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Q1/ What are the functional gastrointestinal disorders?

Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) are common disorders that
are characterized by persistent and recurring GI symptoms.
1- Functional Bowel Disorders:-

‫ ـــ‬The most common of functional bowel disorders are Irritable Bowel
Syndrome (IBS) – abdominal pain associated with altered bowel habits of
diarrhea, constipation or alternating between both.
‫ ـــ‬Functional constipation.
‫ ـــ‬Functional diarrhea.
2- Functional Gastroduodenal Disorders:-
‫ ـــ‬Functional dyspepsia (Pain or discomfort in the upper abdominal area,
feeling of fullness, bloating or nausea), functional vomiting, functional
abdominal pain, and functional constipation or diarrhea.
- Aerophagia.
- Unspecified excessive belching.
3- Functional Esophageal Disorders:-

- Functional heartburn.
- Functional chest pain of presumed esophageal origin.
- Functional dysphagia.
4- Functional Gallbladder and Sphincter of Oddi Disorders include:-
- Functional gallbladder disorder.
- Functional biliary Sphincter of Oddi disorder.
- Functional pancreatic Sphincter of Oddi disorder.
- Functional Anorectal Disorders.
5- Functional Anorectal Disorders include:-
- Functional fecal incontinence
- Functional Anorectal Pain
- Functional Defecation Disorders (includes dyssynergic defecation and
inadequate defecatory propulsion).
6- Functional Abdominal Pain Syndrome
‫ـــــ ــــ ــــ ــــ ــــ ــــ ــــ ــــ ــــ ــــ ــــ ــــ ــــ ــــ ــــ ــــ ــــ ــــ ــــ ــــ ــــ ــــ ــــ ــــ‬
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
Irritable bowel syndrome (also called spastic colon, irritable colon, IBS, or
nervous stomach) is a functional condition where your colon muscle contracts
more or less often than normal. Certain foods, medicines and emotional stress
are some factors that can trigger IBS.
Symptoms of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) include:-

1- Abdominal pain and cramps.
2- Excess gas.
3- Bloating.
4- Change in bowel habits such as harder, looser, or more urgent stools than
normal. Alternating constipation and diarrhea.
Treatment includes:
1- Avoiding excessive caffeine.
2- Increasing fiber in diet.
3- Monitoring which foods trigger IBS (and avoiding these foods).
4- Minimizing stress or learning different ways to cope with stress.
5- Taking medication as prescribed by healthcare provider.
6- Avoiding dehydration, and hydrating well throughout the day.
7- Getting high quality rest/sleep.
Q2/ What are the factors that affect or upset the digestive
system and its motility?
1- Eating a diet low in fiber.
2- Not getting enough exercise.

3- Traveling or other changes in routine.
4- Eating large amounts of dairy products.
5- Stress.
6- Resisting the urge to have a bowel movement, possibly because of
hemorrhoids.
7- Overusing anti-diarrheal medications that, over time, weaken the bowel

muscle movements called motility.
8- Taking antacid medicines containing calcium or aluminum.
9- Taking certain medicines (especially antidepressants, iron pills and strong
pain medicines such as narcotics).
10- Pregnancy.
11- Smoking.
12. Alcohol use.
13- Being overweight or obese.
14- Age 60 year and above.
How can be GIT disorders prevented?
1- Eat a high-fiber diet:- one of the best ways to improve digestive health is
by maintaining a diet that is high in fiber and rich in fruits, vegetables,
legumes and whole grains.
2- Minimize intake of foods high in fat:- fatty foods tend to slow down the
digestive process, which can lead to constipation.
3- Add probiotics to diet:- good sources of probiotics include low-fat

yogurt, on a daily basis.
4- Follow a regular eating schedule:- Dieticians and other experts agree that
eating breakfast, lunch, dinner, and snacks around the same time each day
allows for proper digestion of food.
5- Drink plenty of water:- Keeping yourself hydrated is essential to

digestive health.
6- Maintain a healthy weight.
7- Wash hands regularly.
8- Quitting Smoking.
9- Avoid fast food.
10- Eat slow, chew thoroughly.
11- Avoid excessive taking Aspirin, Ibuprofen.
12- Avoid excessive consumption of alcohol.
13- Avoiding irritating foods.

14- Treat the underlying condition.
15- Eat smaller meals.
Q / What are the purposes of nasogastric tube?
Nasogastric tube (NG tube) is a special tube that carries food and
medicine to the stomach through the nose.
4- Perform gastric lavage.

How do Helicobacter pylori affect the digestive system?
After H. pylori enters your body, it attacks the lining of your

stomach, which usually protects you from the acid your body uses
to digest food.
Once the bacteria have done enough damage, acid can get through
the lining, which leads to ulcers.
When signs or symptoms do occur with H. pylori infection,
they may include:-
 An ache or burning pain in your abdomen
 Abdominal pain that's worse when your stomach is empty
 Nausea
 Loss of appetite
 Frequent burping
 Bloating
 Unintentional weight loss
Nursing Diagnosis for GIT disorders:-

1- Acute Pain related to gastroesophageal reflux, aspiration, and irritated
esophageal mucosa as evidenced by heartburn, dysphagia, regurgitation of
acid, atypical chest pain, and abdominal pain.
2- Imbalanced Nutrition: Less Than Body Requirements related to inability

to intake enough food because of reflux, heartburn as evidenced by
inadequate food intake, altered taste, weight loss, decreased peristalsis,
nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain.
3- Anxiety related to fear of the unknown and nature of the disease as

evidenced by abdominal pain, fatigue, and irritability.
Nursing Intervention for GIT disorders:-
1- Assess the client’s pain, including the location, characteristics, precipitating

factors, onset, duration, frequency, quality, intensity, and severity.
2- Carefully assess pain location and discern pain from GERD and angina
pectoris.
3- Monitor and record VS, UO, I/O, and daily weight.
4- Allay the patient's anxiety.
5- Encourage small frequent meals of high calories and high protein foods.
6- Encourage the importance of smoking cessation.
7- Instruct patient to eat slowly and masticate foods well.
8- Instruct the client that meals should be eaten is regularly paced intervals in a
relaxed setting.
9- Instruct the client to avoid NSAIDs such as aspirin.
10- Encourage the use of nonpharmacological pain relief measures such as
message, music therapy.
10- 11- Administer medication as prescribed.

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‫الجهاز الهضمي‬

Q1/ What are the functional gastrointestinal disorders?

1- Functional Bowel Disorders:-

3- Functional Esophageal Disorders:-

Symptoms of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) include:-

2- Not getting enough exercise.

7- Overusing anti-diarrheal medications that, over time, weaken the bowel

3- Add probiotics to diet:- good sources of probiotics include low-fat

5- Drink plenty of water:- Keeping yourself hydrated is essential to

6- Maintain a healthy weight.

7- Wash hands regularly.

9- Avoid fast food.

10- Eat slow, chew thoroughly.

11- Avoid excessive taking Aspirin, Ibuprofen.

12- Avoid excessive consumption of alcohol.

13- Avoiding irritating foods.

4- Perform gastric lavage.

After H. pylori enters your body, it attacks the lining of your

Nursing Diagnosis for GIT disorders:-

2- Imbalanced Nutrition: Less Than Body Requirements related to inability

3- Anxiety related to fear of the unknown and nature of the disease as

Nursing Intervention for GIT disorders:-

1- Assess the client’s pain, including the location, characteristics, precipitating

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