Form 4- Alsuran’s Chemistry Lessons

TOPIC 7: THE MOLE CONCEPT

Introduction:
We have learned that compounds are made up of two or more different elements and that elements
are composed of atoms. Therefore, compounds must be composed of molecules made up of two or
more different kinds of atoms. During a chemical reaction, the atoms that make up the starting
materials rearrange to form new and different molecules.

The question that arises however, is how many atoms and molecules are involved in the reaction or
how much of one element will combine with another element? In addition, since atoms are so small,
how can we count them? Early experimental work by English chemist John Dalton (1766– 1844) was
concerned with how much of one element could combine with a given amount of another element.
He proposed the following hypotheses:

• Molecules are made up of “atoms” of various elements.

• If compound “B” contains twice the mass of element “X” as does compound “A”, then compound
“B” must contain twice as many atoms of “X”.

• Simple compounds are made up of only one atom of each of the two elements making up the
compound.

Dalton did not attempt to figure out the mass of an individual atom of any element. Instead, he
assigned an ARBITRARY MASS to each element. He made the assumption that hydrogen was the
lightest element and assigned it a mass of “1”. He then compared the masses of other elements to
that of hydrogen. Carbon was found to be 6 times heavier than hydrogen so it was assigned a mass
of 6. Oxygen was found to be 16 times heavier than hydrogen so it was assigned a mass of 16.

e.g. The reaction between 2.74 g of hydrogen gas and 97.26 g of chlorine gas makes 100 g of
hydrogen chloride gas. If we assume that hydrogen chloride contains one atom each of hydrogen
and chlorine, the relative mass of chlorine is:

97.26 g / 2.74 g = 35.5 times heavier than hydrogen Since hydrogen is assigned a mass of “1”,
chlorine has a mass of “35.5”.

If 46.0 g of sodium react with 71.0 g of chlorine, the relative mass of sodium is:

46.0 g / 71.0 g = 0.648 times the mass of chlorine Since chlorine is assigned the mass of “35.5”, the
mass of sodium is 0.648 x 35.5 = 23.0

In this way, Dalton was able to calculate the “RELATIVE MASSES” for several elements.

Dalton’s atomic mass scale was partly in error because not all the molecules he studied actually
contained only one atom of each element. During the time that Dalton’s mass scale was just being
introduced, the French chemist Joseph Gay-Lussac began to study how gases reacted. When Gay-
Lussac reacted pairs of gases at the same temperature and pressure, he found that gases combined
in simple whole number ratios.

1 L of hydrogen gas reacts with 1 L of chlorine gas to make 2 L of HCl(g)

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1 L of nitrogen reacts with 3 L of hydrogen gas to make 2 L of NH3(g)

2 L of carbon monoxide gas react with 1L of oxygen gas to make 2 L of CO2(g)

By itself, Gay-Lussac’s findings did not seem to be related to atomic mass but then the Italian
chemist Amadeo Avogadro proposed the following explanation for Gay-Lussac’s data.

AVOGADRO’S HYPOTHESIS: Equal volumes of different gases, at the same temperature and
pressure, contain the same number of particles. In other words, if 1 L of gas A reacts with 1 L of gas
B, then there are exactly the same number of particles of A and B present. Therefore, the molecule
formed by reacting A with B is AB. Similarly, if 2 L of gas A reacts with 1 L of gas B, the molecules
formed have the formula A2B.

Relative Atomic Mass

This is the ratio of the mass of an element or compound to 1/12 the mass of carbon -12 atoms.

Relative atomic mass = Mass of 1 atom of the element X 12 / Mass of 1 atom of C-12

C-12 has a mass of exactly 12 atomic mass units (a.m.u)

Relative Molecular Mass

To determine this, all the atoms present in the molecule is multiplied by their respective RAM and
added up to give the relative molecular mass (RMM) of the entire compound

 Eg. Water – H2O (H=1, O=16)

= (2 X 1) + (16) Therefore the RMM of H2O = 18

Work out the RMM of the following compounds:

1. Sodium hydroxide
2. Potassium Dichromate
3. Zinc phosphate
4. Aluminium chloride
5. Glucose
6. Magnesium Carbonate
7. Lead Nitrate

The Mole

1. Avogadro’s hypothesis allows us to predict the formula of a compound by determining the

ratio of the volumes of gases needed to make the compound. e.g. If 1 L of nitrogen reacts
with 3 L of hydrogen to form ammonia, then its formula is NH 3. If 2 L of hydrogen reacts with
1 L of oxygen to form water, then its formula is H 2O.
2. So if we want to make a particular compound, all we need to do is react volumes of gases in
the ratio given by their formulas BUT how do we determine how much of one element

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 reacts with another element when they are not gases? e.g. How much iron is required to
react with sulphur to produce iron (II) sulphide, FeS, so that neither element is left over?
Since the easiest way to measure solids is to measure their mass, we need to relate mass to
the number of atoms.
3. The periodic table shows us the relative masses of the elements. Its units are “u” which
stands for “unified atomic mass units”. Unlike Dalton’s mass scale, the present day scale is
not based on hydrogen. Instead, 1 u is defined as 1 /12 the mass of carbon–12 (carbon–12,
12C, is a particular isotope of carbon). A MOLE is the number of carbon atoms in exactly 12 g
of carbon. MOLAR MASS is the mass of one mole of particles.

The mole is defined as the amount of substance that contains as many elementary entities as there
are carbon atoms in 12 grams of C-12.

The mass of 1 mole of an element is that element’s atomic mass expressed in grams

 Eg.1 1 mole of S = 32 g

1 mole of O2 = (16+16) = 32 g (oxygen is diatomic)

 Eg.2 How many moles are there in 10 g CaCO 3

Molar mass of CaCO3 = 40 + 12 + (16 X 3)

= 100 g

100g of CaCO3 = 1mole

10 g = 1 / 100 X 10 = 0.1 mole

Work out the following:

 2 moles of N2
 2.5 moles of Na
 333 g of Al
 180 g of C6H12O6
 0.3 moles of H2SO4

AVOGADRO’s CONSTANT

Avogadro’s constant states that 1 mole of any element contains 6 x 10 23 atoms

How many atoms are there in 4.76 moles of O 2 ?

1 mole of O2 = 6 x 1023 atoms

4.76 moles = ( 6 x 1023 atoms/1 X 4.76) = 2.856 X 1024 atoms.

The mass of 1 mole of atoms of a given element is called the molar mass of the element. It has units
of gmol-1 or g/mol

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 Work out the following:

 How many moles are there in 276g of N?

 How many atoms does 19.71 mole of N contain?

CONVERSIONS INVOLVING THE MOLE

Mass (g)

# of moles Mass of 1 mole (g)

1. Converting moles to mass:

Multiply the mass of 1 mole X the number of moles

 Eg. What is the mass of 11.76 mols of Be

1 mol Be = 9g

11.76 mols = 9 /1 X 11.76 = 105.84g

2. Converting mass to moles:

Divide the mass of the element by the mass of 1 mole of the element

 Eg. What is the number of moles of 105g of C?

Ans: 12g of C = 1 mol of C

105g of C = 1/12 X 105 = 8.75 moles of C

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 3. Converting the number of atoms to mass

Divide the number of atoms by Avogadro’s constant and then X by the mass of 1 mole of the
element

 Eg. What is the mass of 9.26 X 1025 atoms of Si ?

Ans: 6 X 1023 atoms of Si = 28g of Si

9.26 X 1025 atoms of Si = 9.26 X 1025 X 28 / 6 X 1023 = 4321.3 g

4. Converting from mass to the number of atoms:

Multiply Avogadro’s number by the given mass of the element, then divide by the mass of 1 mol
of the element.

 Eg. How many atoms are there in 356g of Al

27g of Al = 6 X1023 atoms of Al

356 g of Al = 356 X (6 X 1023) / 27 = 7.91 X 1024 atoms of Al

THE MOLAR MASS OF COMPOUNDS

This is the formula mass of a compound expressed in grams. Eg. 1mole HCl = (1 + 35.5) = 36.5 g

36.5g of HCl = 6 X 1023 atoms of HCl

(NH4)2SO4 Formula Mass = (14 x 2) + ( 1 x 8) + 32 + (16 x 4) = 132g

1 mole (NH4)2SO4 = 132 g = 6 x 1023 atoms

 Eg. What is the mass of 2.5 mole HCl

1 mol HCl = 36.5g

2.5 moles HCl = (36.5 x 2.5) = 91.25g

 Calculate the number of mols of NaCl in 1.17g of NaCl

NaCl = (23+ 35.5) = 58.5g

58.5g of NaCl = 1 mol of NaCl

1.17 g of NaCl = ( 1/ 58.5 X 1.17) = 0.02 moles NaCl

 What is the mass of 6 x 1021 molecules of H2SO4

H2SO4 = (2 x1) + 32 + (16 x 4) = 98g
6 x1023 molecules of H2SO4 = 98g
6 x 1021 molecules of H2SO4 = (98/ 6 x1023 X (6x 1021) = 0.98 g

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 Worksheet # 1:

1. Given that the RAM of Na= 23. Calculate:

(a) The mass of 5 mols of Na
(b) The no. of mols of Na atoms in 57.5 g of the element
(c) The mass of 1.2 X 1023 atoms of Na
(d) The total number of individual atoms in 34.5g of the element

2. What mass of Sulphur will contain the same number of atoms as 240g of carbon?
3. Calculate the number of moles of sodium chloride formula units present in 1.17g of sodium
chloride.
4. What is the mass of 0.25 mole of sulphuric acid?
5. What is the number of sodium atoms in 0.5 mole of the element?
6. Calculate the number of moles of Mg that contains 1.2 X 10 24 mg atoms
7. How many molecules of carbon dioxide are present in 880g of the compound?
8. What is the mass of 3 X 1021 molecules of nitric acid

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Percentage Composition of a compound

The percentage by mass of a particular element in a compound

Total Mass of element X 100 / Mass of the Compound

 1 mole water contains 2 moles H (2g) and 1 mole O (16g)

⸫ % H in H2O = 2 X 100 / 18 = 11.11 %
% O in H2O = 16 X 100 / 18 = 88.89 %
N.B: ALL % must add up to 100 %

 What is the percentage by mass of all elements in NaNO 3?

1 mole NaNO3 = 1 mole Na = 23g

1 mole N = 14g

3 mole O = (16x3) = 48g

⸫ 1 mole NaNO3 = 85g

% Na = 23 x 100 / 85 = 27.06%

% N = 14 x 100 / 85 = 16.47%

% O = 48 X 100 / 85 = 56.47% TOTAL = 100%

 What is the percentage by mass of S in CuSO 4.5H2O?

CuSO4.5H2O = 63.5 + 32 + (9 x 16) + (5 X 2) = 249.5 g

% of S = 32 x 100 / 249.5 = 12.83 %

1. Calculate the percentage by mass of ALL the elements in Aluminium Carbonate, Al 2(CO3)3

2. Calculate the percentage by mass of Oxygen in Lead (ii) Nitrate?

3. Find the % by mass of Cu in CuO?

4. Find the percentage by mass of ALL the elements in malachite, CuCO 3.Cu(OH)2

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 5. Find the % of water in alabaster, CaSO 4.2H2O

EMPIRICAL FORMULA

This is the simplest whole number ratio of atoms or ions in a compound.

 Example: What is the empirical formula of a compound containing 18.2% K, 59.4% I and
22.4% O ?

Steps K I O
1. % 18.2 59.4 22.4
Composition
2. ÷ by RAM 18.2/39 = 0.47 59.4 / 127 = 0.47 22.4 / 16 = 1.4
3. ÷ by smallest 0.47/0.47 = 1 0.47/0.47 = 1 1.4 / 0.47 = 2.98 = 3
number

⸫ Empirical Formula = KIO3

1. What is the empirical formula of a compound containing 46% C , 18% H and 36% O ?

2. What is the empirical formula of a compound containing 52.9 % Al , 47.1 % O

3. What is the empirical formula of a compound containing 2.4g Mg and 1.6g O?

4. If hydrogen is passed over the hot oxide , it is reduced to metallic copper. These figures were
obtained in a lab. Calculate the empirical formula of copper oxide.
Results: Mass of empty tube = 52.2g
Mass of tube + copper oxide (before experiment) = 66.6g
Mass of tube + copper oxide( after experiment) = 65.0g
The tube losses mass because Oxygen has been removed from the copper oxide, leaving
metallic copper.
Mass of oxygen =
Mass of Copper =

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 MOLECULAR FORMULA
This is the actual number of atoms or ions in 1 molecule or 1 formula unit of a compound If a
mass is given, then the molecular formula of a compound can be worked from its empirical
formula.

 The empirical formula of Benzene is CH and the mass of Benzene is 78g

Then the molecular formula of Benzene is as follows:
Empirical formula = CH = (1+12) = 13g
Mass of 1 mole Benzene = 78g
Molecular formula of Benzene = 78/13 =6
⸫ Molecular Formula = C6H6

 What is the molecular formula of pentene, if its mass = 70g?

Empirical formula = CH2 = 14g
Mass of 1 mole = 70g
Molecular formula = 70/14 = 5
⸫ Molecular Formula of Pentene = C5H10
Worksheet # 2
1. (a)Using Hexane as an example, C6H14, as your example, explain the meaning of empirical
formula [2mks]
(b) Calculate the % by mass of carbon and hydrogen in hexane [4mks]
(c)What is the Relative Formula mass of Hexane? [1mk]
(d) What is the mass of (i) 1 mole Hexane (ii) 0.25 moles of hexane (iii) 3.5 moles of
hexane [3mks]

2. (a)Work out if the molecular formula of a hydrocarbon is C 12H12 or C6H6. Explain your answer.
The compound contains 7.7 % hydrogen. Its Relative Formula mass is 78. [4mks]
(b)A compound contains 52.2% C, 13.1 % H and the rest is Oxygen. Find the empirical
formula. If the RFM is is 46, find the molecular formula [3mks].
(c) find the empirical formula and the percentages of each element in benzene, C 6H6

*****Give students to do the separate worksheet then continue with notes****

The mole and Gases

The quantity of a gas can be expressed in terms of a volume.

Avogadro’s law:
This law states that equal volume of gases under the same conditions of temperature and
pressure contain the same number of molecules.

This means that at the same temperature and pressure, 1 mole of any gas has a fixed
volume. This volume is known as the molar volume.

Two standard temperatures and pressures are used for volume:

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  For all molecules, 1 mole of gas will occupy 24dm 3 at ROOM TEMPERATURE and
PRESSURE (r.t.p). This temperature is usually around 25 degrees Celsius and 1
atmosphere.
 For all molecules, 1 mole of gas will occupy 22.4 dm 3 at STANDARD TEMPERATURE
and PRESSURE (s.t.p). This temperature is usually around 0 degrees Celsius and 1
atmosphere.

 Example: what is the volume occupied by 8 g of Hydrogen at s.t.p?

1 mole of H2 = 2 g
2g of H2 will occupy 22.4dm3
⸫ 8g of H2 will occupy (right over left X by bottom) (22.4 / 2 X 8) = 89.6 dm 3

1. How many moles are there in 1.12dm3 of NH3 gas at r.tp?

2. Calculate the number of molecules of oxygen in 0.03dm 3 of oxygen gas at r.t.p.

3. What is the volume measured at s.t.p of the following:

a. 16g of oxygen gas
b. 36.5g of hydrogen chloride gas
c. 18g of nitrogen gas

4. What is the volume at r.t.p of the following:

a. 0.3 moles of chlorine gas
b. 2.5 moles of Sulphur dioxide
c. 0.01 moles of hydrogen

5. What is the mass of 48dm3 of oxygen at r.t.p?

6. How many molecules are present in 3dm 3 of nitrogen dioxide at r.t.p?

 WORKED EXAMPLE:
250cm3 of carbon dioxide (Mr=44) weighs 0.44g and 250cm 3 of an oxide of N weighs 0.46g at
the same temperature and pressure. Find the mass of 1 mole of the oxide of Nitrogen.

SOLUTION:
 Find the number of moles of CO2 in 250cm3 (0.44/44) = 0.01 moles
 From Avogadro’s Law it therefore shows that 250cm 3 of an oxide of N contains
0.01mole and this 0.01 mole weighs 0.46g
 0.01 mole weighs 0.46g

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 ⸫ 1 mole weighs (0.46/0.01 X1) = 46 gmol-1
Therefore, the mass of 1 mole of this oxide of Nitrogen = 46g

The Mole and Chemical Equations

Matter can neither be created nor destroyed but it can certainly be changed from one form to
another – LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MATTER. In chemical reactions the total mass of reactants
must be equal to the total amount of the products (nothing just disappears in a reaction). Therefore,
if we know the amount or mass of one substance in any chemical reaction, then we can calculate the
mass or amount of the other compounds in any reaction by using simple proportions and mole ratio
relationships.

Steps to follow when doing a calculation involving an Equation:

1. Write the balanced equation for the reaction.

2. Decipher which reactants/products the question is asking about.
3. Determine the simplest mole ratio between reactants: products from the balanced equation.
4. Write a statement connecting the two substances.
5. Use simple proportions to perform the calculation.

 WORKED EXAMPLE:
0.05 moles of copper (II) carbonate was heated. Calculate
(a) the mass of copper(ii) oxide formed
(b) The volume of carbon dioxide produced at s.t.p

SOLUTIONS:
(a) CuCO3 (s) → CuO (s) + CO2
Mole ratio: 1:1:1 for all reactants and products
1 mole of CuCO3 produces 1 mole of CuO
R.M.M of CuO = 64 + 16 = 80
1mole of CuCO3 produces 80g of CuO
0.05 moles produce 80/1 X 0.05 = 4 grams
Mass of CuO = 4g

(b) 1 mole of CUCO3 produces 1 mole of CO2

Molar volume of CO2 at s.t.p = 22.4 dm3
1 mole CuCO3 produces 22.4 dm3 CO2
0.05 moles produce (22.4 /1 X 0.05) = 1.12 dm 3
Volume of CO2 = 1.12dm3

1. What mass of sodium hydroxide must be added to sulphuric acid to produce

7.1g g salt?

2. Determine the mass of iron in 5mg of iron(II) sulphate.

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Worksheet # 3

1. On heating, zinc carbonate decomposes to zinc oxide and carbon dioxide.

ZnCO3 (s) → ZnO (s) + CO2

When 12g of zinc carbonate are heated calculate: (a) the mass of zinc oxide formed
(b)The volume of carbon dioxide formed at r.t.p
2. What mass of aluminium chloride can be obtained when 48g of aluminium is completely
reacted with dilute HCl?
3. Calculate the mass of hydrogen produced at r.t.p from 60g of Al in the reaction
2 Al (s) + 6 NaOH (aq) → 2Na3AlO3 (aq) + 3H2 (g)
4. Magnesium reacts with copper sulphate according to the equation:
Mg (s) + CuSO4 (aq) → MgSO4 (aq) + Cu
What mass of Mg is required to produce 1.5g of Cu?
5. How many moles of NaOH must be added to H2SO4 to produce 45g of salt?
6. How many moles of BaSO4 could be obtained from 0.75 moles of BaCl2 via the precipitation
reaction?
BaCl2 + Na2SO4 (aq) → 2NaCl (aq) + BaSO4 (s)
7. What mass of Zn dissolved in dilute hydrochloric acid will produce 0.15 g of hydrogen?
8. What mass of magnesium oxide can be produced by burning 6g of the metal in air?
9. Ammonia gas is manufactured via the following reaction
N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) → 2 NH3 (g)
What volumes of nitrogen and hydrogen are needed to produce dm 3 of Ammonia?
10. 2.38 g of black copper(ii) oxide is completely reduced by hydrogen to give copper and water.
What are the masses of copper and water formed?

VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS:

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 In a chemical reaction, reactants react together and the amount of reactants or products can be
determined experimentally by Volumetric Analysis. This is done by carrying out a series of titrations.

In a titration, the exact volumes of two solutions required to react completely can be determined. In
order to determine the concentration of an unknown solution, one of the solutions must be a
standard solution of a known concentrations. Titration are usually done between an acid and an
alkali in which the end point is determined by a colour change of an indicator that Is added before
the titration starts.

Titrations can also be thermometric which means it can be determined by noting a change in
temperature of the mixture. The end point is when the highest temperature is recorded during the
titration process.

The Titration Process

Basic Apparatus for Titrations

EXPERIMENT : Titration between dilute HCl and dilute NaOH

Title : Titration/Volumetric Anaysis

App/Materials: Burette, pipette, 3 conical flasks, dropper, phenolphthalein indictor, white tile,
4g/dm3NaOH (known conc), retort stand, 2 beakers, funnel, pipette filler, dilute HCl (unknown)

Method:

1. Wash all apparatus with distilled water. Rinse the burette with HCl and the pipette with NaOH.

2. Using a pipette filler, measure 25cm3 of NaOH and add this to a clean conical flask. Add 2 drops of
indicator to the flask and shake.

3. Clamp the burette as shown on the picture below. Fill the burette and record the initial burette
reading in a table as the one shown below.

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4. Start titrating the HCl and the NaOH until the end point is reached (Pink/purple to colourless) is
noticed. Stop the flow from the burette and record this volume seen on the burette as the final
reading.

5. Repeat the titration until the Volume of HCl used differed by no more than 0.1 cm 3

Results:

Burette reading/cm3 1 2 3
Initial Reading 0.0 8.4 3.6
Final Reading 23.5 32.0 27.1
Vol. of HCl used 23.5 23.6 23.5

Steps for calculations:

Step 1) Calculate: Average Volume of HCl used = 23.5cm 3

Step 2) Calculate # of moles of NaOH (known conc)

1dm3 = 4 g

40g of NaOH (23+16+1) = 1 mole

4 g = (1/40 X 4) = 0.1 mole

Step 3) Calculate number of moles of NaOH in 25 cm 3

1dm3 = 1000cm3 = 4g

1cm3 = 4/1000

25cm3 = (4/1000 X 25) = 0.1g

40g = 1 mole

0.1 g = (1/40 X 0.1) = 0.0025 moles

Step 4) Write a balanced equation for the reaction : NaOH (aq) + HCl (aq) → NaCl (aq) + H2O (l)

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Step 5) Figure out mole ratio between acid and alkali: 1:1 (NaOH : HCl)

⸫ 0.0025 moles of NaOH will neutralize 0.0025 moles of HCl

Step 6) Work out concentration of the unknown (HCl)

Since 23.5cm3 of HCl was used, then

23.5 cm3 HCl contains 0.0025moles

1000cm3 HCl contains (0.0025/23.5 X 1000) = 0.106 moles/dm 3

Concentration of HCl = 0.106mol/dm 3

1. In a titration done between sulphuric acid and sodium hydroxide, find the concentration of
sulphuric acid.

Molarity of NaOH = 1 mole/dm3

Results:

Burette reading/cm3 1 2 3
Initial Reading 0.0 2.6 4.0
Final Reading 11.2 13.8 15.3
Vol. of H2SO4 used 11.2 11.2 11.3

Formula for titration Calculations:

The following formula may be helpful when calculating concentrations of reagents.

M1XV1 Reagent 1
= Mole ratio of
M2XV2 Reagent 2
Mole ratio is obtained from the equation

M1 = concentration of reagent 1 M2 = concentration of reagent 2

V1 = volume of reagent 1 used V2 = volume of reagent 2 used

For Example:

If Na2CO3 – reagent 1 and HCl – reagent 2

2HCl (aq) + Na 2CO3 (aq) → 2 NaCl (aq) + H2O (l) + CO2

Mole ratio 2 1

M1 = ? M2= 0.04 V1= 25 V2= 22

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M 1 x 25 1 22 X 0.04
= M1 = = 0.0176mol/dm3 ⸫ Conc of Na2CO3 = 0.0176 mol/dm3
0.04 x 22 2 2 X 25
CONCENTRATIONS

The concentration of a solution can be defined by the amount of solute dissolved in a known
quantity of solvent.

Concentration can be expressed in two forms:

1. Molar concentration
2. Mass concentration

MOLAR CONCENTRATION

Molar concentration can be defined as the number of moles of solute divided by the (volume) dm 3 of
solution.

 Eg. Find the concentration in mol/dm3 of a solution containing 4 moles of HCl in 5dm 3 of
solution.

Solution: 4/5 = 0.8 mol/dm3

MASS CONCENTRATION

This term refers to the mass of the solute present in 1000cm 3 = 1dm3 of solution.

g of solute
Mass Concentration =
dm 3 of solution
Amount of solute( g)
Mass Concentration =
Volume of solution(dm 3)
 Eg. Find the mass concentration of KOH with 5dm 3 of solution containing 200g of KOH

Solution: 200 /5 = 40g/dm3

There is a relationship between mass and concentration and molar concentration.

Conc∈g/dm 3
Concentration in mol/dm3 =
Mass of 1 mol of solute
Mass Conc = Molar Conc (mol/dm3) X Mass of 1 mole of solute

1. What is the concentration in mol/dm3 of a solution of HNO3 containing 2.52gdm3 of HNO3 (Mr=63)

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