Davila Juan
Davila Juan
Davila Juan
1
Departamento de Ingenierı́a Matemática and CMM, Universidad de Chile
Casilla 170/3 Correo 3, Santiago, Chile
2
LAMFA, UMR CNRS 6140, Université Picardie Jules Verne
33, rue St Leu, 80039 Amiens, France
3
jdavila@dim.uchile.cl
4
louis.dupaigne@math.cnrs.fr
5
alberto.farina@u-picardie.fr
Abstract. We prove regularity and partial regularity results for finite Morse
index solutions u ∈ H 1 (Ω) ∩ Lp (Ω) to the Lane-Emden equation −∆u =
|u|p−1 u in Ω.
1. Introduction
Given an open set Ω ⊂ RN , N ≥ 1, and p > 1, consider the Lane-Emden
equation
(1.1) −∆u = |u|p−1 u in Ω.
We are interested in the classical question of regularity of solutions to (1.1). Namely,
given a class of weak solutions C, we ask: what is the largest exponent p > 1, such
that
(1.2) u ∈ C =⇒ u ∈ C 2 (Ω) ?
Consider first C = Lploc (Ω) and assume (1.1) is understood in the sense of distribu-
tions. Then, as follows from a well-known bootstrap argument, (1.2) holds true for
all p < p0 (N ), where
+∞, if 1 ≤ N ≤ 2,
p0 (N ) = N
, if 3 ≤ N .
N −2
2
The exponent p0 (N ) is sharp. Indeed, for all p > p0 (N ), u(x) = cN,p |x|− p−1
is a singular solution belonging to C. A (radial) singular solution also exists if
p = p0 (N ), see [2, 14].
Consider next the case C = Hloc 1
(Ω) ∩ Lploc (Ω). Then (1.2) holds true for all
p ≤ pS (N ) where
+∞, if 1 ≤ N ≤ 2,
pS (N ) = N + 2
, if 3 ≤ N .
N −2
When p < pS (N ), the proof uses the same bootstrap argument and the extra
1
assumption that u ∈ Hloc (Ω) for the initial step. See [6] for the critical case
p = pS (N ). The Sobolev exponent pS (N ) is again sharp in the considered class,
using the same counter-example.
Restrict at last to the class C of energy solutions having finite Morse index,
1
i.e., u ∈ C if u ∈ Hloc (Ω) ∩ Lploc (Ω) and the maximal dimension of a vector space
1
X ⊂ Cc (Ω) such that
Z Z
Qu (ϕ) := |∇ϕ|2 dx − p |u|p−1 ϕ2 dx < 0, for all ϕ ∈ X \ {0}
Ω Ω
then, u ∈ C 2 (Ω).
Under the stronger assumptions that Ω is smoothly bounded, u is stable, and
u|∂Ω = 1, the smoothness of u was first proved in [7, 13]. At no surprise, the proof
of Theorem 1.1 is by bootstrap (using the additional information that u has finite
Morse index in the initial step). The Joseph-Lundgren exponent pc (N ) is again
sharp in the considered class, using the same counter-example.
In the supercritical cases (p ≥ p0 (N ), p > pS (N ), p ≥ pc (N )), solutions can be
singular at a point, as discussed earlier, but also on larger sets. E.g. if there exists
p
an integer k such that 0 ≤ k ≤ N − 1 and k < N − 2 p−1 , then
1
− p−1
(1.3) u(x) = CN,p,k x21 + . . . x2N −k
is a solution having k-dimensional singular set. See also an example in [18] where
the Hausdorff dimension of the singular set is not an integer.
Nevertheless, if solutions are assumed to be positive and stationary, the singular
set can be estimated as follows.
Theorem 1.2 ([16]). Let N ≥ 3 and p ≥ pS (N ). Let u ∈ Hloc 1
(Ω) ∩ Lp+1
loc (Ω) be
a positive weak solution to (1.1). Assume in addition that u is stationary. Then,
u ∈ C 2 (Ω \ Σ), where Σ is a closed set of Hausdorff dimension bounded above by
p+1
Hdim (Σ) ≤ N − 2 .
p−1
The precise definition of stationary solution can be found in [16]. Smooth solu-
tions (and limits thereof in the H 1 (Ω) ∩ Lp+1 (Ω) topology) are stationary.
When the solution has finite Morse index, we prove that the singular set is in fact
much smaller.
PARTIAL REGULARITY OF FINITE MORSE INDEX SOLUTIONS 3
2. Preliminary results
2.1. Reduction to the case of stable solutions.
Proposition 2.1. Let u ∈ Hloc1
(Ω)∩Lploc (Ω) be a solution to (1.1) with finite Morse
index. Then, for every x0 ∈ Ω, there exists r0 > 0 such that u is stable in B(x0 , r0 ).
1
Proof. When N = 1, any function u ∈ Hloc (Ω) is locally bounded by Morrey’s
inequality. In particular, the linearized operator L = −∆ − p|u|p−1 has positive
principal eigenvalue in any sufficiently small ball, whence u is stable on such a ball.
Assume now N ≥ 2. We may always assume that B(0, 1) ⊂ Ω and it suffices to
prove that u is stable near the origin. Assume first that u has Morse index 1. Either
u is stable in B(0, 1/n) for some n ≥ 2 and we are done. Or, for all n ≥ 2, there
exists a direction ϕn ∈ Cc1 (B(0, 1/n)) such that Qu (ϕn ) < 0. Since u has index 1,
this implies that u is stable in B(0, 1) \ B(0, 1/n). This being true for all n ≥ 2,
we deduce that u is stable in B(0, 1) \ {0}. In fact, since N ≥ 2, points have zero
Newtonian capacity and so u is stable in B(0, 1). So, every solution of index 1 is
stable in a neighborhood of 0. Take now a solution u of index k ≥ 2. Working
exactly as above, we deduce that u has index k − 1 in some ball B(0, r1 ). Working
inductively on k, we deduce that u is stable in some ball B(0, rk ).
2.2. Approximation of singular stable solutions.
Lemma 2.2. Suppose u ∈ Hloc 1
(Ω) ∩ Lploc (Ω) is a nonnegative stable weak solution
to (1.1). Then, there exists a sequence of nonnegative stable solutions un ∈ C 2 (Ω)
1
to (1.1), such that un % u a.e. and in Hloc (Ω).
Proof. The proof is a refinement of a concave truncation technique found in [5].
1
Let us first observe that since u ∈ Hloc (Ω) and u solves (1.1), we have u ∈
p+1
Lloc (Ω). Take now ω ⊂⊂ Ω with smooth boundary, so that u ∈ H 1 (ω) ∩ Lp+1 (ω).
We are going to produce a sequence un converging to u in H 1 (ω). By a standard
diagonal argument, we then reach the desired conclusion.
In the sequel, we write ω = Ω for notational convenience. Given c > 0, consider
the function 1
− p−1
φc (t) = c + t−(p−1) , defined for t > 0.
PARTIAL REGULARITY OF FINITE MORSE INDEX SOLUTIONS 5
We set also φc (0) = 0. Then, φc is increasing, concave, and smooth for t > 0. In
addition, φc (t) % t as c & 0+ , and φc (t) ≤ t, for all t ≥ 0. Also, if c > 0, then φc ,
φ0c are uniformly bounded. We have
φc (t)p
φ0c (t) = ∀t > 0.
tp
Let wc denote the unique solution to
−∆wc = 0 in Ω
wc = φc (u) on ∂Ω.
Then, wc ≥ 0, wc ∈ L∞ (Ω) ∩ H 1 (Ω). Moreover, wc is non-increasing with respect
to c. We claim that wc → w in H 1 (Ω) as c → 0, where w is the solution to
−∆w = 0 in Ω
w=u on ∂Ω.
To see this, consider the problem
(
−∆v = (v + wc )p in Ω
(2.1)
v=0 on ∂Ω.
Let ϕk ∈ Cc0,1 (Ω) be a sequence such that ϕk → v in H01 (Ω). Since v ≥ 0 we can
assume ϕk ≥ 0. We can also assume that ϕk → v a.e. in Ω. Multiplying (2.2) by
ϕk and integrating, we obtain
Z Z
∇v∇ϕk dx = (v + w)p ϕk dx
Ω Ω
6 J. DÁVILA, L. DUPAIGNE AND A. FARINA
By Fatou’s lemma,
Z Z Z
p
(v + w) v dx ≤ lim inf ∇v∇ϕk dx = |∇v|2 dx.
Ω k→∞ Ω Ω
By monotone convergence,
Z Z Z
lim 2 p
|∇vc | dx = lim (vc + wc ) vc dx = (v + w)p v dx.
c→0 Ω c→0 Ω Ω
Hence,
Z Z Z
2 p
lim |∇vc | dx = (v + w) v dx ≤ |∇v|2 dx.
c→0 Ω Ω Ω
Now, ṽ − v satisfies
Z Z
∇(ṽ − v)∇ϕ dx = ((ṽ + w)p − (v + w)p )ϕ dx, ∀ϕ ∈ Cc∞ (Ω).
Ω Ω
We would like to take ϕ = ṽ − v. First, we claim that we can take ϕ ∈ H01 (Ω) ∩
L∞ (Ω). These functions can be approximated in H01 (Ω) by functions in Cc∞ (Ω)
with a uniform bound. Then, take ϕ = min(ṽ − v, t), t > 0, which belongs to
H01 (Ω) ∩ L∞ (Ω). We get
Z Z
|∇(ṽ − v)|2 dx = ((ṽ + w)p − (v + w)p ) min(ṽ − v, t) dx.
[ṽ−v≤t] Ω
By convexity, p(ṽ + w)p−1 (ṽ − v) − (ṽ + w)p + (v + w)p ≥ 0 with strict inequality,
unless ṽ ≡ v.
PARTIAL REGULARITY OF FINITE MORSE INDEX SOLUTIONS 7
2.3. Some well-known ingredients. Proofs of all the results in this section can
be found in [9]. We begin with a so-called ε-regularity result for weak solutions to
(1.1) in Morrey spaces. Recall the following definition.
Definition 2.3. Let Ω be a bounded open set of RN , N ≥ 1. Given p > 1 and
λ ∈ [0, N ], the Morrey space Lp,λ (Ω) is the set of functions u in Lp (Ω) such that
the following norm is finite:
Z
kukpLp,λ (Ω) = sup r−λ |u|p dx < ∞.
x0 ∈Ω, r>0 B(x0 ,r)∩Ω
Then,
p+1
Theorem 2.4 ([12, 16]). Let N ≥ 3, p > 1, and λ = N − 2 p−1 . Let also B(x0 , r0 )
be a ball. There exists ε = ε(N, p) > 0 such that for any weak solution u ∈
H 1 (B(x0 , r0 )) ∩ C(B(x0 , r0 )) to (1.1) satisfying
(2.4) kukLp+1,λ (B(x0 ,r0 )) ≤ ε,
there holds 2
4 p−1
kukL∞ (B(x0 ,r0 /2)) ≤ .
r0
Also recall the following classical result from geometric measure theory.
Theorem 2.5. Let Ω denote an open set of RN , N ≥ 1, u a function in L1loc (Ω)
and 0 ≤ s < N . Set
( Z )
−s
Es = x ∈ Ω : lim sup r |u(y)| dy > 0 .
r→0+ Br (x)
Then,
Hs (Es ) = 0,
where Hs denotes the Hausdorff measure of dimension s.
The next ingredient in the proof of Theorem 1.3 is the following monotonicity
formula.
Theorem 2.6 ([15]). Let u ∈ H 1 (Ω) ∩ Lp+1 (Ω) denote a stationary weak solution
to (1.1). For x ∈ Ω, r > 0, such that B(x, r) ⊂ Ω, consider the energy Eu (x, r)
given by
r−µ−1
Z Z
1 1
(2.5) Eu (x, r) = r−µ |∇u|2 − |u|p+1 dx + |u|2 dσ,
B(x,r) 2 p+1 p − 1 ∂B(x,r)
where
p+1
µ=N −2 .
p−1
Then,
• Eu (x, r) is nondecreasing in r.
• Eu (x, r) is continuous in x ∈ Ω and r > 0.
Remark 2.7 ([15]). The energy Eu (x, r) can be equivalently written as
(2.6) Eu (x, r) =
!
p − 1 −µ
Z Z
1 2 1 p+1 1 d −µ 2
r |∇u| + |u| dy + r |u| dσ .
p+3 B(x,r) 2 p+1 p + 3 dr ∂B(x,r)
8 J. DÁVILA, L. DUPAIGNE AND A. FARINA
In the case where u ∈ C 2 (Ω), the proof of this result is given in [10]. This
proof can be adapted to the case u ∈ Hloc 1
(Ω) ∩ Lploc (Ω) as follows: multiply (1.1)
γ−1
with |Tk (u)| uϕ , where Tk (s) = max(−k, min(u, k)) and ϕ ∈ Cc2 (Ω) and apply
2
γ−1
stability with test function |Tk (u)| 2 uϕ.
Step 1. There exists a fixed value of ε > 0 such that for every x 6∈ Σε , u is bounded
(hence C 2 ) in a neighborhood of x.
To see this, let x0 6∈ Σε : there exists r0 > 0 such that
Z
−µ
r0 (up+1 + |∇u|2 ) dx < ε,
B(x0 ,r0 )
p+1
where µ = N − 2 p−1 . By (2.5), for r < r0 ,
r−µ−1
Z Z
1
Eu (x0 , r) ≤ r−µ |∇u|2 dy + u2 dσ
B(x0 ,r) 2 p−1 ∂B(x0 ,r)
r−µ−1
Z Z
1
≤ r−µ |∇u|2 dy + u2 dσ
B(x0 ,r0 ) 2 p − 1 ∂B(x0 ,r)
−µ −µ−1 Z
ε r r
≤ + u2 dσ
2 r0 p − 1 ∂B(x0 ,r)
PARTIAL REGULARITY OF FINITE MORSE INDEX SOLUTIONS 9
< Cεr0 .
Hence,
Eu (x0 , r0 /2) < Cε.
Since Eu is continuous in x, there exists r1 < r0 /2 such that Eu (x, r0 /2) < 2Cε, for
x ∈ B(x0 , r1 ). Since Eu is non-increasing in r, we deduce that for all x ∈ B(x0 , r1 )
and all r < r1 ,
(3.1) Eu (x, r) < 2Cε.
Now take an approximating sequence un given by Lemma 2.2. Integrating (2.6)
between 0 and r2 < r1 , we find
!
p − 1 r2 −µ
Z Z
1 2 1 p+1
r |∇un | + u dy dr+
p+3 0 B(x,r) 2 p+1 n
r−µ
Z
+ 2 u2 dσ ≤ r2 Eun (x, r2 ).
p + 3 ∂B(x,r2 ) n
It follows that
!
Z r2 Z
−µ p+1
Cr2 Eu (x, r2 ) ≥ r u dy dr
0 B(x,r)
!
Z r2 Z
−µ p+1
≥ r u dy dr
r2 /2 B(x,r)
By the fundamental theorem of calculus, we deduce that there exists r3 ∈ (r2 /2, r2 )
such that
Z Z
CEu (x, r2 ) ≥ r3−µ up+1 dy ≥ r2−µ up+1 dy
B(x,r3 ) B(x,r2 /2)
for all x ∈ B(x0 , r1 ) and all r < r1 /2. Taking ε sufficiently small, it follows
from Theorem 2.4 that (un ) is uniformly bounded near x0 and so, u is C 2 in a
neighborhood of x0 .
Step 2. For all γ ≥ 1, there exists ε0 > 0 such that
( Z )
p+γ
Σ ⊆ Σ̃0 := x ∈ Ω : ∀r > 0 up+γ dx ≥ ε0 rN −2 p−1 .
B(x,r)
10 J. DÁVILA, L. DUPAIGNE AND A. FARINA
Take a function ϕ ∈ Cc2 (Ω) and multiply the Lane-Emden equation (1.1) by uϕ2 .
Then,
Z Z Z
|∇u|2 ϕ2 dx + u∇u · ∇ϕ2 dx = up+1 ϕ2 dx
Ω Ω Ω
i.e.
Z Z Z
2 2 p+1 2 1
|∇u| ϕ dx = u ϕ dx + u2 ∆ϕ2 dx
Ω Ω 2 Ω
Choose now ϕ such that ϕ = 1 in B(x, r/2), ϕ = 0 outside B(x, r), and |∆ϕ2 | ≤
C/r2 . Then,
Z Z Z
C
|∇u|2 dx ≤ C up+1 dx + 2 u2 dx
B(x,r/2) B(x,r) r B(x,r)
We estimate
2
! p+γ
Z Z
1 C 2
u2 dx ≤ 2 up+γ dx r1− p+γ
r2 B(x,r) r B(x,r)
2
C 0 n−2 p+γ p+γ 2 2 p+1
< ε r p−1 r1− p+γ = C(ε0 ) p+γ rN −2 p−1 .
r2
Using (3.2), we deduce that
Z
2 p+1
(up+1 + |∇u|2 ) dx < C(ε0 ) p+γ rN −2 p−1 .
B(x,r/2)
2
Choosing ε0 such that C(ε0 ) p+γ ≤ ε, we deduce that x 6∈ Σε . And so, Σ̃ε0 ⊇ Σε .
p+γ
p 3. By the capacitary estimate (Proposition 2.8),0 u ∈ Lloc (Ω) if γ ∈ [1, 2p +
Step
2 p(p − 1) − 1). By Theorem 2.5 it follows that for ε > 0 small,
p+γ
HN −2 p+1 (Σ̃ε0 ) = 0.
p
This being true for all γ ∈ [1, 2p + 2 p(p − 1) − 1), Theorem 1.3 follows.
PARTIAL REGULARITY OF FINITE MORSE INDEX SOLUTIONS 11
Proof of Theorem 1.7. The proof of (1.4) is the same as the one given in [20],
except for the use of Theorem 2 of [10] stating that there are no entire solutions of
finite Morse index if p is in the range of Theorem 1.1.
Proof of Theorem 1.9. By Theorem 1.1, any finite Morse index solution to
(1.1) is C 2 , provided p < pc (N ). Working by contradiction, as in the proof of
Theorem 2.3 of [20], we can find a sequence (uk ) of solutions of (1.5) (with Morse
index at most m) and a sequence of points (xk ) such that by setting
p−1 p−1
λk = (|uk (xk )| 2 + |∇uk (xk )| p+1 )−1
2
vk (y) = λkp−1 uk (xk + λk y)
we have λk → 0,
−∆vk = fk (vk ) in B(0, k)
where
2p 2
− p−1
fk (v) = λkp−1 f (λk v),
and
p−1 p−1
|vk | 2 + |∇vk | p+1 ≤ 2 in B(0, k)
p−1 p−1
|vk (0)| 2 + |∇vk (0)| p+1 = 1.
Note that fk (vk ) and ∇[fk (vk )] are both uniformly bounded. Then, up to subse-
1 0,α
quence vk → v in the Cloc (RN ) topology, fk (vk ) → g in the Cloc (RN ) topology (for
some α ∈ (0, 1)) and −∆v = g in the sense of distributions. By standard elliptic
2,α
estimates v is then a classical Cloc (RN ) solution of −∆v = g in RN .
We claim that v satisfies
(4.1) −∆v = a|v|p−1 v in RN .
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