĪࡲƃŔɭƎǫŔƃŔȟơƎǫŔǫȍơ

-þɭǫǌȶȥʠȟǉǫŹɭȶɽʠȟƎơˉʋɭʠȟʠƎơȍơɭơȇɽơɢʋʠȟ ȇȶȟʂʠȍʠȇ
ǫȥʋơɭʽơȥʋɭǫȇʧȍŔɭơȥǫȥȟơȟŹɭŔȥȶ˖ɢŔɭƇŔɽǬ ʧ˖ơɭǫȥơ *%ʠƎŔȍǬǠŔȥǌǫŔɭʋơɭʽơɭǫɭɽơȶŹŔɽȇǬȥࡲ eơȥơȍƎơɽŔǐ
ǌơƇơɭࡲ ȇȶɭȶȥơɭʽơɭǫɭ࡫ŹŔ˖ơȥ-ˉࡲ
--ɭʠɽƎơˉʋɭʠȟʽơ -ɭʠɽɽǫȥǫɽʋɭʠȟࢫŔơȍơȇʋɭǫȇɽơȍŔȇʋǫʽǫʋơ ࡤȥʋơɭʽơȥʋɭǫȇʧȍơɭɽơɢʋʠȟʠȥȥǬȥŔɭȇŔˊʧ˖ʧȥʧŹơɽȍơɭࡲ
ʋŔʂǬˊŔȥɃ˖ơȍȍơʂȟǫʂȇŔɽǠʧƃɭơɽǫʋȶɢȍʠȍʠǐʠƎʠɭࡲ ࡤqơȟòǠơȟĪȥȶƎʠŹơɽȍơɭࡲ
ࡤ¥ȶƎʠɽɽǫȥʠŔʋɭǫŔȍǫɽࢎơǫʋǠ-bȍŔƃȇƎʧǐʧȟʧ࢏ ࡤèࡲ¡ŔɭǌǫȥŔȍǫɽƎơˉʋơɭÆɽŔǐȇȶɭȶȥơɭŔɭʋơɭǫȥƎŔȍǬ
ࡤèࡲ¡ŔɭǌǫȥŔȍǫɽɽǫȥǫɽʋơɭÆɽǫɭȇʠȟǉȍơˉŔɭʋơɭǫȥƎŔȍǬ
--ɭǫɽʋŔʋơɭȟǫȥŔȍǫɽǫȥʧɽʋʠƃʠȥƎŔ
ࡤŔȍŹǫȥĪơȥȍơɭǫ
ࡤ¥ȶƎʠɽŔʋɭǫȶʽơȥʋɭǫƃʠȍŔɭǫɽࢎɽƃǠȶǉǉ-þŔˁŔɭŔƎʧǐʧȟʧ࢏
ࡤòǫȥʧɽƃȶɭȶȥŔɭǫʠɽŔƎɃȇʧȍơȥʽơȥȍơɭ
- òơɢʋʠȟǫȥʋơɭŔʋɭǫŔȍơࢫƎơ -ĪࡲƃŔɭƎǫŔƃŔȟŔǌȥŔࢎʽࡲǫȥʋơɭʽơȥʋɭǫƃʠȍŔɭǫɽŔȥʋơɭǫȶɭ࢏ --
èࡲǫȥʋơɭʽơȥʋɭǫƃʠȍŔɭǫɽŔȥʋơɭǫȶɭʽơèࡲƃǫɭƃʠȟǉȍơˉʠɽǫȍơ
ȇȶȟʂʠȍʠȇࡲ%ˊ-ɢŔɽɽƃơɭɭŔǠǫɽǫɽǬɭŔɽǬȥƎŔȇȶɭʠȥȟŔȍǬ࡮࡮࡮
ࡤbŔɽƃǫƃʠȍʠɽŔʋɭǫȶʽơȥʋɭǫƃʠȍŔɭǫɽࢎqǫɽŹŔȥƎǬ࢏
-V. ʽơȥʋɭǫƃʠȍǫɽǫȥǫɽʋɭǫɢȶɽʋࡲ
-ĪࡲȶŹȍǫɩʠŔŔʋɭǫɽǫɽǫȥǫɽʋɭǫ
- òơɢʋʠȟǫȥʋơɭʽơȥʋɭǫƃʠȍŔɭơࢫȥǫȥȟơȟŹɭŔȥɃ˖ɢŔɭƇŔɽǬȥƎŔ -ĪࡲƃŔɭƎǫŔƃŔȟơƎǫŔ -- èࡲǫȥʋơɭʽơȥʋɭǫƃʠȍŔɭǫɽɢȶɽʋơɭǫȶɭǫȍơ
ȇȶȟʂʠȍʠȇ
- ʋɭǫˊʠȟ-ʽơȥʋɭǫȇʠȍȍơɭŔɭŔɽǬȥƎŔȇǫʋơȇǉǫ˖ˊȶȍȶǿǫȇ -ĪࡲƃŔɭƎǫŔƃŔɢŔɭʽŔ -- ࡲƃȶɭȶȥŔɭǫŔƎơˉʋɭŔǫȍơȇȶȟʂʠȍʠȇ
ŹŔǐȍŔȥʋǬ
ࡤòǫȥʠɽ-ȶɭȶȥŔɭǫʠɽŔŔƇǬȍȟŔˊŔȥʽơȥȍơɭ
-ĪࡲƃŔɭƎǫŔƃŔŔȥʋơɭǫȶɭơɽࢎɽŔǐŔʋɭǫʠȟŔ࢏
-ĪࡲƃŔɭƎǫŔƃŔơȟǫȥǫȟŔơࢎʋʧȟȇŔȍɢŹȶɽȍʠȇȍŔɭǫȥŔ࢏
ࡤȍơʋǫɽǫɽʋơȟǫ
òȥȶƎʽơĪȥȶƎÆ ǌơȥơȍȍǫȇȍơòhȇȶɭȶȥơɭƎơȥ
qǫɽƎơȟơʋǫÆ qơɭǫȇǫȇȶɭȶȥơɭƎơȥ
òŔǐƎŔȍÆ òŔƎơƃơɽȶȍȇȶɭȶȥơɭƎơȥ
òȶȍƎŔȍÆ qơɭǫȇǫȇȶɭȶȥơɭƎơȥŹơɽȍơȥǫɭ
ࡤŔȍŹǫȥɭʋơɭȍơɭǫ
ࡤࡲƃȶɭȶȥŔɭǫŔɽǫȥǫɽʋɭŔ
-èࡲǫȥʋơɭʽơȥʋɭǫȇʧȍŔɭǫɽŔȥʋơɭǫȶɭࢎ7࢏– ʽࡲƃŔɭƎǫŔƃŔȟŔǌȥŔ
ǫȍơȇȶȟʂʠȍʠȇ
ࡤȥŔȇȶɭȶȥơɭ
ࡤòơɢʋʠȟʽơɽȶȍʽơȥʋɭǫȇʧȍʧȥŹʧˊʧȇȇǬɽȟǬȥǬŹơɽȍơɭ
ࡤࡲǫȥʋơɭʽơȥʋɭǫȇʧȍɭŔɽǫɢȶɽʋơɭǫȶɭǫȍơŔɭȇŔˊʧ˖Ǝơ
ŔȥŔɽʋȶȟȶ˖ˊŔɢŔɭŹʠȥơƎơȥȍơ
áȶɽʋơɭǫȶɭ¡zȥŔƎǫɭƎǫɭࡲ
-èࡲ-ǫɭƃʠȟǉȍơˉʠɽ
ࡤòŔǐȇȶɭȶȥơɭǫȍơŔɭȇŔˊʧ˖ƎơŔȥŔɽʋȶȟȶ˖ˊŔɢŔɭࡲ
ࡤòȶȍŔʋɭǫʠȟʽơɽȶȍʽơȥʋɭǫȇʧȍʧȥŹǫɭŹɃȍʧȟʧȥʧŹơɽȍơɭࡲ
ࡤࡲƃȶɭȶȥŔɭǫŔƎơˉʋɭŔ -- ĪࡲƃŔɭƎǫŔƃŔɢŔɭʽŔǫȍơȇȶȟʂʠȍʠȇ
-èࡲȟŔɭǌǫȥŔȍǫɽƎơˉʋơɭ
46
ࡤŔȍŹǫȥɽǫȥǫɭȍơɭǫ ࡤࡲɢǠŔɭˊȥǌơŔŔɽƃơȥƎơɽ Æ -F

òơȟɢŔʋǫȇÆ T1-þࠄ ࡤࡲɢǠŔɭˊȥǌơŔƎơɽƃơȥƎơɽ Æ ࡲȟŔˉǫȍȍŔɭǫɽ
áŔɭŔɽơȟɢŔʋǫȇÆ ¥ࡲʽŔǌʠɽ
ࡤ-FƎŔȍȍŔɭǬ
ࡤáơɭǫȇŔɭƎ
ࡤòǫȥʧɽʋɭŔȥɽʽơɭɽʠɽɢơɭǫƃŔɭƎǫǫࢎɭʋơɭ-Īơȥ࢏
ÄȥƎơÆ ȶɭʋŔŔɽƃơȥƎơɽʽơþɭʠȥȇʠɽɢʠȍȟȶȥŔȍǫɽ
ɭȇŔƎŔÆ ĪࡲƃŔʽŔɽʠɢơɭǫȶɭʽơĪࡲɢʠȍȟȶȥŔȍơɽ
ࡤòǫȥʧɽȶŹȍǫɩʠʠɽɢơɭǫƃŔɭƎǫǫ ࢎĪơȥ-Īơȥ࢏
ȍʋʋŔÆ ĪࡲƃŔʽŔǫȥǉ
ĔɽʋʋơÆ ĪࡲɢʠȍȟȶȥŔȍơɽ
ࡤbǫŹɭȶ˖ɢơɭǫȇŔɭƎǫʠȟʽơɽơɭȶ˖ɢơɭǫȇŔɭƎǫʠȟʠȥɢŔɭǫơʋŔȍ
ˊŔɢɭŔǐǬ
-ࡲáơɭǫȇŔɭƎǫȶɢǠɭơȥǫƃŔࢎࡲʋǠȶɭŔƃǫƃŔǫȥʋơɭȥŔȥǫȥƎŔȍǫ࢏
Źơɽȍơɭࡲ
-¥ࡲɢǠɭơȥǫƃʠɽƎʠˊʠɽʠȥʠʋŔɽǫɭ
ࡤčȟŹȍǫȇŔȍǫɽÆ ȍǫǌʠȟŹȍǫȇŔȍǫɽȟơƎǫŔȍǫɽ
ࡤĪࡲčȟŹȍǫȇŔȍǫɽÆ ȍǫǌʋơɭơɽǠơɢŔʋǫɽ
ࡤĪࡲʠȟŹȍǫȇŔȍǫɽȍǫǌǉŔȍƃǫǉȶɭȟơǠơɢŔʋǫɽǫȥǫƃǫȥƎơƎǫɭࡲ
ࡤĪࡲʠȟŹȍǫȇŔȍǫɽǫʽơȥŔƃŔʽŔǫȥǉơɭǫȶɭŔƎʠȇʋʠɽ
ʽơȥȶɽʠɽŹŔǌȍŔɭ
ࡤࡲɽʠŹƃȍŔʽǫŔƎŔȍȍŔɭǬ
-ʽơɭʋơŹɭŔȍǬɽ
-ʋǠɭŔƃǫƃŔǫȥʋơɭȥŔ
-þɭʠȥƃʠɽʋǠˊɭȶƃơɭʽǫƃŔȍǬɽ
-þɭʠȥƃʠɽƃȶɽʋȶƃơɭʽǫƃŔȍǫɽ
ࡤࡲbŔƃǫŔȍǫɽƎŔȍȍŔɭǬ
ࡤ¡ơȟơȥǫȥŔɭʋơɭȍơɭǫ
-ࡲʋǠȶɭŔƃŔȍŔʋơɭŔȍǫɽ
-ࡲʋǠȶɭŔƃǫƃŔɽʠɢ
-ࡲʋǠȶɭŔƃȶŔƃɭȶȟǫŔȍǫɽ
-ࡲʋǠȶɭŔƃǫƃŔǫȥʋơɭȥŔ
-ࡲǫȥʋơɭƃȶɽʋŔȍǫɽɢȶɽʋơɭǫȶɭ
-ࡲɽʠŹŔƃŔɢʠȍŔɭǫɽ
ࡤòȶȍŹɭȶȥƃǠǫŔȍŔɭʋơɭȍơɭÆȶɭʋʋǠȶɭŔƃǫƃŔ
ࡤòŔǐŹɭȶȥƃǠǫŔȍŔɭʋơɭȍơɭÆࠂࡲĪơˊŔࠃࡲǫȥʋơɭƃȶɽʋŔȍǫɽ
ɢȶɽʋơɭǫȶɭ
ࡤࡲ-ŔɭȶʋǫɽơȇɽʋơɭȥŔ Ŕࡲ¡ŔȇɽǫȍȍŔɭǫɽʽơŔࡲþơȟɢȶɭŔȍǫɽ
ɽʠɢơɭǉǫɽǫŔȍǫɽƎơȥơȥǫȇǫʠƃƎŔȍǫȥǫʽơɭǫɭ
ࡤࡲ-ŔɭȶʋǫɽơˉʋơɭȥŔȥǬȥʠƇƎŔȍǬÆࡲ¡ŔˉǫȍȍŔɭǫɽʽơࡲ ࡤࡲŔȍʽơȶȍŔɭǫɽɽʠɢơɭǫȶɭɢȶɽʋơɭǫȶɭÆࡲȟŔȇɽǫȍȍŔɭǫɽǫȥ
þơȟɢȶɭŔȍǫɽɽʠɢơɭǉǫƃǫŔȍǫɽࢎǌȍƎࡲɢŔɭȶʋǫƎơŔǫƇǫȥƎơ࢏ ƎŔȍǫƎǫɭࡲ
ࡤࡲŔȍʽơȶȍŔɭǫɽɽʠɢơɭǫȶɭȟơƎǫʠɽʽơ
ࡤþɭŔǌʠɽʠȥɃȥʧȥƎơɢʠȍɽŔɽˊȶȥʠŔȍǬȥŔȥŔɭʋơɭÆA. ŔȥʋơɭǫȶɭÆࡲǫȥǉɭŔȶɭŹǫʋŔȍǫɽǫȥƎŔȍǫƎǫɭ
þơȟɢȶɭŔȍǫɽɽʠɢơɭǉǫƃǫŔȍǫɽ
ࡤࡲƃơɭơŹɭǫŔȥʋơɭǫȶɭÆ bɭȶȥʋŔȍʽơɢŔɭǫˊơʋŔȍȍȶŹȍŔɭǫȥǫƇ
ˊʧ˖ʧȥʧŹơɽȍơɭࡲ
ࡤࡲþǠˊɭȶǫƎơŔ ɽʠɢơɭǫȶɭÆ-FȥǫȥƎŔȍǬ ࢎʠˊȍʠȇ࡫ŹŔƃŔȇ࡫ŔˊŔȇ࡫ȟǫȇɽǫˊȶȥ࡫ƎơǉơȇŔɽˊȶȥ࢏
ࡤࡲþǠˊɭȶǫƎơŔǫȥǉơɭǫȶɭÆ þɭʠȥƃʠɽʋǠˊɭȶɽơɭʽǫȇŔȍǫɽǫȥƎŔȍǬ
¥ࡲȍŔɭǫȥǌơʠɽɭơƃʠɭɭơȥɽǫȍơȇȶȟʂʠ ࡤȶŹʠȍʠɽɢŔɭŔƃơȥʋɭŔȍǫɽÆȟơɽŔȥơ ȟơɭȇơ˖ǫ
ࡤࡲɢŔȍŔʋǫȥŔŔɽƃơȥƎơɽÆ ࡲǉŔƃǫŔȍǫɽǫȥ ࡤࡤáơɭǫȇŔȍȍȶ˖ŔȍʽơȇŔȍȍȶ˖ȶȟŔɭǿǫȥŔȍŔɭʋơɭÆ-ȥǬȥƎŔȍȍŔɭǬ

ƎŔȍǬࢎþȶȥɽǫȍȍơȇʋȶȟǫƎơơȥǉŔ˖ȍŔȇŔȥŔˊŔȥ࢏ *%Ŕʂʽơˊʧ˖ʧŹơɽȍơˊơȥơɽŔɽŔɭʋơɭÆ-F
ࡤࡲɢŔȍŔʋǫȥŔƎơɽƃơȥƎơɽÆ ࡲȟŔȇɽǫȍȍŔɭǫɽǫȥƎŔȍǬ *ĔɽʋǌɃ˖ȇŔɢŔǐǬʽơŔȍǬȥƎơɭǫɽǫȥǫŹơɽȍơˊơȥÆA
ࡲȶɢǠʋŔȍȟǫƃŔࢎ-࢏
47
ࡤࡤ¶ǉʋŔȍȟǫȇŔɭʋơɭǫȥƎŔȍǬŔࡲƎȶɭɽŔȍǫɽȥŔɽǫǫȍơǉŔɽǫŔȍŔɭʋơɭǫȥ ࡤࡲ-ȶȟȟʠȥǫƃŔȥɽŔȥʋơɭǫȶɭɽǫȥǫɭɽǫɽʋơȟǫȥƎơ
ɭࡲȍŔʋơɭŔȍǫɽȥŔɽǫɽǫŔȥŔɽʋȶȟȶ˖ˊŔɢŔɭࢎ-ǫȍơ-F Ŕȥơʽɭǫ˖ȟŔȍŔɭǬȥơȥɽǬȇǌɃɭʧȍƎʧǐʧŔɭʋơɭƎǫɭࠁࡲòǬȇȍǬȇ-> A.
ŔȥŔɽʋȶȟȶ˖ʠ࢏ -ȶȟȟʠȥǫƃŔȥɽɢȶɽʋơɭǫȶɭ
*Īǫ˖ʧơȍȇȶɭʋơˉǫŹơɽȍơˊơȥơɽŔɽŔɭʋơɭŔࡲƃơɭơŹɭǫ
*A-Æ A. BŔɽǫȍȍŔɭǫɽŔɭʋơɭǫȥƎŔȍǬࢎ%- ʽɭʠɢŔ%ǫɭȍǫǐǫ࢏ ɢȶɽʋơɭǫȶɭƎʠɭ
*P-Æ A. ĪơɭʋơŹɭŔȍǫɽǫȥƎŔȍǬࢎĪá- ĪŔȥáơɭɽǫơ࢏ *eɃɭȟơˊȶȍȍŔɭǬȥǬȥơɽŔɽŔɭʋơɭǫŔࡲƃơɭơŹɭǫȟơƎǫŔƎǬɭ
ࢎABࢫƎơȥĪŔȥPơɭɽǫơbơȥơɭŹŔǠƇơࢫˊơʋɭŔȥɽǉơɭȶȍƎʠ࢏ ࡤࡤࡲƃơɭơŹɭǫɢȶɽʋơɭǫȶɭʋǬȇŔȥǬȇȍŔɭǬȥƎŔȟŔȇʠȍŔǌɃɭʧɭ
ƃʧȥȇʧȟŔȇʠȍŔˊǬŔࡲƃơɭơŹɭǫȟơƎǫŔŹơɽȍơɭ
ࡤࡲƃơɭơŹɭǫȟơƎǫŔʋǬȇŔȥǬȇȍŔɭǬȥƎŔȇȶȥʋȍŔʋơɭŔȍǠȶȟȶȥǫȟ
ǠơȟǫŔȥȶɢɽǫȶȍʠɭȟŔȇʠȍŔǌɃɭȟơ˖
ࡤࡲ-ơɭơŹɭǫɢȶɽʋơɭǫȶɭǫȍơ ࡲòʠɢơɭǫȶɭƃơɭơŹơȍȍǫ
ŔɭŔɽǬȥƎŔȥÆ¥ࡲ¶ƃʠȍȶȟȶʋȶɭǫʠɽǌơƇơɭ
*ࡲȥǉơɭǫȶɭŔȥʋơɭǫȶɭƃơɭơŹơȍȍǫ ǫȍơࡲŔŹɭˊǫȥʋǠǫ ŔɭŔɽǬȥƎŔȥ
Æ¥ࡲŹƎʠƃơȥɽǌơƇơɭ
ࡤࡲŔˉǫȍȍŔɭǫɽࠀࡲ-ȶɽʋŔȥǫȥŔȍʋɽǫȥǫɭǫȥǫǌơƇǫȥƃơŹŔɽȍŔɭࡲ¡ࡲ
áơƃʋȶɭŔȍǫɽȟǫȥȶɭʠȥŔɭȇŔɽǫȥƎŔƎǫɭࡲ
ࡤࡲŹɭŔƃǠǫŔȍǫɽ¡ࡲʋơɭơɽȟŔǿȶɭʠȥŔȍʋȇơȥŔɭǫȥǫǌơƇǫȥƃơ
ŹŔɽȍŔɭࡲ¥ࡲ¡ơƎǫŔȥʠɽǫȍơŹǫɭȍǫȇʋơɽơˊɭơƎơɭ
ࡤ¶ɭʋŔȇʠȍŔȇɃȥ ƎʠʽŔɭǬȥƎŔऑऑŔƃŔɭȶʋǫɽǫȥʋơɭȥŔ
ࡤ¶ɭʋŔȇʠȍŔȇŔɭȇŔ ƎʠʽŔɭǬȥƎŔऑऑŔǉŔƃǫŔȍǫɽ ɽơˊɭơƎơɭ ࡤ¥èŔƎǫŔȍǫɽǫȍơŹơɭŔŹơɭɽơˊɭơƎơȥŔɭʋơɭÆ ࡲáɭȶǉʠȥƎŔ
ŹɭŔƃǠǫǫ
ࡤࡲŹŔɽǫȍȍŔɭǫɽƎŔȍȍŔɭǬ
ࡤɭƃʠɽɢŔȍȟŔɭǫɽɢRȶǉʠȥƎʠɽÆa.RŔƎˊŔȍǫɽ
-ࡲȥǉơɭǫȶɭŔȥʋơɭǫȶɭƃơɭơŹơȍȍǫ ࡤɭƃʠɽɢŔȍȟŔɭǫɽɽčɢơɭǫɽˊŔȍǫɽÆa.čȍȥŔɭǫɽࢎࠁࡲqŔɭǉȍơɭ࢏
-ࡲȍŔŹɭǫȥʋǠǫ
-ࡲɽʠɢơɭǫȶɭƃơɭơŹơȍȍǫ
ࡤࡲbơȟȶɭŔȍǫɽ
-ࡲƃơɭơŹɭǫɢȶɽʋơɭǫȶɭ
-ࡲǫȍǫŔƃŔơˉʋơɭȥŔࡶȥǬȥ ʠˊȍʠȇʋŔȇǫƎơʽŔȟǬƎǬɭࢎǫǌࡲ
-Ŕࡲáȶȥʋǫɽ
ȥǌʠǫȥŔȍơࢫƎơȥɽȶȥɭŔ࢏
-ȍȇƎŔȍǬÆࡲFɢǫǌŔɽʋɭǫƃŔɽʠɢơɭǉǫƃǫŔȍǫɽ
ࡤĭǫȍȍǫɽǠŔȍȇŔɽǬࢎ-ǫɽʋơɭȥŔǫȥʋơɭɢơƎǫȥƃʠȍŔɭǫɽࢫʋơ࢏
-FȥȇŔȍǬȥƎŔȍǬÆࡲáɭȶǉʠȥƎŔǉơȟȶɭǫɽ
-ƃȶȟȟʠȥǫƃŔȥɽŔȥʋơɭǫȶɭ
-bơȟʠɭŹȶˊȥʠȥʠŹơɽȍơˊơȥÆࡲƃǫɭƃʠȟǉȍơˉǫŔǉơȟȶɭǫɽ
-ƃơɭơŹɭǫŔȥʋơɭǫȶɭ
ȟơƎǫŔȍǫɽ
-ƃŔɭȶʋǫɽǫȥʋơɭȥŔ
-qǫŔʋʠɽŔƎƎʠƃʋȶɭǫʠɽŔǌǫɭȟơˊơȥʋơȇƎŔȍǬÆࡲ7ơɽƃơȥƎơɽ
-ƃȶȟȟʠȥǫƃŔȥɽɢȶɽʋơɭǫȶɭ
ǌơȥʠɽ
-ƃơɭơŹɭǫɢȶɽʋơɭǫȶɭ
ࡤࡲƃơɭơŹɭǫȟơƎǫŔ࡫ࡲŹŔɽǫȍȍŔɭǫɽĭǫȍȍǫɽǠŔȍȇŔɽǬȥŔ
ࡤࡤeơȥʠɽɽɃ˖ƃʧǐʧǫƇơɭơȥŔɭʋơɭȍơɭŔࡲɢȶɢȍǫʋơŔȥǫȥ
ȇŔʋǬȍȟŔ˖࡮࡮࡮
ƎŔȍȍŔɭǫƎǫɭŔࡲƎơɽƃơȥƎơɽǌơȥʠɽǫɽơǉơȟȶɭŔȍŔɭʋơɭǫȥƎŔȍǫ
ࡤȶɭʋŔŔŹƎȶȟǫȥŔȍǫɽǫȥʽơȥʋɭŔȍƎŔȍȍŔɭǬ
-þɭʠȥƃʠɽƃȶơȍǫŔƃʠɽ
-ࡲȟơɽơȥʋơɭǫƃŔɽʠɢơɭǫȶɭ
-ࡲȟơɽơȥʋơɭǫƃŔǫȥǉơɭǫȶɭ
ࡤȶɭʋŔŔŹƎȶȟǫȥŔȍǫɽǫȥȍŔʋơɭŔȍƎŔȍȍŔɭǬ
-ࡲáǠɭơȥǫƃŔǫȥǉơɭǫȶɭ
-ࡲòʠɢɭŔɭơȥŔȍǫɽȟơƎǫŔ
-ࡲèơȥŔȍǫɽ
-ࡲ¶ʽŔɭǫƃŔࢎࡲʋơɽʋǫƃʠȍŔɭǫɽ࢏
ࡤȶɭʋŔŹƎȶȟǫȥŔȍǫɽǫȥƎȶɭɽŔȍƎŔȍȍŔɭǬ
-ࡲȍʠȟŹŔȍơɽ
-A. ɽŔƃɭŔȍǫɽȟơƎǫŔȥŔ
ࡤòʠɢơɭǫȶɭȟơ˖ơȥʋơɭǫȇŔɭʋơɭɽơȥƎɭȶȟʠࢎĭǫȍȇǫơ
òơȥƎɭȶȟʠ࢏
-7ʠȶƎơȥʠȟࠂࡲȇǬɽȟǬ ŔȶɭʋŔʽơò¡ŔɭŔɽǬȥƎŔŹŔɽǬˊŔʠǐɭŔɭ
ࡤࡲ-ơɭơŹɭǫ¡ơƎǫŔɽʋɭȶȇơࡶʠȥơȥɽǬȇǌɃɭʧȍƎʧǐʧƎŔȟŔɭƎǬɭ -ǫȍȶȇŔˊŹǬ࡫ȇŔɭǬȥŔǐɭǬɽǬ࡫ŹʠȍŔȥʋǬʽơȇʠɽȟŔ
-÷ǫȇŔˊơʋȍơɭˊơȟơȇˊơȟơǫȍơɢɭȶʽŔȇơ ȶȍʠɭࡲ
48
ࡤþࠀࠁ Æ ȶɭʋŔŔŹƎȶȟǫȥŔȍǫɽ ŹŔʂȍŔɭ ࡤࡲáŔȥȇɭơŔʋǫƃȶƎʠȶƎơȥŔȍǫɽɽʠɢơɭǫȶɭÆ

ࡤࠃÆ ࡲǫȍǫŔƃŔƃȶȟȟʠȥǫɽȍơɭŹŔʂȍŔɭࢎɽŔǐʽơɽȶȍ࢏ ࡲeŔɽʋɭȶƎʠȶƎơȥŔȍǫɽ
ࡤࡲáŔȥȇɭơŔʋǫƃȶƎʠȶƎơȥŔȍǫɽǫȥǉơɭǫȶɭÆ ࡲ¡ơɽơȥʋơɭǫƃŔ
ࡤࡲɢǠɭơȥǫƃŔɽʠɢÆ ŔȶɭʋŔʋǠȶɭŔƃǫƃŔ ɽʠɢơɭǫȶɭ
ࡤࡲɢǠɭơȥǫƃŔǫȥǉÆ ŔȶɭʋŔŔŹƎȶȟǫȥŔȍǫɽ
ࡤࡲʋơɽʋǫƃʠȍŔɭǫɽࢎȶʽŔɭǫƃŔ࢏
ࡤࡲɽʠɢɭŔɭơȥŔȍǫɽɽʠɢÆ ŔࡲɢǠɭơȥǫƃŔǫȥǉơɭǫȶɭ
ࡤࡲɽʠɢɭŔɭơȥŔȍǫɽȟơƎǫŔÆ ŔȶɭʋŔŔŹƎȶȟǫȥŔȍǫɽ -¥ࡲeơȥǫʋȶǉơȟȶɭŔȍǫɽ࡫ʧɭơʋơɭʽơࡲȍǫŔƃŔơˉʋơɭȥŔˊǫɃȥ
ʋŔɭŔǉǬȥƎŔȥ
ࡤࡲʠʋơɭǫȥŔÆ ŔࡲǫȍǫŔƃŔǫȥʋơɭȥŔ -òŔǐʋŔɭŔǉǫȥŔɭʋơɭǫŔˊɭǬƃŔĪࡲ-ŔʽŔǫȥǉơɭǫȶɭʠɃȥƎơȥ
ࡤࡲȶʽŔɭǫƃŔࢎࡲʋơɽʋǫȇʧȍŔɭǫɽ࢏Æ ŔȶɭʋŔŔŹƎȶȟǫȥŔȍǫɽ ƃŔɢɭŔ˖ȍŔɭࡲ
ĪF¥Fè
ࡤŔʽơɽǫƃŔȍǫɽɽʠɢएŔʽŔǿǫȥŔȍǫɽ
ࡤŔʠʋơɭǫȥŔएŔƎʠƃʋʠɽƎơǉơɭơȥɽ ࡤŔǉŔƎǬʂǬ ơȥǉơȇɽǫˊȶȥȍŔɭǬȥȇŔǉŔǫƇǫȥơʋŔʂǬȥȟŔɽǬȥƎŔÆĪࡲ
FȟǫɽɽŔɭǫŔơ
ࡤĵơȥǫƎȶǐŔȥƎŔŹʠȍʠȥȟŔˊŔȥʽơȥÆĪࡲ7ǫɢȍȶǫƃŔơ
ࡤeȍŔȥƎʠȍŔɽʠɢɭŔɭơȥŔȍǫɽ
-ࡲɽʠɢɭŔɭơȥŔȍǫɽɽʠɢơɭǫȶɭ४ŔࡲɢǠɭơȥǫƃŔǫȥǉơɭǫȶɭ ࡤĪࡲʋơȟɢȶɭŔȍǫɽɽʠɢơɭǉǫƃǫŔȍǫɽऋĪࡲȟŔˉǫȍȍŔɭǫɽ
-ࡲɽʠɢɭŔɭơȥŔȍǫɽȟơƎǫŔ४ŔȶɭʋŔŔŹƎȶȟǫȥŔȍǫɽ ÆĪࡲɭơʋɭȶȟŔȥƎǫŹʠȍŔɭǫɽࢎáŔɭȶʋǫɽʋơ࢏
-ࡲɽʠɢɭŔɭơȥŔȍǫɽǫȥǉơɭǫȶɭ४ŔࡲɭơȥŔȍǫɽ
ࡤĪࡲɭơʋɭȶȟŔȥƎǫŹʠȍŔɭǫɽɃȥƎŔȍǬऋĪࡲǉŔƃǫŔȍǫɽÆĪࢎɽǫȥʠɽ
ɽǫǌȟȶǫƎơʠɽƎơʽŔȟǬ࢏
ࡤĪࡲɭơʋɭȶȟŔȥƎǫŹʠȍŔɭǫɽŔɭȇŔƎŔȍǬऋĪࡲŔʠɭǫƃʠȍŔɭǫɽɢȶɽʋ
ÆĪF
ࡤĪऋĪࡲɽʠŹƃȍŔʽǫŔÆĪࡲŹɭŔƃǠǫȶƃơɢǠŔȍǫƃŔ
ࡤĪࡲǿʠǌʠȍŔɭǫɽǫȥʋơɭȥŔ
-ĪࡲǉŔƃǫŔȍǫɽ
-ĪࡲȍǫȥǌʠŔȍǫɽ
-ĪࡲʋǠˊɭȶǫƎơŔɽʠɢࡲʽơȟơƎࡲࢎĪࡲʋǠˊɭȶǫƎơŔǫȥǉࡲÆ
ࡤèơȇʋʠȟ ĪࡲŹɭŔƃǠǫȶƃơɢǠŔȍǫƃŔɽǫȥǫɽʋɭŔ࢏
-ࡲɭơƃʋŔȍǫɽɽʠɢơɭǫȶɭ४ŔࡲȟơɽơȥʋơɭǫƃŔǫȥǉơɭǫȶɭ ࡤþȶɭŔȇɽ
-ࡲɭơƃʋŔȍǫɽȟơƎǫŔ४ŔࡲǫȍǫŔƃŔǫȥʋơɭȥŔ
-ࡲɭơƃʋŔȍǫɽǫȥǉơɭǫȶɭ४ŔࡲɢʠƎơȥƎŔǫȥʋơɭȥŔ -ĪࡲɽʠŹƃȶɽʋŔȍǫɽƎơˉʋơɭऋĪࡲȍʠȟŹŔȍǫɽŔɽƃơȥƎơȥɽƎơˉʋơɭ
एĪࡲŔ˖ˊǌȶɽ
-ĪࡲǠơȟǫŔ˖ˊǌȶɽʽơʽࡲǠơȟǫŔ˖ˊǌȶɽŔƃƃơɽɽȶɭǫŔÆĪࡲŔ˖ˊǌȶɽࢫŔ
ƎɃȇʧȍʧɭࡲ
ࡤĪࡲŔ˖ˊǌȶɽ
-òŔǐʋʧȟǫȥʋơɭȇȶɽʋŔȍʽơȥȍơɭ
-òŔǐŹɭȶȥɽǫŔȍ
-Ä˖ơǉŔǌʠɽȶɭʋŔࠀࡸࠂ
-ĪࡲŔ˖ˊǌȶɽ࡫Ī-òࡶˊơ ƎɃȇʧȍʧɭࡲ
ࡤĪࡲǠơȟǫŔ˖ˊǌȶɽ
-òȶȍࠈࠀ߿ࠀࠀࡲȥʋơɭȇȶɽʋŔȍ
-Ä˖ơǉŔǌʠɽȶɭʋŔࠀࡸࠂ
ࡤĪࡲǠơȟǫŔ˖ˊǌȶɽŔƃƃơɽɽȶɭǫŔ
-òȶȍࠃࠄࠅࠆࠇȥʋơɭȇȶɽʋŔȍ
-òȶȍĪʽࡲ%ɭȶȥɽǫŔȍ
ࡤĔɽʋFˉʋɭơȟǫʋơĪơȥȍơɭǫ
ࡤࡲFɢǫǌŔɽʋɭǫƃŔɽʠɢơɭǫȶɭÆA. þǠȶɭŔƃǫƃŔǫȥʋơɭȥŔȥǫȥƎŔȍǫ
-ĪࡲƃơɢǠŔȍǫƃŔÆbŔɽƃǫȶƃȍŔʽǫɢơƃʋȶɭŔȍǫɽǫ
ࡤࡲFɢǫǌŔɽʋɭǫƃŔǫȥǉơɭǫȶɭÆࡲǫȍǫŔƃŔơȇɽʋơɭȥŔȥǫȥƎŔȍǫ
ƎơȍơɭÆĪࡲŔˉǫȍȍŔɭǫɽࢫơƎɃȇʧȍʧɭ
ࡤࡲFɢǫǌŔɽʋɭǫƃŔɽʠɢơɭǉǫƃǫŔȍǫɽÆࡲbơȟȶɭŔȍǫɽǫȥƎŔȍǫ
-ĪࡲŹŔɽǫȍǫƃŔÆbŔɽƃǫŔŹɭŔƃǠǫǫƎơȍơɭ
ࡤ-ȶɭȶȥŔȟȶɭʋǫɽएࡲ¶ŹʋʠɭŔʋȶɭǫŔऋࡲFɢǫǌŔɽʋɭǫƃŔǫȥǉơɭǫȶɭ
¡ࡲʋơɭơɽȟŔǿȶɭࢫʧȥŔȍʋȇơȥŔɭǬȥƎŔĪࡲŔˉǫȍȍŔɭǫɽȶȍʠɭ
49
ࡤȍʋFˉʋɭơȟǫʋơĪơȥȍơɭǫ ࡤáȶɭʋȶ--ŔʽŔȥŔɽʋȶȟȶ˖
ࠀ࢏Ä˖ơǉŔǌʠɽʠȥŔŹƎȶȟǫȥŔȍɢŔɭƇŔɽǬ
-ĪࡲʋǫŹǫŔȍǫɽŔȥʋऋɢȶɽʋÆĪࡲɢȶɢȍǫʋơŔ -ʽࡲǌŔɽʋɭǫƃŔɽǫȥǫɽʋɭŔࢎá࢏Æ ʽࡲŔ˖ˊǌȶɽࢎ-ò࢏ʽơʽࡲ
-qǫŔʋʠɽŔƎƎʠƃʋȶɭǫʠɽŔǌǫɭǫȥƃơÆĪࡲǉơȟȶɭŔȍǫɽ ǠơȟǫŔ˖ˊǌȶɽࢎ-ò࢏
áȶɭʋŔȍqþÆ Ä˖ơǉŔǌʠɽʽŔɭǫɽǫ
ࡤĪࡲɽŔɢǠơȥŔȟŔǌȥŔÆ¡ơƎǫŔȍȟŔȍȍơȶȍ ࠁ࢏èơȇʋʠȟ
ɃȥʧȥƎơȥÆĪࡲǉơȟȶɭŔȍǫɽơƎɃȇʧȍʧɭ -ʽࡲɭơƃʋŔȍǫɽɽʠɢơɭǫȶɭࢎá࢏Æ ɭơƃʋŔȍǫɽȟơƎǫŔࢎ-z࢏ʽơʽࡲ
¥ࡲɽŔɢǠơȥʠɽǫȍơȇȶȟʂʠ ɭơƃʋŔȍǫɽǫȥǉơɭǫȶɭࢎ-z࢏
ࠂ࢏čȟŹǫȍǫƃʠɽࢎऋƃŔʽŔ-ƃŔʽŔŔȥŔɽʋȶȟȶ˖࢏
ࡤĪࡲɽŔɢǠơȥŔɢŔɭʽŔÆŔʋơɭŔȍȟŔȍȍơȶȍ -ĪࡲɢŔɭŔʠȟŹǫȍǫƃŔȍơɽࢎá࢏ÆʽࡲơɢǫǌŔɽʋɭǫƃŔɽʠɢơɭǫȶɭࢎ-ò࢏ʽơʽࡲ
ŔɭȇŔɽǬȥÆĪࡲɢȶɢȍǫʋơŔˊŔƎɃȇʧȍʧɭ ơɢǫǌŔɽʋɭǫƃŔǫȥǉơɭǫȶɭࢎ-z࢏
¥ࡲɽʠɭŔȍǫɽǫȍơȇȶȟʂʠ ࠃ࢏èơʋɭȶɢơɭǫʋȶȥơŔȍŹȶȍǌơ
-ȇŔɭŔƃǫǐơɭƎơȇǫŔɭơŔȥʠƎŔࢫȥǬȥʽơȥȍơɭǫʽơȇŔȍǬȥ
ŹŔǐǬɭɽŔȇʽơȥȍơɭǫࢎʽࡲƃȶȍǫƃŔࢫȍŔɭ࢏ࢎá࢏Æ ɭơʋɭȶɢơɭǫʋȶȥơŔȍ
ʽơȥȍơɭࢎʽʽࡲɢǠɭơȥǫƃŔơǫȥǉơɭǫȶɭơɽ࡫ʽʽࡲȍʠȟŹŔȍơɽ࡫ʽࡲ
ȍʠȟŹŔȍǫɽŔɽƃơȥƎơȥɽ࡫ʽʽࡲɭơȥŔȍơɽ࢏ࢎ-z࢏
ࠄ࢏áŔʋơȥʋƎʠƃʋʠɽʽơȥȶɽʠɽ
-7ʠƃʋʠɽʽơȥȶɽʠɽŔƇǬȇȇŔȍǬɭࡲĪࡲɢȶɭʋŔơǠơɢŔʋǫɽࢎá࢏Æ ʽࡲ
ƃŔʽŔǫȥǉơɭǫȶɭࢎ-z࢏
ࡤ-ŔʽŔ--ŔʽŔȥŔɽʋȶȟȶ˖
-ĪࡲơɢǫǌŔɽʋɭǫƃŔɽʠɢơɭǫȶɭࢎ-ò࢏Æ ʽࡲơɢǫǌŔɽʋɭǫƃŔǫȥǉơɭǫȶɭ
ࢎ-z࢏
-ĪࡲʋǠȶɭŔƃǫƃŔȍŔʋơɭŔȍǫɽࢎ-ò࢏Æ ʽࡲơɢǫǌŔɽʋɭǫƃŔ
ɽʠɢơɭǉǫƃǫŔȍǫɽࢎ-z࢏
-ĪࡲȍʠȟŹŔȍơɽࢎ-z࢏Æ ʽࡲŔ˖ˊǌȶɽࢎ-ò࢏
-ĪࡲǫȍǫŔƃŔƃȶȟȟʠȥǫɽ࡫ĪࡲǫȍǫȶȍʠȟŹŔȍǫɽʽơ
ĪࡲʠȟŹŔȍơɽࢎ-z࢏ÆĪࡲȍʠȟŹŔȍǫɽŔɽƃơȥƎơȥɽࢎ-ò࢏ࢎĪࡲȍʠȟŹŔȍǫɽ
ŔɽƃơȥƎơȥɽऋĪࡲɽʠŹƃȶɽʋŔȍǫɽएĪࡲŔ˖ˊǌȶɽÆ VCò࢏
ࡤˉǫȍȍơɭȍơȥǉƎʧǐʧȟȍơɭǫ
-¥ȶƎǫɢơƃʋȶɭŔȍơɽ
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-¥ȶƎǫ-ơȥʋɭŔȍơɽ
-¥ȶƎǫɢǫƃŔȍơɽ
**Ī-ǫ ࢎeơȥơȍʠɭŔȍ࢏
-ȶɭʋŔŔŹƎȶȟǫȥŔȍǫɽࡶǫȥƇǫǉʋ ƎŔȍȍŔɭǬȥŔơʂȍǫȇơƎơȥ ࡤ7ǫȍǫȥȍơȥǉŔʋǫȇȍơɭǫ

ʽơȥȍơɭǫ7¶hèč7¥; -¥ࡲɽʠŹȟơȥʋŔȍǫɽ
-ŔɭǬȥƎŔȇǫʋơȇ ȶɭǌŔȥȍŔɭǬȥʽơȥɃ˖ȇŔȥǬȥǬǫɽơĪɢȶɭʋŔ- -¥ࡲɽʠŹȟŔȥƎǫŹʠȍŔɭǫɽ
-- ĪࡲǠơɢŔʋǫƃŔơˊȶȍʠˊȍŔ -¥ࡲǿʠǌʠȍȶƎǫǌŔɽʋɭǫƃʠɽ
7¶ĵz ¶èƎɭơȥơơƎơɭࡲ -¥ࡲǿʠǌʠȍȶȶȟȶǠˊȶǫƎơʠɽ
**Ī-ǫ ˊơƎǫɭơȇʋƎɃȇʧȍơȥȍơɭ
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-ʽࡲȍʠȟŹŔȍơɽ
-ʽࡲǠơɢŔʋǫƃŔơ
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-ʽࡲʋơɽʋǫƃʠȍŔɭǫɽࢎȶʽŔɭǫƃŔ࢏ƎơˉʋɭŔࢎò¶ þèbz¥
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-Ǝʠƃʋʠɽʽơȥȶɽʠɽ
ࡤĪࡲɢȶɭʋŔǠơɢŔʋǫɽơƎǫɭơȇƎɃȇʧȍơȥȍơɭ
-ʽࡲȍǫơȥŔȍǫɽࢎɽɢȍơȥǫƃŔ࢏Æ%ʠȥŔƎɃȇʧȍơȥʽࡲȟơɽơȥʋơɭǫƃŔǫȥǉ
-ʽࡲȟơɽơȥʋơɭǫƃŔɽʠɢ
-ʽࡲǌŔɽʋɭǫƃŔɽǫȥǫɽʋɭŔࡸƎơˉʋɭŔ
-ʽࡲƃˊɽʋǫƃŔ
-ʽࡲɢŔɭŔʠȟŹȍǫƃŔȍơɽ
-ʽࡲɢŔȥƃɭơŔʋǫƃȶƎʠȶƎơȥŔȍǫɽɽʠɢ
50
Anatomi | 6. Gastrointestinal Sistem
Gastrointestinal
Sistem
51
6. eò v. hemiazygos accessoria

-Pars abdominalis Æ v. gastrica sinistra ve v. azygos
(porto-cava anastomoz)
ࡤ7ǫȍǫȥƎǬʂȇŔɽȍŔɭǬࢎá¶þ¥òĵFþčò፞)
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ࢎ¥ࡲǠˊɢȶǌȍȶɽɽʠɽ࢏ Ä¥F¡࡮࡮࡮࢏
-M.hyoglossus ࢎ¥ࡲǠˊɢȶǌȍȶɽɽʠɽ࢏ -áȍǫƃŔʠȟŹǫȍǫƃŔȍǫɽȟơƎǫŔȥŔŔȍʋǬȥƎŔȇǫǫǌࡲʠȟŹȍǫƃŔle

ȟơƎǫŔȥʠȟ, čɭŔƃǠʠɽࡶʠȥȇŔȍǬȥʋǬɽǬ
-M.styloglossus ࢎ¥ࡲǠˊɢȶǌȍȶɽɽʠɽ࢏
-áȍǫƃŔʠȟŹǫȍǫƃŔȍǫɽȟơƎǫŔȍǫɽŔȍʋǬȥƎŔȇǫȍǫǌࡲʠȟŹǫȍǫƃŔȍơ
-M.áŔȍŔʋȶǌȍȶɽɽʠɽࢎáȍơˉʠɽáǠŔɭˊȥơǌơʠɽǫȍơǫȥȥơɭʽơ࢏ ȟơƎǫŔȍǫɽ, ŔࡲʠȟŹǫȍǫƃŔȍǫɽࡶǫȥȇŔȍǬȥʋǬɽǬ
-áȍǫƃŔʠȟŹȍǫƃŔȍǫɽȍŔʋơɭŔȍǫɽŔȍʋǬȥƎŔŔࡲʽࡲơɢǫǌŔɽʋɭǫƃŔ
ǫȥǉơɭǫȶɭbulunur
ࡤeȍŔȥƎʠȍŔɢŔɭȶʋȶǫƎơŔ
ࡤáŔɭŔɽơȟɢŔʋǫȇȍǫǉȍơɭǫÆeŔȥǌࡲ¶ʋǫƃʠȟࢎࠈࡲ-¥࢏
ࡤ%ʠɭɽŔ¶ȟơȥʋŔȍǫɽòǬȥǬɭȍŔɭǬ
ǫƇǫȥƎơȇǫˊŔɢǬȍŔɭࡷ
-¥ǉŔƃǫŔȍǫɽʽơʋơɭȟǫȥŔȍƎŔȍȍŔɭǬ ÄȥƎơࡷ¶ȟơȥʋʠɽȟǫȥʠɽun arka ˊŔɢɭŔǐǬ
-ĪɭơʋɭȶȟŔȥƎǫŹʠȍŔɭǫɽएĪʋơȟɢȶɭŔȍǫɽɽʠɢơɭǉǫƃǫŔȍǫɽऋĪ ɭȇŔƎŔࡷ¶ȟơȥʋʠɽȟŔǿʠɽʠȥǫȇǫˊŔɢɭŔǐǬ
ȟŔˉǫȍȍŔɭǫɽ
(Bu ˊŔɢɭŔǐǬȥŔɭȇŔɽǬȥƎŔࡷɢŔȥƃɭơŔɽ࡫ɽȶȍǌȍࡲɽʠɢɭŔɭơȥŔȍǫɽ࡫
-ƃŔɭȶʋǫɽơˉʋơɭȥŔएࡲȟŔˉǫȍȍŔɭǫɽऋࡲʋơȟɢȶɭŔȍǫɽ ɽȶȍŹɃŹɭơǐǫȥʧɽʋɢŔɭƇŔɽǬ࡫ŔȶɭʋŔŔŹƎȶȟǫȥŔȍǫɽ࡫ʋɭʠȥƃʠɽ
ɽʠɢơɭǉǫƃǫŔȍǫɽ ƃȶơȍǫŔƃʠɽʽơƎǫŔɢǠɭŔǌȟŔ bulunur.)
-ʋɭŔȥɽʽơɭɽŔǉŔƃơǫ òŔǐƎŔࡷ ʂŔǐǬƎŔÆ ¶ȟơȥʋʠȟȟŔǿʠɽࡶʠȥɽŔǐȇơȥŔɭǬ࡫

ĵʠȇŔɭǬƎŔÆ Pancreastan, Duodenuma uzanan
-áŔɭȶʋǫƎȍơȥǉƎʧǐʧȟȍơɭǫ getirilir. periton
ࡤeȍŔȥƎʠȍŔɽʠŹȟŔȥƎǫŹʠȍŔɭǫɽ òȶȍƎŔࡷǫǌࡲòɢȍơȥȶɭơȥŔȍơࢎƇǫȥƎơ-ŔʠƎŔɢŔȥƃɭơŔʋǫɽʽơ
ࡲʽࡲòɢȍơȥǫƃŔ) ile
-Ƈ ˊʧ˖ʧȥơȇȶȟʂʠÆࡲbŔƃǫŔȍǫɽ
ǫǌࡲeŔɽʋɭȶɽɢȍơȥǫƃʠȟࢎƇǫȥƎơŔࡲǌŔɽʋɭǫƃŔŹɭơʽơɽʽơ
-7Ǭʂtan çaprazlayan Æ¥ࡲǫȥǌʠŔȍǫɽ ࡲǌŔɽʋɭȶȶȟơȥʋŔȍǫɽɽǫȥǫɽʋɭŔ)
ࡤĭŔȍƎơˊơɭǠŔȍȇŔɽǬ ࡤbȶɭŔȟơȥ¶ȟơȥʋŔȍơࢎbȶɭࡲFɢǫɢȍȶǫƃʠȟएbȶɭࡲĭǫȥɽȍȶʽǫ࢏
-áơɭǫʋȶȥŹȶʂȍʠǐʠ- ŹʠɭɽŔȶȟơȥʋŔȍǫɽ ŔɭŔɽǬ
-Arka üstteÆ tonsilla pharyngea -Bursa omentalis'in ɽŔǐʋŔɭŔǉǬȥƎŔƎǬɭ
-Ön alttaÆ tonsilla lingualis òǬȥǬɭȍŔɭǬࡷ
-YanlardaÆ üstte: tonsilla tubaria, altta: tonsilla -ÄȥƎơࡷȍǫǌࡲǠơɢŔʋȶƎʠȶƎơȥŔȍơ ve içerisindeki ʽࡲɢȶɭʋŔơ
palatina ǠơɢŔʋǫɽ
-ɭȇŔƎŔࡷʽࡲƃŔʽŔǫȥǉơɭǫȶɭ
ࡤÄ˖ơǉŔǌʠɽʋŔƎŔɭȍǬȇȍŔɭǬ -ĵʠȇŔɭǬƎŔࡷȇŔɭŔƃǫǐơɭǫȥȍȶŹʠɽƃŔʠƎŔʋʠɽ’u
-bŔɭǫȥǌȶɃ˖ơǉŔǌơŔȍŹǫɭȍơʂȟơÆơȥƎŔɭ -ʂŔǐǬƎŔࡷƎʠȶƎơȥʠȟࢫʠȥŹǫɭǫȥƃǫɢŔɭƇŔɽǬȥǬȥʧɽʋȇơȥŔɭǬࡲ
-ɭƃʠɽŔȶɭʋŔˊǬƇŔɢɭŔ˖ȍŔƎǬǐǬˊơɭ
-%ɭȶȥƃǠʠɽɢɭǫȥƃǫɢŔȍǫɽɽǫȥǫɽʋơɭǫƇŔɢɭŔ˖ȍŔƎǬǐǬˊơɭ ࡤࡤ¶ȟơȥʋʠȟȟǫȥʠɽʋŔɭŔǉǬȥƎŔȥȶȍʠʂʋʠɭʠȍŔȥȍǫǌŔȟơȥʋȍơɭ
-7ǫˊŔǉɭŔȟƎŔȥǌơƇʋǫǐǫˊơɭ ࡤǫǌࡲqơɢŔʋȶƎʠȶƎơȥŔȍơࢎऋbȶɭࡲơɢǫɢȍȶǫƃʠȟࢫʠȥɃȥƎʠʽŔɭǬ)
-V porta hepatis
ࡤÄ˖ơǉŔǌʠɽʠȥɭʋơɭʽơĪơȥȍơɭǫ -A hepatica propria ࢎࠀŔɭʋơɭࠀʽơȥࠀƎʠƃʋʠɽࠀȍơȥǉࠀ

ɭʋơɭȍơɭǫ ɽǫȥǫɭ࢏
-Pars cervicalis Æ a. thyroidea inferior -Ductus coledocus
-Pars thoracica Æ aorta thoracica ve aa. bronchiales
-Pars abdominalis Æ a. gastrica sinistra -ơȥǉƎŔȟŔɭȍŔɭǬʽơɽǫȥǫɭȍơɭǫࢎɢȍơˉʠɽǠơɢŔʋǫƃʠɽ࢏
Īơȥȍơɭǫ
-Pars cervicalis Æ v. thyroidea inferior ࡤǫǌࡲqơɢŔʋȶǌŔɽʋɭǫƃʠȟ
-Pars thoracica Æ v. azygos, v. hemiazygos ve
52
-ࡲʽǌŔɽʋɭǫƃŔƎơˉʋɭŔ ࡤòơȇȶȥƎơɭɭơʋɭȶɢơɭǫʋȶȥơŔȍȶɭǌŔȥȍŔɭ
-A.v gastrica sinistra -7ʠȶƎơȥʠȟࢎࠀࡲɢŔɭƇŔɽǬȥǬȥǫȍȇˊŔɭǬɽǬǠŔɭǫƇ࢏

-áŔȥƃɭơŔɽ
--ȶȍȶȥŔɽƃơȥƎơȥɽ
--ȶȍȶȥƎơɽƃơȥƎơȥɽ
ࡤࡤ7ʠȶƎơȥŔȍƇǬȇȟŔ˖ȍŔɭ
-Recessus retroduodenalisÆơȥŹʧˊʧǐʧdür.
-Recessus duodenalis inferiorÆơȥɽǬȇ görülenidir.
-Recessus mesenterikoparyetalisÆǉơʋʧɽʽơ
ˊơȥǫƎȶǐŔȥƎŔƇȶȇɽǬȇ bulunur
ࡤࡤÄȥơȟȍǫɢơɭǫʋȶȥƇǬȇȟŔ˖ȍŔɭǬ
-Recessus paraduodenalis ÆǫȥʋơɭȥŔȍǠơɭȥǫlerin en çok

ǌɃɭʧȍƎʧǐʧƇǬȇȟŔ˖ƎǬɭࡲ
ࡤࡤ¶ȟơȥʋʠȟȟŔǿʠɽʋŔɭŔǉǬȥƎŔȥȶȍʠʂʋʠɭʠȍŔȥȍǫǌŔȟơȥʋȍơɭ -Recessus ileoçekalis inferiorÆþɭơʽơɽࢫǫȥȇŔȥɽǬ˖ˊŔƎŔ

ƎŔȟŔɭɽǬ˖ɢȍǫȇŔɽǬȶȍŔɭŔȇǫɽǫȟȍơȥƎǫɭǫȍǫɭࡲ
ࡤǫǌࡲeŔɽʋɭȶɢǠɭơȥǫƃʠȟ
-A.v. Gastrica ɽǫȥǫɽʋɭŔࡶȥǬȥözofageal ƎŔȍȍŔɭǬ -Recessus hepatorenalis ÆɽʠŹǉɭơȥǫȇŔŹɽơlerin en fazla
ȶȍƎʠǐʠŹǫɭǫȇʋǫǐǫˊơɭƎǫɭࡲ
*ǫǌࡲǌŔɽʋɭȶɽɢȍơȥǫƃʠȟࢎǌŔɽʋɭȶȍǫơȥŔȍơ࢏
-Aa.gastrica breves ࡤáȍǫƃŔơƃǫɭƃʠȍŔɭơɽࢎơɭƃȇɭǫȥǌɢȍǫȇŔȍŔɭǬ࢏
-A.gastroomentalis sinistra
-ȥƃơŹŔǐǬɭɽŔǐǬȥȟʠȇȶ˖ŔɽǬȥƎŔbulunur.
ࡤࡤǫǌࡲGŔɽʋɭȶƃȶȍǫƃʠȟ -FȥǉŔ˖ȍŔƎʠȶƎơȥʠȟ-ǿơǿʠȥʠȟŹǫɭȍơʂȇơɽǫde bulunur
-ࡲʽǌŔɽʋɭȶȶȟơȥʋŔȍǫɽƎơˉʋɭŔɽǫȥǫɽʋɭŔ -Fȥʠ˖ʠȥȍŔɭǬǿơǿʠȥʠȟƎŔƎǬɭࡲ
-ȍơʠȟࡶʠȥƎǫɽʋŔȍǫȥƎơʽơƎʠȶƎơȥʠȟࡶʠȥ
ࡤࡤǫǌࡲáǠɭơȥǫƃȶƃȶȍǫƃʠȟ ɢɭȶȇɽǫȟŔȍǫȥƎơˊȶȇʋʠɭࡲ
-Dalak bu ligamentin üzerindedir -Duodenum’un birinci bölümünde (pars superior
-bȍơˉʠɭŔƃȶȍǫɽǫȥǫɽʋɭŔˊǬˊơɭǫȥƎơʋʠʋŔɭࡲ duodeni) yoktur.
*ǫǌࡲɽɢȍơȥȶɭơȥŔȍơࢎǫơȥȶɭơȥŔȍơ࢏ -7ǫɽʋŔȍǫȍơʠȟƎŔɽǫȍǫȥǫˊȶɭŔɭʋǬȇ࡫ˊŔȥǫƎǫɽʋŔȍǫȍơʠȟʠȥ
-Cauda pancreatis proksimalinde var,
-A.v. Splenica ɽȶȥɭŔɽǬȥƎŔˊȶȇࡲ
Jejenum ve ileum ’u saran mesenterium, ɭŔƎǫˉ
ࡤǫǌࡲáǠɭơȥǫƃȶɽɢȍơȥǫƃʠȟ
ȟơɽơȥʋơɭǫǫ ƎơȥǫȍơȥŹǫɭȇɃȇȍơȇŔɭǬȥŔɭȇŔƎʠʽŔɭǬȥŔ
ʋʠʋʠȥʠɭࡲèŔƎǫˉȟơɽơȥʋơɭǫǫ࡫ɽȶȍƎŔȥɽŔǐŔƎȶǐɭʠȶŹȍǫȇ bir
ࡤǫǌࡲáŔȥƃɭơŔʋǫƃȶɽɢȍơȥǫƃʠȟ
seyir gösterir.
ࡤǫǌࡲáŔȥƃɭơŔʋǫƃȶƃȶȍǫƃʠȟ
ࡤèŔƎǫˉȟơɽơȥʋơɭǫ ɽȶȍƎŔȥɽŔǐŔƎȶǐɭʠɽơˊɭǫɽǬɭŔɽǬȥƎŔ
-áŔɭɽǠȶɭǫ˖ȶȥʋŔȍƎʠȶƎơȥǫࢎǫȥǉơɭǫȶɭɢŔɭƇŔɽǬ࡫ʧƇʧȥƃʧ
ࡤǫǌࡲòɢȍơȥȶƃȶȍǫƃʠȟ
ɢŔɭƇŔɽǬ࢏
-Aorta abdominalis
ࡤǫȥʋɭŔɢơɭǫʋȶȥơŔȍ¶ɭǌŔȥȍŔɭ -V cava inferior
-Dalak -òŔǐʧɭơʋơɭ
--ࢎŹŔ˖ǬŔȍŔȥȍŔɭǬɢơɭǫʋȶȥɽʠ˖࢏ -òŔǐǌȶȥŔƎŔȍƎŔȟŔɭȍŔɭʽơ
-¡ǫƎơࢎŹŔ˖ǬŔȍŔȥȍŔɭǬɢơɭǫʋȶȥɽʠ˖࢏ -òŔǐȟʠɽƃʠȍʠɽɢɽȶŔɽȟŔǿɃɭʧ Ä¥7F¥
-7ʠȶƎơȥʠȟࢫʠȥŹǫɭǫȥƃǫɢŔɭƇŔɽǬȥǬȥǫȍȇˊŔɭǬɽǬ -ࡲʽȟơɽơȥʋơɭǫƃŔɽʠɢơɭǫȶɭʠè7¥çaprazlar.
-Jejunum
-ȍơʠȟ
-Çekum(genellikle)
-ɢɢơȥƎǫˉʽơɭȟǫǉȶɭȟǫɽ
-Colon transversum
-Colon sigmoideum
ࡤèơʋɭȶɢơɭǫʋȶȥơŔȍȶɭǌŔȥȍŔɭ
-ȶɭʋŔŔŹƎȶȟǫȥŔȍǫɽ ʽơƎŔȍȍŔɭǬ
-Īࡲ-ŔʽŔǫȥǉơɭǫȶɭ
-Böbrek
-Üreter
-eȍࡲɽʠɢɭŔɭơȥŔȍǬɽ
-Cisterna chyli
-Truncus sympaticus
53
ࡤþŔơȥǫŔƃȶȍǫ
-ŔȍǬȥŹŔɭɽŔǐǬȥȍȶȥǌǫʋʠƎǫȥŔȍȇŔɽȍǫǉȍơɭǫȥǫȥˊȶǐʠȥȍŔʂȟŔɽǬ ࡤèơȇʋʠȟƎŔ¶¡ĵ¥è
ǫȍơȶȍʠʂŔȥˊŔɢǬȍŔɭƎǬɭ -þŔơȥǫŔƃȶȍǫ
-qŔʠɽʋɭŔȇȶȍǫ
-ɢơȥƎǫˉʽơɭȟǫǉȶɭȟǫɽʋŔŹŔȥǬȥƎŔȥŹŔʂȍŔˊǬɢƃȶȍȶȟ -áȍǫƃŔɽơȟǫȍʠȥŔɭǫɽ
ɽǫǌȟȶǫƎơʠȟƎŔŹǫʋơɭ -Appendices omentales
-Mesenterium
-èơƃʋʠȟʽơɢơȥƎǫˉʋơĵ¶
ࡤèơƃʋʠȟÄȥĵʧ˖ʧࢎFɭȇơȇȍơɭƎơ࢏
ࡤ-ŔȥŔȍǫɽɢʠƎơȥƎŔȍǫɽ-ȍƃȶƃȇȇŔȥŔȍǬ
-Mesane
-m. obtutatorius internus ile fascia obturatoria
-ĪơɽǫƃʠȍŔɽơȟǫȥŔȍǫɽ
ŔɭŔɽǬȥƎŔ
-FˉƃŔʽŔʋǫȶɭơƃʋȶʽơɽǫƃŔȍǫɽࢎǫȍơʠȟʽơƃȶȍȶȥɽǫǌȟȶǫƎơʠȟ࢏
-n. Pudenda ve
-7ʠƃʋʠɽƎơǉơɭơȥɽ
-a. v. pudenta interna içinden geçer
-ĔɭơʋơɭǫȥɽȶȥȇǬɽǬȟȍŔɭǬ
-áɭȶɽʋŔʋǫȍơȇȶȟʂʠƎʠɭ
ࡤèơƃʋʠȟÄȥĵʧ˖ʧࢎŔƎǬȥȍŔɭƎŔ࢏ ࡤbȶɽɽŔzɽƃǠǫȶȥŔȍǫɽ
-Uterus -v. a. n. rectalis inferior geçer
-Vagina
-FˉƃŔʽŔʋǫȶɭơƃʋȶʠʋơɭǫȥŔࢎǫȍơʠȟʽơƃȶȍȶȥɽǫǌȟȶǫƎơʠȟ࢏ ࡤŔȍǬȥ%ŔɭɽŔȇ7ŔȟŔɭȍŔɭǬ
-ࡲȟơɽơȥʋơɭǫƃŔɽʠɢơɭǫȶɭ Æ Ƈơȇʠȟ࡫ŔɢɢơȥƎǫˉ
ࡤèơƃʋʠȟɭȇŔĵʧ˖ʧ ࢎqơɭȇǫ-ǫȥɽʋơƎơ࢏ vermiformis, colon ascendens ve colon transversum 2/3
-Ganglion impar proksimali
-ࡲʽɽŔƃɭŔȍǫɽȟơƎǫŔȥŔ
-Truncus sempaticus -ࡲȟơɽơȥʋơɭǫƃŔǫȥǉơɭǫȶɭʽơࡲɭơƃʋŔȍǫɽȟơƎǫŔ Æ colon
-¡ɢǫɭǫǉȶɭȟǫɽ transversum 1/3 distali, colon descendens, colon
-¡ȍơʽŔʋȶɭŔȥǫ sigmoideum, rectum ve canalis analis üstü
-òȶȥࠂɽŔȇɭŔȍʽơɭʋơŹɭŔʽơȇȶȇɽǫȇɽǫȍơȇȶȟʂʠƎʠɭ
54
ࡤࡤáɭȶƃơƃʠɽʠȥƃǫȥŔʋʠɽhangiȶɭǌŔȥƎŔbulunur
ÆáŔȥȇɭơŔɽ
ࢎáɭȶƃơƃʠɽʠȥƃǫȥŔʋʠɽࡲʽࡲȟơɽơȥʋơɭǫƃŔɽʠɢơɭǫȶɭࢫʧȥ
ŔɭȇŔɽǬȥƎŔ,
ȶɭʋŔŔŹƎȶȟǫȥŔȍǫɽǫȥɃȥʧȥƎơŹʠȍʠȥʠɭ࢏
ࡤࡤáɭȶƃƃơɽʠɽʠȥƃǫȥŔʋʠɽhangi ȇơȟǫȇʋơ
bulunurÆFʋǠȟȶǫƎ
ࡤ-ࢫȥǫȥɢơɭǫʋȶȥɽʠ˖ŹɃȍǌơȍơɭǫ
-Fissura ligamenti venosi
-Fissura ligamenti teretis hepatis
-Sulcus vena kava(VCi)
-Fossa vesika biliaris
-Porta hepatis
-Area nuda
**- i ȇŔɭǬȥɃȥƎʠʽŔɭǬȥŔŹŔǐȍŔˊŔȥȍǫǌÆȍǫǌŔȟơȥʋʠȟ
ǉŔȍƃǫǉȶɭȟơ
**- i ƎǫˊŔǉɭŔǌȟŔˊŔŹŔǐȍŔˊŔȥȍǫǌÆȍǫǌŔȟơȥʋʠȟ
ƃȶɭŔȥȶɭǫʠȟ
*¡ǫƎơࢫȥǫȥɢơɭǫʋȶȥɽʠ˖ŹɃȍǌơȍơɭǫ
-Omentum majus ile Omentum minus’un

kurvaturlardaki tutunma yerleri
-ŔɭƎǫˊŔȇȶɭǫǉǫɽơˊŔȇǬȥŔɭȇŔƎŔȇʧƇʧȇŹǫɭŹɃȍʧȟʧ
ࡤ-ŔȍȶʋʧƇǌơȥǫࢎɽǫɽʋȶǠơɢŔʋǫȇʧƇǌơȥ࢏
-ȶȍơɽǫɽʋơȇʋȶȟǫde önemlidir
-7ʠƃʋʠɽɽǫɽʋǫƃʠɽ࡫ƎʠƃʋʠɽǠơɢŔʋǫƃʠɽƃȶȟȟǫȥǫɽʽơ-ile
ɽǬȥǬɭȍŔȥǬɭ
-ƇǫȥƎơȥŔɽǫɽʋǫȇŔʽơǠơɢŔʋǫȇŔɭʋơɭǫȥɽŔǐƎŔȍǬgeçer.
55
Anatomi | 7. Üriner Sistem
Üriner
Sistem
56
7. Ĕè¥FèòòþF¡
*Böbrek
-Retroperitoneal
-òŔǐŹɃŹɭơȇÆT12(KC)-ࠂ
-òȶȍŹɃŹɭơȇÆT11-ࠂ
-ĵơɭǫȥƎơʋʠʋŔȥơɽŔɽfaktörÆȶȟʂʠȶɭǌŔȥȍŔɭ
-ĵơɭǫȥƎơʋʠʋŔȥơɽŔɽfasciaÆbŔɽƃǫŔɭơȥŔȍǫɽ-Gerota
ǉŔɽˊŔɽǬ

*Böbrekler, ƎǬʂʋŔȥiçe Ǝȶǐɭʠࡷ
--ȶɭɢʠɽŔƎǫɢȶɽʠȟɢŔɭŔɭơȥŔȍơࢎȇɽȇɭʋȶƎǬʂǬȥƎŔǉŔɽƃǫŔ
ʋɭŔȥɽʽơɭɽŔȍǫɽ࢏
-bŔɽƃǫŔɭơȥŔȍǫɽ
--ŔɢɽʠȍŔŔƎǫɢȶɽŔࢎɢơɭǫɭơȥŔȍˊŔǐʋŔŹŔȇŔɽǬ࢏
--ŔɢɽʠȍŔǉǫŹɭȶɽŔ
ࡤòŔǐŹɃŹɭơȇɃȥȇȶȟʂʠȍʠȇȍŔɭǬ
-òʠɢɭŔɭơȥŔȍŹơ˖
--ǫȥɽŔǌȍȶŹʠ ࡤ%ɃŹɭơȇȍơɭǫȥ7ŔȟŔɭȍŔɭǬĪơòǫȥǫɭȍơɭǫ
--ȶȍȶȥŔɽơȥƎơȥɽ -A. renalis(L1-ࠁƎơŔȶɭʋŔŔŹƎȶȟǫȥŔȍǫɽʋơȥŔˊɭǬȍǬɭ࢏
-bȍơˉʠɭŔƃȶȍǫƎơˉʋɭŔ ÆࡲòơǌȟơȥʋŔȍǫɽÆࡲȥʋơɭȍȶŹŔɭǫɽ
-7ʠơƎȶȥʠȟࠁࡲɢŔɭƃŔ ÆࡲAɭƃʠŔʋŔÆࡲȥʋơɭȍȶŹʠȍŔɭǫɽࢎò࢏
- V. renalisÆĪ-ǫ
-¥ȶƎǫaortici laterales Æ paraaortikȍơȥǉƎʧǐʧȟȍơɭǫ
ࡤòȶȍŹɃŹɭơȇɃȥȇȶȟʂʠȍʠȇȍŔɭǬ -òơȟɢŔʋǫȇÆþࠀ߿-ࠀ࡫áŔɭŔɽơȟɢŔʋǫȇÆ¥ࡲʽŔǌʠɽ
-òʠɢɭŔɭơȥŔȍŹơ˖
-¡ǫƎơ
-7ŔȍŔȇ
-áŔȥȇɭơŔɽǌȶʽƎơɽǫ
-òɢȍơȥǫȇƎŔȟŔɭȍŔɭ
-bȍơˉʠɭŔƃȶȍǫɽǫȥǫɽʋɭŔ
--ȶȍȶȥƎơɽơȥƎơȥɽǫȥŹŔʂȍŔȥǌǫƃǫ

*Böbreklerin arka yüzü
-7ǫŔǉɭŔǌȟŔ
-¡ࡲɢɽȶŔɽȟŔǿȶɭ
-¡ࡲɩʠŔƎɭŔʋʠɽȍʠȟŹȶɭʠȟ
-¡ࡲʋɭŔȥɽʽơɭɽʠɽŔŹƎ
-ĪࡲŔࡲȥࡲɽʠŹƃȶɽʋŔȍǫɽ
-¥ࡲǫȍǫȶǠˊɢȶǌŔɽɭǫƃʠɽ
-¥ࡲǫȍǫȶǫȥǌʠǫȥŔȍǫɽ
ࡤqǫȍʠȟɭơȥŔȍơ- önden arkaya

-VࡲɭơȥŔȍǫɽ
-AࡲɭơȥŔȍǫɽ
-PơȍʽʠɽɭơȥŔȍǫɽˊŔƎŔUɭơʋơr
VAP(U)r
ࡤĔɭơʋơɭȇȶȟʂʠȍʠȇȍŔɭǬ
-ÄȥƎơȥÆȥࡲǌơȥǫʋȶǉơȟȶɭŔȍǫɽ
-ɭȇŔƎŔȥÆǌȶȥŔƎŔȍƎŔȟŔɭȍŔɭ
-ÄȥƎơȥÆŔࡲʽࡲǫȍǫŔƃŔƃȶȟȟʠȥǫɽʽơơˉʋơɭȥŔ
-ɭȇŔƎŔȥÆŔࡲʠʋơɭǫȥŔࡸƎʠƃʋʠɽƎơǉơɭơȥɽ
ࢎǌơȥǫʋŔȍˊŔɢǬȍŔɭǬȥŔɭȇŔɽǬȥƎŔȥƎȶȍŔȥǬˊȶɭ࢏

57
*Üreteri önden(üstten) çaprazlayanlar
-OʽŔɭˊơȥŔɭʋơɭ
-DʠƃʋʠŔƎơǉơɭơȥɽ

-þơɽʋǫƃʠȍŔɭŔɭʋơɭ
-UʋơɭǫȥŔɭʋơɭ
¶7þč

*Üreteri arkadan(alttan) çaprazlayanlar
-FˉʋơɭȥŔȍǫȍǫŔȇŔɭʋơɭ
-GơȥǫʋȶǉơȟȶɭŔȍɽǫȥǫɭ
-OŹʋʠɭŔʋȶɭŔɭʋơɭ
Fe¶
ࡤ¥ࡲǌơȥǫʋȶǉơȟȶɭŔȍǫɽ࡫ʧɭơʋơɭʽơࡲǫȍǫŔƃŔơˉʋơɭȥŔࢫˊǬɃȥƎơȥ
ƇŔɢɭŔ˖ȍŔɭࡲ
ࡤòŔǐƎŔȇǫŔࡲʋơɽʋǫƃʠȍŔɭǫɽĪ-ǫࢫʠɃȥƎơȥƇŔɢɭŔ˖ȍŔɭࡲ
ࡤࡲʠʋơɭǫȥŔ࡫ȇŔɭƎǫȥŔȍȍǫǌŔȟŔȥǫƇǫȥƎơʧɭơʋơɭǫɃȥƎơȥ
ƇŔɢɭŔ˖ȍŔɭࡲ
ࡤ7ʠȇʋʠɽƎơǉơɭơȥɽŔŹƎȶȟơȥơǌǫɭơɭȇơȥࡲơɢǫǌŔɽʋɭǫƃŔ
ǫȥǉơɭǫȶɭʠƃŔɢɭŔ˖ȍŔɭ
ࡤFɭȇơȇʧɭơʋɭŔɽǬ
-ȥʋɭŔȟʠɭŔȍ
-Prostatik
-¡ơȟŹɭŔȥǫȇ
-òɢȶȥǌǫȶ˖
ĔɭơʋɭŔȥǬȥen darˊơɭǫÆ¶ɽʋǫʠȟʧɭơʋɭŔơˉʋơɭȥʠȟ
ĔɭơʋɭŔȥǬȥikinci en dar ˊơɭǫÆ¡ơȟŹɭŔȥǫȇ
7ǫǐơɭƎŔɭȍǬȇȍŔɭÆ¶ɽʋǫʠȟʧɭơʋɭŔǫȥʋơɭȥʠȟʽơFossa
ȥŔʽǫƃʠȍŔɭǫɽʠɭơʋǠɭŔơࡶȥǫȥŔɭȇŔɽǬ
ĔɭơʋɭŔʋŔʂȍŔɭǬȥǬȥơȥǉŔ˖ȍŔʋŔȇǬȍƎǬǐǬȇǬɽǬȟÆ¡ơȟŹɭŔȥǫȇ
ĔɭơʋɭŔȥǬȥơȥǌơȥǫʂʽơơȥǉŔ˖ȍŔƎǫȍŔʋơ
olabilenŹɃȍʧȟʧÆProstatik
*Prostatik ɢŔɭƇŔˊŔŔƇǬȍŔȥ
-7ʠƃʋʠɽơǿơƃʠȍŔʋȶɭǫʠɽ
-áɭȶɽʋŔʋŹơ˖ǫȇŔȥŔȍȍŔɭǬ
-¶ɽʋǫʠȟʧɭơʋɭŔǫȥʋơɭȥʠȟ
--ȶȍȍǫƃʠȍʠɽɽơȟǫȥŔȍǫɽࢎʽơɭʠȟȶȥʋŔȥʠȟ࢏

ࡤbȶɽɽŔȥŔʽǫȇʠȍŔɭǫɽʧɭơʋɭŔ
-ĔɭơʋɭŔȥǬȥǌȍŔȥɽɢơȥǫɽǫƇǫȥƎơȇǫǌơȥǫʂȍơȟơɽǫ
-òɢȶȥǌǫȶ˖ȇǬɽǬȟƎŔŹʠȍʠȥʠɭࡲ
58
Anatomi | 8. Genital Sistem
Genital
Sistem
59
8. eF¥þòòþF¡ ŔƎǬȥȍŔɭƎŔ
-ǫǌࡲʋơɭơɽʠʋơɭǫ࡫ʠʋơɭʠɽʋŔȥǌơȍơȥȍơȥǉƎŔȟŔɭȍŔɭǬ
- áɭȶƃơɽɽʠɽʽŔǌǫȥŔȍǫɽȇŔȍǬȥʋǬȍŔɭǬ
ࡤòƃɭȶʋʠȟþŔŹŔȇŔȍŔɭǬࡷ7ǬʂʋŔȥƇơ
-Deri qơɭǫȇǫƃǫȥɽʋơƎơ
-þʠȥǫƃŔƎŔɭʋȶɽࢎȟʠɽƃʠȍʠɽƎŔɭʋȶɽ࢏ࡷ - ¥ࡲȍǫȶǫȥǌʠǫȥŔȍǫɽ
-Ŕȟɢơɭ ǉŔɽˊŔɽǬ࡫ŹʠɭʠʂʠȇǌɃɭʧȥʧȟ࡫ȥࡲǌơȥǫʋȶǉơȟȶɭŔȍǫɽ - ¥ࡲǌơȥǫʋȶǉơȟȶɭŔȍǫɽਗǫȥɭࡲǌơȥǫʋŔȍǫɽਗǫ
-bŔɽƃǫŔɽɢơɭȟŔʋǫƃŔơˉʋơɭȥŔÆ¡ࡲ¶ࡲFࡲ
ࡤ7ʠƃʋʠɽơǿŔƃʠȍŔʋȶɭǫʠɽʠȶȍʠʂʋʠɭŔȥˊŔɢǬȍŔɭ
-bŔɽƃǫŔƃɭơȟŔɽʋơɭǫƃŔʽơȟࡲƃɭơȟŔɽʋơɭÆ¡ࡲ¶ࡲࡲ
-bŔɽƃǫŔɽɢơɭȟŔʋǫƃŔǫȥʋơɭȥŔÆ ǉŔɽƃǫŔʋɭŔȥɽʽơɭɽŔȍǫɽ
-7ʠƃʋʠɽơˉƃɭơʋȶɭǫʠɽࢎʽơɽǫƃʠȍŔɽơȟǫȥŔȍǫɽ࢏
-þʠȥǫƃŔʽŔǌǫȥŔȍǫɽʋơɽʋǫɽࢫǫȥɢŔɭǫˊơʋŔȍˊŔɢɭŔǐǬ
(ɢơɭǫȶɭƃǠǫʠȟ)Æ ɢơɭǫʋȶȥɢŔɭǫˊơʋŔȍˊŔɢɭŔǐǬ
ࡤeȍࡲŹʠȍŹȶʧɭơʋǠɭŔȍǫɽࢎ-ȶˁɢơɭ࢏
-7ơɭǫȥ ɢơɭǫȥơŔɭŔȍǬǐǬȥƎŔŹʠȍʠȥʠɭࡲ
ࡤeʠŹơɭȥŔƃʠȍʠȟŔɭʋǬǐǬ -ĔɭơʋɭŔȥǬȥɢŔɭɽȟơȟŹɭŔȥŔƃơŔȥǫȥǠơɭǫȇǫˊŔȥǫȥƎŔ
Źʠȍʠȥʠɭ.
-ȍǫǌŔȟơȥʋʠȟɽƃɭȶʋǫࢎơɭȇơȇʋơ࢏ -ŔȥŔȍȍŔɭǬɢŔɭɽɽɢȶȥǌǫȶɽŔˊŔŔƇǬȍǬɭ.
-ȍǫǌŔȟơȥʋʠȟʋơɭơɽʠʋơɭǫʽơȍǫǌŔȟơȥʋʠȟȶʽŔɭǫǫ
ɢɭȶɢɭǫʠȟࢎȇŔƎǬȥƎŔ࢏ ࡤáɭȶɽʋŔʋǬȥŹơɽȍơȥȟơɽǫ
-ŔࡲʽơɽǫƃŔȍǫɽǫȥǉơɭǫȶɭࢎŔࡲʽŔǌǫȥŔȍǫɽࢫǫȥơɭȇơȇʋơȇǫȇŔɭʂǬȍǬǐǬ࢏
ࡤòȇɭȶʋʠȟ-ŔŹǫʠȟ¡Ŕǿʠɽ7ʠˊʠɽʠ -ŔࡲɭơƃʋŔȍǫɽȟơƎǫŔ
-¥ࡲeơȥǫʋȶǉơȟȶɭŔȍǫɽ
-¥ࡲȍǫȶǫȥǌʠǫȥŔȍǫɽ ࡤbȶɽɽŔȶʽŔɭǫƃŔɽǬȥǬɭȍŔɭǬ
-¥ࡲáʠƎơȥƎʠɽ -ĵʠȇŔɭǬƎŔŔࡲǫȍǫŔƃŔơˉʋơɭȥŔ
-¥ࡲ-ʠʋŔȥơʠɽǉơȟȶɭǫɽɢȶɽʋ -ɭȇŔƎŔŔࡲǫȍǫŔƃŔǫȥʋơɭȥŔʽơʧɭơʋơɭ
ࡤ¶ʽơɭȍơɭ࡫ȍǫǌࡲȍŔʋʠȟʠʋơɭǫȥǫȥˊŔɢɭŔȇȍŔɭǫŔɭŔɽǫȥƎŔƎơǌǫȍ࡫
ࡤbʠȥǫƃʠȍʠɽɽɢơɭȟŔʋǫƃʠɽ ŔɭȇŔʋŔɭŔǉǫȥƎŔˊơɭȍơɽȟǫɽʋǫɭࡲ
- ȥʠȍʠɽǫȥǌʠǫȥŔȍǫɽɢɭȶǉʠȥƎʠɽ- þơɽʋǫɽǫȥŔɭȇŔȇơȥŔɭǬ ࡤčʋơɭʠɽʠȥơȥɃȥơȟȍǫɢŔɽǫǉƎơɽʋơǐǫÆ ȍǫǌࡲʋɭŔȥɽʽơɭɽʠȟ
ƇǫȥƎơȥࡷ ʠʋơɭǫࢎȍǫǌࡲƃŔɭƎǫȥŔȍơ-¡ŔƃȇơȥɭȶƎʋŹŔǐǬ࢏
-áȍơˉʠɽɢŔȟɢǫȥǫǉȶɭȟǫɽࢎʽʽࡲʋơɽʋǫƃʠȍŔɭơɽ࢏
-ࡲʋơɽʋǫƃʠȍŔɭǫɽ࡫ŔࡲƎʠƃʋʠɽƎơǉơɭơȥʋǫɽ ࡤǫǌŔȟơȥʋʠȟɽʠɽɢơȥɽȶɭǫʠȟȶʽŔɭǫǫ
-áȍơˉʠɽʋơɽʋǫƃʠȍŔɭǫɽࢎɽơȟɢŔʋǫȇɽǫȥǫɭɢȍơȇɽʠɽʠ࢏ -¶ʽŔɭǫʠȟ- ɢơȍʽǫɽˊŔȥƎʠʽŔɭǬ
-áɭȶƃơɽɽʠɽʽŔǌǫȥŔȍǫɽȇŔȍǬȥʋǬȍŔɭǬǌơƇơɭࡲ -ƇǫȥƎơ ࡲʽࡲ ȶʽŔɭǫƃŔŹʠȍʠȥʠɭࡲ
ࢎ¥ࡲǫȍǫȶǫȥǌʠǫȥŔȍǫɽÆ ǉʠȥǫƃʠȍʠɽɽɢơɭȟŔʋǫƃʠɽʠȥ
ˊʧ˖ơˊơȍǫȥƎơȥǌơƇơɭࡲ࢏ ࡤǫǌŔȟơȥʋʠȟʋơɭơɽʠʋơɭǫࢎȍǫǌŔȟơȥʋʠȟɭȶʋʠȥƎʠȟ࢏
--ŔȥŔȍǫɽǫȥǌʠǫȥŔȍǫɽʋơɽơˊɭơƎơɭࡲ
ࡤbʠȥǫƃʠȍʠɽɽɢơɭȟŔʋǫƃʠɽʠɽŔɭŔȥˊŔɢǬȍŔɭ -eʠŹơɭȥŔƃʠȍʠȟʠȥȇŔȍǬȥʋǬɽǬƎǬɭࡲ
7ǬʂʋŔȥ-ǫƇơࡷ
-bŔɽƃǫŔɽɢơɭȟŔʋǫƃŔơˉʋơɭȥŔ Æ ȟࡲȶŹȍǫɩʠʠɽơˉʋơɭȥʠɽ ࡤǫǌŔȟơȥʋʠȟȶʽŔɭǫǫɢɭȶɢɭǫʠȟ
ŔŹƎȶȟǫȥǫɽ -¶ʽŔɭǫʠȟ-ʠʋơɭʠɽ
-M. ƃɭơȟŔɽʋơɭʽơǉŔɽƃǫŔƃɭơȟŔɽʋơɭǫƃŔÆ ȟࡲȶŹȍǫɩʠʠɽ -eʠŹơɭȥŔƃʠȍʠȟʠȥȇŔȍǬȥʋǬɽǬƎǬɭࡲ
ǫȥʋơɭȥʠɽŔŹƎȶȟǫȥǫɽ
-bŔɽƃǫŔɽɢơɭȟŔʋǫƃŔǫȥʋơɭȥŔ Æ ǉŔɽƃǫŔʋɭŔȥɽʽơɭɽŔȍǫɽ ࡤǫǌŔȟơȥʋʠȟɢʠŹȶʽơɽǫƃŔȍơ
-¡ơɽŔȥơŹȶˊȥʠ- ɽˊȟɢǠˊɽǫɽɢʠŹǫƃŔŔȍʋȇǬɽȟǬ
ࡤ¡ǫȇɽǫˊȶȥࡸ7ơǉơȇŔɽˊȶȥࡸFɭơȇɽǫˊȶȥएòࠁ-ࠃࢎáò࢏ ࡤǫǌŔȟơȥʋʠȟɽŔƃɭȶʋʠŹơɭŔȍơ
ࡤFǿơȇɽǫˊȶȥएࠀ-ࠁࢎò࢏ -òŔƃɭʠȟ-ʋʠŹơɭǫɽǠǫŔƎǫƃʠȟ
*þơɽʋǫɽǫȥɽơȟɢŔʋǫȇȍơɭǫþࠀ߿-ࠀࠀࢫƎơȥ࡫ɢŔɭŔɽơȟɢŔʋǫȇȍơɭǫ -bȶɭŔȟơȥǫɽƃǠǫŔƎǫƃʠȟȟŔǿʠɽʽơȟǫȥʠɽʠɽǬȥǬɭȍŔɭࡲ
ʽŔǌʠɽʋŔȥǌơȍǫɭࡲ
*FɢǫƎǫƎǫȟ࡫ƎʠƃʋʠɽƎơǉơɭơȥɽʽơʽơɽǫȇʠȍŔɽơȟǫȥŔȍǫɽȍơɭǫȥ
ɽơȟɢŔʋǫȇȍơɭǫ
þࠀࠀ-ࠀࠁࢫƎơȥɢŔɭŔɽơȟɢŔʋǫȇȍơɭǫòࠁ-ࠃࢫʋơȥǌơȍǫɭࡲ
-ŔȥŔȍǫɽǫȥǌʠǫȥŔȍǫɽਗʋơȥǌơƇơȥȶȍʠʂʠȟȍŔɭ
FɭȇơȇȍơɭƎơ
- 7ʠƃʋʠɽƎơǉơɭơȥɽ࡫ŔࡲƎʠƃʋʠɽƎơǉơɭơȥʋǫɽ
- ࡲþơɽʋǫƃʠȍŔɭǫɽ
- áȍơˉʠɽɢŔȟɢǫȥǫǉȶɭȟǫɽ
- ¡ࡲƃɭơȟŔɽʋơɭ࡫ǉŔɽƃǫŔƃɭơȟŔɽʋơɭǫƃŔ࡫ǉŔɽƃǫŔɽɢơɭȟŔʋǫƃŔ
ǫȥʋơɭȥŔ
- áɭȶƃơɽɽʠɽʽŔǌǫȥŔȍǫɽȇŔȍǬȥʋǬȍŔɭǬ
60
61
Anatomi | 9. Sinir Sistemi
Sinir
Sistemi
62
9. ò¥èòòþF¡ ࡤ¡ơƎʠȍȍŔɽɢǫȥŔȍǫɽǫŹơɽȍơˊơȥȍơɭ
ࢦɽɢǫȥŔȍǫɽŔȥʋơɭǫȶɭ
ࢦɽɢǫȥŔȍǫɽɢȶɽʋơɭǫȶɭ
*Lemniscus trigeminalis ࢦǫȥʋơɭƃȶɽʋŔȍǫɽɢȶɽʋơɭǫȶɭ
ࢦƎȶȇʠȥȟŔ࡫ŹŔɽǬȥç ʽơŔǐɭǬ-ǬɽǬࢎŹŔʂʽơˊʧ˖) ࢦȍʠȟŹŔȍǫɽ
ࢦƃơɭʽǫƃŔȍǫɽŔɽƃơȥƎơȥɽ
*Lemniscus spinalis
› A ƃơɭʽǫƃŔȍǫɽɢɭȶǉʠȥƎŔ
ࢦƎȶȇʠȥȟŔ࡫ŹŔɽǬȥç ʽơŔǐɭǬ-ǬɽǬࢎǌɃʽƎơ)
ࡲɭŔƎǫƃʠȍŔɭǫɽȟŔǌȥŔࢎƎŔȟȇǫơˁǫƃ˖Ŕɭʋơɭǫ࢏
ࡤơȟȥǫɽȇʠɽȟơƎǫŔȍǫɽ
-ࡲɭŔƎǫƃʠȍŔɭǫɽŔȥʋơɭǫȶɭȍŔɭǬȥơȥŹʧˊʧǐʧ
GöʽƎơƎơȥȇŔȍȇŔȥ
-¡òȍʠȟŹŔȍŹɃȍʧȟʧȥʧŹơɽȍơˊơȥơȥɃȥơȟȍǫŔɭʋơɭࡲ
ࢦʂʠʠɭȍʠɢɭȶɢɭǫȶɽơɢʋǫǉ
-qŔɽŔɭǬȥƎŔɢŔɭŔɢȍơǿǫȶȍʠɭ
ࢦʽǫŹɭŔɽˊȶȥ
ࢦǫȇǫȥȶȇʋŔŔˊɭǬȟǬ ࡤࡲɽɢǫȥŔȍǫɽŔȥʋơɭǫȶɭʋǬȇŔȥǬȇȍǬǐǬ
-ǐɭǬǬɽǬ࡫ȇŔŹŔƎȶȇʠȥȟŔƎʠˊʠȇŔˊŹǬ
*Lemniskus lateralis
-Ĕɽʋ¡¥ǉơȍƃǫ࡫bilatetal ŔȍʋȟȶʋȶɭȥɃɭȶȥǉơȍƃǫ
› iʂǫʋȟơ ˊȶȍʠ
ࡤࡲɽɢǫȥŔȍǫɽɢȶɽʋơɭǫȶɭʋǬȇŔȥǬȇȍǬǐǬ
-÷ʠʠɭȍʠɢɭȶɢɭǫȶɽơɢʋǫǉ࡫ʽǫŹɭŔɽˊȶȥ࡫ǫȇǫȥȶȇʋŔŔˊɭǬȟǬ
ࡤ7čĵče¥e¶¥čࢎbbFèF¥þFè¥e¥eĵ¶¥č࢏ Ǝʠˊʠɽʠipsilateral ȇŔˊŹǬ
-%ʧʋʧȥɽɢǫȥŔȍɽǫȥǫɭȍơɭƎơࢎǌŔȥǌȍǫȶȥɽɢǫȥŔȍơ࢏ve ȇɭŔȥˊŔȍ
ɽǫȥǫɭȍơɭƎơࢎࠄ࡫ࠆ࡫ࠇ࡫ࠈ࡫ࠀ߿࢏ ࡤ7ơɭȟŔʋȶȟȍŔɭ
--ࠀɽɢǫȥŔȍɽǫȥǫɭǫȥƎơɭȟŔʋȶȟŔȍŔȥǬˊȶȇࡲ
ࡤɭŔȥˊŔȍɽǫȥǫɭȍơɭǫȥƎʠˊʠǌŔȥǌȍǫȶȥȍŔɭ
- eŔȥǌȍǫȶȥ ʋɭǫǌơȟǫȥŔȍơࢎࠄ࢏
- eŔȥǌȍǫȶȥ ǌơȥǫƃʠȍǫࢎࠆ࢏
- eŔȥǌȍǫȶȥ ʽơɽʋǫŹʠȍŔɭơ࡫ƃȶƃǠȍơŔɭơࢎࠇ࢏
- eŔȥǌȍǫȶȥɽʠɢơɭǫʠɽ࡫eŔȥǌȍǫȶȥǫȥǉơɭǫʠɽࢎࠈ࢏
- eŔȥǌȍǫȶȥɽʠɢơɭǫʠɽ࡫eŔȥǌȍǫȶȥǫȥǉơɭǫʠɽࢎࠀ߿࢏
ࡤࡤ¶þ¶¥¶¡e¥eĵ¶¥è
ࡤɭŔȥˊŔȍòǫȥǫɭȍơɭǫȥáŔɭŔɽơȟɢŔʋǫȇeŔȥǌȍǫȶȥȍŔɭǬ
-eŔȥǌȍǫȶȥƃǫȍǫŔɭơࢎࠂ࢏
-eŔȥǌȍǫȶȥɢʋơɭˊǌȶɢŔȍŔʋǫȥʠȟࢎࠆ࢏
-eŔȥǌȍǫȶȥɽʠŹȟŔȥƎǫŹʠȍŔɭơࢎࠆ࢏
-eŔȥǌȍǫȶȥȶʋǫƃʠȟࢎࠈ࢏
-eŔȥǌȍǫŔȟʠɭŔȍơɽࢎࠀ߿࢏
ࡤòơȟɢŔʋǫȇeŔȥǌȍǫˊȶȥȍŔɭ
-òơȟɢŔʋǫȇ˖ǫȥƃǫɭƎơȇǫɢŔɭŔʽơɭʋơŹɭŔȍ ǌŔȥǌȍǫȶȥȍŔɭ
ࢎþɭʠȥƃʠɽɽˊȟɢǠŔʋǫƃʠɽ)
-ȶɭʋŔŔŹƎȶȟǫȥŔȍǫɽࡶǫȥŔȥŔƎŔȍȶɭǫǿǫȥȍơɭǫȥƎơȇǫ
ɢɭơʽơɭʋơŹɭŔȍ gang.
ࢎeŔȥǌࡲ-ȶơȍǫŔƃʠȟ࡫eŔȥǌࡲ¡ơɽơȥʋơɭǫƃŔɽʠɢơɭǫȶɭ࡫
eŔȥǌࡲ¡ơɽơȥʋơɭǫƃŔȥǉơɭǫȶɭ࡫eŔȥǌࡲȶɭʋǫƃȶɭơȥŔȍơ)
- Gangࡲ-ơɭʽǫƃŔȍơɽʠɢ࡫ȟơƎ࡫ǫȥǉ
- Gang. Stellatum
- eŔȥǌࡲȟɢŔɭ
ࡤe¥eࡲ-èF
-¥ࡲȶƃʠȍȶȟȶʋȶɭǫʠɽࢎࠂ࢏ɢŔɭŔɽơȟɢŔʋǫȇ ǌŔȥǌȍǫˊȶȥʠ
-qơƎơǉȶɭǌŔȥǬǫɭǫɽࡶƎơȇǫm. ciliaris ve ȟࡲɽɢǠǫȥƃʋơɭ
pupillaࡶƎǬɭࡲ
- ¡ࡲ-ǫȍǫŔɭǫɽÆȇȶȟȶƎŔɽˊȶȥ
- ¡ࡲòɢǠǫȥƃʋơɭɢʠɢǫȍȍŔÆ¡ǫˊȶ˖ǫɽࢎएáʠɢǫȍȍŔǬʂǬȇɭơǉȍơȇɽǫ࢏
ࡤáʠɢǫȍȍŔǬʂǬȇɭơǉȍơȇɽǫÆɭơǉȍơȇɽÆ -eࢫˊơʠǐɭŔȟŔ˖
ࡤȇȶȟȶƎŔɽˊȶȥÆ ɭơǉȍơȇɽƎơǐǫȍÆ -eࢫˊơʠǐɭŔɭ
ࡤ%ǫɢȶȍŔɭȥɃɭȶȥ४ ɭơʋǫȥŔ࡫ȶȍǉŔȇʋɃɭȟʠȇȶ˖Ŕ࡫ࠇࡲ-¥
ǌŔȥǌȍǫȶȥȍŔɭǬ
ࡤáɽɃƎȶʠȥǫɢȶȍŔɭ४ ƎʠˊʠǌŔȥǌȍǫˊȶȥʠ
63
ࡤþɭࡲɽɢǫȥȶƃơɭơŹơȍȍŔɭǫɽŔȥʋࡸɢȶɽʋ
ࢦáɭǫȟơɭɽȶȟŔʋǫȇƎʠˊʠƃˉʠǐɭŔȟŔˊŔȥʂʠʠɭŔȍʋǬ
ɢɭȶɢɭǫȶɽơɢʋǫǉƎʠˊʠˊʠʋŔʂǬɭ
› eɃʽƎơȥǫȥalt ŹɃȍʧȟʧʽơalt ơˉʋɭơȟǫʋơƎʠˊʠɽʠȥʠʋŔʂǬɭ
ࢦơ˖ˊȶȥʠȥƎŔȶɭŔȇȍŔˊŔɭŔȇˊʧɭʧȟơ
ࡤþɭࡲƃʠȥơȶƃơɭơŹơȍȍŔɭǫɽ
ࢦeɃʽƎơȥǫȥʧɽʋ ŹɃȍʧȟʧʽơʧɽʋ ơˉʋɭơȟǫʋơʂʠʠɭŔȍʋǬ
ɢɭȶɢɭǫȶɽơɢʋǫǉƎʠˊʠˊʠʋŔʂǬɭ
ࡤࡤȥŔʋȶȟǫƎơ%Ŕ˖ǬÄȥơȟȍǫòơʽǫˊơȍơɭ
*áǫŔȟŔʋơɭʽơȟơƎʠȍȍŔɽɢǫȥŔȍǫɽǫȥɽȶȥŔơɭƎǫǐǫȥȶȇʋŔ › cuneatus Æ cuneaustएʧɽʋ ekstremite
ÆL2 ʽơɭʋơŹɭŔ
ࡤþɭࡲɽɢǫȥȶʋǠŔȍŔȟǫƃʠɽþ४ ĵʠ˖ơˊơȍISǬ࡫hɭǬ
*ɭŔƃǠȥȶǫƎơŔȟŔʋơɭ࡫ƎʠɭŔȟŔʋơɭʽơɽʠŹŔɭŔȇȥȶǫƎ
ŔɭŔȍǬȇÆS2 ʽơɭʋơŹɭŔ h-þ ȟŔɽǬȥ
*LʠȟŹŔȍáȶȥȇɽǫˊȶȥˊơʋǫʂȇǫȥde Æࠂ-L4 ʽơɭʋơŹɭŔ IS-þ ȟŔɽǬȥ
*LʠȟŹŔȍáȶȥȇɽǫˊȶȥƇȶƃʠȇȍŔɭƎŔÆL4-ࠄ ʽơɭʋơŹɭŔ
*òò ŹǫɭȍơʂʋǫɭơȥƇǫ˖ǌǫÆL4-ࠄŔɭŔɽǬ
ࡤþɭࡲɽɢǫȥȶʋǠŔȍŔȟǫƃʠɽŔȥʋ
*òáò ŹǫɭȍơʂʋǫɭơȥƇǫ˖ǌǫÆS2 ʽơɭʋơŹɭŔࢎĪơȥʧɽǌŔȟ˖ơɽǫ࢏
›eɃʽƎơƎơȥkaba ƎȶȇʠȥȟŔ࡫ŹŔɽǬȥƇ࡫ȇŔʂǬȥȟŔ
* Angulus sterniÆþࠃ ʽơɭʋơŹɭŔࢎࠁࡲȶɽʋŔ Ǡǫ˖ŔɽǬ࢏
ࡤòɢǫȥȶʋŔȍŔȟǫȇˊȶȍȍŔɭ
ࠀࡲȥɃɭȶȥ४eŔȥǌࡲɽɢǫȥŔȍơ
ࠁࡲȥȶɭȶȥ४¡òʋơƃȶɭȥʠɢȶɽʋơɭǫȶɭ
ࠂࡲȥȶɭȶȥ४þŔȍŔȟʠɽĪá
ࡤ%ʠȥȶɭȶȥȍŔɭǫȥʠ˖ŔȥʋǬȍŔɭǬáɭǫȟơɭɽȶȟŔʋǫȇƎʠˊʠ
ȇȶɭʋơȇɽǫȥơǌơȍǫɭࢎࠂ࡫ࠀ࡫ࠁ ȥȶȍʠŔȍŔȥ࢏
*òɢǫȥȶʋŔȍŔȟǫȇȍơ˖ˊȶȥȍŔɭǠơɭ˖ŔȟŔȥ४ȶȥʋɭŔlateral
þɭǫǌơȟǫȥŔȍĵȶȍȍŔɭ
-%Ŕʂʽơˊʧ˖ƎơȥȇŔȍȇŔȥɽȶȟŔʋǫk duˊuȍŔɭǬȥࢎŔǐɭǬ-ǬɽǬ
ƎȶȇʠȥȟŔ-ŹŔɽǬȥƇ)
ࠀࡲȥɃɭȶȥÆࠄ࡫ࠆ࡫ࠈ࡫ࠀ߿ࡲòࡶȍơɭǫȥȇơȥƎǫǌŔȥǌȍǫȶȥȍŔɭǬȥƎŔ
ࠂࡲȥɃɭȶȥÆþŔȍŔȟʠɽʋŔ¥ʠƃࡲʽơȥʋɭŔȍȍɽɢȶɽʋơɭȶȟơƎǫŔȍǫɽ
ࢎĪá¡࢏
ࠁࡲ¥Ƀɭȶȥ
ŔǐɭǬ-ǬɽǬÆ¥ʠƃࡲɽɢǫȥŔȍǫɽȥơɭʽǫʋɭǫǌơȟǫȥǫࢎŹʠȍŹʠɽ࢏
ƎȶȇʠȥȟŔÆ¥ʠƃࡲáɭǫȥƃǫɢŔȍǫɽȥơɭʽǫʋɭʋǌơȟǫȥȍࢎáȶȥɽ࢏ए
ȇȶɭȥơŔɭơǉȍơȇɽǫ
ɢɭȶɢɭǫȶɽơɢʋǫǉƎʠˊʠÆ¥ʠƃࡲȟơɽơȥƃơɢǠŔȍǫƃʠɽȥơɭʽǫ
trigeminiࢎȟơɽơȥƃơɢǠŔȍȶȥ࢏एǬɽǬɭȟŔȇȶȥʋɭȶȍʧ
ǉǉơɭơȥʋƇǬȇŔȥˊȶȍȍŔɭ
òþò¥:¥ʠƃࡲȟơɽơȥƃơɢǠŔȍǫƃʠɽȥơɭʽǫʋɭǫǌơȟǫȥǫࢫƎơȇǫ
ࡤ¥ʠƃࡲeɭŔƃǫȍǫɽʽơ¥ʠƃࡲ-ʠȥơŔʋʠɽ ȥɃɭȶȥȍaɭbu dʠˊʠȥʠȥ
eɃʽƎơƎơȥʽơơȇɽʋɭơȟǫʋơȍơɭƎơȥȇŔȍȇŔȥʂʠʠɭȍʠ ࠀ.nɃɭȶȥȍŔɭǬƎǬɭȍŔɭࡲ
ɢɭȶɢɭǫȶɽơɢʋǫǉ࡫ʽǫŹɭŔɽˊȶȥʽơǫȇǫȥȶȇʋŔŔˊɭǬȟǬ
ࢎƎǫɽȇɭǫȟǫȥŔɽˊȶȥ࢏ƎʠˊʠȍŔɭǬȥǬȥǫȇǫȥƃǫȥɃɭȶȥȍŔɭǬȥǬȥ ࡤeɃʽƎơǫȍơǫȍǌǫȍǫɢɭȶɢɭǫȶɽơɢʋǫǉƎʠˊʠȥʠȥȥɃɭȶȥȍŔɭǬ
ŹʠȍʠȥƎʠǐʠƇơȇǫɭƎơȇȍơɭƎǫɭࡲ
ࠀࡲȥɃɭȶȥ
ࡤbŔɽƃǫƃʠȍʠɽgracilis ४alt ơˉʋɭơȟǫʋơࢎþࠅaltǬ࢏ bŔɽƃǫƃʠȍʠɽgracilis ४alt ơˉʋɭơȟǫʋơࢎþࠅaltǬ࢏
ࡤbŔɽƃǫƃʠȍʠɽƃʠȥơŔʋʠɽࢎƃʠȥơŔust࢏४ʧɽʋ ơˉʋɭơȟǫʋơࢎþࠅʽơ bŔɽƃǫƃʠȍʠɽƃʠȥơŔʋʠɽࢎƃʠȥơŔust࢏४ʧɽʋ ơˉʋɭơȟǫʋơࢎþࠅʽơ
ʧɽʋü) ʧɽʋü)
-eɃʽƎơƎơȥʽơơȇɽʋɭơȟǫʋơȍơɭƎơȥȇŔȍȇŔȥʂʠʠɭȍʠ ࠁࡲȥɃɭȶȥࢎŹʠȍŹʠɽ࢏
ɢɭȶɢɭǫȶɽơɢʋǫǉ࡫ʽǫŹɭŔɽˊȶȥʽơǫȇǫȥȶȇʋŔŔˊɭǬȟǬ ࢦ¥ʠƃࡲǌɭŔƃǫȍǫɽʽơȥʠƃࡲƃʠȥơŔʋʠɽʠ˖ŔȥʋǬɽǬ
ࢎƎǫɽȇɭǫȟǫȥŔɽˊȶȥ࢏ƎʠˊʠȍŔɭǬ ࢦơȟȥǫɽȇʠɽȟơƎǫŔȍǫɽ
ࠂࡲȥɃɭȶȥ
ࢦþŔȍŔȟʠɽʽơȥʋɭŔȍɢȶɽʋơɭȶȍŔʋơɭŔȍƇơȇǫɭƎơȇࢎĪá࢏
64
ࡤ¡òȍơ˖ˊȶȥʠȥƎŔbeࡸb-ǫȍơǫȍǌǫȍǫŹơȍǫɭʋǫȍơɭ ४ipsilateral ࡤ¥ʠƃȍơʠɽɭʠŹơɭ

-¡ơ˖ơȥɽơǉŔȍȶȥ
*¡òʧɽʋʧȥƎơȇǫࢎ¡ȍơ˖ˊȶȥʠ࢏ ŹơȍǫɭʋǫȍơɭȇȶȥʋɭȍŔʋơɭŔȍ࡮࡮ -þɭࡲɭʠŹɭȶɽɢǫȥŔȍǫɽÆ ǉȍơȇɽɃɭȟȶʋȶɭȥɃɭȶȥȍŔɭǬʠˊŔɭǬɭ࡫
ơȇɽʋơȥɽȶɭǫȥǠࡲ
-ơ˖ˊȶȥʠȥƎŔÆ ȇȶȥʋɭŔȍŔʋơɭŔȍʋɭơȟȶɭ
FǉǉơɭơȥʋǫȥơȥˊȶȍȍŔɭŹɭȶˁȥɽơɩʠŔɭƎɽơȥƎɭȶȟʠʽơƎǫǐơɭ ࡤ¡ơ˖ơȥɽơǉŔȍȶȥƎŔ
ɽơȥƎɭȶȟȍŔɭࠀࠁࠂ
-ȶȍȍǫƃʠȍʠɽ
*þɭŔƃʋʠɽ-ȶɭʋǫƃȶȥʧȇȍơŔɭǫɽŹǫȍŔʋơɭŔȍǠŔɭŔŹǫˊơʋǫ
-òʠɢơɭǫȶɭ४ ǌɃɭȟơ
Æčˊǌʠȥɽʠ˖ǌʧȍȟơŔǐȍŔȟŔ࡫ơȟȶɽˊȶȥơȍȇȶȥʋɭȶȍʧȥȇŔˊŹǬ
-ȥǉơɭǫȶɭ४ʂǫʋȟơ
ࡤ¡ơʋŔʋŔȍŔȟʠɽʋŔ
ࡤࡤࡤ%ɭȶˁȥɽơɩʠŔɭƎɽơȥƎɭȶȟʠ
-ȶɭɢʠɽeơȥǫƃʠȍŔʋʠȟ
ࡤơ˖ˊȶȥɽơǌȟơȥʋǫȥƎơ -L ŔʋơɭŔȍơࢎL ǫǌǠʋ࢏४ ǌɃɭȟơ
› ipsilateral Ŕȍʋ¡¥ǉơȍƃǫ
-¡ ơƎǫŔȍơࢎ¡ ʠɽǫƃ࢏४ ǫʂǫʋȟơ
› ipsilateral ʋʧȟƎʠˊʠȍŔɭǬȥȇŔˊŹǬ
ࢦȍơ˖ˊȶȥɽơʽǫˊơɽǫȥǫȥŹǫɭŔȍʋǬȥƎŔȥǫʋǫŹŔɭơȥȇȶȥʋɭŔȍŔʋơɭŔȍ
ŔǐɭǬǬɽǬƎʠˊʠɽʠȇŔˊŹǬ ࡤáȶȥɽơɽǫʋȍơɭǫȥƎơeɃɭʧȍơȥÄȥơȟȍǫ1ơȇǫɭƎơȇȍơɭ
ࢎࠄ࡫ࠅ࡫ࠆ࡫ࠇ࢏
ࡤơ˖ˊȶȥɽơʽǫˊơɽǫȥǫȥŔȍʋǬȥƎŔ
ࢦ¥ʠƃpɭǫȥƃǫɢŔȍǫɽȥơɭʽǫʋɭǫǌơȟǫȥǫ
› ipsilateral ɢɭȶɢɭǫȶɽơɢɭǫǉʽǫŹɭŔɽˊȶȥǫȇǫȥȶȇʋŔŔˊɭǬȟǬ
ࢦ¥ʠƃɽŔȍǫʽŔʋȶɭǫʠɽɽʠɢơɭǫȶɭ
ƎʠˊʠɽʠȇŔˊŹǬ
ࢦ¥ʠƃȍŔƃɭǫȟŔȍǫɽ
ࡤŔʋơɭŔȍȟơƎʠȍȍơɭɽơȥƎɭȶȟࢎĭŔȍȍơȥŹơɭǌ࢏ ࢦ¥ʠƃࡲȥơɭʽǫŔŹƎʠƃơȥʋǫɽ
ࢦơ˖ˊȶȥbulbusʋŔáz-ʋǬȇŔȥȟŔɽǬȥŔŹŔǐȍǬࡲ › -ȶȍȍǫƃʠȍʠɽǉŔƃǫŔȍǫɽ
› ɢɽǫȍŔʋơɭŔȍˊʧ˖ ˊŔɭǬȟǬʽơȇȶȥʋɭŔȍŔʋơɭŔȍʽʧƃʠʋ ˊŔɭǬȟǬȥƎŔ › PPRF
ŔǐɭǬǬɽǬ ȇŔˊŹǬࡲ
ࢦ¥ʠƃɽɢǫȥŔȍǫɽȥơɭʽǫʋɭǫǌơȟǫȥǫʽơʋɭɽɢǫȥȶʋŔȍŔȟǫƃʠɽ ࡤáȶȥɽʠȥŔɭʋơɭȍơɭǫ
ȍŔʋơɭŔȍǫɽơʋȇǫȍơȥǫɭࡲ ࢦŔࡲŹŔɽǫȍŔɭǫɽ
ࢦŔࡲȍŔŹˊɭǫȥʋǠǫࢎz-࢏
ࡤĭơŹơɭɽơȥƎɭȶȟʠ ࢦŔࡲɽʠɢơɭǫȶɭƃơɭơŹơȍȍǫࢎŔŹŔɽǫȍȍŔɭǫɽ࢏
ࢦơ˖ˊȶȥȟơɽơȥƃơɢǠŔȍȶȥda ࢦz-ࢎŔࡲŹŔɽǫȍŔɭǫɽ࢏
ࢦɢɽǫȍŔʋơɭŔȍȶȇʠȍȶȟȶʋȶɭ ǉơȍƃǫ
› ȶȥʋɭŔȍŔʋơɭŔȍǠơȟǫɢȍơǿǫ
ࡤ%ʠȍŹʠɽơɽǫʋȍơɭǫȥƎơeɃɭʧȍơȥÄȥơȟȍǫ1ơȇǫɭƎơȇȍơɭ
› ŔࡲƃơɭơŹɭǫɢȶɽʋơɭǫȶɭ ȇŔȥŔȟŔȍŔɭǬ࡫ɢȶɽʋơɭǫȶɭƃȶȟȟʠȥǫƃŔȥ
ࢎࠈ࡫ࠀ߿࡫ࠀࠀ࡫ࠀࠁ࢏
arter Ŕȥơʽɭǫ˖ȟŔȍŔɭǬ࡫ʋơȇʋŔɭŔǉȍǬʠȥȇŔȍǠơɭȥǫŔɽˊȶȥȍŔɭ
ࡤ¥ʠƃࡲeɭŔƃǫȍǫɽʽơ¥ʠƃࡲ-ʠȥơŔʋʠɽ
ࡤbȶɽʋơɭȇơȥȥơƎˊɽơȥƎɭȶȟʠ eɃʽƎơƎơȥʽơơȇɽʋɭơȟiteȍơɭƎơȥȇŔȍȇŔȥʂʠʠɭȍʠ
ɢɭȶɢɭǫȶɽơɢʋǫǉ࡫ʽǫŹɭŔɽˊȶȥʽơǫȇǫȥȶȇʋŔŔˊɭǬȟǬ
› %ǫȍŔʋơɭŔȍɢŔɢǫȍɃƎơȟ
ࢎƎǫɽȇɭǫȟǫȥŔɽˊȶȥ࢏ƎʠˊʠȍŔɭǬȥǬȥǫȇǫȥƃǫȥɃɭȶȥȍŔɭǬȥǬȥ
› ɢɽǫȍŔʋơɭŔȍŔȥȶɽȟǫ
ŹʠȍʠȥƎʠǐʠƇơȇǫɭƎơȇȍơɭƎǫɭࡲ
› ȇȶȥʋɭŔȍŔʋơɭŔȍŔȍʋŹơƎơȥˊŔɭǬȟǬǉơȍƇ ȶȍʠɭ
ࢦþʧȟɃɭŹʧˊʧȇɽơǫɢɽǫȍŔʋơɭŔȍȇɃɭȍʧȇʋŔŹȍȶˊŔơȇȍơȥǫɭ ࡤ¥ʠƃࡲʋɭŔƃʋʠɽɽȶȍǫʋŔɭǫʠɽ
ࠆ࡫ࠈʽơࠀ߿ࡲ ȇɭŔȥˊŔȍɽǫȥǫɭȍơɭȍơǫȍǌǫȍǫƎǫɭࡲþŔʋ Ǝʠˊʠɽʠȥʠȥ
ࡤ¡ǫȍȍŔɭƎǌʠŹȍơɭɽơȥƎɭȶȟʠ
ǫȇǫȥƃǫȥɃɭȶȥȍŔɭǬȥǬǫƇơɭǫɭࡲ
ࢦơ˖ˊȶȥɢȶȥɽʋŔ
› ǫɢɽǫȍŔʋơɭŔȍŔŹƎʠƃơȥɽǉơȍƃǫ ࡤ¥ʠƃࡲɽɢǫȥŔȍǫɽȥơɭʽǫʋɭǫǌơȟǫȥǫ
› ȇȶȥʋɭŔȍŔʋơɭŔȍǠơȟǫɢȍơǿǫ %Ŕʂʽơˊʧ˖ün ŔǐɭǬ-ǬɽǬ ƎʠˊʠȍŔɭǬȥǬȥǫȇǫȥƃǫȥɃɭȶȥȍŔɭǬȥǬȥ
ŹʠȍʠȥƎʠǐʠƇơȇǫɭƎơȇʋǫɭࡲ
ࡤ¡ơƎǫŔȍȟơƎʠȍȍơɭɽơȥƎɭȶȟ
ࢦơ˖ˊȶȥbulbusʋŔ ࡤ¥ʠƃࡲŔȟŹǫǌʠʠɽࡷࠈ࡫ࠀ߿ʽơࠀࠀࡲ ȇɭŔȥˊŔȍɽǫȥǫɭȍơɭȍơǫȍǌǫȍǫƎǫɭࡲ
› ǫɢɽǫȍŔʋơɭŔȍǠǫɢȶǌȍȶɽɽʠɽǉelci
› ȇȶȥʋɭŔȍŔʋơɭŔȍǠơȟǫɢȍơǿǫ ࡤ¥ʠƃࡲɽŔȍǫʽŔʋȶɭǫʠɽǫȥǉơɭǫȶɭࡷ9. ɭŔȥˊŔȍɽǫȥǫɭȍơǫȍǌǫȍǫ
parasempatik ƇơȇǫɭƎơȇʋǫɭࡲ
ࡤ¡ơ˖ơȥɽơǉŔȍȶȥơɽǫʋȍơɭǫȥƎơeɃɭʧȍơȥÄȥơȟȍǫ
1ơȇǫɭƎơȇȍơɭ ࡤ¥ʠƃࡲɢȶɽʋơɭǫȶɭࢎƎȶɭɽŔȍǫɽ࢏ȥơɭʽǫʽŔǌǫࡷࠀ߿ࡲ ɭŔȥˊŔȍɽǫȥǫɭǫȥ
ࢎࠂ࡫ࠃ࢏ parasempatik ƇơȇǫɭƎơǐǫƎǫɭࡲ
ࢦƃȶȍȍǫƃʠȍʠɽɽʠɢơɭǫȶɭ
ࢦƃȶȍȍǫƃʠȍʠɽǫȥǉơɭǫȶɭ
ࢦŔɭơŔɢɭơʋơƃʋŔȍǫɽࢎáʠɢǫȍȍŔǬʂǬȇɭơǉȍơȇɽǫ࢏ *Serebellum arterleri
ࢦơƎǫȥǌơɭˁơɽʋɢǠŔȍ ࢦŔࡲɽʠɢơɭǫȶɭƃơɭơŹơȍȍǫࢎŔŹŔɽǫȍȍŔɭǫɽ࢏
› nuc mơɽơȥƃơǉŔȍǫȥơɭʽǫʋɭǫǌơȟǫȥǫ ࢦz-ࢎŔࡲŹŔɽǫȍŔɭǫɽ࢏
ࢦȥʠƃɭʠŹơɭ ࢦáz-ࢎŔࡲʽơɭʋơŹɭŔȍǫɽ࢏
› ɽʠŹɽʋŔȥʋǫŔȥǫǌɭŔ
ࢦè¡b
65
ࡤòơɭơŹơȍȍʠȟȥʠƃȍơʠɽȍŔɭǬࢎ7Fbe࢏ %ơˊǫȥʽơȥʋɭǫȇʧȍȍơɭǫ
› D ơȥʋŔʋʠɽ
› FȟŹȶȍǫǉȶɭȟǫɽ
› bŔɽʋǫǌǫǫ
› G ȍȶŹȶɽʠɽ
*bȍȶȇȇȶȥȶƎʠȍơɭȍȶŹʽơ¥ʠƃࡲbŔɽʋǫǌǫƎơȥǌơˊȍơŔȍŔȇȍǬࢎb ǫȍơ
ŹŔɽȍŔˊŔȥȍŔɭ࢏
*þŔȍŔȟʠɽʠȟơƎǫŔȍƎơȥŔࡲƃơɭơŹɭǫɢȶɽʋơɭǫȶɭʽơȍŔʋơɭŔȍƎơȥ
ŔࡲƃơɭơŹɭǫȟơƎǫŔ Źơɽȍơɭ
ࡤþŔȍŔȟʠɽʋŔȇǫȥʠƃࡲʽơȥʋɭŔȍǫɽŔȥʋơɭǫȶɭlimbik ɽǫɽʋơȟȍơ
ǫȍǌǫȍǫƎǫɭ
ࡤࡤ¶ȇɽǫɢǫʋŔȍȶŹʠȥȶɭʋǫȇŔȍȍŔȥȍŔɭǬ
ࡤáɭǫȟơɭʽǫ˖ʧơȍŔȍŔȥ
-%ɭȶƎȟŔȥȥࠀࠆ
-òʠȍƃʠɽƃŔȍƃŔɭǫȥʠɽࡶʠȥǠơɭǫȇǫʋŔɭŔǉǬȥƎŔ࡫ǌˊɭʠɽ
ƃŔȍƃŔɭǫȥʠɽࡶʠȥǫƇˊʧ˖ʧȥơȇŔɭʂǬȍǬȇǌơȍǫɭࡲ
-Īǫ˖ʧơȍȇȶɭʋơȇɽǫȥǠŔɭŔŹǫˊơʋȍơɭǫȥƎơȇȶntralateral
ǠȶȟȶȥǫȟȶɽǠơȟǫŔȥȶɢǫŔ ȶȍʠɭࡲ
ࡤĪǫ˖ʧơȍŔɽɽȶɽǫŔɽˊȶȥŔȍŔȥǬࡷ
-%ɭȶƎȟŔȥȥࠀࠇʽơࠀࠈ
-eɃɭʧȍơȥȶŹǿơȥǫȥɃ˖ơȍȍǫȇȍơɭǫࢎɭơȥǌǫʽơʂơȇȍǫ ǌǫŹǫ࢏ǫȍơ
ǫȍǌǫȍǫƎǫɭࡲ DʠɭŔȍɽǫȥʧɽȍơɭ
-áɭǫȟơɭǌɃɭȟơȟơɭȇơ˖ǫȥƎơȥŔȍƎǬǐǬʠˊŔɭǬȍŔɭǬɽŔȇȍŔˊǬɢ࡫
ʋơȇɭŔɭȇŔɭʂǬȍŔʂǬȍƎǬǐǬȥƎŔʋŔȥǬȥȟŔɽǬȥǬɽŔǐȍŔɭࡲ
**--è¥F òč-čò-- ¶--áþ

**-¥ečþF òč-čò– bè¶¥þ
ࡤ%ơˊŔ˖ƃơʽǠơɭ
ࠀࡲɽɽȶɽǫŔɽˊȶȥˊȶȍȍŔɭǬࢎŔˊȥǬǠơȟǫɽǉơɭ࢏
-bŔɽʋǫƃʠȍʠɽŔɭƃʠŔʋʠɽ:ĭơɭȥǫƃȇơࢎþơȟɢȶɭŔȍ࡫ࠁࠁ࢏Æ
%ɭȶƃŔࢎbɭȶȥʋŔȍ࡫ࠃࠃ-ࠃࠄ࢏
ࠁࡲȶȟǫɽɽʠɭŔȍˊȶȍȍŔɭࢎǫȇǫǠơȟǫɽǉơɭǫȥŔˊȥǬʽơˊŔǉŔɭȇȍǬ
ȇȶɭʋǫȇŔȍŔȍŔȥȍŔɭǬȥǬŹŔǐȍŔɭ࢏
-CȶɭɢʠɽƃŔȍȍȶɽʠȟ
--ȶȟȟǫɽɽȶɭŔŔȥʋơɭǫȶɭ
--ȶȟȟǫɽɽȶɭŔɢȶɽʋơɭǫȶɭ
ࠂࡲáɭȶǿơȇɽǫˊȶȥˊȶȍȍŔɭǬ ࢎŔǉǉơɭơȥʋʽơơǉǉơɭơȥʋ
ˊȶȍȍŔɭʋŔɭŔǉǬȥƎŔȥȶȍʠʂʋʠɭʠȍʠɭ࢏
-Capsula iȥʋơɭȥŔࢎ-ȶɭȶȥŔɭŔƎǫŔʋŔ࢏
ࡤ%Ŕ˖ŔȍeŔȥǌȍǫȶȥȍŔɭ
ࢦ-ȍŔʠɽʋɭʠȟʽơ-ŔɢɽʠȍŔơȇɽʋɭơȟŔ
› ¥ʠƃࡲƃŔʠƎŔʋʠɽ
ࢦáʠʋŔȟơȥ
ࢦeȍȶŹʠɽɢŔȍȍǫƎʠɽ
ࢦòʠŹɽࡲȥǫǌɭŔࢎȟơɽơȥɽơǉŔȍȶȥ࢏
ࢦ¥ʠƃࡲɽʠŹʋǠŔȍŔȟǫƃʠɽࢎƎǫơȥɽơǉŔȍȶȥ࢏
66
*Sinus -Ŕʽơɭȥȶɽʠɽࡶʠȥ%ŔǐȍŔȥʋǬȍŔɭǬ
-Arkada ɽǫȥʠɽɢơʋɭȶɽʠɽɽʠɢơɭǫȶɭǫȍơɽǫȥʠɽʋɭŔȥɽʽơɭɽʠɽ
-ʂŔǐǬda ɽǫȥʠɽɢơʋɭȶɽʠɽǫȥǉơɭǫȶɭǫȍơʽࡲǿʠǌʠȍŔɭǫɽǫȥʋơɭȥŔ
-ĪơȥɃ˖ƎŔȍȍŔɭŔɭŔƃǬȍǬǐǬˊȍŔɢȍơˉʠɽɢʋơɭˊǌȶǫƎơʠɽ
-Äȥde ʽࡲȶɢǠʋǠŔȍȟǫƃŔɽʠɢơɭǫȶɭŔɭŔƃǬȍǬǐǬˊȍŔʽࡲǉŔƃǫŔȍǫɽ ǫȍơ
ŹŔǐȍŔȥʋǬȍǬƎǬɭࡲ
ࡤ-ǫɽʋơɭȥŔɩʠŔƎɭǫǌơȟǫȥŔȍǫɽ
ࢦĪࡲȟŔǌȥŔƃơɭơŹɭǫ
ࢦFɢǫǉǫ˖Źơ˖ǫᎅᎅ
ࢦࡲƃơɭơŹɭǫɢȶɽʋơɭǫȶɭ
*áǫŔȟŔʋơɭʠ˖ŔȥʋǬȍŔɭǬ
-ǫǌࡲDeȥʋǫƃʠȍŔʋʠȟࢎáǫ-De)
-ŔȍǬȥʋǬɽǬÆ bǫȍʠȟþơɭȟǫȥŔȍơȥʋơɭȥŔࢎࠁ࢏ ࡤqȶɭȥơɭòơȥƎɭȶȟʠ
*Dura ¡Ŕʋơɭǫȥč˖ŔȥʋǬȍŔɭǬ -þࠀ ɽɢǫȥŔȍɽǫȥǫɭǫȥǠŔɭŔŹǫˊơʋǫ
-bŔȍˉƃơɭơŹɭǫ -eŔȥǌࡲɽʋơȍȍŔʋʠȟ࡫eŔȥǌࡲƃơɭʽǫƃŔȍơɽʠɢơɭǫʠɽ ȍơ˖ˊȶȥʠ
-þơȥʋȶɭǫʠȟƃơɭơŹơȍȍǫ Æ%Ŕʂ ʽơˊʧ˖ŹɃȍǌơɽǫȥǫȥɽơȟɢŔʋǫȇǫȥȥơɭʽŔɽˊȶȥʠ X
-bŔȍˉƃơɭơŹơȍȍǫ
-7ǫŔɢǠɭŔǌȟŔɽơȍȍŔơ -ȟǫˊȶ˖ǫɽࢎȟࡲƎǫȍŔʋŔʋŔɭpupilla X࢏
--Ŕʽʠȟȟơƃȇơȍȍǫ -ơȥȶǉʋŔȍȟȶɽࢎȟࡲȶɭŹǫʋŔȍǫɽ X࢏
* ŔȍǬȥʋǬɽǬÆ ǫǌࡲ-ȶƃƃˊǌơʠmएbǫȍʠȟþơɭȟǫȥŔȍơFȇɽʋơɭȥŔ -ɢɽɃƎȶɢǫʋȶ˖ǫɽࢎȟࡲʋŔɭɽŔȍơɽ X࢏
-ŔȥǠǫƎɭȶ˖ǫɽࢎʋơɭȍơȟơ X)
-ǉŔɽˊŔȍǉȍʠɽǠǫȥǌ ࢎĪ7Æ ȇǬɭȟǬ˖Ǭˊʧ˖࢏
ࡤࡤòɢȍŔȇȥǫȇɽɃ˖ƃʧǐʧǫƇơɭơȥɽǫȥǫɭȍơɭƎơȥŹǫɭʋơȇ
ȥȥࡲɽɢȍŔȥƃǠȥǫƃǫɢơȍʽǫƃǫáŔɭŔɽơȟɢŔʋǫȇʋǫɭࡲࡲ
ࡤ¥ࡲ¶ƃʠȍȶȟȶʋȶɭǫʠɽࢎࠂࡲ-¥࢏ʠȥǫȥȥơɭʽơơʋʋǫǐǫȇŔɽȍŔɭ
-¡ࡲɭơƃʋʠɽɽʠɢơɭǫȶɭ࡫ǫȥǉơɭǫȶɭʽơȟơƎǫŔȍǫɽ
-¡ࡲȶŹȍǫɩʠʠɽǫȥǉơɭǫȶɭࢎĵʠȇŔɭǬ-ƎǬʂŔŹŔȇʋǬɭǬɭ࢏
-¡ࡲȍơʽŔʋȶɭɢŔȍɢơŹɭŔơɽʠɢơɭǫȶɭǫɽ ࢎbơȍƃǫȥƎơɢʋȶ˖ǫɽ
ǌɃɭʧȍʧɭ࢏
-¡ࡲɽɢǠǫȥƃʋơɭɢʠɢǫȍȍŔơ ࢎ¡ǫˊȶ˖ǫɽǫȍơɢʠɢǫȍȍŔǬʂǬȇɭơǉȍơȇɽǫ)
-¡ࡲciliaris ࢎȇȶȟȶƎŔɽˊȶȥ)
ࡤࡤ¡ࡲèơƃʋʠɽŔʋơɭŔȍǫɽ--ऑ¥ࡲŹƎʠƃơȥɽࢎࠅ࢏
*Sinus cŔʽơɭȥȶɽʠɽࢎòǉơȥȶǫƎ࢏
ࡤࡤ¡ࡲ¶Źȍǫɩʠɽòʠɢơɭǫȶɭ--ऑ¥ࡲþɭȶƃǠȍơŔɭǫɽࢎࠃ࢏
-ࡲƃŔɭȶʋǫɽǫȥʋơɭȥŔ
-¥ŔŹƎʠƃơȥɽࢎࠅ࢏ǫƇǫȥƎơȥ ࡤ¡ࡲʋŔɭɽŔȍǫɽɽʠɢơɭǫȶɭÆ òơȟɢŔʋǫȇǫȥȥơɭʽŔɽˊȶȥÆ
bơȍƃǫȥƎơɢʋȶ˖ǫɽ
-¥ȶƃƃʠȍȶȟȶʋȶɭǫʠɽࢎࠂ࢏
-¥ʋɭȶƃǠȍơŔɭǫɽࢎࠃ࢏ *ơ˖ˊȶȥʠȥƎŔǠȶɭǫ˖ȶȥʋŔȍƎǫɢȍȶɢǫǌɃɭʧȍơȥɽǫȥǫɭ४¥ࡲ
-¥ȶɢǠʋǠŔȍȟǫƃʠɽࢎࠄ-ࠀ࢏
ŹƎʠƃơȥɽ
-¥ȟŔȇɽǫȍȍŔɭǫɽࢎࠄ-ࠁ࢏ƎǬʂƎʠʽŔɭǬȥƎŔȥ ǌơƇơɭ
ࡤࡤ¥ࡲȟŔȥƎǫŹʠȍŔɭǫɽǌơƃȟơ˖ࡲᎅᎅ ࡤȇȶȟȶƎŔɽˊȶȥƃơʽŔŹǬȥǬȥǬʂǬȇɭơǉȍơȇɽǫȥƎơȥǉŔɭȇǬ
-ȇȶȟȶƎŔɽˊȶȥɭơǉȍơȇɽǫʽǫ˖ʧơȍȇȶɭʋơˉơǌǫƎơɭ࡫ɢɭơʋơƃʋŔȍ
ŔȍŔȥŔʠǐɭŔȟŔ˖ᎅᎅ
ࡤࡤ¥ࡲ¡ŔȥƎǫŹʠȍŔɭǫɽࡶǫȥǫȥȥơɭʽơơʋʋǫǐǫȇŔɽȍŔɭࢎࠄ-ࠀࡲ-¥࢏
-1ǫǐȥơȟơȇŔɽȍŔɭǬ
-¡ࡲȟˊȍȶǠˊȶǫƎơʠɽ
-M. ƎǫǌŔɽʋɭǫƃʠɽʽơȥʋơɭŔȥʋơɭǫȶɭ
-M. ʋơȥɽȶɭʽơȍǫɢŔȍŔʋǫȥǫ
-M. ʋơȥɽȶɭʋˊȟɢŔȥǫ
ࡤòǫȥʠɽƃŔʽơɭȥȶɽʠɽࡶŔŔƇǬȍŔȥˊŔɢǬȍŔɭ
-ĪࡲȶɢǠʋǠŔȍȟǫƃŔɽʠɢơɭǫȶɭ
-ĪࡲȶɢǠʋǠŔȍȟǫƃŔǫȥǉơɭǫȶɭ ࡤ¥ࡲʋɭǫǌơȟǫȥʠɽȍơ˖ˊȶȥʠࢎࠄࡲ-¥࢏ ४ȶɭȥơŔɭơǉȍơȇɽǫʽơ
-òǫȥʧɽɽɢǠơȥȶɢŔɭǫơʋŔȍǫɽ ȇɽǬɭȟŔɭơǉȍơȇɽǫ ȇŔˊŹȶȍʠɭࡲ
67
ȶɭȥơŔɭơǉȍơȇɽǫࢎǉǉࡲÆ ࠄ-ࠀFǉǉࡲÆ ࠆ࢏ *¥ࡲqˊɢȶǌȍȶɽɽʠɽȍơ˖ˊȶȥȍŔɭǬࢎࠀࠁࡲ-¥࢏
ȇɽǬɭȟŔɭơǉȍơȇɽǫࢎǉǉࡲÆ ࠄ-ࠁFǉǉࡲÆࠄ࡫ࠆ࡫ࠀ߿࡫ࠀࠁ࡫¥ࡲɢǠɭơȥǫƃʠɽ࡫ Supranuklear

¥ࡲǫȥʋơɭƃȶɽʋŔȍơɽ࢏ - ȇȶȥʋɭŔȍŔʋơɭŔȍǠơȟǫɢȍơǿǫ
- ȇȶȥʋɭŔȍŔʋơɭŔȍȟࡲǌơȥǫȶǌȍȶɽɽʠɽǉơȍƃǫ
zʂǬȇɭơǉȍơȇɽǫࢎǉǉࡲÆࠁFǉǉࡲÆࠂ࢏ - ƎơʽǫŔɽˊȶȥȍơ˖ˊȶȥȇŔɭɽǫɽǫȥŔ
ȥʋɭŔȥʠȇȍơŔɭ
ࡤࡤ¥ࡲbŔƃǫŔȍǫɽࢎࠆࡲ-¥࢏
- ȇȶȥʋɭŔȍŔʋơɭŔȍǠơȟǫɢȍơǿǫ
- ǫɢɽǫȍŔʋơɭŔȍǌȍȶɽɽȶɢȍơǿǫŔʋɭȶǉǫ
-¡ȶʋȶɭ, Ǝʠˊʠve parasempatikȍǫǉǫƇơɭơȥȟǫȇɽŹǫɭɽǫȥǫɭƎǫɭࡲ
- ƎơʽǫŔɽˊȶȥȍơ˖ˊȶȥʋŔɭŔǉǬȥŔ
-þơȟɢȶɭŔȍȇơȟǫȇʋơȇǫƃŔȥŔȍǫɽȥơɭʽǫǉŔƃǫŔȍǫɽࢎbŔȍȍȶɢǫŔȥ
ȇŔȥŔȍǬ࢏ǫƇǫȥƎơɽơˊɭơƎơɭࡲ **òʠɢɭŔȥʧȇȍơơɭȍơ˖ˊȶȥsŔƎơƃơࠆʽơࠀࠁࡲ-¥ƎơǌɃɭʧȍʧɭࡲ
-ŔǉŔʋŔɽǬȥǬǉȶɭࡲɽʋˊȍȶȟŔɽʋȶǫƎơʠȟࡶƎŔȥʋơɭȇơƎơɭࡲ
-¥ʠƃࡲȥơɭʽǫǉŔƃǫŔȍǫɽࡷȟȶʋȶɭ ƇơȇǫɭƎơǐǫƎǫɭࡲáȶȥɽࡶʋŔˊơɭŔȍǬɭࡲ
-¥ʠƃࡲȍŔƃɭǫȟŔȍǫɽÆáŔɭŔɽơȟɢŔʋǫȇ ࢎeȍࡲȍŔƃɭǫȟŔȍǫɽ )
-¥ʠƃࡲɽŔȍǫʽŔʋȶɭǫʠɽ
ɽʠɢơɭǫȶɭÆáŔɭŔɽơȟɢŔʋǫȇࢎeȍࡲɽʠŹȍǫȥǌʠŔȍǫɽ࡫eȍࡲɽʠŹȟŔȥƎǫŹʠ
ȍŔɭǫɽ)
-¥ʠƃࡲʋɭŔƃʋʠɽɽȶȍǫʋŔɭǫʠɽ; BulbusʋŔࡲþŔʋƎʠˊʠɽʠȥʠȥࠁࡲ
¥ɃɭȶȥȍŔɭǬŹʠɭŔƎŔ
ࡤ¥ʠƃࡲ¥ơɭʽǫbŔƃǫŔȍǫɽʋơȥƇǬȇŔȥȟȶʋȶɭȍǫǉơɭǫȥǫȥȥơɭʽơơʋʋǫǐǫ
kaslar
-¡ǫȟǫȇȇŔɽȍŔɭ
-¡ࡲɽʋŔɢơƎǫʠɽࢎbơȍƃǫȥƎơǠǫɢơɭŔȇʠ˖ǫ)
-¡ࡲɽʋˊȍȶǠˊȶǫƎơʠɽ
-¡ࡲƎǫǌŔɽʋɭǫƃʠɽʽơȥʋơɭɢȶɽʋơɭǫȶɭ
ࡤbǫɽɽʠɭŔ¶ɭŹǫʋŔȍǫɽòʠɢơɭǫȶɭࢎb¶ò࢏
ࡤࡤ¡ࡲƎǫǌŔɽʋɭǫƃʠɽʽơȥʋơɭá¶òþFè¶èÆ¥ࡲǉŔƃǫŔȍǫɽ -¥ȶƃƃʠȍȶȟȶʋȶɭǫʠɽࢎࠂ࢏
-¥ʋɭȶƃǠȍơŔɭǫɽࢎࠃ࢏
ࡤࡤ¡ࡲƎǫǌŔɽʋɭǫƃʠɽʽơȥʋơɭ¥þFè¶èÆ ¥ࡲȟŔȥƎǫŹʠȍŔɭǫɽ -¥ȶɢǠʋǠŔȍȟǫƃʠɽࢎࠄ-ࠀ࢏
-¥ŔŹƎʠƃơȥɽࢎࠅ࢏
ࡤࡤ¡ǫȟǫȇȇŔɽȍŔɭǬÆ¥ࡲǉŔƃǫŔȍǫɽ -ĪȶɢǠʋǠŔȍȟǫƃŔɽʠɢơɭǫȶɭ ve ǫȥǉơɭǫȶɭ
ࡤࡤ1ǫǐȥơȟơȇŔɽȍŔɭǬÆ¥ࡲȟŔȥƎǫŹʠȍŔɭǫɽ ࡤࡤbǫɽɽʠɭŔ¶ɭŹǫʋŔȍǫɽȍȥǉơɭǫȶɭ
-¥ࡲ¡ŔˉǫȍȍŔɭǫɽࢎࠄ-ࠁ࢏ve ˖ǫǌȶȟŔʋǫȇƎŔȍǬ
ࡤࡤ¥ࡲŔʠɭǫƃȶȍŔɭǫɽɢȶɽʋơɭǫȶɭÆ¥ࡲǉŔƃǫŔȍǫɽǫȥƎŔȍǬ
-ࡲʽࡲȥǉɭŔȶɭŹǫʋŔȍǫɽ
ࡤࡤ¥ࡲŔʠɭǫƃʠȍȶʋơȟɢȶɭŔȍǫɽÆ¥ࡲȟŔȥƎǫŹʠȍŔɭǫɽǫȥƎŔȍǬ -Īࡲ¶ɢǠʋǠŔȍȟǫƃŔȥǉơɭǫȶɭ
ࡤࡤ¡ࡲòʋŔɢơƎǫʠɽÆ¥ࡲǉŔƃǫŔȍǫɽÆ qǫɢȶŔȇʠ˖ǫɽŔǐȍŔɭ ࡤࡤbǫɽɽʠɭŔ¶ɭŹǫʋŔȍǫɽòʠɢơɭǫȶɭʽơbǫɽɽʠɭŔ¶ɭŹǫʋŔȍǫɽ

ȍȥǉơɭǫȶɭࢫʋŔȇǫ¶ɭʋŔȇĵŔɢǬȍŔɭ
ࢎ¥ࡲǉŔƃǫŔȍǫɽǠŔɽŔɭǬएqǫɢơɭŔȇʠ˖ǫ࢏ -Īࡲ¶ɢǠʋǠŔȍȟǫƃŔȥǉơɭǫȶɭ
** M. ʋơȥɽȶɭʋˊȟɢŔȥǫÆ¥ࡲȟŔȥƎǫŹʠȍŔɭǫɽÆ qǫɢơɭŔȇʠ˖ǫ
ɽŔǐȍŔɭ
ࡤࡤȥʠȍʠɽþơȥƎǫȥơʠɽ-ȶȟȟʠȥǬɽࢎŁǫȥȥqŔȍȇŔɽǬ࢏
ࢎ¥ࡲȟŔȥƎǫŹʠȍŔɭǫɽǠŔɽŔɭǬएqǫɢȶŔȇʠ˖ǫ࢏ -¥ࡲ¶ɢʋǫƃʠɽࢎ2࢏ࢎʽơǫƇǫȥƎơȥǌơƇơȥࡲʽ-ơȥʋɭŔȍǫɽèơʋǫȥŔ)
-¥ࡲ¶ƃʠȍȶȟȶʋȶɭǫʠɽࢎࠂ)
-¥ࡲ¥ŔɽȶƃǫȍǫŔɭǫɽࢎࠄ-ࠀࢫǫȥƎŔȍǬ࢏
*¥ࡲbŔƃǫŔȍǫɽǉơȍƃǫ -¥ࡲŹƎʠƃơȥɽࢎࠅ)
-ࡲ¶ɢǠʋǠŔȍȟǫƃŔ
Supranuklear ࡤࡤ-ŔȥŔȍǫɽ¶ɢʋǫƃʠɽ
- ȇȶȥʋɭŔȍŔʋơɭŔȍǠơȟǫɢȍơǿǫ -¥ࡲ¶ɢʋǫƃʠɽࢎ2)
- ɽŔȥʋɭŔȍࢎȇȶȥʋɭŔȍŔʋơɭŔȍ࢏ǉŔɽǫˊŔȍɢŔɭŔȍǫ˖ǫ -ࡲ¶ɢǠʋǠŔȍȟǫƃŔ
- ȇȶɭȥơŔɭơǉȍơȇɽǫɽŔǐȍŔȟ
- Ŕǌǫ˖ȇɃʂơɽǫȇȶȥʋɭŔȍŔʋơɭŔȍƎʧʂơɭ ࡤࡤࡤŁǫȥȥǠŔȍȇŔɽǬȥƎŔȥ¥ࡲþɭȶƃǠȍơŔɭǫɽࢎࠃ࢏eF1¡FŁ࡮࡮࡮
- ɽʠȍƃʠɽȥŔɽȶȍŔŹǫŔȍǫɽȇȶȥʋɭŔȍŔʋơɭŔȍƎʧ˖ȍơʂǫɭ ࢎŁǫȥȥࠃǠŔɭǉʽơࠃࡲòǫȥǫɭǫƇǫȥƎơȥǌơƇȟǫˊȶɭƎǫˊơŔȇǬȍƎŔ
ȥʋɭŔȥʠȇȍơŔɭ ʋʠʋŔȍǬȟ࢏
- ȇȶȥʋɭŔȍŔʋơɭŔȍǠơȟǫɢȍơǿǫ
- ɢơɭǫǉơɭǫȇࢎǫɢɽǫȍŔʋơɭŔȍ࢏ǉŔɽǫˊŔȍɢŔɭŔȍǫ˖ǫ ࡤࡤࡤb¶òĪơŁǫȥȥࢫƎơȥeơƇơȥ¶ɭʋŔȇĵŔɢǬȍŔɭ
- ȇȶɭȥơŔɭơǉȍơȇɽǫȇŔˊǫɢ -¥ࡲ¶ƃʠȍȶȟȶʋȶɭǫʠɽࢎࠂ)
- Ŕǌǫ˖ȇɃʂơɽǫǫɢɽǫȍŔʋơɭŔȍƎʧʂơɭ -¥ࡲ¥ŔɽȶƃǫȍǫŔɭǫɽࢎࠄ-ࠀࢫǫȥƎŔȍǬ)
- ɽʠȍƃʠɽȥŔɽȶȍŔŹǫŔȍǫɽǫɢɽǫȍŔʋơɭŔȍƎʧ˖ȍơʂǫɭ -¥ࡲŹƎʠƃơȥɽࢎࠅ)
68
ࡤࡤࡤŁǫȥȥĪơ-ŔȥŔȍǫɽ¶ɢʋǫƃʠɽࢫʋŔȥeơƇơȥ¶ɭʋŔȇĵŔɢǬȍŔɭ -èŔƎǫˉȟơƎǫŔȍǫɽ ȥơɭʽǫȟơƎǫŔȥǫ

-¥ࡲ¶ɢʋǫƃʠɽࢎ2)
-ࡲ¶ɢǠʋǠŔȍȟǫƃŔ ࡤbŔɽƃǫƃʠȍʠɽȍŔʋơɭŔȍǫɽ
-¥ࡲȟʠɽƃʠȍȶƃʠʋŔȥơʠɽ
ࡤࡤɭȇŔƎŔʂȍŔɭȥŔʋȶȟǫƎơǫȇǫȶȍʠʂʠȟƎŔȥŹǫɭƎơȥǌơƇơȥ -èŔƎǫˉlateralis ȥơɭʽǫȟơƎǫŔȥǫ
ˊŔɢǬȍŔɭɃȥơȟȍǫƎǫɭǠơɭ˖ŔȟŔȥɽȶɭʠɢȶʋŔȥɽǫˊơȍǫʋŔʂǬɭ࡮࡮
*bŔɽƃǫƃʠȍʠɽáȶɽʋơɭǫȶɭࢎòþè࢏
áȍơȇɽʠɽȍŔɭ -¥ࡲSʠŹɽŔƃɢʠȍŔɭǫɽ
-¥ࡲþǠȶɭŔƃȶƎȶɭɽŔȍǫɽࡲ
ࡤáȍơȇɽʠɽȍŔɭǬȥŔɽȍŔɭȍŔǫȍǫʂȇǫɽǫ -¥ࡲAˉǫȍȍŔɭǫɽ
-¥ࡲèŔƎǫŔȍǫɽ
-áȍơˉʠɽƃơɭʽǫƃŔȍǫɽÆ ¡ࡲɽʋơɭȥȶƃȍơǫƎȶȟŔɽʋȶǫƎơʠɽࡶʠȥ
ŔɭȇŔɽǬȥƎŔ
-áȍơˉʠɽŹɭŔƃǠǫŔȍǫɽ
þɭʠȥƃʠɽÆ ¡ࡲɽƃŔȍơȥʠɽŔȥʋơɭǫȶɭࡶʠȥŔɭȇŔɽǬȥƎŔ
bŔɽƃǫƃʠȍʠɽÆ ¡ࡲɢơƃʋȶɭŔȍǫɽȟǫȥȶɭࡶʠȥŔɭȇŔɽǬȥƎŔ
-áȍơˉʠɽȍʠȟŹŔȍǫɽÆ ¡ࡲɢɽȶŔɽȟŔǿȶɭࡶʠȥŔɭȇŔɽǬȥƎŔ
-áȍơˉʠɽɽŔƃɭŔȍǫɽÆ ¡ࡲɢǫɭǫǉȶɭȟǫɽࡶǫȥÄ¥Ĕ¥7F
ࡤáȍơˉʠɽƃơɭʽǫƃŔȍǫɽࢎþòȶ࢏
7ơɭǫƎŔȍȍŔɭǬࡷ
-¥ࡲþɭŔȥɽʽơɭɽʠɽƃȶȍȍǫ
-¥ࡲAʠɭǫƃʠȍŔɭǫɽmagnus
-¥ࡲSʠɢɭŔƃȍŔʽǫƃʠȍŔɭǫɽ
-¥ࡲȶƃƃǫɢǫʋŔȍǫɽminör
ࡤࡤáȍơˉʠɽ%ɭŔƃǠǫŔȍǫɽࢎ-ࠄ-þࠀ࢏
ࡤáȍơȇɽʠɽLʠȟŹŔȍǫɽࢎࠀ-ࠃ࢏
-¥ࡲǫȍǫȶǠǫɢȶǌŔɽʋɭǫƃʠɽ
-¥ࡲǫȍǫȶǫȥǌʠǫȥŔȍǫɽ
-¥ࡲǌơȥǫʋȶǉơȟȶɭŔȍǫɽ
-¥ࡲƃʠʋŔȥơʠɽǉơȟȶɭǫɽLŔʋơɭŔȍǫɽ
-¥ࡲǉơȟȶɭŔȍǫɽ
-¥ࡲȶŹʋʠɭŔʋȶɭǫʠɽ
-¡ࡲɽƃŔȍơȥʠɽŔȥʋơɭǫȶɭǫȍơ¡ࡲɽƃŔȍơȥʠɽȟơƎǫʠɽŔɭŔɽǬȥƎŔȥ
ǌơƇơɭࡲ
-òɢǫȥŔȍɽǫȥǫɭȍơɭǫȥön ƎŔȍȍŔɭǬࢎɢȍơȇɽʠɽʠȥȇɃȇȍơɭǫ࢏
ŹǫɭȍơʂơɭơȇʋɭʠȥȇʠɽȍŔɭǬ࡫ʋɭʠȥȇʠɽȍŔɭǬȥƎŔȍȍŔɭǬ
ŹǫɭȍơʂơɭơȇǉŔɽǫȇʧȍʧɽȍơɭǫˊŔɢŔɭࡲ
ࡤþɭʠȥƃʠɽɽʠɢơɭǫȶɭÆ-ࠄऋ-ࠅ
ࡤþɭʠȥƃʠɽȟơƎǫʠɽÆ-ࠆ
ࡤþɭʠȥƃʠɽǫȥǉơɭǫȶɭÆ-ࠇऋþࠀ
ࡤbŔɽƃǫƃʠȍʠɽȍŔʋơɭŔȍǫɽÆþɭʠȥƃʠɽɽʠɢơɭǫȶɭऋþɭʠȥƃʠɽ
ȟơƎǫʠɽɃȥƎŔȍȍŔɭǬ
ࡤbŔɽƃǫƃʠȍʠɽȟơƎǫŔȍǫɽÆþɭʠȥƃʠɽǫȥǉơɭǫȶɭɃȥƎŔȍȍŔɭǬ
ࡤbŔɽƃǫƃʠȍʠɽɢȶɽʋơɭǫȶɭÆĔƇʋɭʠȥƃʠɽʠȥƎŔŔɭȇŔ ƎŔȍȍŔɭǬ
*bŔɽƃǫƃʠȍʠɽȟơƎǫŔȍǫɽ
-¥ࡲɢơƃʋȶɭŔȍǫɽȟơƎǫŔȍǫɽ
-¥ࡲƃʠʋŔȥơʠɽŹɭŔƃǠǫǫȟơƎǫŔȍǫɽ
-¥ࡲƃʠʋŔȥơʠɽŔȥʋơŹɭŔƃǠǫǫȟơƎǫŔȍǫɽ
-¥ࡲʠȍȥŔɭǫɽ
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ࡤࡤȥʠȍʠɽþơȥƎǫȥơʠɽ-ȶȟȟʠȥǬɽࢎŁǫȥȥqŔȍȇŔɽǬ࢏
-¥ࡲ¶ɢʋǫƃʠɽࢎ2࢏ࢎʽơǫƇǫȥƎơȥǌơƇơȥࡲʽ-ơȥʋɭŔȍǫɽèơʋǫȥŔ)
-¥ࡲ¥ŔɽȶƃǫȍǫŔɭǫɽࢎࠄ-ࠀࢫǫȥƎŔȍǬ࢏
-¥ࡲŹƎʠƃơȥɽࢎࠅ)
-A. ¶ɢǠʋǠŔȍȟǫƃŔ
ࡤࡤ-¥ò¶áþ-čò
ࡤࡤࡤŁǫȥȥǠŔȍȇŔɽǬȥƎŔȥ¥ࡲþɭȶƃǠȍơŔɭǫɽࢎࠃ࢏eF1¡FŁ࡮࡮࡮
ࢎŁǫȥȥࠃǠŔɭǉʽơࠃࡲòǫȥǫɭǫƇǫȥƎơȥǌơƇȟǫˊȶɭƎǫˊơŔȇǬȍƎŔ
ʋʠʋŔȍǬȟ࢏
ࡤࡤࡤb¶òĪơŁǫȥȥࢫƎơȥeơƇơȥ¶ɭʋŔȇĵŔɢǬȍŔɭ
-¥ࡲ¥ŔɽȶƃǫȍǫŔɭǫɽࢎࠄ-ࠀࢫǫȥƎŔȍǬ)
-¥ࡲŹƎʠƃơȥɽࢎࠅ)
ࡤࡤࡤŁǫȥȥĪơ-ŔȥŔȍǫɽ¶ɢʋǫƃʠɽࢫʋŔȥeơƇơȥ¶ɭʋŔȇĵŔɢǬȍŔɭ
ࡤࡤɭȇŔƎŔʂȍŔɭȥŔʋȶȟǫƎơǫȇǫȶȍʠʂʠȟƎŔȥŹǫɭƎơȥǌơƇơȥ
ˊŔɢǬȍŔɭɃȥơȟȍǫƎǫɭǠơɭ˖ŔȟŔȥɽȶɭʠɢȶʋŔȥɽǫˊơȍǫʋŔʂǬɭ࡮࡮
** ȇǫơȇȍơȟơŹǫɭƎơȥǠŔɭơȇơʋˊŔɢʋǬɭŔȥȇŔɽȍŔɭɃȥơȟȍǫƎǫɭ
Ƈȶǐʠ˖ŔȟŔȥȇŔɽȇȶȥʠȍŔɭǬȥƎŔȥƎŔŹʠȥȍŔɭɽȶɭʠȍʠɭ࡮࡮࡮
ࡤ-ȶȟȟǫɽɽʠɭŔŔȥʋơɭǫȶɭ४ koku
ࡤ-ȶȟǫɽɽʠɭŔpȶɽʋơɭǫȶɭ४pʠɢǫȍȍŔǬʂǬȇɭơǉȍơȇɽǫ
ࡤqʠȟȶɭŔɩʠȶɽʠɽ
ࡤáȍơˉʠɽòŔƃɭŔȍǫɽࢎࠃ-òࠃ࢏ áɭȶƃࡲƃǫȍǫŔɭơɽÆ ɭȇŔȇŔȟŔɭŔÆ áʠɢǫȍȍŔ
ÆÄȥȇŔȟŔɭŔÆbȶȥʋŔȥŔŹȶʂȍʠȇȍŔɭǬÆ
-¥ࡲǌȍʠʋơʠɽɽʠɢơɭǫȶɭ òƃǠȍơȟȟȇŔȥŔȍǬÆʽʽࡲ-ǫȍǫŔɭơɽŔȥʋơɭǫȶɭơƎɭơȥơ
-¥ࡲǌȍʠʋơʠɽǫȥǉơɭǫȶɭ
-¥ࡲǫɽƃǠǫŔƎǫƃʠɽ
-¥ࡲɢʠƎơȥƎʠɽ
-¥ࡲƃʠʋŔȥơʠɽǉơȟȶɭǫɽɢȶɽʋơɭǫȶɭ
ࡤ¥ࡲƃʠʋŔȥơʠɽǉơȟȶɭǫɽLŔʋơɭŔȍǫɽÆLʠȟŹŔȍɢȍơˉʠɽ
ࡤ¥ࡲƃʠʋŔȥơʠɽǉơȟȶɭǫɽɢȶɽʋơɭǫȶɭÆ òŔȇɭŔȍɢȍơˉʠɽ
ࡤFȍȍơ˖ˊȶȥȍŔɭǬ
ࡶࡶ7è.CU¡ࡶࡶ
Dɭȶɢ४èŔƎǫŔȍ¥ơɭʽơࢎ7ʧʂʧȇơȍ࢏
CȍŔˁ४UȍȥŔɭȥơʽɭơࢎáơȥƇơơȍ࢏ ࡤǫʂǫʋȟơĵȶȍȍŔɭǬ
AɢơqŔȥƎ४¡ơƎǫŔȥȥơɭʽơࢎ¡Ŕˊȟʠȥơȍǫ࢏ -eŔȥǌࡲɽɢǫɭŔȍơƃȶƃǠȍơŔࢎࠀࡲ¥Ƀɭȶȥ࢏
--ȶɭɢʠɽʋɭŔɢơ˖ȶǫƎơʠȟ
-Lemniscus lateralis
--ȶɭɢʠɽǌơȥǫƃʠȍŔʋʠȟȟơƎǫŔȍơ
-èŔƎǫŔʋǫȶŔƃʠɽʋǫƃŔࢎʋɭŔƃʋʠɽǌơȥǫƃʠȍȶʋơȟɢȶɭŔȍǫɽ࢏
70
ࡤ7ǬʂȇʠȍŔȇˊȶȍʠȥʠȥʽơȇʠȍŔȇ˖ŔɭǬȥǬȥƎǬʂˊʧ˖ơˊǫȥǫȥ
ƎʠˊʠɽʠȥʠŔȍŔȥɽǫȥǫɭȍơɭ
ࢦ¥ࡲĪŔǌʠɽ
ࢦ¥ࡲʠɭǫƃʠȍȶʋơȟɢȶɭŔȍǫɽ
ࢦ¥ࡲbŔƃǫŔȍǫɽ
ࢦ¥ࡲʠɭǫƃʠȍŔɭǫɽȟŔǌȥʠɽ
ʂࡲqŔȥǌǫɽǫȇʠȍŔȇƎʠˊʠɽʠȥʠʋŔʂǬȟŔ˖ƎǫˊơŹʠࠃȍʧƎơȥ
ǠŔɭǫȇŔŹǫɭɽȶɭʠǌơȍơŹǫȍǫɭᎅ
ࡤ¶ɭʋŔȇʠȍŔȇŹȶʂȍʠǐʠʽơʋȶȥɽǫȍȍŔɢŔȍŔʋǫȥŔȥǬȥƎʠˊʠɽʠȥʠ
ʋŔʂǬˊŔȥ४ ࠈࡲ-¥
ࡤȶȇʠǠŔɭǫƇʋʧȟƎʠˊʠơǉǉơɭơȥʋȍơɭǫȥǫȥࠂȥɃɭȶȥʠʽŔɭƎǬɭࡲ
ȶȇʠơǉǉơɭơȥʋȍơɭǫȥࠁȥɃɭȶȥʠʽŔɭƎǬɭ
ࡤááèbࢎɢȶȥʋǫȥɢŔɭŔȟơƎǫŔȥɭơʋǫȇʠȍơɭǉȶɭȟŔɽˊȶȥ
ƇơȇǫɭƎơǐǫ࢏४Ǡȶɭǫ˖ȶȥʋŔȍ ŹŔȇǫɽȟơɭȇơ˖ǫ
ࡤè¡bࢎǉŔɽƃǫƃʠȍʠɽȍȶȥǌǫʋʠƎǫȥŔȍǫɽȟơƎǫŔȍǫɽǫȥɭȶɽʋɭŔȍ
ǫȥʋơɭʋǫɽˊơȍƇơȇǫɭƎơǐǫ࢏४ʽơɭʋǫȇŔȍ ŹŔȇǫɽȟơɭȇơ˖ǫ
ࡤ7ʠƃʋʠɽƃȶǠȍơŔɭǫɽǫȍơɽŔƃƃʠȍʠɽʠŹǫɭȍơʂʋǫɭơȥ४ 7ʠƃʋʠɽ
ɭơʠȥǫơȥɽ
71
Anatomi
2022 - 12. Dönem
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Anatomi

2022 - 12. Dönem

Dr. Mehmet ARSLAN

Kemikler Eklemler Kaslar

NOT: Siyasi hiçbir mesaj içermemektedir :)

9 M.biceps brachii ǫȥɽơɭɽǫˊȶ

9 ¡ࡲŹɭŔƃǠǫȶɭŔƎǫŔȍǫɽ ǫȥɽơɭɽǫˊȶˊŔɢŔɭ 7¶èò

9 M.triceps brachi ŹʠɭŔƎŔɽȶȥȍŔȥǬɭࡲ

-Crista musculi supinatori

- áɭȶƃࡲŔɭʋȇʠȍŔɭǫɽǫȥǉơɭǫȶɭࢎ2) **Vaskuler TOS- a subklavia ɽǬȇǬʂȟŔɽǬ

**Kosta spurialer ४8-9-10

**C7 nin For. þɭŔȥɽʽơɭɽŔɭǫʠȟʠȥʠȥþ¡þFèòŹǫɭ qơȟȥɃɭȶǠơȟƎơʽǫɽɽơɭȶȇɭŔȥˊʠȟŔȇŔʋǬȍŔȥȇơȟǫȇȍơɭ४

**ClivusŔbulbus ve pons ȶʋʠɭʠɭࡲ

*Fissura Orbitalis Superior (FOS)

ࡤbȶɭࡲèȶʋʠȥƎʠȟࢎ¥ࡲȟŔˉǫȍȍŔɭǫɽ࢏ * bȶɽɽŔáʋơɭˊǌȶɢŔȍŔʋǬȥŔ ƇǫȥƎơ%ʠȍʠȥŔȥȥŔʋȶȟǫȇ

ࡤáɭȶƃࡲáʋơɭˊǌȶǫƎơʠɽ *Fossa áʋơɭˊǌȶɢŔȍŔʋǫȥŔࡶȥǬȥ%ŔǐȍŔȥʋǬȍŔɭǬ

**Fissura Orbitalis Superior ve Fissura Orbitalis

ࡤࡤbȶɽࡲǫȥǉɭŔʋơȟɢȶɭŔȍǫɽǫǉȶɽࡲɢʋơɭˊǌȶɢŔȍŔʋǫȥŔƎŔȥŔˊǬɭŔȥ४ **Membrana atlantooccipitalis posterior

**Fossa cranii posterior

2. EKLEMLER ȶȍȟŔˊŔȥơȇȍơȟǫɽȶɭʠˊȶɭƎʠɭ ˊʠȇŔɭƎŔȇǫࠅǌɭʠɢơȇȍơȟ

ࠀࡲŔɭʋࡲŹǫƃȶȥƎˊȍŔɭǫɽ ४ Ŕɭʋࡲǌơȥʠɽ࡫ ࡤࡤŔȍƇŔơȇȍơȟǫȥǫȥǠǫɢơɭŔŹƎʠȇɽǫˊȶȥʠȥʠơȥǌơȍȍơˊơȥ४

ࠁࡲɭʋࡲʋɭȶƃǠȶǫƎơŔ ४ a.radioulnaris proximalis-ƎǫɽʋŔȍǫɽ࡫ ࡤࡤŔȍƇŔơȇȍơȟǫȥǫȥǠǫɢơɭǫƇɭȶʋŔɽˊȶȥʠȥʠơȥǌơȍȍơˊơȥ४

--ࠆɢɭȶƃࡲɽɢǫȥȶɽʠɽ'u ile ɢɭȶʋʠŹơɭơȥʋǫŔȶƃƃǫɢǫʋŔȍǫɽ

3. KASLAR -òǫȥǫɭǫࡪ¥ࡲǉŔƃǫŔȍǫɽࢎࠆ࢏ࢎbŔɽˊŔȍɢŔɭŔȍǫ˖ǫÆ eɃ˖

-áŔɭȶʋǫɽ Źơ˖ǫȥǫȥȇŔȥŔȍǬƎǬɭࡲ ࡧ¡ࡲáʋơɭˊǌȶǫƎơʠɽȟơƎǫŔȍǫɽ

¡ࡲáơƃʋȶɭŔȍǫɽ¡ǫȥɃɭ -þࠀ߿ ɽơʽǫˊơɽǫȥƎơ

› Siniri ¥ࡲòʠɢɭŔɽƃŔɢʠȍŔɭǫɽ ࢎòʠɢɭŔɽɢǫȥŔʋʠɽʋơȥƎȶȥ

-1ŔʋǬɽǬࡷ Ǝơɭǫ࡫ǉŔɽˊŔʽơŔɢȶȥơʠɭȶɽǫɽŹǫƃǫɢǫʋŔȍǫɽࢎȍŔƃơɭʋʠɽ ࡤ¡ࡲþɭǫƃơɢɽ%ɭŔƃǠǫǫ

*1-6 a.intercostalis antơɭǫȶɭ४a.thoracica internanin ࡤࡤƇƎʠʽŔɭࢎɽơɢʋʠȟȥŔɽǫ࢏

-ǫʋʋȍơŔȍŔȥǬolarak bilinen septum nasinin ön-alt ࡤࡤࡤÄ˖ơʋȍơ˖ˊǌȶȟŔʋǫƃʠȟȶɭŹǫʋŔȥǬȥƎǬʂƎʠʽŔɭǬȥǬˊŔɢŔȥ

1)A. Sphenopalatina ࢎ%ʠɭʠȥŹȶʂȍʠǐʠȥʠȥŔȥŔƎŔȟŔɭǬ࢏

ࡤ-ơȍȍʠȍŔơʋǠȟȶǫƎŔȍǫɽ४FȥǉơȇɽǫˊȶȥȍŔɭǬȥorbitaya en ȇȶȟʂʠȍŔɭƇʧȥȇʧ࢏òơɽȇǬɽǬȇȍǬǐǬ olurࡲࢎĪò¶èčòč

þFȇǫȇǫɭƎŔȇȍŔɭǫÆ 3 tane ࡤࡤĵʠʋȇʠȥȟŔŔɽŔȟŔɽǫȥƎŔǌǫƎŔȍŔɭǫȥȍŔɭǫȥȇɽơȇŔƃȟŔȍŔɭǫȥǫ

ࡤòŔǐ -ŹɭȶȥʂǫŔȍŔɭʋơɭǫࢎࠀʋŔȥơ࢏४ a.intercost. post. 3 ten

ࡤòŔǐ -ŹɭȶȥʂǫŔȍʽơȥȍơɭǫ४ v.azygosa ya dökülür.

*Sol -ŹɭȶȥʂǫŔȍŔɭʋơɭȍơɭǫࢎ2 tane࢏४aorta thoracica dan

*Sol -ŹɭȶȥʂǫŔȍʽơȥȍơɭǫ४ ʽࡲǠơȟǫŔ˖ˊǌȶɽŔƃƃơɽɽȶɭǫŔ ya

-þɭǫȇʧɽɢǫʋ Æ -ȶɭɢʠɽ ɽʋơɭȥǫȥǫȥ Ŕȍʋ ɢŔɭƇŔɽǬȥǬȥ ȶɭʋŔ ࡤòŔǐŔʋɭǫʠȟŔŔƇǬȍŔȥȍŔɭ

ࡤqǫɽŹŔȥƎǬࢎǉŔɽǫƃʠȍʠɽŔʋɭǫȶʽơȥʋɭǫƃʠȍŔɭǫɽ࢏ -èࡲǫȥʋơɭʽơȥʋɭǫȇʧȍŔɭǫɽɢȶɽʋơɭǫȶɭ-- ĪࡲƃŔɭƎǫŔƃŔȟơƎǫŔǫȍơ

ࡤŔȍŹǫȥɽǫȥǫɭȍơɭǫ ࡤࡲɢǠŔɭˊȥǌơŔŔɽƃơȥƎơɽ Æ -F

ࡤࡲɢŔȍŔʋǫȥŔŔɽƃơȥƎơɽÆ ࡲǉŔƃǫŔȍǫɽǫȥ ࡤࡤáơɭǫȇŔȍȍȶ˖ŔȍʽơȇŔȍȍȶ˖ȶȟŔɭǿǫȥŔȍŔɭʋơɭÆ-ȥǬȥƎŔȍȍŔɭǬ

ࡤþࠀࠁ Æ ȶɭʋŔŔŹƎȶȟǫȥŔȍǫɽ ŹŔʂȍŔɭ ࡤࡲáŔȥȇɭơŔʋǫƃȶƎʠȶƎơȥŔȍǫɽɽʠɢơɭǫȶɭÆ

-ȶɭʋŔŔŹƎȶȟǫȥŔȍǫɽࡶǫȥƇǫǉʋ ƎŔȍȍŔɭǬȥŔơʂȍǫȇơƎơȥ ࡤ7ǫȍǫȥȍơȥǉŔʋǫȇȍơɭǫ

6. eò v. hemiazygos accessoria

-M.hyoglossus ࢎ¥ࡲǠˊɢȶǌȍȶɽɽʠɽ࢏ -áȍǫƃŔʠȟŹǫȍǫƃŔȍǫɽȟơƎǫŔȥŔŔȍʋǬȥƎŔȇǫǫǌࡲʠȟŹȍǫƃŔle

-ʋɭŔȥɽʽơɭɽŔǉŔƃơǫ òŔǐƎŔࡷ ʂŔǐǬƎŔÆ ¶ȟơȥʋʠȟȟŔǿʠɽࡶʠȥɽŔǐȇơȥŔɭǬ࡫

ࡤÄ˖ơǉŔǌʠɽʠȥɭʋơɭʽơĪơȥȍơɭǫ -A hepatica propria ࢎࠀŔɭʋơɭࠀʽơȥࠀƎʠƃʋʠɽࠀȍơȥǉࠀ

-A.v gastrica sinistra -7ʠȶƎơȥʠȟࢎࠀࡲɢŔɭƇŔɽǬȥǬȥǫȍȇˊŔɭǬɽǬǠŔɭǫƇ࢏

-Recessus duodenalis inferiorÆơȥɽǬȇ görülenidir.

-Recessus paraduodenalis ÆǫȥʋơɭȥŔȍǠơɭȥǫlerin en çok

ࡤࡤ¶ȟơȥʋʠȟȟŔǿʠɽʋŔɭŔǉǬȥƎŔȥȶȍʠʂʋʠɭʠȍŔȥȍǫǌŔȟơȥʋȍơɭ -Recessus ileoçekalis inferiorÆþɭơʽơɽࢫǫȥȇŔȥɽǬ˖ˊŔƎŔ

-Fissura ligamenti venosi

-Fissura ligamenti teretis hepatis

-Sulcus vena kava(VCi)

-Fossa vesika biliaris

-Omentum majus ile Omentum minus’un

ࡤqǫȍʠȟɭơȥŔȍơ- önden arkaya

*Üreteri önden(üstten) çaprazlayanlar

ĔɭơʋɭŔȥǬȥikinci en dar ˊơɭǫÆ¡ơȟŹɭŔȥǫȇ

9 ¡ࡲŹɭŔƃǠǫȶɭŔƎǫŔȍǫɽ ǫȥɽơɭɽǫˊȶˊŔɢŔɭ 7¶èò

**C7 nin For. þɭŔȥɽʽơɭɽŔɭǫʠȟʠȥʠȥþ¡þFèòŹǫɭ qơȟȥɃɭȶǠơȟƎơʽǫɽɽơɭȶȇɭŔȥˊʠȟŔȇŔʋǬȍŔȥȇơȟǫȇȍơɭ४

ࡤbȶɭࡲèȶʋʠȥƎʠȟࢎ¥ࡲȟŔˉǫȍȍŔɭǫɽ࢏ * bȶɽɽŔáʋơɭˊǌȶɢŔȍŔʋǬȥŔ ƇǫȥƎơ%ʠȍʠȥŔȥȥŔʋȶȟǫȇ

ࠀࡲŔɭʋࡲŹǫƃȶȥƎˊȍŔɭǫɽ ४ Ŕɭʋࡲǌơȥʠɽ࡫ ࡤࡤŔȍƇŔơȇȍơȟǫȥǫȥǠǫɢơɭŔŹƎʠȇɽǫˊȶȥʠȥʠơȥǌơȍȍơˊơȥ४

ࠁࡲɭʋࡲʋɭȶƃǠȶǫƎơŔ ४ a.radioulnaris proximalis-ƎǫɽʋŔȍǫɽ࡫ ࡤࡤŔȍƇŔơȇȍơȟǫȥǫȥǠǫɢơɭǫƇɭȶʋŔɽˊȶȥʠȥʠơȥǌơȍȍơˊơȥ४

*1-6 a.intercostalis antơɭǫȶɭ४a.thoracica internanin ࡤࡤƇƎʠʽŔɭࢎɽơɢʋʠȟȥŔɽǫ࢏

-ǫʋʋȍơŔȍŔȥǬolarak bilinen septum nasinin ön-alt ࡤࡤࡤÄ˖ơʋȍơ˖ˊǌȶȟŔʋǫƃʠȟȶɭŹǫʋŔȥǬȥƎǬʂƎʠʽŔɭǬȥǬˊŔɢŔȥ

ࡤ-ơȍȍʠȍŔơʋǠȟȶǫƎŔȍǫɽ४FȥǉơȇɽǫˊȶȥȍŔɭǬȥorbitaya en ȇȶȟʂʠȍŔɭƇʧȥȇʧ࢏òơɽȇǬɽǬȇȍǬǐǬ olurࡲࢎĪò¶èčòč

þFȇǫȇǫɭƎŔȇȍŔɭǫÆ 3 tane ࡤࡤĵʠʋȇʠȥȟŔŔɽŔȟŔɽǫȥƎŔǌǫƎŔȍŔɭǫȥȍŔɭǫȥȇɽơȇŔƃȟŔȍŔɭǫȥǫ

ࡤŔȍŹǫȥɽǫȥǫɭȍơɭǫ ࡤࡲɢǠŔɭˊȥǌơŔŔɽƃơȥƎơɽ Æ -F

6. eò v. hemiazygos accessoria

-M.hyoglossus ࢎ¥ࡲǠˊɢȶǌȍȶɽɽʠɽ࢏ -áȍǫƃŔʠȟŹǫȍǫƃŔȍǫɽȟơƎǫŔȥŔŔȍʋǬȥƎŔȇǫǫǌࡲʠȟŹȍǫƃŔle

**--è¥F òč-čò-- ¶--áþ

ȶɭȥơŔɭơǉȍơȇɽǫࢎǉǉࡲÆ ࠄ-ࠀFǉǉࡲÆ ࠆ࢏ *¥ࡲqˊɢȶǌȍȶɽɽʠɽȍơ˖ˊȶȥȍŔɭǬࢎࠀࠁࡲ-¥࢏