American Based Research Journal Vol-5-Issue-11 Nov-2016 ISSN (2304-7151)

Economic Prospect of Padma Multipurpose Bridge in Bangladesh: A Case Study on the

People of these Bridging Areas
Author’s Details:
(1)
Mohammod Naymur Rahman-(2)Md. Zainal Abedin-(3)Md. Mohiuddin
(1)
Lecturer, Department of Business Administration, Z. H. Sikder University of Science & Technology, Bangladesh,
(2)
Assistant Professor, Department of Business Administration, Z. H. Sikder University of Science & Technology, Bangladesh,
(3)
Lecturer, Department of Business Administration, Z. H. Sikder University of Science & Technology, Bangladesh,

Abstract: A country‟s economic development generally depends on the degree of infrastructural development of that country.
Though Bangladesh is a developing country, its recent government is trying to progress in developing infrastructure as it is one of
the most significant prerequisites to the total development of the country. The recent government has taken various and massive
initiatives for infrastructure development. Padma bridge construction is the largest and bold project in the history of Bangladesh.
The Padma Multipurpose Bridge (PMB), the 25th longest bridge in the world, will be constructed within 2018 aimed at
contributing to the overall economic development in Bangladesh by eliminating all hurdles to the south-west corridor and
activating economic exchanges between the regions. The purpose of the study is to determine and measure the Economic Prospect
of Padma Bridge in Bangladesh including GDP, GNP, standard of living, infrastructure development in transportation and
communication, industrial growth and employment opportunities etc. that are hinged on Padma Multipurpose Bridge. Padma
Multipurpose Bridge is Government‟s self-financing, courageous and biggest project which will cover the entire development of
the overall economic activities and ensures quality of life that will be derived from the implementation of the project. From the
viewpoint of development researcher, If a country has to develop from economic to social, it must develop its infrastructures The
study investigates, measure, and evaluates whether The Padma Bridge would bring economic prospect from the reflection light of
peoples‟ perceptions. To do this Five-Point Likert Scale has been used to survey people who are inhabitants and experts of these
regions. As samples of 100 respondents (selective samples) have been surveyed since they represent all population segments in the
country. This paper reports on the findings of a study to examine the economic prospects of the country based on primary and
secondary data regarding the project.

Keyword: Padma Multipurpose Bridge, Padma River, Development approach, Infrastructure Development, Transportation and
Communication, Government and Development, Government Policy.
1. Introduction
Padma Bridge project is one of the most challenging, significant and largest self-financing projects of the current Government
(Awami league). After the refuge proposal from World Bank it was the self-esteem of government to build it self-financing. It
would be multipurpose road-rail bridge across the Padma River to be constructed in Bangladesh connecting
Louhajong, Munshiganj to Shariatpur and Madaripur district. It will link the south-west of the country; to northern and eastern
regions. The two-level steel truss bridge will carry a four-lane highway on the upper level and a single track railway on a lower
level. With 150 m span, 6150 m total length and 18.10 m width it is going to be the largest bridge in the Padma-Brahmaputra-
Meghna river basins of country in terms of both span and the total length.
Padma Multipurpose Bridge at a glance
Coordinates 23°25 21 N 90°18 35 E
Carries Motor vehicles, Railway
Crosses Padma River
Locale Louhajong, Munshiganj to Shariatpur and Madaripur
Maintained by Bangladesh Bridge Authority
Characteristics
Design Truss bridge
Material Steel
Total length 6,150 m (20,180 ft)
Width 18.10 m (59.4 ft)
History
Designer AECOM
Constructed by China Major Bridge Engineering Company Limited
Construction begin 7 December 2014
Construction end Expected in December 2018
Opened December 2018
Location Map View of Padma Bridge

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 The objective of the study is to investigate, measure, and evaluate whether The Padma Bridge would bring
2. Objective of the Study:

 The study will also investigate the prospect of infrastructural and industrial development of these areas.
economic prospect from the perspective of peoples of bridging areas.

3. Methodology of the study

a. Research Approach:
 This research is quantitative in nature, but in some cases qualitative approach has been applies to get
accurate result. In the primary stage an exploratory research has been conducted to find out the problem
insight and to define it clearly.
b. Sources of Data
To achieve the research objectives both primary and secondary sources of data have been utilized. More emphasis is given on
primary data to conduct the research program authentically.

 A model questionnaire has been developed to elicit essential data. The Questionnaire is structured in nature and is
i. Primary Source:

based on Likert Scale method.

Population: All people of Munshiganj, Shariatpur and Madaripur in Bangladesh.
Sampling technique: Convenience sampling technique was used to select specific customers.
Sample Size: A total of 100 respondents.

 Informal interviews with industry experts and project managers of the bridge.
Survey area: Munshiganj, Shariatpur and Madaripur.

 Articles, Seminars, magazines, newspapers, and government data on the Padma multipurpose Bridge.
ii. Secondary Sources:

 Various websites.

 To analyze data Excel and SPSS software has been used.

Data Analysis Techniques:

 Various statistical methods and formulae have been used.

 Different Graphs, Tables, Charts and others instruments are used to make presentable the research results.

4. Literature Review
In the modern and global economy, to be succeed on overall economic development transport, water, energy, waste management
system, digital communication are very inevitable components. Various significant study has shown that investment in well design
infrastructures have long term economic benefit; because they can bring economic growth, productivity and real economic value
of land. In their study (Novella Bottini, Miguel Coelho, and Jennifer Kao, 2012) they have shown that development of
infrastructure facilities depends on the initiatives, strategies and policy requirement taken by government in the following areas:
Strengthening the governance, strategic planning and finance of major infrastructure investment through the creation of a new

 an Infrastructure Strategy Board (ISB) to provide independent expert advice to parliament to guide strategic priorities;
institutional architecture. Key elements of this new architecture are:

 an Infrastructure Planning Commission to support the implementation of those priorities with more powers to share the

 an Infrastructure Bank to facilitate the provision of finance, to bring in expertise and to work with the private sector to
gains from infrastructure investment by more generously compensating those who stand to lose from new developments;

share, reduce and manage risk.

(Source: Novella Bottini, Miguel Coelho, and Jennifer Kao, (2012), Infrastructure and Growth)
Infrastructure and Growth is a heterogeneous term, including physical structures of various types used by many industries as
inputs to the production of goods and services (Chan et al., 2009). This description encompasses “social infrastructure” (such as
schools and hospitals) and “economic infrastructure” (such as network utilities). The latter includes energy, water, transport, and
digital communications. They are the essential ingredients for the success of a modern economy and the focus of this paper
(Stewart, 2010).

Conceptually, infrastructure may affect aggregate output in two main ways: (i) directly, considering the sector contribution to
GDP formation and as an additional input in the production process of other sectors; and (ii) indirectly, raising total factor
productivity by reducing transaction and other costs thus allowing a more efficient use of conventional productive inputs.
Infrastructure can be considered as a complementary factor for economic growth. The empirical literature is far from unanimous,
but a majority of studies report a significant positive effect of infrastructure on output, productivity, or long-term growth rates.
Infrastructure investment is complementary to other investment in the sense that insufficient infrastructure investment constrains
other investment, while excessive infrastructure investment has no added value. To the extent that suboptimal infrastructure
investment constrains other investment, it constrains growth (Newbery, 2012).

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It is necessary to realign the nation’s infrastructure to the changing world economy. The Bangladesh’s infrastructure must be
secure, flexible, and well inter-connected in order to support the Bangladesh’s long term economic growth. Infrastructure
security and stability concerns the quantity of spare capacity (or security of supply). Instead of acting on the efficiency frontier,
infrastructure projects must operate with spare capacity to contribute to economic growth through ensuring reliable service
provision in energy and transport. Finally, interconnection and complementarities across different infrastructure sectors are key
elements for increasing service efficiency, supporting the adoption of innovative technologies and supporting growth. Good
connection between cities and airports, via rail, roads and underground, decrease the travel time and costs and increase airports’
appeal for both airlines companies and passengers. (Rosewell, 2012)

Infrastructure and Population Growth

In the context of Infrastructure and Population growth the spatial equilibrium model explained how population flows across
regions to achieve equal utility in different areas (Glaeser 2009; McCann, 2013). Glaeser, Gottlieb and McCann showed that
individual utility is derived from consumption of amenities plus private consumption of tradable and non-tradable goods (where
the price of the former is exogenous to the region and that of the latter is endogenous). Individual budget limit the Consumption
where wages may be city-specific, reflecting agglomeration and other factors.

Grimes (2014) extend the Overman et al model to include infrastructure provision, deriving the conditions under which a new
infrastructure investment within a city will expand that city’s population. To do so, the infrastructure investment must raise
amenity-adjusted real wages, where amenity-adjusted wages include the value of unprimed amenities to an individual. An
infrastructure investment may increase amenity-adjusted wages through a variety of mechanisms: first, the infrastructure may
raise amenities in a city (e.g. through provision of a new concert hall); second, the infrastructure may reduce travel costs (e.g.
through provision of an improved transport network); third, the infrastructure may raise productivity and hence wages (e.g.
through a new port or airport); fourth, the infrastructure may raise skills and hence wages (e.g. through provision of a higher
educational institution).

Growth of Transport and Infrastructure development

Early studies which find positive impacts of transport infrastructure on economic growth include for Japan’s regions, for regional
growth in West Germany, and for regions within the United States. Economic growth induced by transport investments
encourages employment and population growth as consumers move across regions to maximize wages. Thus transport
investments result in population growth and employment growth within regions where imperfect, spatially competitive labor
markets lead to the provision of higher net wages. (Source: Wang, H. 2010. “Institutions of higher education and the regional
economy: A long-term spatial analysis.” Economics Research International, Report ID 376148.)
Higher Educational Institutions, Skills and Regional Growth
The impact of Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) on regional growth can be interpreted within the context of endogenous
growth models which relate long term growth to endogenous investments in physical, knowledge, and human capital (Romer,
1990; Lucas, 1988). Investments in human capital and new knowledge by firms and HEIs are considered to result in knowledge
spillovers, resulting in a positive externality benefiting the local economy, and possibly spilling over to other regional economies.
These models allow for the possibility of sustained permanent growth rate differences across regional economies resulting from
differences in innovative efforts and capabilities, with new knowledge being subject to increasing returns to scale. HEIs may be
modeled as an input into the knowledge production function (Griliches, 1979 and 1984) which relates innovative outputs, such as
patent applications, to innovative inputs such as research and development (R&D) and human capital. Jaffe (1989) analyses the
potential importance of geographically based complementarities between university and firm research within the local area,
finding that where such complementarities exist, universities are a catalyst for increasing innovation output at the regional level.

5. Analysis and findings

i. Primary data analysis and findings
01. Are you aware of Padma Bridge (As biggest project of government)?
Position Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative
Percent Percent 300
No
Yes 97 97 97 97 200 Yes
No 3 3 3 100 100
Total 100 100 100
0
Interpretation: From the table it is shown that 97 Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
respondents are aware of Padma Multipurpose Bridge and Percent
its economic prospect.
02. Padma Bridge will bring economic enhancement of the local people.

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Position Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative
300 Cumulative
Percent Percent
Strongly 68 68 68 68 250 Percent
Agree 200 Valid
Agree 19 19 19 87 Percent
Neither 11 11 11 98 150
Agree Not Percent
100
Disagree
Disagree 2 2 2 100 50
Strongly 0 0 0 100 0
Strongly Agree Neither Disagree Strongly
Disagree Agree Agree Not Disagree
Disagree
Total 100 100 100
Interpretation: From the table it is shown that (68+19) or 87 respondents believed that Padma Bridge will bring economic
enhancement of the local people. Another 11 respondents are neutral in their opinion. So we can say that most (87%) respondents
are aware of their potential economic development.

03. Your income will be increased after inauguration of Padma Bridge.

Position Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative
Percent 300
Percent
Cumulative
Strongly 64 64 64 64 250
Percent
Agree 200
Agree 24 24 24 88 Valid Percent
150
Neither 12 12 12 100 100
Agree Not Percent
Disagree 50
Disagree 0 0 0 100 0
Strongly 0 0 0 100 Strongly Agree Neither Disagree Strongly Frequency
Agree Agree Disagree
Disagree Not
Disagree
Total 100 100 100
Interpretation: From the table it is shown that (64+24) or 88 respondents believed that Padma Bridge will increase their income
level. Another 12 respondents are neutral in their opinion. So we can say that most (88%) respondents are aware of their potential
economic income development.
04. How much time you need to cross the river at present?
Position Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative 400
Percent Percent
Less than 1 16 16 16 16 300 More than 2
hour 200 hours
Between 1 to 69 69 69 85 Between 1.30
100
1.30 hours to 2 hours
Between 1.30 4 4 4 89 0
to 2 hours Between 1 to
More than 2 11 11 11 100 1.30 hours
hours
Total 100 100 100
Interpretation: From the table it is shown that (69) respondents said that they need 1 to 1.30 hours to cross the river at present.
And 11 respondents said that they need more than 2 hours.
05. How much time would you need to cross the river after inauguration of Padma Bridge?
Position Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative
350
Percent Percent More than 2
Less than 16 16 16 16 300 hours
10
minutes 250 Between 1.30
Between 10 59 59 59 75 to 2 hours
to 20 200
minutes Between 1 to
Between 20
150 1.30 hours
21 21 21 96
to 30
minutes
100 Less than 1 hour
More 4 4 4 100 50
than 30
minutes 0
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
Total 100 100 100 Percent

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Interpretation: From the table it is shown that (59) respondents said that they need just 10 to 20 minutes to cross the river after
inauguration of Padma Bridge. And 21 respondents said that they need just 20 to 30 minutes and only 4% said just more than 30
minutes.

06. Infrastructure development would be possible after inauguration of Padma Bridge?

Position Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative 300
Percent Percent 250 Cumulative
Strongly 70 70 70 70 200 Percent
Agree 150
100 Valid Percent
Agree 26 26 26 96
Neither 4 4 4 100 50
Agree Not 0
Percent
Disagree
Disagree 0 0 0 100
Strongly 0 0 0 100 Frequency
Disagree
Total 100 100 100
Interpretation: From the table it is shown that (70+26) or 96 respondents believed that Infrastructure development would be
possible after inauguration of Padma Bridge. Another 4 respondents are neutral in their opinion. So we can say that most (96%)
respondents believed that further Infrastructure development would be possible after inauguration of Padma Bridge.

07. In which areas infrastructure development should be occurred?

Position Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative 300
Percent Percent Cumulative
250 Percent
Information 2 2 2 2
Technology 200
150 Valid
Transportations 33 33 33 35
Percent
and 100
Communications 50 Percent
Electricity and 13 13 13 48
0
Gas
Others 5 5 5 53 Frequency
All 47 47 47 100
Total 100 100 100
Interpretation: From the table it is shown that 33 respondents believed that Infrastructure development would be possible in the
areas of Transportations and Communications. 13 respondents said about gas and electricity. 47 respondents said that
Infrastructural development must be occurred in all areas.

08. Industry expansion would be possible for being Padma Bridge.

Position Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative 350
Percent Percent
300 Cumulative
Strongly 76 76 76 76
Agree Percent
250
Agree 22 22 22 98 Valid Percent
200
Neither 2 2 2 100
Agree 150
Not Percent
100
Disagree
Disagree 0 0 0 100 50
Frequency
Strongly 0 0 0 100 0
Strongly Agree Neither Disagree Strongly
Disagree Agree Agree Not Disagree
Disagree
Total 100 100 100
Interpretation: From the table it is shown that (76+22) or 98 respondents believed that Industry expansion would be possible for
being Padma Bridge. Another 2 respondents are neutral in their opinion. So we can say that most (98%) respondents believed that
Industry expansion would be possible for being Padma Bridge.
09. Which type of industrial expansion would be possible?

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 American Based Research Journal Vol-5-Issue-11 Nov-2016 ISSN (2304-7151)
Position Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative 400
Percent Percent Cumulative
300
Real Estate 3 3 3 3 Percent
200
Hotels and 9 9 9 12 Valid
Resorts 100 Percent
Transportations 4 4 4 16 0 Percent
Fisheries 1 1 1 17
Constructions 1 1 1 18 Frequency
All 82 82 82 100
Total 100 100 100
Interpretation: From the table it is shown that all respondents believed that industrial expansion would be possible in all areas.
10. After industrialization GDP might be increase.
Position Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative 250 Cumulative
Percent Percent
200 Percent
Strongly 59 59 59 59
Agree 150 Valid Percent
Agree 38 38 38 97
Neither 3 3 3 100 100
Agree Not
Disagree 50 Percent
Disagree 0 0 0 100 0
Strongly 0 0 0 100 Strongly Agree Neither Disagree Strongly

Disagree
Agree Agree
Not
Disagree Frequency
Total 100 100 100 Disagree

Interpretation: From the table it is shown that most of the respondents (59+38) or 97 believed that GDP might be increase after
inauguration Padma Bridge.

11. Unemployment Problem should be removed after inauguration of Padma Bridge?

Response Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative 400
Percent Percent
Yes 97 97 97 97 300 No
No 0 0 0 97 200 comments
No 3 3 3 100 No
100
comments
Total 100 100 100 0
Interpretation: From the table it is shown that 97 respondents Yes
said that Unemployment Problem should be removed after
inauguration of Padma Bridge and 3 respondents have no
comments on that topic.

12. Reducing pressure of over populated of Dhaka city after inauguration of Padma Bridge?
Response Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative 300
Percent Percent
Yes 72 72 72 72 250

No 21 21 21 93 200
No comments
No 7 7 7 100
150 No
comments
Total 100 100 100 100 Yes
Interpretation: From the table it is shown that 72 respondents
said that Reducing pressure of over populated of Dhaka city 50
after inauguration of Padma Bridge. 21 respondents have 0 Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
negative reply on that statement. And 7 respondents have no Percent

comments on that topic.

13. It is possible for Government to serve local people with utilities (services) like Gas, Electricity, internet and other
infrastructure.

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Position Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative 300
Percent Percent Cumulative
Strongly 61 61 61 61 250 Percent
Agree
200
Agree 29 29 29 90 Valid Percent
Neither 4 4 4 94 150
Agree
Not 100
Percent
Disagree 50
Disagree 6 6 6 100
Strongly 0 0 0 100 0 Frequency
Strongly Agree Neither Disagree Strongly
Disagree Agree Agree Not
Disagree
Disagree

Total 100 100 100

Interpretation: From the table it is shown that (61+29) or 90 respondents believed that It is possible for Government to serve
local people with utilities (services) like Gas, Electricity, internet and other infrastructure. Another 4 respondents are neutral in
their opinion and 6 respondents are disagreed. So we can say that most (90%) respondents believed that it is possible for
Government to serve local people with utilities.

14. Literature rate would be increased.

Position Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative 200
Percent Percent 180
Strongly 22 22 22 22 160

Agree 140
120 Cumulative Percent
Agree 42 42 42 64
100
Neither 25 25 25 89 80
Valid Percent

Agree Not 60 Percent

Disagree 40 Frequency
Disagree 11 11 11 100 20
0
Strongly 0 0 0 100 Strongly Agree Neither Disagree Strongly
Agree Agree Disagree
Disagree Not
Total 100 100 100 Disagree

Interpretation: From the table it is shown that (22+42) or 64 respondents believed that Literature rate would be increased.
Another 25 respondents are neutral in their opinion and 11 respondents are disagreed. So we can say that most (64%) respondents
believed Literature rate would be increased.

15. Balanced infrastructure Development of the whole country is possible.

Position Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative 250
Percent Percent Cumulative
Strongly 58 58 58 58 200 Percent
Agree
Agree 42 42 42 100 150 Valid
Neither 0 0 0 100 Percent
Agree Not 100
Percent
Disagree
50
Disagree 0 0 0 100
Strongly 0 0 0 100 0 Frequency
Strongly Agree Neither Disagree Strongly
Disagree Agree Agree
Not
Disagree

Total 100 100 100 Disagree

Interpretation: From the table it is shown that (58+42) or 100 respondents believed that Balanced infrastructure Development of
the whole country is possible. So we can all respondents are believed that balanced infrastructure Development of the whole
country is possible.
16. Balance economic developments of the people are possible.

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Position Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative 300
Percent Percent Cumulative
Strongly 51 51 51 51 250 Percent
Agree 200 Valid Percent
Agree 47 47 47 98
Neither 2 2 2 100 150
Agree Not Percent
Disagree
100
Disagree 0 0 0 100 50
Strongly 0 0 0 100 Frequency
0
Disagree Strongly
Agree
Agree Neither Disagree
Agree Not
Strongly
Disagree
Disagree
Total 100 100 100
Interpretation: From the table it is shown that (51+47) or 98 respondents believed that Balance economic developments of the
people are possible. Another 2 respondents are neutral in their opinion.

17. Quality and equal standard of living is possible.

Position Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative 250
Percent Percent
Strongly 56 56 56 56 200
Agree
Cumulative Percent
Agree 41 41 41 97 150

Neither Valid Percent

3 3 3 100
Agree Not 100 Percent
Disagree Frequency
50
Disagree 0 0 0 100
Strongly 0 0 0 100 0
Disagree Strongly
Agree
Agree Neither Disagree Strongly
Agree Not Disagree
Total 100 100 100 Disagree

Interpretation: From the table it is shown that (56+41) or 97 respondents believed that Balance standard of living is possible.
Another 3 respondents are neutral in their opinion.

i. Secondary data analysis and findings

1. Capital link: Padma Bridge will have direct road link between the capital and the south west region (Mongla port).
2. Reduce Travel Time: The project will reduce the travel time between the capital and the south west region by one-
fourth.
3. International Connectivity: Being part of the proposed Asian high way and Trans-Asian Railway Network the bridge
will connect regional connectivity.

 29% Growth in construction sector,

4. Infrastructural and Industrial Growth:

 9.5% in agriculture,
 8% in manufacturing and transport.

 1% in the bridging area

5. Poverty Reduction:

 0.8% in nationally

 1.7% in south west region

6. Growth of GDP:

 .56% in country wide

7. New Employment and Business Opportunities for Local people.
8. Economic Internal rate of return: 19% economic internal rate of return.
9. Reduce erosion and flooding.
10. Utility service: Electricity, Gas supply lines and optical fiber cable to pass through the bridge will save $271 million.
11. Saving on transportation cost: $400 million ferry service cost on mawa-jajira route to be saved.
[Source: The Daily Star, December 12, 2015]


ii. Findings from experts interview:
If we can complete the project successfully it would be a big boost for our regional and sub-regional connectivity. And
the country will enter a new era of development; AFM Saiful Amin, Professor, Civil Engineering Department, BUET


(Keynote speaker).
The government has taken massive development programmed targeting the Padma Bridge. We are planning to establish a
high-tech park in Shariatpur. In Bagerhat we have already started construction of an airport. The Bridge will also connect
the Payra port. It will also help decentralize the government administration. We will be able to bring a dramatic change in
the life of the poor people of the region within next ten years. Nahim Razzak MP, Shariatpur-3

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 The Padma Bridge is simply a blessing for the people of south-western region. They are already feeling the momentum.
Previously one bigha land in my area fetched only Tk1 lac which has now soared to Tk 25 lac. Many industrialists are
eager to invest in the area. After completion of the Bridge, it will take only one and half hours to reach Dhaka. So our
farmers will be able to directly send their perishable products to the capital without suffering any wastage. It will also
create an opportunity for developing tourism business in that area. On the whole, the Bridge will bring dramatic change
in every sphere of our life. BM Muzammel Haque MP, Shariatpur 1.
[Source: The Daily Star, January 18, 2016]

Conclusion:
A country’s economic development generally depends on the degree of infrastructural development of that country. Though
Bangladesh is a developing country, its recent government (Awami league) is trying to develop infrastructure as it is one of the
most significant prerequisites to the total development of the country. The recent government has taken various and massive
initiatives for infrastructure development. Padma bridge construction is the largest and bold project in the history of Bangladesh.
The Padma Multipurpose Bridge (PMB), the 25th longest bridge in the world, will be constructed within 2018 aimed at
contributing to the overall economic development in Bangladesh by eliminating all hurdles to the south-west corridor and
activating economic exchanges between the regions. Though the World Bank refuged to finance in this Padma multipurpose
Bridge project, the government take it as challenge to implement the project self-financing which the bold step is taken by the
government. After analyzing all data and information it can be conclude that overall significant economic development would be
possible specially in large areas like quality of life, communication and transport development, potential productivity and skill of
people.

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