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    Relative Masses of Atoms and Molecules

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    Kris Dookharan
    This document discusses relative atomic masses, relative molecular masses, and percentage composition of elements in compounds. It provides examples of calculating relative atomic masses by comparing atom masses to 1/12 the mass of a carbon-12 atom. It also demonstrates calculating relative molecular masses of compounds by adding the relative atomic masses of the elements. The document shows worked examples of determining percentage composition of elements in compounds and calculating percentage yields and purities of products.

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    Relative Masses of Atoms and Molecules

    Uploaded by

    Kris Dookharan
    118 views23 pages
    This document discusses relative atomic masses, relative molecular masses, and percentage composition of elements in compounds. It provides examples of calculating relative atomic masses by comparing atom masses to 1/12 the mass of a carbon-12 atom. It also demonstrates calculating relative molecular masses of compounds by adding the relative atomic masses of the elements. The document shows worked examples of determining percentage composition of elements in compounds and calculating percentage yields and purities of products.

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    This document discusses relative atomic masses, relative molecular masses, and percentage composition of elements in compounds. It provides examples of calculating relative atomic masses by comparing atom masses to 1/12 the mass of a carbon-12 atom. It also demonstrates calculating relative molecular masses of compounds by adding the relative atomic masses of the elements. The document shows worked examples of determining percentage composition of elements in compounds and calculating percentage yields and purities of products.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    118 views23 pages

    Relative Masses of Atoms and Molecules

    Uploaded by

    Kris Dookharan
    This document discusses relative atomic masses, relative molecular masses, and percentage composition of elements in compounds. It provides examples of calculating relative atomic masses by comparing atom masses to 1/12 the mass of a carbon-12 atom. It also demonstrates calculating relative molecular masses of compounds by adding the relative atomic masses of the elements. The document shows worked examples of determining percentage composition of elements in compounds and calculating percentage yields and purities of products.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 23

    Chapter 3

    Relative Masses of Atoms and Molecules

    LEARNING OUTCOMES

    Define relative atomic mass, Ar


    Define relative molecular mass, Mr
    Chapter 3
    Relative Masses of Atoms and Molecules
    Relative Atomic Mass
    The masses of atoms and molecules are
    very small and it very hard for us to
    compare them or use them in calculations.

    For e.g. the mass of a hydrogen atom is


    0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 0014 or
    (1.4 x 10-24)g and the mass of a carbon
    atom is 1.68 x 10-23 g.
    Chapter 3
    Relative Masses of Atoms and Molecules
    Relative Atomic Mass
    Instead of using the true masses of atoms,
    scientists compare the masses of atoms with the
    mass of a hydrogen atom, which is assigned a
    mass of one unit.

    If we take the mass of a hydrogen atom to be 1,


    then the mass of a carbon atom will be 12, since a
    carbon atom is 12 times as heavy as a hydrogen
    atom.
    Chapter 3
    Relative Masses of Atoms and Molecules
    12 H atoms

    Relative Atomic Mass


    The mass of a carbon atom is C
    12 times as heavy as a hydrogen
    atom, so we say that the relative
    atomic mass of carbon is 12.
    Scientists prefer to use the carbon atom instead of the
    hydrogen atom as a standard unit, so if we take 1/12 of the
    mass of a carbon atom, we will still get 1 unit.
    Hence we define:
    The relative atomic mass of an element is the average mass of
    an atom of the element compared to the mass of 1/12 of the
    mass of a carbon-12 atom.
    Chapter 3
    Relative Masses of Atoms and Molecules
    Relative Atomic Mass
    Relative atomic mass =Mass of one atom of the element
    (Ar) Mass of 1 of an atom of carbon-12
    12

    The symbol for Relative Atomic Mass is Ar


    Relative atomic mass has no units.
    The relative atomic mass of an element can
    be obtained from the mass number (nucleon number)
    of the element in the Periodic Table.
    Examples : 2311Na, 5626Fe
    Hence, Ar of Na = 23, Ar of Fe = 56
    Chapter 3
    Relative Masses of Atoms and Molecules

    Quick check 1
    1. Define the relative atomic mass of an element.
    2. Using the Periodic Table, find the relative atomic mass of the
    following:
    Mg, Ca, Cl, O, S, Ne, Br.
    3. What is the mass of a calcium atom compared to the mass
    of a helium atom?
    4. How many hydrogen atoms have the same mass as one
    potassium atom?
    5. How many oxygen atoms have the same mass as one
    bromine atom?
    Solution
    Chapter 3
    Relative Masses of Atoms and Molecules

    Solution to Quick check 1

    1. The relative atomic mass of an element is the average


    mass of an atom of the element compared to the mass of
    1/12 of a carbon-12 atom.
    2. Ar: Mg=24, Ca=40, Cl=35.5, O=16, S=32, Ne=20, Br=80.
    3. Mass of a Ca atom =10 x Mass of a He atom
    4. 39 hydrogen atoms
    5. 5 oxygen atoms

    Return
    Chapter 3
    Relative Masses of Atoms and Molecules

    Relative Molecular Mass


    The picture shows the mass
    of a molecule of water
    compared to the mass of
    hydrogen atoms.
    It shows that one molecule of
    water is 18 times as heavy
    as one hydrogen atom.
    Therefore, the relative
    molecular mass of water is 18.
    8
    Chapter 3
    Relative Masses of Atoms and Molecules

    Relative Molecular Mass


    If we use the mass of a carbon-12 atom as the
    standard unit of comparison, then the relative
    molecular mass of a substance is defined as:
    The relative molecular mass of a substance is the average
    mass of one molecule of the substance compared to the mass
    of 1/12 of a carbon-12 atom.

    Relative molecular mass Mass of one molecule of a substance


    = 1
    (Mr) Mass of 12 of a carbon-12 atom
    9
    Chapter 3
    Relative Masses of Atoms and Molecules

    Relative Molecular Mass


    The symbol for Relative Molecular Mass is Mr
    The relative molecular mass of a molecule can be
    found by adding up the relative atomic masses of
    all the atoms present in the molecule.
    E.g. Mr of water, H2O = Mass of 2 H atoms +
    mass of 1 O atom
    = 2 x 1 + 16
    = 18
    10
    Chapter 3
    Relative Masses of Atoms and Molecules

    Relative Formula Mass


    Ionic compounds (e.g. sodium
    chloride) are not made up of single
    molecules; instead they are made
    up of a crystal lattice consisting of
    many oppositely charged ions.
    Hence, instead of calculating the relative molecular
    mass of an ionic compound, we calculate the mass
    based on its formula (formula mass).
    We can take the relative formula mass as equivalent
    to the relative molecular mass in our calculations. 11
    Chapter 3
    Relative Masses of Atoms and Molecules

    Finding Relative Molecular Mass


    Worked examples
    1. Find the relative molecular mass of carbon dioxide, CO2.
    Mr of CO2 = 12 + 16 x 2
    = 44
    2. Find the relative molecular mass (formula mass) of copper(II) nitrate,
    Cu(NO3)2.
    Mr of Cu(NO3)2 = 64 + (14 + 16x3 )x2
    = 64 + 62x2 = 188
    3. Find the relative molecular mass (formula mass)
    of ammonium sulphate, (NH4)2SO4.
    Mr of (NH4)2SO4 = (14 + 1x4)x2 + 32 + 16x4
    = 36 + 32 + 64 = 132 12
    Chapter 3
    Relative Masses of Atoms and Molecules

    Quick check 2
    Find the relative molecular mass (or formula mass) of each
    of the following:
    (a) Magnesium sulphate, MgSO4
    (b) Calcium nitrate, Ca(NO3)2
    (c) Ammonium carbonate, (NH4)2CO3
    (d) Benzoic acid, C7H6O2
    (e) Hydrated sodium carbonate, Na2CO3.10H2O

    Solution
    13
    Chapter 3
    Relative Masses of Atoms and Molecules

    Solution to Quick check 2

    a) Mr of MgSO4 = 24 + 32 + 16x4 = 120


    b) Mr of Ca(NO3)2 = 40 + 2(14 + 16x3) = 164
    c) Mr of (NH4)2CO3 = 2(14+4) + 12 + 16x3 = 96
    d) Mr of C7H6O2 = 12x7 + 6 + 16x2 = 122
    e) Mr of Na2CO3.10H2O = 23x2 + 12 + 16x3 + 10(2x1 + 16)
    = 286

    Return
    14
    Chapter 3
    Relative Masses of Atoms and Molecules

    Percentage composition
    Worked example 1
    What is the percentage composition of calcium carbonate, CaCO3?

    Solution
    % of Ca = [Ca] x 100% = 40 x 100%
    [CaCO3] [40 + 12 + 16x3]
    = 40%
    % of C = [ C ] x 100% = 12 x 100%
    [CaCO3] 100
    = 12%
    % of O = [ O3 ] x 100% = 16x3 x 100%
    [CaCO3] 100
    = 48%
    Check
    %Ca + %C + %O = 40 + 12 + 48 = 100% 15
    Chapter 3
    Relative Masses of Atoms and Molecules

    Percentage composition
    Worked example 2
    What is the percentage of sodium in sodium carbonate, Na2CO3?
    Solution
    % of Na = [Na2] x 100% = 23x2 x 100%
    [Na2CO3] [23x2 + 12 + 16x3]
    = 43.4%
    Worked example 3
    Find the mass of oxygen in 90 g of water.
    Solution
    Mr of H2O = 1x2 + 16 = 18
    Mass of oxygen = 16 x 90 g = 80 g
    18
    Worked example 4
    What mass of magnesium oxide can be made from 6 g of magnesium?
    Solution
    Mr of MgO = 24 + 16 = 40
    Mass of MgO = 6 x 40 g = 10 g
    24 16
    Chapter 3
    Relative Masses of Atoms and Molecules

    Percentage yield
    The percentage yield of a product is given by the formula:
    Percentage yield = Actual mass of product obtained x 100%
    Theoretical mass of product obtained

    Worked example 1
    In an experiment to prepare magnesium sulphate, 2.4 g of
    magnesium was dissolved completely in dilute sulphuric acid.
    On crystallisation, 22.0 g of magnesium sulphate crystals,
    MgSO4.7H2O, were obtained. What is the percentage yield?

    17
    Chapter 3
    Relative Masses of Atoms and Molecules

    Percentage yield
    Solution
    Write the chemical equation: Mg + H2SO4 MgSO4 + H2
    Number of mole of Mg reacted = 2.4 = 0.1 mol
    24
    From equation, 1 mol of Mg 1 mol of MgSO4
    Therefore, 0.1 mol of Mg 0.1 mol of MgSO4.7H2O
    Mass of MgSO4.7H2O produced = 0.1 mol x 246 g/mol = 24.6 g
    Percentage yield = Actual mass of product obtained x 100%
    Theoretical mass of product obtained
    = 22.0 x 100 %
    24.6
    = 89.4 % 18
    Chapter 3
    Relative Masses of Atoms and Molecules

    Percentage purity
    The percentage purity tells us how pure a prepared product
    is compared to the pure form of the substance.
    For example, the percentage purity of a gold bar may be
    given as 99.99 %.

    19
    Chapter 3
    Relative Masses of Atoms and Molecules

    Percentage purity
    Worked example 2

    On analysis, 5.00 g of a sample of marble (calcium carbonate)


    was found to contain only 4.26 g of pure calcium carbonate.
    What is the percentage purity of the marble?
    Solution
    Percentage purity = 4.26 x 100 %
    5.00
    = 85.2 %
    20
    Chapter 3
    Relative Masses of Atoms and Molecules

    Quick check 3
    1. Find the percentage composition of each element in sulphuric acid, H2SO4.
    2. Find the percentage of nitrogen in calcium nitrate, Ca(NO3)2.
    3. Find the mass of calcium in 250 g of calcium carbonate, CaCO3.
    4. What mass of iron can be obtained from 320 g of iron(III) oxide, Fe2O3?
    5. 24 g of hydrogen combines with 192 g of oxygen to form water.
    What mass of hydrogen will combine with 24 g of oxygen?
    6. In the Haber process to manufacture ammonia, it was reported that in a
    certain factory, 2.8 tonnes of nitrogen gas produced 0.80 tonne of
    ammonia. What is the percentage yield of ammonia?
    The equation for the Haber process is:
    N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
    Solution
    21
    Chapter 3
    Relative Masses of Atoms and Molecules

    Solution to Quick check 3


    1. % composition of H2SO4 :
    H =2.04 %, S =32.7 %, O = 65.3 %
    2. % of nitrogen in Ca(NO3)2 = 17.1 %
    3. Mass of calcium = 40 x 250 = 100 g
    100
    4. Mass of iron = 112 x 320= 224 g
    160
    5. Mass of hydrogen = 24 x 24 = 3 g
    192
    6. Percentage yield = 0.8 x 100 %
    3.4
    = 23.5 %
    Return
    22
    Chapter 3
    Relative Masses of Atoms and Molecules

    To learn more about Relative Atomic and


    Molecular Mass, click on the link below!

    http://www.ch.cam.ac.uk/magnus/MolWeight.html

    23

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