Cmaa-Cm02-Final 20 - 08 - 04

CM02
Concrete Masonry –
Single - Leaf Masonry
Design Manual
While the contents of this publication are believed to be accurate and
complete, the information given is intended for general guidance and does
not replace the services of professional advisers on specific projects.
Concrete Masonry Association of Australia cannot accept any liability
whatsoever regarding the contents of this publication.
Copyright © Concrete Masonry Association of Australia 13 December, 2019.
ABN 33 065 618 840
This publication, its contents and format are copyright of the

Concrete Masonry Association of Australia, and may not be reproduced,
copied or stored in any medium without prior, written authorisation from the
Institute. Concrete Masonry Association of Australia is wholly sponsored
by the Australian concrete brick, block and paver industry. Local or state
regulations may require variation from the practices and recommendations
contained in this publication.
Revised and Republished 2020.
The Standards referenced in this manual were current at the

time of publication.
PO Box 275, St Leonards NSW 1590 Australia

Suite 7.01, Level 7, 154 Pacific Highway, St Leonards NSW 2065 Australia
Telephone +61 2 8448 5500
Technical hotline 1300 667 617
ABN 33 065 618 840
www.cmaa.com.au
Contents
1. INTRODUCTION 4
1.1 General 4
1.2 Applications of Designs 4
1.3 Material Properties 5
1.4 Earthquake Loading 5
1.5 Typical Details 5
2. SIMPLIFIED DESIGN OF EXTERNAL WALLS 7
3. TABULAR DESIGN OF EXTERNAL WALLS 13
4. BRACING DESIGN 19
4.1 Method 19
4.2 Racking Forces 19
4.3 Bracing Wall Location 19
4.4 Bracing Wall Capacities 20
5. CONNECTION DETAILS 22
5.1 Truss Tie Down 22
5.2 Fixing to Gable Ends 24
5.3 Timber Floor Fixing 24
6. INTEGRATED REINFORCED MASONRY AND FOOTING SYSTEMS 25
6.1 Deemed to comply construction using AS2780 25
6.2 Design of systems using AS2879 clause 4.7 25
7. BASEMENT WALLS 31
7.1 General 31
7.2 Drainage 31
7.3 Tanking 32
8. WATERPROOFING RECOMMENDATIONS FOR HOUSING 33
8.1 Joint Finishing 33
8.2 Weatherproofing Application 33
8.3 Window Installation 33
© 2020 Concrete Masonry Association of Australia Limited.

Except where the Copyright Act allows otherwise, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system in any form or transmitted by any
means without prior permission in writing of the Concrete Masonry Association of Australia.
The information provided in this publication is intended for general guidance only and in no way replaces the services of professional consultants on particular
projects. No liability can therefore be accepted by the Concrete Masonry Association of Australia for its use.
It is the responsibility of the user of this Guide, to check the Concrete Masonry Association of Australia website for the latest amendments and revisions:
www.cmaa.com.au
CM02 Single-Leaf Masonry – Design Manual / iii

Single-Leaf Masonry
Design Manual
1 Introduction
1. Introduction
■ Wind loads on openings are transferred to the side
of reinforcement
the opening oris to anchored
a centralinto frame bond or beams.
mullionsFigure 1.1
in showsthe opening. a typical Where layout thereof wall is no reinforcement
central frame
11.1 Introduction
Single-Leaf Masonry
General
1.1 General Design Manual
■ Wind loads on openings are transferred to the side
or mullion, such as a roller door or similar, the
• ofeffective Wind
the loads
opening “opening on
or to openings
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width” forarewall transferred
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design to the
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requirements with starter bars cast in and lappingexternal• Figure
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Figure 1.2
Figure1.2
Determination of Dimension “A”
1.2. Determination of Dimension “A”
• Thewith strength
footings are to in resist
withaccordance
walls all the
by
vertical
all vertical reinforcement in the walls. wind
spanning with pressure
reinforcementLocal
vertically on
Authority
between
in the thewalls. external
floors or
• Grouted
• requirements
Grouted reinforced
walls reinforced
by with spanningcores
■ Grouted cores
starter
a floor provide
bars provide
vertically
and
reinforced a cast
roof. the the
in bending
and
between
Vertical
cores bendinglapping
wallfloors
provide strength
strength
with
reinforcement
the or allto is
bending
resist Grouted
the wind reinforced
pressure cores provide the bending Figure 1.2 Determination of Dimension “A”
resist
vertical
■ the
a floor wind
reinforcement
and pressure
astrength
roof. inon
anchored the the
on
Vertical
to the
walls.
into
resist external
external
bond wall
the beams.
wind walls
walls
reinforcement
pressure by
Figure byspanning
spanning
1.1the
on shows
isexternal a Figure 1.2 Determination of Dimension “A”
vertically
vertically between
strength between
to floors
resist floors
typical
walls or
the
by
anchored into bond beams. Figure 1.1 shows a or
a wind
layout
spanning a
floor floor and
ofpressure
wall and
vertically a a roof.
roof.
reinforcementon
between Vertical
Vertical
the external
floors wall
wall
or
• Groutedwalls reinforced
by layout
spanning cores
a floor provide
vertically
and a roof. the between
Vertical bending wallfloors strength
reinforcement or to is
typical of wall reinforcement
resist the wind
a floor and pressure
a anchored
roof. Vertical oninto thebond external
wallbeams. walls
reinforcementFigure by spanning
1.1 shows is a
vertically
anchored between into floors bond or
typical layout a floor
beams.
of wall and a roof.
reinforcement
Figure Lintel 1.1Vertical
reinforcement showswall a Bond beam reinforcement Lintel reinforcement
typical layout of wall reinforcement
Lintel reinforcement Bond beam reinforcement Lintel reinforcement
Lintel reinforcement Bond beam reinforcement Lintel reinforcement
Lintel reinforcement
Opening Bond beam reinforcement Lintel reinforcement
Window Opening
Pier between
openings
Opening Window Opening
Opening Window Opening
Pier between
openings
Pier between
Opening Window openings
Opening
Bar at corners Reinforced cores at Vertical bars in grouted One-course bond beam
sides of all openings cores spaced along wall under all windows
Pier between
Figure 1.1 Typical Wall and Reinforcement Layout openings
Bar at corners Reinforced cores at Vertical bars in grouted One-course bond beam
2
Figure 1.1
Bar at corners TypicalReinforced
Wall and Reinforcement
cores at Layout
Vertical bars in grouted One-course bond beam
2
Figure 1.1
Bar at corners Typical Wall Reinforced
and Reinforcement
cores at Layout
Vertical bars in grouted One-course bond beam
Figure 1.1 Typical Wall and Reinforcement Layout 2
2
4 /CM02 Single-Leaf Masonry – Design Manual
4 /CM02 Single-Leaf
4 /CM02 Masonry
Single-Leaf Masonry– –Design
DesignManual
Manual
Single-Leaf Masonry
Design Manual
1.3 Material Properties 1.4 Earthquake Loading

The1.3
design tables in thisProperties
Material manual are based on materials with the Buildings
1.4 designed for
Earthquake wind loading N2 and greater will satisfy
Loading
following properties: Earthquake Design Categories H1 and H2.
1.3 Material Properties
The design tables in this manual are based on materials with the 1.4 Earthquake Loading
Buildings designed for wind loading N2 and greater will satisfy
• Characteristic
following Unconfined Compressive Strength of
properties: 1.5 Typical
Earthquake Details
Design Categories H1 and H2.
The design tables in this Manual
concrete masonry units, f’uc = 15 MPa are based on Buildings designed for wind loading N2 and greater
• materials with Unconfined
Characteristic the following properties:Strength of
Compressive will1.5 Typical
satisfy
Typical details Details
Earthquake Design
for various Categories are
components H1 shown
and H2.in Figures 1.3
• Characteristic
concrete
■ Compressive
masonry
Characteristic Strength
units, f’uc
Unconfined = 15 MPaof grout, Strength
Compressive f’c = 20 MPa
of to 1.6. Where an N16 bar is required in the details, 2-N12 bars
Typical
may bedetails for an
used as various components are shown in Figures 1.3
alternative.
• • Yield
concrete masonry units, f’uc = 15 MPa
Characteristic
of Compressive Strength of grout, f’c = 20 MPa 1.5 Typical Details
to 1.7. Where an N16 bar is required in the details, 2-N12 bars
■ Strength reinforcement,
Characteristic Compressive f’syStrength
= 500 MPa
of grout,
may be
Typical used for
details as an alternative.
various components are shown in
• Mortar f’c Strength
Yield = 20 MPa
• Type, M3 of reinforcement, f’sy = 500 MPa Figures 1.3 to 1.7. Where an N16 bar is required in
■ Yield Strength of reinforcement, f’sy = 500 MPa the details, 2-N12 bars may be used as an alternative.
• Mortar Type, M3
■ Mortar Type, M3
140 140 140

or 190 75 to or 190 75 to or 190 75 to
bar bottom bar bottom bar bottom
Minimum
1-N16 bar Minimum 1-N12 bar
260
1-N12 bar Knock-out
to bar
Knock-out bottom block 460
bond beam to bar
Minimum
block Standard bottom
1-N12 bar
Knock-out block
bond beam
Standard blocks Minimum
blocks 1-N12 bar Knock-out block
Standard Standard blocks

blocks
TYPE 1 TYPE 2 TYPE 3
Figure 1.3 Typical Details for Bond Beams Supporting a Roof
Wall vertical Starter-bars at same size Wall vertical Vertical wall reinforcement above
reinforcement and location as wall vertical reinforcement floor level, lapped 450 min. with
above floor level reinforcement, lapped 450 min. from below reinforcement from below
floor level
Wall vertical reinforcement from below
floor level bent into top face of floor slab
1-N12 bar 1-N12 bar

1-course 1-course
bond beam using bond beam using
knock-out block Block saw-cut at floor soffit level knock-out block Bearer bolted to bond beam
CONCRETE FLOOR TIMBER FLOOR
Figure 1.4 Typical Details for Bond Beams Supporting a Floor
Wall vertical reinforcement Wall vertical reinforcement
Starter-bars at same
Wall vertical reinforcement Starter-bars at same
size and location as wall
size and location as wall
vertical reinforcement,
vertical reinforcement,
lapped 450 min. Starter-bars at same size lapped 450 min.
and location as wall vertical
reinforcement, lapped 450 min. Floor slab
Floor slab
reinforcement
reinforcement Floor slab reinforcement
Knock-out block with

L6 ties at 600 centres inside face removed
Integral footing Strip footing L8 or N10 ties at

600 centres
Strip footing
Figure 1.5 Typical Details of Connections to Footings
3 CM02 Single-Leaf Masonry – Design Manual / 5
CM02 Single-Leaf Masonry – Design Manual / 5

Single-Leaf Masonry
Design Manual
Top reinforcement carried at least Bottom reinforcement carried at least

200 mm beyond the support 200 mm beyond the support
290 75 to bar underside

L8 fitments at 150 crs for full width of opening
with N16 & N20 bars 115 inside fitment
20.26 3/4 lintel
TYPE A – TYPICAL ELEVATION TYPE A – SECTION

75 to bar underside
390
with N16 & N20 bars 20.18 Deep lintel 215 inside fitment
TYPE B – TYPICAL ELEVATION TYPE B – SECTION

75 to bar underside
590
20.20 Knock-out
with N16 & N20 bars
415 inside fitment
20.18 Deep lintel
TYPE C – TYPICAL ELEVATION TYPE C – SECTION
Figure 1.6 Typical Lintels

Refer to CMAA Data Sheet 3 - Concrete Masonry Lintels
for the design and construction details of lintels.

Design Manual
Single-Leaf Masonry
Design Manual
Single-Leaf Masonry
2. Simplified 2Design
2. Simplified of of Design Table 2.1 Summary
Design
Simplified of Design
Single-Leaf Design Manual
Parameters
Masonry
External Walls
External
2 Walls
Simplified Design
of External
Table
Walls
2.1 Summary of Design Design Manual
Parameters
Figure
Leaf
thickness Wind
Wall
height Page
using Figures Leaf Wall
External wall External wall reinforcement may be detailed 2.1 2.1 Figure
to 2.14 for the
reinforcement
to 2.14 for the wind
wind classification
of External Walls
may be detailed
classification
External
and
using Figures
and dimensional
wall reinforcement
dimensional
may be
limitations
limitations
detailed as
as
using
number (mm)
thickness Wind
Classification
height
(mm)
Page
75
number
2. Simplified Design of Design

noted on the drawings
2 Simplified
noted on the drawings Externalandwall
Figures
summarised
and2.1summarised
reinforcement
to 2.14 for in
dimensional limitations in Table
may be
Table
the
2.1.
as
wind2.1. classification and
detailed using
noted on the drawings 2.1
number (mm)
and
Table2.2
2.1
140
2.1
140 N1, N2(mm)
Classification
SummaryN1,ofN2Design
140
N1, N2 & N3
& N3
& N3
2400
2400
number
Parameters
2500
5
75
Figures 2.1 to 2.14 for H1, the H2wind classification andgiven
External WallsFor earthquake
2 Simplified Design
classifications
summarised in Table 2.1. and H3, the details Table 2.1
2.2
2.3
Summary
140 Leaf
140
of
N1, Design
N2 & N3
N1, N2 & N3
Parameters
2500
2700
Wall
5
86
For earthquake
for External of External
wind categorysuitable
wall
Walls
dimensional
for classifications
wind category N2
summarised
N2 are
for
reinforcement
limitations
H1, areH2
Forinearthquake
suitable.
standard may
Table
roof The
be
andas noted
suitable.
2.1.
trusslintel
H3,
The the ondetails
lintel
classifications
details
loading.
detailed using Where
the
Figures
drawings
details given
are only
H1, H2
arethere
only
and
2.3
and H3, the Leaf
is either
2.1
Figure 2.4 thickness
140 140
N1, N2 Wind
& N3N4 & C1
N4 Wall
2700 2400
height
6 86
Page
97
of External Walls number 2.5 (mm)140 & C1
Classification 2700
(mm) number
floor loadings or details
girder-truss given for wind category N2 are suitable. The
2.4 140 N4 & C1 2400 6
suitable
to 2.14forforstandard
the wind
For roof truss
classification
External wall
earthquake
lintel
loading.andloadings,
reinforcement Wheremay
dimensional
classifications
details are only
use
there
H1, lintel
be
H2
suitable
isanddesign
either
limitations
detailed
for
H3, thetables
as
standard
usingFigure
roof truss
thickness
2.6
Wind
140 N5
height
& C2
Page
2500 97
(Tables 3.8 andgiven3.9) in
toChapter 3 oflintel
thisN2 manual. 2.5 140 N4 & C1 2700 7
floor loadings
noted on the ordrawings
girder-truss
details
Figures and2.1loadings,
summarised
for use
wind category
2.14 for in Table
the wind design
2.1.
are tables Theand
suitable.
classification number (mm) 2.1
2.7
140
140
N1, N2(mm)
Classification & N3
N5 & C2
2400
number
2700
5
97
External wall loading.
reinforcement Where
may there
be is either
detailed floor loadings
using or girder-
2.6 140 N5 & C2 2500 7
(Tables 3.8 and 3.9)
Where
in
lintel Chapter
details are
dimensional
thetobuilding
3 of this
only
limitations
geometry
manual.
suitableas
is other
for standard
noted on
than design
shown, the roof truss and
drawings
design(Tables
should2.1 3.82.7and
2.2
140 140
140
N1,190
N2
N1, N2 & N3 2500 5
108
Figures
For earthquake 2.1 2.14
classifications
loading.
truss
Wherefor loadings,
the
H1,therewind
H2 isand
use lintel
classification
eitherH3, the
floor details
loadingsand tables
given
or girder- 2.3 2.8 140 N5 & N3 N1,2400
& C2N1, N2 N2
& N3
5 2400
& N3 2700
2700 7 6
summarised
be in accordance within
3.9) in Table
Chapter
Chapter 2.1.
3.on
3 of this manual. and 2.2 140 2.9 N1,190
N2 & N3 N1,2500 N2 & N3 5 2500 108
Where thedimensional
for wind categorytruss
building N2limitations
geometryare suitable.
loadings, as
usenoted
is other Thethan
lintellintel
designthe
details
shown, drawings
tables are(Tables
design only should
3.8 and
2.3 2.8 2.4 190 140 N1, N2 &N4N3& C1 2400
140 2.10 N1, N2
190 & N3 2700
N1, N2 & N3 6 8
2400
2700 69
11
summarised Forinearthquake
TableWhere 2.1. classifications
3the building H1, H2
geometry and
otherH3,
isiseither thantheshown,2.9
be suitable for standard
in accordance 3.9)
with roof
in truss
Chapter
Chapter 3.loading.
of this Where
manual. there 2.5 190 140 N1, N2 &N4N3& C1 2500 8
2700 7
11
floor loadings details
or Where
girder-truss given
design for
loadings, wind
should category
be
useH2 in
lintel N2
accordance
design are suitable.
with
tables The
Chapter 3.
2.4 2.10140 190 2.11 N4 &N1,
190 C1N2 & N3 2400
N4 & C1
2700 692400 9
For earthquake classifications
the building H1,
geometry isand
other H3,than the shown, 2.6 140 N5 & C2 2500 710
12
(Tablesdetails
3.8 andgivenlintel
3.9)
designin details
Chapter are
shouldcategory3 only
of thissuitable
be in accordance manual. for standard
with Chapter
roof truss
2.5 140 2.12 N4190 & C1 N4 2700
& C1 7 2700
for wind N2 are suitable. The 3. 2.11 190
2.7 2.13 140 190
N4 & C1
N5 & C2
2400 9
2700 710
12
loading. Where there is either floor loadings or girder- 2.6 2.12140 190 N5 &N4 C2& C1 N5 2500& C2
2700 2500
710
lintel details are only suitable for standard roof truss 12
Where the building trussgeometry
loadings, is other than design
use lintel shown,tables design(Tablesshould 3.82.7and2.13140 2.8 2.14 190
N5 190
& C2 N1, N5
N2 &&C2
N3
2700 2700
2400
7 810
loading. Where there is either floor loadings or girder- 190 N5 & C2 2500 10
be in accordance3.9) withinChapter
Chapter3.3 of this manual. 2.14 2.9 190 190 N5 & C2N1, N2 & 2700 N3 2500
10 8
truss loadings, use lintel design tables (Tables 3.8 and 2.8 190 N1, N2 & N3 2400 8
Where3the
3.9) in Chapter building
of this geometry is other than shown,2.9
manual. 2.10 190 N1, N2 & N3 2700 9
190 N1, N2 & N3 2500 8
design should be in accordance with Chapter 3. 2.10 1902.11 190
N1, N2 & N3N4 & C1 2700 2400
9 9
Where the building geometry is other than shown,
2.12 190 N4 & C1 2700 10
design should be in accordance with Chapter
1-N16 3. L8 fitments 2.11 190 N4 & C1 2400
L8 fitments 9 1-N16
2.12 1902.13 190
N4 & C1 N5 & C2 2500 10
at 150 crs 300 at2700
150 crs 10 300
1-N16 L8 fitments 2.14 190 N5 & C2
L8 fitments 1-N16 2700 10
at 150 crs 2.13 190 N5 & C2
at 150 crs 2500 10
300 300
2.14 190 N5 & C2 2700 10
1-N16 1-N16
2400
1-N16 1-N16
2400 1-N16 L8 fitments L8 fitments 1-N16
at 150 crs 300 at 150 crs 300
1-N16 L8 fitments L8 fitments 1-N16 1-N12
at 150 crs 300 at 150 crs 3001-N12
1-N12 at edge of opening 2-N12 in 1-N12 1-N12 at 1-N12 at edge of
1-N12 at corners 400 x 150 pier at edge 2000 crs all openings
1-N12 at edge of
1-N16 opening 2-N12 in 1-N12 1-N12
of opening at 1-N12 at edge of
in wall 1-N16
2400 1-N12 at corners 400 x 150 pier at edge 2000 crs all openings
1-N16 600 2400 400 2400 of opening NOTE: Drawing not to scale 1-N16 2400 maximum
in wall
2400
600 2400 400 2400 NOTE: Drawing not to scale 2400 maximum
Figure 2.1 Wall Reinforcement for 140-mm Leaf for Wind Classifications N1, N2 and N3 1-N12 and
2400-mm Wall Height
Figure 2.1 Wall Reinforcement for 140-mm Leaf for Wind Classifications N1, N2 and N31-N12 and
2400-mm Wall
1-N12 at edge Height
of opening 2-N12 in 1-N12 at
1-N12 1-N12 at edge of
1-N12 at edge of opening 2-N12 in 1-N12 1-N12
of opening at 1-N12
in wall at edge of
1-N12 at corners 1-N16400 x 150 pier
L8 fitments at edge 2000 crs all openings
L8 fitments 1-N16
600 2400 400 at 200 crs 2400 of400
opening NOTE: Drawing not to scale at 200 crs 2400 maximum
in wall 400
1-N16 L8 fitments L8 fitments 1-N16
600 2400 400 at 200 crs 2400 400 NOTE: Drawing not to scale at 200 crs 2400 maximum
400
Figure 2.1 Wall Reinforcement for 140-mm Leaf for Wind Classifications N1, N2 and N3 and
2400-mm Wall Height
1-N16 1-N16
2400-mm Wall Height
2500
1-N16 1-N16
2500

1-N16
at 200 crs 400 at 200 crs 1-N12 400
1-N12
at 200atcrs
edge of opening 2-N12 in 1-N12 1-N12 at
400 at 200 crs 400 1-N12 at edge of
1-N12 at edge of opening 2-N12 in 1-N12 1-N12 at
of opening 1-N12 at edge of
in wall
600 1-N16 2400 400 2400 of opening NOTE: Drawing not to scale
in wall 3000 maximum
1-N16
2500
6001-N16 2400 400 2400 NOTE: Drawing not to scale 3000 maximum
1-N16
2500 Figure 2.2 Wall Reinforcement for 140-mm Leaf for Wind Classifications N1, N2 and N3 and
2500-mm Wall Height
1-N12
2500-mm Wall Height
5 1-N12
1-N12 at edge of opening 2-N12 in 5 1-N12 1-N12 at 1-N12 at edge of
1-N12 at edge of opening 2-N12 in 1-N12 1-N12 at
of opening 1-N12 at edge of
in wall
1-N12 at corners 400 x 150 pier at edge 2000 crsCM02 Single-Leaf
all openingsMasonry – Design Manual / 7
600 2400 400 2400 of opening NOTE: Drawing not to scale
in wall 3000 maximum
2500-mm Wall Height
2500-mm Wall Height
5
5
Single-Leaf Masonry
Design Manual
1-N12 600 1-N16 1-N12 600
1-N12 1-N12
2700
1-N12

of opening in wall
DOUBLE GARAGE WITH PIER
1-N16 L8 fitments at 200 crs 600 1-N16 1-N12 600
1-N20 1-N12
2700
1-N12
1-N12 at edge of opening 1-N12 1-N12 at 1-N12 at edge of

1-N12 at corners at edge 2000 crs all openings
of opening in wall
600 5400 NOTE: Drawing not to scale 3000 maximum

DOUBLE GARAGE WITHOUT PIER
2700-mm Wall Height
1-N16 L8 fitments 1-N16 L8 fitments 1-N16

at 150 crs 300 at 150 crs 300
1-N16 1-N16 1-N16

2400
1-N12
1-N12 (if near corner) 2-N12 in 2-N12 at 1-N12 at 1-N12 for openings ≤ 1.2 m,
1-N12 at corners 400 x 150 pier openings 1800 crs 2-N12 for > 1.2 m ≤ 2.4 m
≤ 2.4 m in wall
Figure 2.4 Wall Reinforcement for 140-mm Leaf for Wind Classifications N4 and C1 and
2400-mm Wall Height
6
Single-Leaf Masonry
Design Manual
1-N20 1-N12 1-N12

2700
1-N12
1-N12 (if near corner) 3-N12 1-N12 at 1-N12 for openings ≤ 1.2 m,
1-N12 at corners at edge 1400 crs 2-N12 for > 1.2 m ≤ 3.0 m
of opening in wall
2700-mm Wall Height

at 200 crs 400 at 200 crs 400
1-N16 1-N16 1-N16

2500
400 x 300 T-pier
1-N16 in stem of pier 1-N12
1-N12 (if near corner) 2-N12 in face of pier 2-N12 at 1-N12 at 2-N12 at edges of
1-N12 at corners edge of 1200 crs openings
opening in wall
2500-mm Wall Height
1-N12 1-N12 1-N12

600 600
1-N12 1-N12 1-N12

2700
400 x 300 T-pier
1-N16 in stem of pier 1-N12
1-N12 (if near corner) 2-N12 in face of pier 3-N12 at 1-N12 at 2-N12 for openings ≤ 1.8 m,
1-N12 at corners openings 1000 crs 3-N12 for > 1.8 m ≤ 2.4 m
≤ 2.4 m in wall
2700-mm Wall Height
7
CM02 Single-Leaf
CM02 Single-Leaf Masonry Masonry
– Design –Manual
Design /Manual
9 / 9
Single-Leaf Masonry
Design Manual

at 150 crs 300 at 150 crs 300
1-N16 1-N16
2400
1-N12

of opening in wall
Figure 2.8 Wall Reinforcement for 190-mm Leaf for Wind Categories N1, N2 and N3 and
2400-mm Wall Height
1-N12 1-N16 L8 fitments 1-N16

400 at 200 crs 400
1-N12 1-N16
2500
1-N12

of opening in wall
Figure 2.9 Wall Reinforcement for 190-mm Leaf for Wind Categories N1, N2 and N3 and
2500-mm Wall Height

8
Single-Leaf Masonry
Design Manual
1-N12 600 1-N12 600
1-N12 1-N12
2700
1-N12
1-N12 at edge of opening 2-N12 in 1-N12 1-N12 at 1-N12 at edges

1-N12 at corners 400 x 200 pier at edge 2000 crs of openings
of opening in wall
DOUBLE GARAGE WITH PIER
1-N16 L8 fitments at 200 crs 600 1-N12 600
1-N20 1-N12
2700
1-N12
1-N12 (if near corner) 2-N12 1-N12 at 1-N12 at edges

1-N12 at corners at edge 2000 crs of openings
of opening in wall

DOUBLE GARAGE WITHOUT PIER
2700-mm Wall Height

at 150 crs 300 at 150 crs 300
1-N16 1-N16 1-N16

2400
1-N12
1-N12 (if near corner) 2-N12 in 1-N12 at 1-N12 at 1-N12 at edges of

1-N12 at corners 400 x 200 pier edge of 1800 crs openings
opening in wall
2400-mm Wall Height
9
CM02 Single-Leaf MasonryMasonry
CM02 Single-Leaf – Design–Manual / 11
Design Manual / 11
Single-Leaf Masonry
Design Manual
1-N20 1-N12 1-N12

2700
1-N12
1-N12 (if near corner) 2-N12 1-N12 at 1-N12 for openings ≤ 1.8 m,
1-N12 at corners at edge 1800 crs 2-N12 for > 1.8 m ≤ 3.0 m
of opening in wall
2700-mm Wall Height

at 200 crs 400 at 200 crs 400
1-N16 1-N16 1-N16

2500
1-N12
1-N12 (if near corner) 2-N12 in 2-N12 at 1-N12 at 1-N12 for openings ≤ 1.2 m,
1-N12 at corners 400 x 200 pier openings 1600 crs 2-N12 for > 1.2 m ≤ 2.4 m
≤ 2.4 m in wall
2500-mm Wall Height
Refer Table 3.5/3.6/3.7

600 1-N12 1-N12 600
for lintel reinforcement
1-N12 1-N12
2700
1-N12
1-N12 (if near corner) 2-N12 in 2-N12 at 1-N12 at 1-N12 for openings £ 1.2 m,
1-N12 at corners 400 x 200 pier openings 1400 crs 2-N12 for > 1.2 m £ 2.4 m
£ 2.4 m in wall
600 w1= 2400 400 w2 = Refer Table 3.2 NOTE: Drawing not to scale 2400 maximum
for maximum opening
2700-mm Wall Height
12 /CM02 Single-Leaf
12 /CM02 Masonry
Single-Leaf – Design
Masonry Manual
– Design Manual
10
The member
determined befrom
The External
The
sizes,
determined
member
referred External
themember Walls Walls
External Walls
reinforcement
tofrom
Figures
sizes, inandsizes,
theTables
reinforcement
the reinforcement
Figures
followingand general
and
referredand Tables
steps: togeneral and
indetailing
the general
referred
detailing to indetailing
canthe Design Manual
can be
owing
The
determined
following
steps:
be
The 3.
3.3
member
The
can Tabular
3Tabular
determined
member
The Design
Tabular
Design
Tabular
member
be from
steps:
member of
Design
sizes,
of
Design of
of
determined
from
sizes, the reinforcement
sizes,
theFigures reinforcement
from
Figures
reinforcement
sizes, the
and and
reinforcement
and
Tables
and
general
Figures
Tables
general
and
and and detailing
general
referred Tables
detailing
general
can
to indetailing
canthe
detailing
Design Manual
theStep in1sizes,
be determined
can be from
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(page 3) Single-Leaf
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DETAILING Reinforcement
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3.8.
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Manual / 13
Manual / 13
truss.
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Design depends
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1.5
(page3)13)Reinforcement
Step
DETAILING
3 1-N12 Reinforcement at
the girder
COMMENTARY trusses
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bar course reinforcement
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at the edge
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DETAILING
DETAILING
Figure 3.1
DESIGN
DESIGN
Table 3.8
girder
COMMENTARY
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beam,
11 a tie-down rod must CM02
CM02
be placed
Single-Leaf Masonry
by Single-Leaf
within 100
Masonry
mm of
–– Design
Design
the truss.
Manual / 13
3.8. Manual / 13
DETAILING
3.1
1.4
DETAILING
Table 1.3
DETAILING
3.2 Bond
Maximum DESIGN DESIGN
beams
DESIGN
Table 3.9
3.2
The
Roof
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Where bond
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Table –DETAILING
(page 3.1 4)
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Selection
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DESIGN 14)
16) and Place
Detailing
roofs)
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Table bar
3.6 within
Maximum
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Reinforcement girder
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DETAILING DESIGN
Table 3.6 COMMENTARY
avoided, even over small openings,
(page
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(page 3)3)
(page5)1.63) 1-N12 (page (page bar16) For
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Table 15)
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16)
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Masonry
190-mm-leaf
Table Table 1opening.
the3.9.
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3.9.
wall
If aIf a
Manual / 13
Table
140 (page
Step
or DETAILING 3.1 13) barSelection
1-N12 (page 13) 1-N12
3corein DESIGN Reinforcement and Usebar Table
Detailing
in 1-N12 3.3 to
and ofdetermine
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Details Reinforcement
the reinforcement
of Bond Beams size andSpacing details. Along Walls
190 (page
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2.1 grouted
DETAILING 12)
Lintels
Lintels DESIGN
supporting
supporting
(page 12) grouted
floors
COMMENTARY
roofs
core
COMMENTARY
pier maximum grouted
by adding amount core
the opening 11
Wind together
widths
11 Wall
and to height
referring (m) CM02 CM02
to Table
Single-Leaf
Single-Leaf Wall Masonry
3.2. is given in Table 3.8. Manual / 13
Masonryheight – – Design
Design
(m) Manual / 13
Figure
Figure 3.1
1.3 Table
Table 3.8
3.9 The
Roof bond beam acting ofvertically
supported floor width
transfers Maximum
uplift be carried
forces sumfrom of byadjacent
the aroof linteltrusses bar spacing,
to the s + s (m)
3.1 16)Reinforcement
1.5
DETAILING
Wall details
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(page at girder roofs
COMMENTARY trusses Class. 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.6 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.6 1 2
(page 4) 3) (page 16) 16) verticaland reinforcement.
Table The minimum number of courses
140-mm-leaf inwall
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140 or Table 1-N12
3.4 bar inTable (page 14)
3.4 1-N12 roofs)
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distance the Where
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For over
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Table 13) 3.6
3.7 supporting
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Use height
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to determine Where
Wall
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height spacing.
determine (m) If a
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DETAILING DESIGN COMMENTARY N3 4.0 4.0 3.5 2.5 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.5
Wall details
DETAILING s DESIGN (page
(page 15)
1 DESIGN
16) landing on lintels cannot be avoided,
COMMENTARY s2 Class.
N4 11 Table2.4 3.7 gives the maximum area of roof, including any
3.7 2.9 2.7 2.4 3.0 CM02 3.3 Single-Leaf
2.0 3.6
1.7 Masonry
2.4
4.0 2.7 –3.4
4.0 Design
3.0 3.3Manual
2.8 3.6 / 13
2.3
–DETAILING
DETAILING
3 –
DESIGN COMMENTARY
Place
COMMENTARY a vertical bar within 100 mm of all girder trusses. CM023.3 Single-Leaf Masonry – Design Manual / 13
Step
Table
Figure
DETAILING
Figure
3.3
3.1
1.3 2 Table
Table
DESIGN
TableReinforcement
3.3
3.8
3.9
The
The maximum
maximum
COMMENTARY
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beam Details
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amount size
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depends
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Lintels on
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Beams
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(page 13) (page 13) Use Table to determine N6
the
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4.0 and 1.2details.
3.5 2.9 –
2.5 2.4
4.0 2.1
4.0 1.7
4.0 –
4.0 –
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(page 16)
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3.1
2.1 3)1.6Bond
Lintels
(page
Table
(page
beams 16)
3.5 supporting
16) For standard
vertical trusses, the
reinforcement.
roofs Themaximum
minimumamount numberofofroof coursesthat can in a be bond carried given in Table
beamissupporting a roof 3.5depends
(metal
s1 supporting roofs
on the wind s2 area and the span N4of the roof trusses.
C1 3.7 3.2
4.0 2.9For2.6 2.4
standard 2.0 roof
2.2 1.7 trusses
1.8 4.0see4.0 Table3.7 3.4 2.8
3.9. 3.1If a 2.62.3
3.2
1.5 Bond beams supporting floors
2.2 1-N16Reinforcement
bar in supporting
Lintels 1-N16 atbargirder
in 1-N16
floors trusses
bar in N5
C2 2.5 2.2
2.8 2.0 1.8 1.6 –1.3 –1.1 3.3 3.1
3.6 2.8 2.5 2.3 2.1 1.9 1.7 1.6
Single-Leaf Masonry
Design Manual
girder truss lands on the bond beam, a tie-down rod must be placed within 100 mm of the truss.
DETAILING DESIGN COMMENTARY
Figure 1.4 Use Bond Beams supporting floors need only to provide positive attachment for the floor. Normally one
(page 3) 1-N12 bar course deep with 1-N12 bar will be sufficient.
Table 3.1 Selection and Detailing of Maximum Reinforcement Spacing Along Walls
Maximum sum of adjacent bar spacing, s1 + s2 (m)
140 or 1-N12 bar in 1-N12 bar in 1-N12 bar in 140-mm-leaf wall 190-mm-leaf wall
190 grouted core grouted core grouted core Wind Wall height (m) Wall height (m)
Wall details Class. 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.6 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.6
N2 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.8 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0
N3 4.0 4.0 3.5 2.9 2.5 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.5
s1 s2 N4 3.7 2.9 2.4 2.0 1.7 4.0 4.0 3.4 2.8 2.3
N5 2.5 2.0 1.6 1.3 1.1 3.3 2.8 2.3 1.9 1.6
N6 1.9 1.5 1.2 – – 2.4 2.1 1.7 – –
C1 4.0 3.2 2.6 2.2 1.8 4.0 4.0 3.7 3.1 2.6
1-N16 bar in 1-N16 bar in 1-N16 bar in C2 2.8 2.2 1.8 – – 3.6 3.1 2.5 2.1 1.7
190 grouted core grouted core grouted core C3 1.9 – – – – 2.4 2.1 1.7 – –
C4 – – – – – 1.8 – – – –
N2 – – – – – 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0
N3 – – – – – 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0
s1 s2 N4 – – – – – 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.8
N5 – – – – – 3.9 3.4 3.1 2.8 2.6
N6 – – – – – 2.9 2.5 2.3 2.1 1.9
C1 – – – – – 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0
C2 – – – – – 4.0 3.7 3.4 3.1 2.8
C3 – – – – – 2.9 2.5 2.3 2.1 1.9
C4 – – – – – 2.1 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.4
Table 3.2 Selection and Detailing of Pier Reinforcement

Maximum allowable sum of openings, w1 + w2 (m)
1-N12 bar 140-mm-leaf wall 190-mm-leaf wall
in grouted Wind Wall height (m) Wall height (m)
140 or core
Pier details Class. 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.6 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.6
190
N2 5.7 4.5 3.7 3.0 2.5 10.5 8.3 6.7 5.6 4.7
N3 3.7 2.9 2.3 – – 6.7 5.3 4.3 3.6 3.0
w1 190 w2 N4 2.5 – – – – 4.5 3.6 2.9 2.4 2.0
N5 – – – – – 3.1 2.4 – – –
N6 – – – – – 2.3 – – – –
C1 2.7 2.1 – – – 5.0 3.9 3.2 2.6 2.2
2-N12 bars C2 – – – – – 3.3 2.6 2.1 – –
in grouted cores
C3 – – – – – 2.3 – – – –
140 or C4 – – – – – – – – – –
190
N2 8.3 6.6 5.3 4.4 3.7 10.8 9.2 7.5 6.2 5.2
N3 5.3 4.2 3.4 2.8 2.4 7.5 5.9 4.8 4.0 3.3
w1 390 w2 N4 3.6 2.8 2.3 – – 5.0 4.0 3.2 2.7 2.2
N5 2.4 – – – – 3.4 2.7 2.2 – –
N6 – – – – – 2.5 – – – –
C1 3.9 3.1 2.5 2.1 – 5.5 4.4 3.5 2.9 2.5
190
C2 2.7 2.1 – – – 3.7 2.9 2.4 – –
Medium-duty C3 – – – – – 2.5 – – – –
ties at 400 crs 1-N16 bar C4 – – – – – – – – – –
290
140 N2 10.8 10.8 10.8 10.8 10.8 10.8 10.8 10.8 10.8 10.8
N3 10.8 10.8 10.8 10.8 10.3 10.8 10.8 10.8 10.8 10.8
2-N12 bars N4 10.3 9.2 8.3 7.5 6.9 10.8 10.8 10.5 9.6 8.8
N5 7.0 6.2 5.6 5.1 4.7 8.9 7.9 7.1 6.5 6.0
w1 390 w2
N6 5.2 4.6 4.2 3.8 3.5 6.6 5.9 5.3 4.8 4.4
140-mm-LEAF WALL
190 C1 10.8 10.1 9.1 8.3 7.6 10.8 10.8 10.8 10.5 9.7
C2 7.7 6.8 6.1 5.6 5.1 9.7 8.7 7.8 7.1 6.5
Medium-duty C3 5.2 4.6 4.2 3.8 3.5 6.6 5.9 5.3 4.8 4.4
ties at 400 crs 1-N16 bar C4 3.9 3.4 3.1 2.8 2.6 4.9 4.4 3.9 3.6 3.3
390
190
2-N12 bars
w1 390 w2
190-mm-LEAF WALL
12
Single-Leaf Masonry
Design Manual
Table 3.3 Selection and Detailing of Reinforcement Beside Openings

Maximum allowable opening size, w1 (m)
140-mm-leaf wall 190-mm-leaf wall
Wind Wall height (m) Wall height (m)
Opening details Class. 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.6 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.6
N2 5.4 5.4 4.6 3.7 3.0 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 4.6
1-N12 bar in 1-N12 bar in N3 4.6 3.5 2.8 2.2 1.7 5.4 5.3 4.2 3.4 2.7
140 or N4 2.9 2.2 1.7 1.3 1.0 4.5 3.4 2.6 2.1 1.7
grouted core grouted core
190 N5 1.9 1.3 1.0 – – 2.9 2.2 1.7 1.3 1.0
N6 – – – – – 2.0 1.4 1.1 – –
C1 3.3 2.5 1.9 1.5 1.1 5.0 3.8 3.0 2.4 1.9
C2 2.0 1.5 1.1 – – 3.2 2.4 1.8 1.4 1.1
w1 C3 1.2 – – – – 2.0 1.5 1.1 – –
C4 – – – – – 1.3 0.9 – – –
N2 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4
N3 5.4 5.4 5.4 4.3 3.5 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4
140 or 2-N12 bars in 2-N12 bars in
grouted cores grouted cores
N4 5.4 4.3 3.3 2.6 2.0 5.4 5.4 5.3 4.2 3.4
190 N5 3.7 2.7 2.0 1.5 1.1 5.4 4.4 3.4 2.6 2.0
N6 – – – – – 4.0 3.0 2.2 1.6 1.2
C1 5.4 4.9 3.8 2.9 2.3 5.4 5.4 5.4 4.7 3.8
C2 4.0 3.0 2.2 1.7 1.2 5.4 4.7 3.7 2.8 2.2
w1 C3 2.5 1.8 1.2 – – 4.1 3.0 2.2 1.7 1.2
C4 – – – – – 2.7 1.9 1.4 1.0 –
N2 – – – – – 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4
2-N16 bars in 2-N16 bars in N3 – – – – – 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4
grouted cores grouted cores N4 – – – – – 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4
190 N5 – – – – – 5.4 5.4 5.4 4.9 3.9
N6 – – – – – 5.4 5.4 4.2 3.3 2.6
C1 – – – – – 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4
C2 – – – – – 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.2 4.2
w1 C3 – – – – – 5.4 5.4 4.2 3.3 2.6
C4 – – – – – 5.0 3.8 2.9 2.2 1.7
Table 3.4 Selection and Detailing of Maximum Reinforcement Spacing Adjacent to Openings
Maximum adjacent bar spacing plus opening, s1 + w1(m)
140-mm-leaf wall 190-mm-leaf wall
Wind Wall height (m) Wall height (m)
Wall and opening details Class. 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.6 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.6
N2 7.4 6.2 5.0 4.1 3.4 7.4 7.4 7.2 5.9 5.0
1-N12 bar in 1-N12 bar in N3 5.0 3.9 3.2 2.6 2.1 7.3 5.7 4.6 3.8 3.1
140 or N4 3.3 2.6 2.1 1.7 1.4 4.9 3.8 3.0 2.5 2.1
grouted core grouted core
190
N5 2.3 1.7 1.4 – – 3.3 2.6 2.1 1.7 1.4
N6 – – – – – 2.4 1.8 1.5 – –
C1 3.7 2.9 2.3 1.9 1.5 5.4 4.2 3.4 2.8 2.3
C2 2.4 1.9 1.5 – – 3.6 2.8 2.2 1.8 1.5
s1 w1
C3 1.2 – – – – 2.4 1.9 1.5 – –
C4 – – – – – 1.7 1.3 – – –
N2 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 6.3 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4
1-N12 bar in 2-N12 bars in N3 7.4 7.4 5.8 4.7 3.9 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.1 5.9
140 or N4 6.2 4.7 3.7 3.0 2.4 7.4 7.4 5.7 4.6 3.8
grouted core grouted cores
190
N5 4.1 3.1 2.4 1.9 1.5 6.2 4.8 3.8 3.0 2.4
N6 – – – – – 4.4 3.4 2.6 2.0 1.6
C1 6.9 5.3 4.2 3.3 2.7 7.4 7.4 6.3 5.1 4.2
C2 4.4 3.4 2.6 2.1 1.6 6.7 5.1 4.1 3.2 2.6
s1 w1
C3 2.9 2.2 1.6 – – 4.5 3.4 2.6 2.1 1.6
C4 – – – – – 3.1 2.3 1.8 1.4 –
N2 – – – – – 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4
1-N16 bar in 2-N16 bars in N3 – – – – – 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4
grouted core grouted cores N4 – – – – – 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 6.5
190
N5 – – – – – 7.4 7.4 6.5 5.3 4.3
N6 – – – – – 7.4 5.8 4.6 3.7 3.0
C1 – – – – – 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 6.8
C2 – – – – – 7.4 7.4 7.0 5.6 4.6
s1 w1
C3 – – – – – 7.4 5.9 4.6 3.7 3.0
C4 – – – – – 5.4 4.2 3.3 2.6 2.1

13
Single-Leaf Masonry
Design Manual
Table 3.5 Selection of Lintels Supporting Standard Trusses with Metal Roofing Material
Maximum allowable value of dimension ‘A’ (m)
140-mm-wide lintels 190-mm-wide lintels
(1) Type B(1) with: Type C(1) with: Type A(1) with: Type B(1) with: Type C(1) with:
Wind Opening Type A with:
class. (m) N12 N16 N20 N12 N16 N20 N12 N16 N20 N12 N16 N20 N12 N16 N20 N12 N16 N20
N1 0.9 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
and 1.2 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
N2 1.8 8.5 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
2.4 6.3 9.0 9.0 7.7 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 7.9 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
3.0 5.0 8.5 8.5 6.1 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 5.0 9.0 9.0 6.1 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
3.6 – – – 4.2 8.3 9.0 8.4 9.0 9.0 – – – 3.7 8.2 9.0 7.6 9.0 9.0
4.2 – – – 2.7 5.6 6.3 5.5 9.0 9.0 – – – 2.1 5.4 8.5 4.7 9.0 9.0
4.8 – – – – – – 3.7 8.5 9.0 – – – – – – 2.9 7.8 9.0
5.4 – – – – – – 2.5 6.4 9.0 – – – – – – 1.6 5.7 9.0
N3 0.9 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
1.2 8.2 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
1.8 6.6 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 8.7 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
2.4 5.3 9.0 9.0 7.7 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 6.9 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
3.0 4.5 8.3 8.3 6.1 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 5.0 9.0 9.0 6.1 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
3.6 – – – 4.2 8.3 9.0 8.4 9.0 9.0 – – – 3.7 8.2 9.0 7.6 9.0 9.0
4.2 – – – 2.7 5.6 6.3 5.5 9.0 9.0 – – – 2.1 5.4 8.5 4.7 9.0 9.0
4.8 – – – – – – 3.7 8.5 9.0 – – – – – – 2.9 7.8 9.0
5.4 – – – – – – 2.5 6.4 9.0 – – – – – – 1.6 5.7 9.0
N4 0.9 7.4 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
and 1.2 5.7 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 7.5 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
C1 1.8 4.6 9.0 9.0 6.7 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 6.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
2.4 3.6 8.0 8.0 5.3 9.0 9.0 8.4 9.0 9.0 4.8 8.7 9.0 7.7 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
3.0 3.1 5.7 5.7 4.5 8.8 9.0 7.8 9.0 9.0 3.9 6.3 7.8 5.6 8.3 9.0 8.2 9.0 9.0
3.6 – – – 3.9 6.6 8.6 6.6 9.0 9.0 – – – 3.7 7.0 9.0 7.0 9.0 9.0
4.2 – – – 2.7 5.0 6.3 5.1 8.3 9.0 – – – 2.1 5.3 7.5 4.7 8.7 9.0
4.8 – – – – – – 3.7 6.7 9.0 – – – – – – 2.9 7.1 9.0
5.4 – – – – – – 2.5 5.7 8.1 – – – – – – 1.6 6.1 8.7
N5 0.9 4.3 9.0 9.0 6.7 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 5.7 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
and 1.2 3.4 9.0 9.0 5.3 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 4.4 9.0 9.0 7.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
C2 1.8 2.7 8.1 8.1 3.9 9.0 9.0 7.2 9.0 9.0 3.5 8.7 9.0 5.2 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
2.4 2.1 4.7 4.7 3.1 7.3 9.0 5.5 9.0 9.0 2.8 5.1 6.4 4.1 7.0 9.0 7.4 9.0 9.0
3.0 1.8 3.4 3.4 2.6 5.2 6.8 4.6 8.7 9.0 2.3 3.7 4.6 3.3 5.5 7.9 5.4 9.0 9.0
3.6 – – – 2.3 3.9 5.0 3.9 6.5 9.0 – – – 2.5 4.1 5.9 4.1 6.8 9.0
4.2 – – – 2.0 2.9 3.8 3.0 4.9 7.1 – – – 2.0 3.1 4.4 3.2 5.1 7.5
4.8 – – – – – – 2.5 4.0 5.7 – – – – – – 2.6 4.2 6.0
5.4 – – – – – – 2.1 3.4 4.8 – – – – – – 1.6 3.6 5.1
N6 0.9 4.1 9.0 9.0 6.3 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
1.2 3.2 9.0 9.0 5.1 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
1.8 2.5 6.3 7.9 3.8 9.0 9.0 6.9 9.0 9.0
2.4 2.0 3.7 4.6 3.0 5.5 8.0 5.3 9.0 9.0
3.0 1.6 2.7 3.3 2.4 3.9 5.7 3.9 6.5 9.0
3.6 – – – 1.8 3.0 4.3 3.0 4.9 7.2
4.2 – – – 1.4 2.3 3.2 2.3 3.7 5.4
4.8 – – – – – – 1.9 3.0 4.4
5.4 – – – – – – 1.6 2.6 3.7
C3 0.9 3.8 9.0 9.0 5.8 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
1.2 2.9 9.0 9.0 4.7 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
1.8 2.3 5.8 7.3 3.5 8.7 9.0 6.4 9.0 9.0
2.4 1.9 3.4 4.2 2.7 5.1 7.4 4.9 8.4 9.0
3.0 1.5 2.4 3.0 2.2 3.6 5.3 3.6 6.0 8.9
3.6 – – – 1.7 2.7 3.9 2.7 4.5 6.6
4.2 – – – 1.3 2.1 2.9 2.1 3.4 5.0
4.8 – – – – – – 1.8 2.8 4.0
5.4 – – – – – – 1.5 2.4 3.4
C4 0.9 'A1' 'A2'
2.7 9.0 9.0 4.3 9.0 9.0 8.8 9.0 9.0
1.2 2.1 7.1 9.0 3.4 9.0 9.0 7.4 9.0 9.0
1.8 1.7 4.2 5.3 2.5 6.3 9.0 4.6 9.0 9.0
2.4 Lintel '1' Lintel '2' 1.4 2.5 3.1 2.0 3.7 5.4 3.6 6.1 9.0
3.0 1.2 1.8 2.2 1.6 2.7 3.8 2.6 4.4 6.5
3.6 – – – 1.2 2.0 2.9 2.0 3.3 4.8
4.2 Standard truss with metal roofing – – – 1.0 1.5 2.1 1.5 2.5 3.6
4.8 – – – – – – 1.3 2.0 2.9
5.4 – – – – – – 1.1 1.7 2.5
(1) See Figure 1.6 (page 4) for details
16 /CM02 Single-Leaf Masonry – Design Manual 14

Single-Leaf Masonry
Design Manual
Table 3.6 Selection of Lintels Supporting Standard Trusses with Tile Roofing Material
(1) Type B(1) with: Type C(1) with: Type A(1) with: Type B(1) with: Type C(1) with:
Wind Opening Type A with:
class. (m) N12 N16 N20 N12 N16 N20 N12 N16 N20 N12 N16 N20 N12 N16 N20 N12 N16 N20
N1 0.9 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
and 1.2 7.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
N2 1.8 4.9 9.0 9.0 6.2 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 6.4 9.0 9.0 8.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
2.4 3.7 7.4 7.4 4.5 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 4.6 8.5 9.0 5.7 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
3.0 2.9 4.9 4.9 3.6 7.0 7.7 7.2 9.0 9.0 2.9 5.6 6.7 3.5 7.1 9.0 6.9 9.0 9.0
3.6 – – – 2.5 4.8 5.3 4.9 9.0 9.0 – – – 2.2 4.8 7.3 4.4 9.0 9.0
4.2 – – – 1.5 3.3 3.7 3.2 6.7 9.0 – – – 1.2 3.1 5.0 2.7 6.4 9.0
4.8 – – – – – – 2.2 5.0 8.1 – – – – – – 1.7 4.6 7.9
5.4 – – – – – – 1.5 3.8 6.4 – – – – – – 0.9 3.3 6.1
N3 0.9 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
1.2 7.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
1.8 4.9 9.0 9.0 6.2 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 6.4 9.0 9.0 8.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
2.4 3.7 7.4 7.4 4.5 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 4.6 8.5 9.0 5.7 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
3.0 2.9 4.9 4.9 3.6 7.0 7.7 7.2 9.0 9.0 2.9 5.6 6.7 3.5 7.1 9.0 6.9 9.0 9.0
3.6 – – – 2.5 4.8 5.3 4.9 9.0 9.0 – – – 2.2 4.8 7.3 4.4 9.0 9.0
4.2 – – – 1.5 3.3 3.7 3.2 6.7 9.0 – – – 1.2 3.1 5.0 2.7 6.4 9.0
4.8 – – – – – – 2.2 5.0 8.1 – – – – – – 1.7 4.6 7.9
5.4 – – – – – – 1.5 3.8 6.4 – – – – – – 0.9 3.3 6.1
N4 0.9 8.2 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
and 1.2 6.4 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 8.3 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
C1 1.8 4.9 9.0 9.0 6.2 8.2 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 6.4 9.0 9.0 8.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
2.4 3.7 7.4 7.4 4.5 6.5 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 4.6 8.5 9.0 5.7 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
3.0 2.9 4.9 4.9 3.6 5.5 7.7 7.2 9.0 9.0 2.9 5.6 6.7 3.5 7.1 9.0 6.9 9.0 9.0
3.6 – – – 2.5 4.7 5.3 4.9 9.0 9.0 – – – 2.2 4.8 7.3 4.4 9.0 9.0
4.2 – – – 1.5 3.3 3.7 3.2 6.7 9.0 – – – 1.2 3.1 5.0 2.7 6.4 9.0
4.8 – – – – – – 2.2 5.0 8.1 – – – – – – 1.7 4.6 7.9
5.4 – – – – – – 1.5 3.8 6.4 – – – – – – 0.9 3.3 6.1
N5 0.9 4.9 9.0 9.0 7.6 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 6.4 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
and 1.2 3.8 9.0 9.0 6.1 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 5.0 9.0 9.0 8.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
C2 1.8 3.1 9.0 9.0 4.5 9.0 9.0 8.2 9.0 9.0 4.0 9.0 9.0 5.9 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
2.4 2.4 5.3 5.3 3.5 8.3 9.0 6.3 9.0 9.0 3.2 5.8 7.3 4.7 8.7 9.0 8.4 9.0 9.0
3.0 2.1 3.8 3.8 3.0 5.9 7.7 5.2 9.0 9.0 2.6 4.2 5.2 3.5 6.2 9.0 6.1 9.0 9.0
3.6 – – – 2.5 4.4 5.3 4.4 7.4 8.0 – – – 2.2 4.8 6.7 4.4 7.7 9.0
4.2 – – – 1.5 3.3 3.7 3.2 5.6 6.0 – – – 1.2 3.1 5.0 2.7 5.9 8.5
4.8 – – – – – – 2.2 4.5 4.9 – – – – – – 1.7 4.6 6.9
5.4 – – – – – – 1.5 3.8 4.1 – – – – – – 0.9 3.3 5.8
N6 0.9 4.5 9.0 9.0 7.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
1.2 3.5 9.0 9.0 5.6 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
1.8 2.8 6.9 8.7 4.1 9.0 9.0 7.6 9.0 9.0
2.4 2.2 4.0 5.0 3.3 6.0 8.2 5.8 9.0 9.0
3.0 1.9 2.9 3.6 2.6 4.3 6.3 4.3 7.2 9.0
3.6 – – – 2.0 3.3 4.7 3.3 5.4 7.9
4.2 – – – 1.2 2.5 3.5 2.5 4.1 5.9
4.8 – – – – – – 1.7 3.3 4.8
5.4 – – – – – – 0.9 2.8 4.0
C3 0.9 4.1 9.0 9.0 6.4 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
1.2 3.2 7.6 8.0 5.1 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
1.8 2.5 6.0 6.3 3.8 9.0 9.0 6.9 9.0 9.0
2.4 2.0 3.7 4.6 3.0 5.5 7.5 5.3 9.0 9.0
3.0 1.7 2.7 3.3 2.4 4.0 5.7 3.9 6.6 9.0
3.6 – – – 1.8 3.0 4.3 3.0 4.9 7.2
4.2 – – – 1.2 2.3 3.2 2.3 3.7 5.4
4.8 – – – – – – 1.7 3.0 4.4
5.4 – – – – – – 0.9 2.6 3.7
C4 0.9 'A1' 'A2'
2.9 7.0 7.3 4.5 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
1.2 2.3 5.4 5.7 3.6 9.0 9.0 7.9 9.0 9.0
1.8 1.8 4.3 4.5 2.7 6.7 6.9 4.9 9.0 9.0
2.4 Lintel '1' Lintel '2' 1.4 2.6 3.3 2.1 3.9 5.4 3.8 6.5 9.0
3.0 1.2 1.9 2.4 1.7 2.8 4.1 2.8 4.7 6.9
3.6 – – – 1.3 2.1 3.0 2.1 3.5 5.2
4.2 Standard truss with tile roofing – – – 1.0 1.6 2.3 1.6 2.7 3.9
4.8 – – – – – – 1.4 2.2 3.1
5.4 – – – – – – 0.9 1.9 2.6
(1) See Figure 1.6 (page 4) for details

Single-Leaf Masonry
Design Manual
Table 3.7 Selection of Lintels Supporting Girder Roof Trusses

Maximum supported roof area, including standard trusses (m2)
Opening Type B(1) with: Type C(1) with: Type B(1) with: Type C(1) with:
Wind class. (m) N16 N20 N16 N20 N16 N20 N16 N20
N1 and N2 0.9 33 34 75 80 36 38 76 89
1.2 30 31 58 65 31 34 59 72
1.8 20 22 40 54 21 30 40 59
2.4 15 16 30 45 15 23 30 46
3.0 12 13 23 36 12 17 23 37
N3 0.9 33 34 75 80 36 38 76 89
1.2 30 31 58 65 31 34 59 72
1.8 20 22 40 54 21 30 40 59
2.4 15 16 30 45 15 23 30 46
3.0 12 13 23 36 12 17 23 37
N4 and C1 0.9 28 28 60 61 30 31 64 68
1.2 25 26 50 51 28 29 50 57
1.8 20 22 35 44 21 27 36 48
2.4 16 16 27 40 17 23 28 42
3.0 12 13 22 33 12 17 23 34
N5 and C2 0.9 18 18 39 40 20 20 41 44
1.2 16 17 32 33 18 19 33 37
1.8 13 16 22 28 14 18 23 31
2.4 10 14 17 26 11 16 18 27
3.0 – 11 14 21 – 13 15 23
(1) See
See Figure 1.6(page
Figure1.6 4) for
(page details
6) for details
Table 3.8 Selection of Lintels Supporting a Timber Floor

Maximum supported width (m)
Determination of Opening Type BB(1) with: Type CC(1) with: Type BB(1) with: Type CC(1) with:
supported width (m) N16 N20 N16 N20 N16 N20 N16 N20
0.9 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0
Assumed floor loadings: 1.2 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0
Dead load – 2 kPa (including partitions) 1.8 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0
Lintel
Live load – 1.5 kPa 2.4 2.3 2.6 3.0 3.0 2.8 3.0 3.0 3.0
3.0 1.7 1.9 2.9 3.0 2.1 2.2 3.0 3.0
3.6 1.4 1.5 2.2 2.3 1.7 1.8 2.4 2.7
= =
First
4.2 – – 1.8 1.9 – – 1.8 2.2
Supported width support 4.8 – – 1.5 1.6 – – 1.4 1.8
5.4 – – 1.2 1.4 – – 1.1 1.6
(1) See Figure1.7
See Figure 1.6(page
(page 6) for
4) for details
details
Table 3.9 Selection of Bond Beams Supporting Standard Truss Roofs

140-mm-leaf wall 190-mm leaf-wall
Determination of Wind Bond beams(1) Bond beams(1)
dimension ‘A’ Class. Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Type 1 Type 2 Type 3
N2 9 9 9 9 9 9
'A1' 'A2'
N3 7 9 9 9 9 9
N4 – 9 9 5 9 9
Bond Bond
beam '1' beam '2'
N5 – 6 9 – 7 9
N6 – 4 7 – 5 9
C1 – 9 9 5 9 9
C2 – 6 9 3.5 9 9
C3 – 4 7 – 5 9
C4 – – 5 – – 7
(1) See
See Figure 1.3(page
Figure1.3 3) for
(page details
5) for details

16
Single-Leaf Masonry
4. 4.
Bracing Design
Bracing Design 4.3
4.3 BracingWall
Bracing Design Manual
WallLocation
Location
Bracing
Bracing wallsmust
walls mustbebedistributed
distributedapproximately
approximatelyevenly evenly along
along
4.14.1 Method
Method thethe lengthand
length andwidth
widthofofthe
thebuilding.
building.The
Themaximum
maximum distance
distance
between
between bracingwalls
bracing wallssupporting
supportingaaroofroof(i.e.
(i.e.for
forsingle-storey
single-storey or or
Bracing walls of sufficient number andand strength must bebe located forfor the upper-storeyofofmulti-level
multi-levelhouses)
houses)isisgiven
given in
in Table
Table 4.1
4.1
Bracing
through4 walls
through
the the Bracing Design
of sufficient
building
building
number
to resist
to resist thetheracking
strength
racking
must
forces
forces from
from wind
located
windand
4.3
and
the
forfor
thethe
upper-storey
Bracing Wall Location
variouswind
various windclassifications.
classifications.
earthquake.
earthquake. TheThesumsum of the
of the capacities
capacities of all
of all bracing
bracing walls
walls in in Bracing walls must be distributed approximately
eacheach direction
direction mustmust exceed
exceed thethe total
total racking
racking force
force in the
in the relevant
relevant Where
evenlyWhere
along bracing
bracing
the walls
walls
length cannot
cannot
and width be bethe
of spaced
spaced tocomply
to
building. comply with Table
The with Table 4.1,
4.1,
4.1
direction.
direction. TheThe
Method
bracing
bracing wallswalls
cancanbe be either
either all all masonry,
masonry, other
other wall
wall then
then
maximum additional
additional
distance crossbracing
cross
between bracing needs
bracingneeds tobe
walls to beincluded
included in
supporting in the
the ceiling
ceiling
types
types or aor
Bracing a walls
combination
combination of both.
of both.
of sufficient TheThe
number external
external walls
walls
and strength will
actact
willmust asas a roofto(ie,
to distribute
distribute theracking
the
for single-storey racking forces.
forces.
or for the upper-storey of
bracing
bracing
be wallswalls
located in either
in either
through direction.
direction.
the building to resist the racking multi-level houses) is given in
Note, these tables are extracts from Australian Standard AS
forces from the wind and earthquake. The sum of the TableNote, these tables are extracts from Australian Standard AS
4.24.2 Racking Forces 4.1 for
1684. the various wind classifications.
capacities
Racking Forces
of all bracing walls in each direction must Where1684.
bracing walls cannot be spaced to comply with
exceed the
Determine thetotal racking
racking forcesforce in the on
imposed relevant direction.
the building in bothTable 4.1,For then additional cross
the lower-storey bracing needs
of two-storey houses, to the
be spacing of
Determine thefrom
The bracing
directions racking
walls forces
can be
AS 4055 imposed
for either allon the building
masonry,
the appropriate other
wind inwall
both included
classification. For thethe
in
bracing
lower-storey
ceilingshould
walls
ofnot
two-storey
to distribute houses,
the racking
exceed 9.0 m (as
the
forces. spacing of
specified in AS 4055).
directions
typesfrom
or a AS 4055 for the
combination appropriate
of both. wind classification.
The external walls will bracing walls should not exceed 9.0 m (as specified in AS 4055).
Note, these tables are extracts from Australian
act as bracing walls in either direction.
Standard AS 3700.
For the lower-storey of two-storey houses, the spacing
of bracing walls should not exceed 9.0 m (as specified
4.2 Racking Forces in AS 4055).
Determine the racking forces imposed on the building
in both directions from AS 4055 for the appropriate
wind classification.
Table 4.1 Spacing of Bracing Walls Under Roofs

Maximum spacing of bracing walls (m)
Roof slope (degrees)
Wind Building
Class. width (m) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
N1 4 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 8.9
6 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
8 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
10 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
12 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
14 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
16 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
N2 4 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 7.8 6.7 6.4
6 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 8.6 7.9
8 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 8.8
10 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
12 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
14 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
16 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
N3 4 5.9 6.6 7.4 7.5 6.4 5.1 4.4 4.2
and 6 8.9 9.0 9.0 9.0 8.8 6.7 5.6 5.1
C1 8 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 7.6 6.7 5.7
10 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 8.4 7.9 6.2
12 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 7.9 6.6
14 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 8.3 6.7
16 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 8.6 6.9
N4 4 3.9 4.3 4.9 5.0 4.3 3.4 2.9 2.8
and 6 5.9 6.6 7.3 7.4 5.8 4.4 3.7 3.4
C2 8 7.9 9.0 9.0 9.0 6.7 5.0 4.4 3.8
10 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 7.4 5.5 5.2 4.1
12 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 7.9 5.9 5.2 4.3
14 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 8.2 6.1 5.5 4.4
16 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 8.6 6.5 5.7 4.6
N5 4 2.7 3.0 3.4 3.5 3.0 2.3 2.0 1.9
and 6 4.1 4.6 5.1 5.1 4.1 3.1 2.6 2.4
C3 8 5.5 6.3 6.7 6.5 4.7 3.5 3.1 2.6
10 6.8 7.9 8.3 7.8 5.1 3.9 3.6 2.9
12 8.2 9.0 9.0 8.6 5.5 4.1 3.7 3.0
14 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 5.7 4.3 3.8 3.1
16 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 6.0 4.6 4.0 3.2

17
Single-Leaf Masonry
4.4 Bracing Wall Capacities
Design Manual
The capacities4.4 Bracing

of masonry actingWall Capacities
as bracing walls are given in
the following Tables:
The capacities of masonry acting as bracing walls are given in
the following Tables:
• Table 4.2 for walls that comply with the details shown in
Figure 4.1. 4.4 Bracing Wall Capacities Table 4.2 Bracing Capacity (kN) of Typical Bracing
Walls(1) up to 3.0-m High
• Table 4.2 for walls that comply with the details shown in
Figure The
4.1. capacities of masonry acting as bracing walls are
Walls reinforced with tie-downs
• Table 4.3 for walls consistent
given in thewith AS 4773.1
following Tables:Table 11.1(B).
Unreinforced walls N12 tie-downs N16 tie-downs
• Table 4.3
■ for
Tablewalls
4.2consistent with comply
for walls that AS 4773.1
withTable 11.1(B).
the details Wall
Leaf thickness (mm) Leaf (mm) Leaf (mm)
• Table 4.4 for reinforcedshown
piers.in Figure 4.1. length
• Table 4.4 for reinforced piers. (m) 90 110 140 190 140 190 140 190
■ Table 4.3 for walls consistent with AS 4773.1
The bracing capacities given in Tables
Table 11.1(B).4.2 to 4.4 rely on the tie- 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 2.9 3.0 5.2 5.2
The bracing capacities given in Tables 4.2 to 4.4 rely on the tie-
down reinforcement being effectively
down reinforcement
fixed into the foundations 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 5.8 5.9 10.3 10.4
■ Table being
4.4 foreffectively
reinforcedfixed into the foundations
piers. 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.6 8.8 8.9 16.0 16.0
and the foundations being of sufficient size to resist overturning.
and the foundations being of sufficient size to resist overturning.
The bracing capacities given in Tables 4.2 to 4.4 rely 1.0 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.9 12.0 12.0 21.0 21.0
1.2 0.8 1.0 1.1 1.3 15.0 15.0 26.0 26.0
on the tie-down reinforcement being effectively fixed
1.8 1.9 2.1 2.4 2.9 24.0 25.0 42.0 43.0
into the foundations and the foundations being of 2.4 3.3 3.8 4.3 5.1 34.0 35.0 59.0 60.0
sufficient size to resist overturning.
3.0 5.2 5.9 6.7 7.9 44.0 46.0 76.0 77.0
4.0 9.2 11.0 12.0 14.0 62.0 64.0 104.0 107.0
Figure 4.1 (A) 5.0 14.0 17.0 19.0 22.0 81.0 85.0 135.0 139.0
Bond beam 6.0 21.0 24.0 27.0 32.0 101.0 107.0 166.0 172.0
Wall height (£ 3.0 m)
7.0 28.0 32.0 37.0 43.0 122.0 130.0 199.0 207.0

8.0 37.0 42.0 48.0 56.0 144.0 154.0 232.0 242.0
Bracing 9.0 47.0 53.0 61.0 71.0 168.0 181.0 267.0 280.0
wall 10.0 58.0 66.0 75.0 88.0 192.0 208.0 303.0 318.0
length Bracing wall length
(1) As detailed in Figure 4.1
Floor level
These values have been calculated in accordance with AS 3700, and
are consistent with AS 3700 Table 12.11. AS 4773.1 has different (more
BRACING LENGTH FOR EXTERNAL REINFORCED WALLS conservative) values, shown on the next page.
Figure 4.1 (B)
Bracing wall length Bracing wall length
External wall
A A
Masonry mesh, 500 long

every second course
Internal wall
Floor slab Floor slab

Footing External wall
WALL NOT CONNECTED TO AN EXTERNAL WALL – ELEVATION WALL CONNECTED TO AN EXTERNAL WALL – ELEVATION SECTION A–A
INTERNAL WALLS WITHOUT TIE-DOWNS (UNREINFORCED)
Figure 4.1 (C)
Bracing wall length Bracing wall length
1-N12 or N16 bar grouted External wall

into top course bond beam
and turned down 200 mm

into end cores A A
L8 ties every second course,

bent down 100 mm
into grouted cores
1-N12 or N16 bar grouted
into end cores
Starter bars (same size as
wall bars) anchored in slab
Internal wall
Slab thickening under wall Slab thickening under wall

Footing External wall
WALL NOT CONNECTED TO AN EXTERNAL WALL – ELEVATION WALL CONNECTED TO AN EXTERNAL WALL – ELEVATION SECTION A–A
INTERNAL WALLS WITH TIE-DOWNS
18

Single-Leaf Masonry Single-Leaf Masonry
Design Manual Design Manual
Table 4.3 Bracing Capacity (kN) Consistent with AS 4773.1 Table 11.1(B)
for Walls up to 3.0-m High
Walls reinforced with tie-downs (2)
Wall N12 tie-downs N16 tie-downs
Bracing capacity, kN
length
(m) 90 110 140 190
0.4 2.4 2.6 3.8 4.1
0.6 4.3 4.5 7.0 7.3
0.8 6.2 6.5 10.0 11.0
1.0 8.3 8.7 14.0 14.0
1.2 10.0 11.0 17.0 18.0
1.8 17.0 18.0 28.0 29.0
2.4 25.0 27.0 39.0 41.0
3.0 33.0 36.0 51.0 55.0
4.0 48.0 54.0 73.0 79.0
5.0 65.0 74.0 97.0 106.0
6.0 85.0 97.0 122.0 135.0
7.0 106.0 123.0 150.0 168.0
8.0 129.0 151.0 180.0 202.0
9.0 154.0 183.0 211.0 240.0
10.0 181.0 216.0 245.0 280.0
(1) The shear connections to the structure above shall be detailed to resist the applied
shear force and spaced not more than 1200 mm centres.
(2) Reinforced with tie-down means that the wall contains at least two vertical reinforcing
bars in accordance with Clause 10.5. At least one bar shall be located no more than
100mm from each end of the wall.
(3) Note: This table is more conservative than calculations made in accordance with AS
1684, and shown in Table 4.2 on the previous page.
Table 4.4 Bracing Capacity of Reinforced Piers with Wind in Either Direction
Bracing capacity of reinforced pier (kN)
Pier Height (mm)
Pier details 600 1200 1800 2400 3000 3600
190 1-N12 bar in grouted core
190 4.8 2.4 1.6 1.2 1.0 0.8
190 1-N16 bar in grouted core
190
4.8 2.4 1.6 1.2 1.0 0.8
290 4-N12 bars in grouted core
290 19.6 13.5 9.0 6.7 5.4 4.5
290 4-N16 bars in grouted core
290 22.0 19.7 13.1 9.8 7.9 6.6
390 4-N12 bars in grouted cores
390 30.9 19.0 12.7 9.5 7.6 6.3
390 4-N16 bars in grouted cores
390 35.5 32.8 21.8 16.4 13.1 10.9
19

Single-Leaf Masonry Single-Leaf Masonry
5. Connection Details
Design Manual Design Manual
5.1
5.Truss Tie-Down
Connection Details
5.1
Trusses must be Truss Tie-Down
tied down to the top bond beam to prevent
both uplift and horizontal movement. Typical details and
capacities
Trusses 5
aremust
shown Connection Details
in Table
be tied down5.1.
to the top bond beam to prevent
both uplift and horizontal movement. Typical details and
capacities are shown in Table 5.1.
5.1 Truss Tie-Down
Trusses must be tied down to the top bond beam to
prevent both uplift and horizontal movement. Typical
details and capacities are shown in Table 5.1.
Table 5.1 Anchorage Capacities in Single Leaf Reinforced Concrete Masonry Walls
Reinforced Design Permissible load width (A) of sheet roof that may be anchored, m
concrete Anchorage N4 N5 N6
masonry wall Capacity, φ P N1 N2 N3 C1 C2 C3 C4
thickness mm kN per cleat Design uplift pressure, kPa
Sheet Roof
Two courses reinforced,
with “long fishtail cleats” 190 30.7 8.9 8.9 8.9 8.9 7.8 5.2 3.8


with W8 stirrups at
approximately 200 mm centres 190 22.0 8.9 8.9 8.9 8.6 5.6 3.7 2.7

with W8 stirrups at

with no deep anchorage 190 13.1 8.9 8.9 8.2 5.1 3.3 2.2 1.6

Tiled Roof


with W8 stirrups at

with W8 stirrups at


These tables have been calculated by the Concrete Masonry Association of Australia from the results of sponsored tests,
viz. Cyclone Testing Station School of Engineering James Cook University Report No TS 636 June 2006 Strength Limit
State Uplift Load Design Capacities of Bond Beam Truss Hold Down Connections. AS 4773.1 and AS 4773.2 have ad-
opted similar tables and details.
20

Single-Leaf Masonry
Design Manual
50 5
28
20
Fix roof structure in
accordance with AS 1684
144*
20
430*
Concrete grout
200
Horizontal N16
bond beam reinforcing
Sheet metal plate

under bond beam 58 58
15 20
190 or 140 * Standard dimensions are
430 and 144 mm, but these 20 20
may be increased if required
50 X 5 FMS X 430 long hot-dipped galvanized

(a) Long fishtall cleats deep anchorage
Horizontal N16 50
bond beam reinforcing
Concrete grout
190
10 Rebonded web behind 28
20
190
W8 stirrups @ 200 mm 256 200
10
Sheet metal plate 20

28
under bond beam
= =
190 or 140

(b) Two courses reinforced − Typical bond beams
Fix roof structure in accordance with AS 1684

50
M15 bolt connection

detail to suit 28
AS 1684 series 20
256 200
Horizontal N16 Concrete grout

bond beam reinforcing 20
28
= =
Sheet metal plate
under bond beam
190 or 140
(c) Single height bond beams
Figure 5.1 Anchorage details for reinforced concrete bond beams

5.2 Fixing to Gable Ends
Single-Leaf Masonry
5.2 Fixing
Gable walls must beDesign
to Gable
Manual
supported
Ends
by the roof diaphragm by
anchoringGable
of end roofmust
walls trusses at regularbycentres.
be supported The attached
the roof diaphragm by
end truss anchoring
must thenofbe endbraced back at
roof trusses to regular
internal trusses
centres. with
The attached
trimming joists. Typical
end truss must details
then be and design
braced backcapacities are given
to internal trusses within
the following Figures:
trimming joists. Typical details and design capacities are given in
5.2
the following Figures: Fixing to Gable Ends Top chord of roof truss
• Figure 5.2, for Gable
timberwalls
gable fixings
must be supported by the roof diaphragm
• Figure 5.2, for timber gable fixings Bond beam
by anchoring of end roof trusses at regular centres. 50 x 8 GS 'Z' bracket, fixed to truss chord
• Figure 5.3, for The
block gable fixing. by coach screw and masonry by 12-mm
• Figure 5.3,attached
for blockend truss
gable must then be braced back to
fixing.
Ramset fixings or equivalent, at spacings
internal trusses with trimming joists. Typical details and not exceeding those given in the
design capacities are given in the following Figures: table below
■ Figure 5.2, for timber gable fixings
■ Figure 5.3, for block gable fixing.
Bottom chord 50 x 8 GS 'Z' bracket, fixed as above

of roof truss
FC sheeting, min.
100 mm below Top chords of trusses Ceiling
top of blockwork
Sheeting battens
fixed to truss
Noggins between end two
78 x 38 trimming trusses at fixing points
joist, on flat, not exceeding spacing given
screwed to bottom in table below Wind Classification Maximum spacing of fixings (m)
chords of truss
N1 3.6
N2 3.6
Seal blocks before N3 2.4
FC sheeting is
fixed in place N4 and C1 1.8
M12 threaded rod cogged in bond beam, N5 and C2 1.2
passing through trimming joist and nogging N6 and C3 0.9
Approved sealant at spacings not exceeding those given in
table below Figure 5.3 Blockwork Gable Fixing
METHOD 1 5.3
5.3Timber Floor
Timber Fixing
Floor Fixing
A pole plate supporting a timber floor must have
FC sheeting, min. sufficient anchors to carry the shear load imposed by
100 mm below Top chords of trusses
the floor. Typical fixing is shown in Figure 5.4.
top of blockwork
Sheeting battens
fixed to truss Noggins between end two
trusses at fixing points
not exceeding spacing given Timber or steel pole plate
78 x 38 trimming in table below
joist, on edge
Bond beam
with 1-N 12 bar
Seal blocks before Hilti HSA stud anchor or equivalent
FC sheeting is
fixed in place
50 x 50 x 8 steel angle threaded over
bond beam reinforcement and bolted with
Approved sealant M12 bolts through bottom chord of truss
and trimmer joist at spacings not exceeding
those given in table below
Figure 5.4 Pole Plate Fixing for Timber Floor
METHOD 2
Wind Classification Maximum spacing of fixings (m)

N1 3.6
N2 3.6
N3 3.6
N4 and C1 2.4
N5 and C2 1.8
N6 and C3 1.2
Figure 5.2 Timber Gable End Fixing

22

6. Integrated reinforced
masonry and footing
systems
6.1 Deemed to Comply Construction 6.2 Designed by Engineering Principals using
For Stiffened Rafts - Concrete Masonry AS2870 Section 4
Requirement - AS2870 Section 3
If the designer wishes to achieve more economical designs for
The beam sizes of Figure 6.1 and Table 6.2 provide adequate houses with reinforced superstructures than in the methods
stiffness to ensure that non-structural wall systems placed on mentioned previous, the following design methodology can be
the slab are not subjected to excessive deflection; however, in taken instead.
AS 2870, Clause 3.2.5 permits a reduction in these beam sizes
to 300mm × 300mm with 3-L11TM reinforcement, if reinforced Method
hollow concrete blockwork walls are structurally connected to
the beams and act with them to resist movement. 1. Using Table 6.3 determine the characteristic surface
movement ys for the soil.
In this case the walls must be 190mm single-leaf hollow
concrete blockwork, reinforced with at least N12 bars at not 2. Determine the required house geometry and specifically the
more than 2.0m centres, tied into the footings with starter bars wall layout.
and incorporate a continuous bond beam with at least two N12
bars around the top of the wall, see Figure 6.2. The walls should 3. Determine the moment capacity, shear capacity, bending
be adequately waterproofed. stiffness and shear stiffness of various combinations of the
following:
This construction behaves as a ‘stiff box’. Articulation of the
bond beams should not be included since it destroys the a. Walls + Slab + Beams at continuous walls.
continuity. When using this detail, care must be taken to ensure
the adequacy and continuity of internal beams, particularly at b. Walls + Slab at continuous walls (without beams).
re-entrant corners where internal beams are deeper than the
external beams. Figure 6.3 shows a typical section and detail at c. Walls + Slab + beams with openings.
a re-entrant corner, more information can be found in AS2870
Section C3. d. Walls + Slab with openings (without beams).
Method e. Beams + Slabs (no walls).
1. Using Table 6.4 (AS 2870 Section 2 for more information), f. Slabs (no beams or walls).
determine the site classification.
4. Using Figure 6.4 determine the edge distance over which
2. Using Table 6.1, determine the equivalent construction. the soil shrinkage or expansion will occur.
3. Using Table 6.2, determine the required width and depth of 5. Enter relevant data such as: structure geometry, capacities,
internal beams or footings, their maximum spacing and the and edge distances into a grillage program with spring
required slab reinforcement. supports (to imitate a compressible soil mound). To simulate
the shrinkage or expansion of the soil at the rim, use
4. Using Table 6.2 design the external beams. Alternatively, vertical supports that can shorten and lengthen around
where a reinforced single leaf masonry wall is constructed the edge. Alternatively, a simpler solution can be achieved
directly above and structurally connected to a concrete by assuming that parts of the structure cantilever or span
edge beam, the edge beam may be reduced to 300mm x distances corresponding to the calculated edge distances.
300mm with 3-L8TM reinforcement. Detail the connection
as per Figure 6.1 and Figure 6.2. 6. Perform an analysis to calculate moments, shears and
deflections. Theses calculations should be done for both a
5. Detail the structure in accordance with AS 2870, Section 5. shrinking soil and for an expanding soil.
Notes: 7. Check the shear and moment capacities of each

combination (mentioned in Step 3) to span without
1. Internal and external beams must be arranged to form cracking, particularly at door and window openings (Table
an integral structural grid (see Clause 5.3.8 and 5.3.9 in 6.5).
AS2870).
8. Check the deflections at all openings and other strategic
2. For external beams wider than 300mm an extra bottom bar points to ensure that doors and windows can still open
or equivalent reinforcement is required for each 100mm without causing cladding to crack (Table 6.5, refer back to
additional width. AS2870 for serviceability requirements).
3. A 10% increase in spacing is permitted where the spacing 9. Detail the structure in accordance with AS 2870, Section 5.
in the other direction is 20% less than the allowed distance.

Figure 6.1 - Stiffened Raft Designs
Taken from AS2870 - Figure 3.1
Figure 6.2 - Typical Detailing for Footing and Single-leaf Reinforced Masonry Wall Combinations
Taken from AS2870 - Figure C3.3
Figure 6.3 - Re-entrant Corner

Bond beam
Section view (See Firgure 1.3
and 1.4)
Plan view
Vertical wall
reinforcement
(See Section 3)
Outside of house
Inside of house Outside of house
Inside of house
Starter bars
(See wall detail)
Mesh parged to slab
Internal beam depth

to AS2870
Internal beam reinforcement to AS2870
Taken from AS2870 - Figure C3.4

Figure 6.4 - Soil Structure Interaction Analysis for Stiffened Rafts - Taken from AS2870 Appendix F4
This process has been adapted from Appendix F4 from AS2870:

1. Find the design value of differential mound movement (ym).
ym = 0.7 ys
Assuming the Walsh Method.
2. Find the edge distance for centre heave (ec)
ec = Hs / 8 + ym / 36
Note: ym is in millimetres
3. Find the edge distance for edge heave (ee)
ee = 0.2 L < 0.6 + ym / 25
Where the depth of design suction charge (Hs) can be determined by the following table taken from AS2870 Table 2.4:
Soil Suction Change of Profiles for Certain Locations
Table taken from AS2870
Some typical edge distances for slabs determined using Hs = 1.5m and a linear soil profile is:
SITE DESIGN SURFACE DESIGN EDGE DISTANCE DESIGN EDGE DISTANCE FOR EDGE
CLASSIFICATION MOVEMENT, ys FOR CENTRE HEAVE, ec HEAVE, ee
mm m m
S 0 to 20 (10) 0.5 1.0
M 20 to 40 (30) 1.0 1.5
H 40 to 60 (55) 1.5 1.5

Table 6.1 - Equivalent Types of Constructions
Taken from AS2870 - Table 3.1

Table 6.2 - Classification by Characteristic Surface Movement (ys)
Taken from AS2870 - Figure 3.1
Table 6.3 - Classification by Characteristic Surface Movement (ys)
Table 6.4

Table 6.4 - Classification Based on Site Reactivity
Table 6.5 - Section Properties

7. Basement Walls behind the wall with a continuous agricultural pipe located
at the base of the wall. The pipe must discharge beyond the
7.1 General ends of the wall or be connected to the stormwater drain.
The foundation slab of a basement can be modified to provide • Sealing the backfill surface. This can be done by placing
an efficient footing for a retaining wall. In addition, a concrete a compacted layer of low-permeability material over the
floor slab will provide a “prop” to the top of the wall, simplifying backfill and sloping the surface away from the house.
the wall details compared to a timber floor. All backfill must be Single-Leaf Masonry
6. Basement Walls
with granular material. Details of typical basement walls are
behind the wall with a continuous agricultural pipe located
It isatalso important
the base to prevent
of the wall. The pipehydrostatic
Design
must pressure
Manual
discharge beyond under
the the
6.1following
shown in the General
Figures: floor slab.
ends Where
of the there
wall or is the possibility
be connected of groundwater
to the stormwater drain. under
the slab, then a subfloor drainage system is advisable.
• FigureThe foundation
7.1, slab of afloor
with concrete basement can be modified to provide • Sealing the backfill surface. This can be done by placing
an efficient footing for a retaining wall. In addition, a concrete a compacted layer of low-permeability material over the
floor slab will provide a “prop” to the top of the wall, simplifying backfill and sloping the surface away from the house.
• Figurethe
7.2, 6
wallwith timber
details Basement Walls
floor.to a timber floor. All backfill must be
compared 6.2 Drainage
with granular material. Details of typical basement walls are AsIt iswith
alsoallimportant
retaining to prevent
walls it is hydrostatic
critical that pressure under the
the backfill
7.2 Drainage
shown in the following Figures: isfloor slab. Where
prevented from there is thesaturated.
becoming possibility Steps
of groundwater
to be under
6.1 General the slab,
taken then a subfloor
to achieve drainage system is advisable.
this include:
As with all•retaining
Figure
The6.1,
wallswith concrete
it is
foundation slab offloor
critical that the backfill
a basement can beismodified ■ A drainage system within the backfill. This should
prevented •fromFigure
becoming
6.2, with timber floor.Steps to be taken to
saturated.
to provide an efficient footing for a retaining wall. In preferable take the form of a 300-mm width
addition, a concrete floor slab will provide a “prop”
achieve this include: of gravel immediately behind the wall with a
6.2 toDrainage
the top of the wall, simplifying the wall details continuous agricultural pipe located at the base
compared to a timber floor. All backfill must be with
• A drainage system within the backfill. This should preferable of the wall. The pipe must discharge beyond the
As with granular
all material.
retaining Details
walls itwidth of that
is critical typical
thebasement
backfill is walls are ends of the wall or be connected to the stormwater
take the form of
shown a 300-mm
in the following of gravel
Figures: immediately
prevented from becoming saturated. Steps to be taken to drain.
achieve this include:
■ Figure 6.1, with concrete floor ■ Sealing the backfill surface. This can be done by
■ Figure 6.2, with timber floor. placing a compacted layer of low-permeability
• A drainage system within the backfill. This should preferable
take the form of a 300-mm width of gravel immediately material over the backfill and sloping the surface
away from the house.
It is also important to prevent hydrostatic pressure
under the floor slab. Where there is the possibility of
groundwater under the slab, then a subfloor drainage
system is advisable.
Starter bar to match

Floor slab N12 at 200 crs
wall reinforcement
reinforcement
above
One-course bond
beam with N12 bar
20.20 knock-out block
saw-cut at floor soffit level
20.48 'H' blocks

at horizontal Horizontal reinforcement,
reinforcement N12 at 400 crs
20.01 standard
blocks between Tanking to back
NOTE:
2700 face of wall
Wall blocks and
max. reinforcement as for
190-thick Vertical reinforcement, 'Typical Details'
(1)
blockwork N16 at 400 crs, central
NOTE:
No tanking
required
False wall
Floor slab N16 at

(1)
reinforcement 400 crs Ag. drain Drained cavity Ag. drain
200
200
N12 at 400 crs 55 cover
(1)
N12 at 200 crs may be used instead of N16 at 400 crs
1000
TYPICAL DETAILS – FULLY-PROPPED WALLS ALTERNATIVE DETAILS
Figure
Figure 7.1
6.1 Typical Basement Wall Supporting a Concrete Floor

23

7.3 Taking
Where it is required that the basement be kept dry, a proper
6.3 needs
tanking system Taking
Single-Leaf Masonrybehind the wall before
to be installed
Design Manual
backfilling. An alternative to this is to provide a drain and a false
Where
wall in front it is wall
of the required
(seethat the basement
Figures be kept dry, a proper
7.1 and 7.2).
tanking system needs to be installed behind the wall before
backfilling. An alternative to this is to provide a drain and a false
wall in front of the wall (see Figures 6.1 and 6.2).
6.3 Tanking
Where it is required that the basement be kept dry, a
proper tanking system needs to be installed behind
the wall before backfilling. An alternative to this is to
provide a drain and a false wall in front of the wall (see
Figures 6.1 and 6.2).
140-thick
Timber floor blockwork Timber floor
One-course bond beam
using 20.20 knock-out
block with 1-N12 bar
Pole plate fixed to

bond beam
Vertical reinforcement,
N16 at 400 crs, central 190-thick
blockwork
20.48 'H' blocks
at horizontal Horizontal reinforcement,
reinforcement N12 at 400 crs
55 cover to back face

NOTE:
190-thick Reinforcement as for
blockwork 'Typical Details'
2700 max. to
ground level
290-thick
Tanking to back blockwork
290-thick
face of wall
blockwork
55 cover to back face NOTE:

No tanking
1200 required
30.48 'H' blocks False wall
at horizontal
reinforcement
Floor slab N16 at Ag. drain Drained cavity
(2)
reinforcement 200 crs Ag. drain
300 300
N12 at 400 crs 55 cover (2)

N20 at 400 crs may be used instead of N16 at 200 crs
1500
TYPICAL DETAILS – UNPROPPED OR PARTIALLY-PROPPED WALLS ALTERNATIVE DETAILS
Figure
Figure 7.2
6.2 Typical Basement Wall Supporting a Timber Floor
24
8. Weatherproofing Some alternative coating systems available include:
Recommendations for • Three coats of 100% acrylic-based exterior paint. The first
coat must be worked thoroughly into the masonry surface
Housing Single-Leaf Masonry
by brush to ensure complete coverage of all voids.
Design Manual
8.1 Joint Finishing • A three-coat system, where the first coat is waterproof
7. Weatherproofing
It is essential that all mortar joints be filled to the depth of the
Somecement-based
alternative coating systems
paint available
worked include:
into the surface, and then two
coats of 100% acrylic-based paint are further applied.
Recommendations
face shell and the surface compressed by tooling, forleaving no • Three coats of 100% acrylic-based exterior paint. The first
Somecoat must becoating
workedsystems
thoroughly into the masonry surface
long, isHousing
7
voids. Ironing with Weatherproofing
an ironing tool of 12-mm diameter, 450-mm
generally satisfactory. Particular care needs to be taken
• by
■ Three
alternative
Rendering with acomplete
brush to ensure
coats of 100%
proprietary available
coverage
acrylic-based
include:
cement-based
of all voids.high-build
exterior
waterproof render, followed by an elastomeric paint. acrylic
around7.1openings Joint Recommendations
Finishing
and window sills to ensure joints are properly •
Thepolymer
first coatcoating.
A three-coat
masonry
must be Itworked
should
system, where
surface paint
by brush
thoroughly
thebe
to ensure
noted
first
into the
coat that this will obscure
is waterproof
complete
filled. the masonry
cement-based surface.
worked into the surface, and then two
It is essential thatfor Housing
all mortar joints be filled to the depth of the coverage
coats ofof100%
all voids.
acrylic-based paint are further applied.
8.2 Weatherproofing Application
face shell and the surface compressed by tooling, leaving no ■• Clear water
A three-coat repellent
system, where coatings, provided
the first coat is there is a
voids. Ironing with an ironing tool of 12-mm diameter, 450-mm • waterproof
Rendering
weatherproof with aoverhang
cement-basedproprietary atcement-based
paint least
worked 1.5into high-build
m wide.
the
A weatherproof 7.1
long, is generally Joint Finishing
satisfactory.
paint system, Particular
complying care
with theneeds to be taken
National waterproof
surface, render,
and then twofollowed
coats ofby100%an elastomeric
acrylic-based acrylic
around openings and window sills to ensure joints are properly polymer coating. It should be noted that this will obscure
Construction
filled.
Code, AS 4773.1
It is essential and
that all AS
mortar 4773.2
joints be mustfilledbetoapplied
the Allpaint are joints
mortar further applied.
must
the masonry surface.
be tooled, and must be free of holes and
to external walls depth(of habitable
of the facerooms),
shell andconstructed of reinforced
the surface compressed ■cracks.
RenderingTo achieve this, the masonry
with a proprietary surface
cement-based high-may be bagged
concrete 7.2masonry by single leaving
Weatherproofing
tooling, leaf walls. Application
no voids. Ironing with an ironing •orbuild
rendered before
waterproof
Clear water painting.
render,
repellent Paint
followed
coatings, bysystems must
an elastomeric
provided there is a be regularly
tool of 12-mm diameter, 450-mm long, is generally maintained.
acrylic polymer coating.
weatherproof overhangIt at should be noted
least 1.5 m wide. that this
It is also satisfactory.
recommended
A weatherproof paint Particular
that
system, care needs
the weatherproofing
complying to the
with be taken
beNational around
applied will obscure the masonry surface.
before Construction openings
fixing downpipes, Code, and
etcwindow
AS 4773.1 sills AS
and before
and totheensure
windows
4773.2 joints
must areareapplied
be properly AS/NZS
■All mortar
Clear 2311 provides
jointsrepellent
water guidance
must becoatings,
tooled, and on paint
must
provided be systems
free
there isofaholesand
and
to external
installed. walls (of habitable
filled.
The weatherproofing rooms),
needs to be constructed
taken around of reinforced cracks.
practices.To achieve
weatherproof this, the at
overhang masonry
least 1.5surface
m wide.may be bagged
concrete
the window masonry
reveals. single leafmust
All coatings walls.be applied strictly in or rendered before painting. Paint systems must be regularly
All mortar joints must be tooled, and must be free
of8.3 andWindow Installation
accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. maintained.
7.2 Weatherproofing
It is also recommended that the weatherproofing be applied holes cracks. To achieve this, the masonry
before fixing downpipes, etc and before the windows are surface
AS/NZSmay 2311 beprovides
bagged guidance
or rendered beforesystems
on paint painting. and
Application
installed. The weatherproofing needs Postsystems
Paint fitting ofmust
practices. windows is recommended
be regularly maintained. in accordance with
A weatherproof paint system, complying with the Figure 8.1.
AS/NZS 2311 provides guidance on paint systems
to be taken around
Building the window
Code reveals.
of Australia, All coatings
AS 4773.1 and must
AS 4773.2 7.3practices.
and Window Installation
be applied strictly
must in accordance
be applied withwalls
to external the manufacturer’s
(of habitable rooms),
instructions.
constructed of reinforced concrete masonry single Post fitting of windows is recommended in accordance with
leaf walls. 7.3 Window Installation
Figure 7.1.
It is also recommended that the weatherproofing be Post fitting of windows is recommended in

applied before fixing downpipes, etc and before the accordance with Figure 7.1.
windows are installed. The weatherproofing needs
to be taken around the window reveals. All coatings
must be applied strictly in accordance with the
manufacturer’s instructions.
RECOMMENDED PROCEDURE
Weatherproof
Weatherproof coating 1 Weatherproof all of the external wall, including
coating
window reveals, before the windows are fixed
Ramset anchors
Lintel beam or equivalent 2 Fix windows with Ramset ED642 anchors, or
equivalent. Before the anchor is inserted, the
Sealant each side hole should be filled with sealant
Ramset anchors of window frame
or equivalent
HEAD FIXING 3 Seal the whole perimeter of the window frame
Ramset anchors on the inside and the jamb and head sections on
or equivalent the outside, with Sikaflex 15LM or equivalent
Weatherproof
coating 4 Door frames are to be fixed and sealed as set
Apply weatherproof out for windows, except the anchors should be
coating to all of the Ramset ED655 or equivalent.
opening surround Ramset anchors
before windows or equivalent
are fixed into
position Sealant each side
of window frame
JAMB FIXING
Ramset anchors
or equivalent
Sealant on inside
Sill unit
Sill flap on outside
Bond beam Ramset anchors
or equivalent
Weatherproof
coating Weatherproof
coating
SILL FIXING
Figure
Figure 8.1
7.1 Installation of Windows
25

PO Box 275, St Leonards NSW 1590 Australia
Suite 7.01, Level 7, 154 Pacific Highway, St Leonards NSW 2065 Australia
Telephone +61 2 8448 5500
Technical hotline 1300 667 617
ABN 33 065 618 840
www.cmaa.com.au

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CM02

Copyright © Concrete Masonry Association of Australia 13 December, 2019.

ABN 33 065 618 840

This publication, its contents and format are copyright of the

Revised and Republished 2020.

The Standards referenced in this manual were current at the

PO Box 275, St Leonards NSW 1590 Australia

1.2 Applications of Designs 4

1.3 Material Properties 5

1.4 Earthquake Loading 5

1.5 Typical Details 5

2. SIMPLIFIED DESIGN OF EXTERNAL WALLS 7

3. TABULAR DESIGN OF EXTERNAL WALLS 13

4.2 Racking Forces 19

4.3 Bracing Wall Location 19

4.4 Bracing Wall Capacities 20

5.1 Truss Tie Down 22

5.2 Fixing to Gable Ends 24

5.3 Timber Floor Fixing 24

6. INTEGRATED REINFORCED MASONRY AND FOOTING SYSTEMS 25

6.1 Deemed to comply construction using AS2780 25

6.2 Design of systems using AS2879 clause 4.7 25

8. WATERPROOFING RECOMMENDATIONS FOR HOUSING 33

8.1 Joint Finishing 33

8.2 Weatherproofing Application 33

8.3 Window Installation 33

© 2020 Concrete Masonry Association of Australia Limited.

CM02 Single-Leaf Masonry – Design Manual / iii

Figure 1.1 Typical Wall and Reinforcement Layout 2

1.3 Material Properties 1.4 Earthquake Loading

140 140 140

Standard Standard blocks

Figure 1.3 Typical Details for Bond Beams Supporting a Roof

1-N12 bar 1-N12 bar

CONCRETE FLOOR TIMBER FLOOR

Figure 1.4 Typical Details for Bond Beams Supporting a Floor

Wall vertical reinforcement Wall vertical reinforcement

Knock-out block with

Integral footing Strip footing L8 or N10 ties at

Figure 1.5 Typical Details of Connections to Footings

3 CM02 Single-Leaf Masonry – Design Manual / 5

CM02 Single-Leaf Masonry – Design Manual / 5

Top reinforcement carried at least Bottom reinforcement carried at least

290 75 to bar underside

TYPE A – TYPICAL ELEVATION TYPE A – SECTION

Top reinforcement carried at least Bottom reinforcement carried at least

TYPE B – TYPICAL ELEVATION TYPE B – SECTION

Top reinforcement carried at least Bottom reinforcement carried at least

TYPE C – TYPICAL ELEVATION TYPE C – SECTION

Figure 1.6 Typical Lintels

6 /CM02 Single-Leaf Masonry – Design Manual

2. Simplified Design of Design

1-N16 L8 fitments L8 fitments 1-N12

1-N12 600 1-N16 1-N12 600

1-N12 at edge of opening 2-N12 in 1-N12 1-N12 at 1-N12 at edge of

1-N16 L8 fitments at 200 crs 600 1-N16 1-N12 600

1-N12 at edge of opening 1-N12 1-N12 at 1-N12 at edge of

600 5400 NOTE: Drawing not to scale 3000 maximum

1-N16 L8 fitments 1-N16 L8 fitments 1-N16