Water Cooled Chiller

WATER COOLED CHILLER:
In this chiller the condenser and evaporator look alike, when water is closed to move over the tube using the pump, the
water comes out as the hot water which is in actual picking the heat of the refrigerant and when the refrigerant heat is
taken out it becomes liquid thus change of phase from gas to liquid is called condensation also called water cooled
chiller, generally applicable for low rise buildings.
Applications:
These types of chillers are mostly used for buildings having 1 or 2 floors (low rise building), like Airport, laboratories,
hospitals campus etc.…. These chillers are good in efficiency if the outside temperature is exceeding to 120F.
EQUIPMENTS USED IN CWDS:

1-CHILLERS
2-CHILL WATER PIPING
3-PUMP
4-EXPANSION TANK
5-COOLING TOWER
6-VALVES
7-SUPPLY AIR FAN
CHILLERs
(According to
compressor used)
SCROLL SCREW RECIPROCATING CENTRIFUGAL
CHILLED WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM:

Chilled water distribution system is a system in which chilled water is circulated throughout the building or through
cooling coils in an HVAC system in order to provide space cooling.
The principal objectives of chilled water pumping system selection and design are;
1-To provide the required cooling capacity to each load
2- To promote the efficient use of refrigeration capacity in the plant
3-To minimize pump energy consumption
**Conventional chilled water plants distribute water at constant flow rate, regardless of the actual cooling demand.
Since most air-conditioning systems only reach peak load a few hours a year, energy is wasted by continually running the
pumps at constant flow (speed). An efficient distribution system uses variable flow that tracks the variable thermal load.
**
TYPES OF CWD SYSTEM:

Constant Volume Chilled Water Systems
Primary/Secondary Chilled Water Systems
Variable Primary Flow Chilled Water Systems
CONSTANT FLOW CHILLED WATER SYSTEM:

Consist of only one pump called as the primary pump which is responsible for the overall supply of water at the constant
rate the system uses 3-way control valves at air handler coils that allow some water to bypass the cooling coil during
part load conditions. At low loads, the chilled water flow through the cooling coil is restricted (in response to supply air
temperatures to the space) but the total quantity returned to the chiller remains constant.
PURPOSE OF THREE-WAY VALVE: To by-pass the extra amount of water when certain amount of cooling is maintained in
the zone:
CONSTANT VOULUME CHILLED WATER SYSTEM IS DESIGNED FOR 2 TYPES OF LOAD 100% LOAD AND PART LOAD
FULL VS PARTIAL LOAD:

Since peak load is achieved only once in a day as the cooling is maintained in the space the there is low requirement of
TR, since in constant volume chilled water system the water supplied is at constant rate although due to low TR, one of
the chillers might stops but the flow of GPM from the pump continues this will cause the loss of energy in CVCWDS.
Off Load Condition:(LOW DELTA T SYNDROME)
Consider off -peak conditions, when the actual load drops to 50%. As the LOW load is sensed by the leaving air
temperature thermostat, the 3-way valves restrict water supply to the cooling coil, allowing some chilled water @ 44°F
to bypass directly into the return line water stream temperature of 56°F.
PROS:
Lowest installed cost
Less plant spaces
Easy to control operate
Easy to commission
CONS:
Highest plant energy cost (must run under low loads)
PRIMARY / SECONDAY DISTRIBUTION SCHEME:

Refer below for a schematic of constant primary and constant variable system. It consists of one set of constant speed
primary pumps and one set of constant speed secondary pumps.
Primary pumps are lower horsepower than the secondary pumps because they only have to overcome the friction loss
associated with the chiller, pipes, and valves in the primary loop. The secondary pumps, in contrast, are higher
horsepower because they must overcome the friction loss associated with the secondary loop: the distribution piping,
fittings, valves, coils, etc. The secondary loop contains 3-way valves to vary chilled water quantity through the coil in
response to load but the total quantity of flow in secondary loop remains the same. One of the salient features of a
primary/secondary pumping schemes is to allow different chilled water flow rates as well delta-T on the two loops.
PROS:
1-Reduction in cost due to save of power
2-Constant flow through evaporator
3-No delta t syndrome
CONS:
High capital investment
Require more plant space
Require more commitment to the commission to the system
VARIABLE PRIMARY FLOW:

In a variable primary flow (VPF) system, chilled water flow is allowed to vary throughout the loop, including the chiller
evaporators.
In this system, the secondary pumps are eliminated, the primary pumps provide variable flow to supply system demand
to the extent tolerated by the chillers, and the decoupling bypass of the primary/secondary system has been replaced by
a bypass with a normally closed control valve that opens only to maintain minimum flow through active chillers.
The function of the bypass line VPF arrangement should not be confused with that of the de-coupler of
primary/secondary arrangement. The bypass in this case is a smaller pipe sized for the minimum flow of the largest
chiller
PROS:
VPF systems are not prone to low ∆T syndrome:
VPF provides enhanced capacity.
Lower Operating and Energy Costs
Capital Investment
Requires Less Plant Space
CONS:
1-Requires higher maintenance
2-Higher cost

Water Cooled Chiller

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WATER COOLED CHILLER:

EQUIPMENTS USED IN CWDS:

2-CHILL WATER PIPING

7-SUPPLY AIR FAN

SCROLL SCREW RECIPROCATING CENTRIFUGAL

CHILLED WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM:

2- To promote the efficient use of refrigeration capacity in the plant

3-To minimize pump energy consumption

TYPES OF CWD SYSTEM:

Primary/Secondary Chilled Water Systems

Variable Primary Flow Chilled Water Systems

CONSTANT FLOW CHILLED WATER SYSTEM:

FULL VS PARTIAL LOAD:

Less plant spaces

Easy to control operate

PRIMARY / SECONDAY DISTRIBUTION SCHEME:

2-Constant flow through evaporator

3-No delta t syndrome

Require more plant space

Require more commitment to the commission to the system

VARIABLE PRIMARY FLOW:

VPF provides enhanced capacity.

Lower Operating and Energy Costs

Requires Less Plant Space

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