IRS - Concrete Bridge Code PDF

IRS Concrete Bridge Code..
1997
For Official use only
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
MINISTRY OF RAILWAYS
(Railway Board)
INDIAN RAILWAY STANDARD
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR PLAIN,

REINFORCED & PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
FOR GENERAL BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION
(CONCRETE BRIDGE CODE)
ADOPTED 1936
INCORPORATING A & C SLIP NO. 7, YEAR : 2003
ISSUED BY
RESEARCH DESIGNS AND STANDARDS ORGANISATION
LUCKNOW - 226011
Contents
V-i
IRS Concrete Bridge Code..1997
Page
1. SCOPE 1
2. TERMINOLOGY 1
3. SYMBOLS 5
4. MATERIALS 8
4.1 Cement 8
4.2 Aggregates 9
4.3 Water 10
4.4 Admixtures 11
4.5 Reinforcement 11
4.6 Prestressing steel 11
4.7 Handling and storage of materials 12
5. CONCRETE 12
5.1 Grades 12
5.2 Properties of concrete 12
5.3 Workability of concrete 14
5.4 Durability 14
5.5 Concrete mix proportioning 16
5.6 Production and control of concrete 18
5.7 Ready Mixed Concrete 19
6. FALSEWORK AND FORM WORK 20

6.1 False work 20
6.2 Formwork 21
6.3 Cleaning and treatment of forms 21
6.4 Stripping time 21
6.5 Tolerances for finished concrete bridge structure 22
7. REINFORCEMENT & PRESTRESSING TENDONS 23

7.1 Ordinary reinforcement 23
7.2 Prestressing tendons 25
8. TRANSPORTATION, PLACEMENT, COMPACTION 31

& CURING OF CONCRETE
8.1 Transportation 31
8.2 Placing 31
8.3 Compaction 31
8.4 Curing of concrete 32
8.5 Construction joints 33
8.6 Concreting under special conditions 33
8.7 Sampling, strength tests and acceptance criteria 34
8.8 Supervision 37
8.9 Pumpable concrete 37
Page
V-ii
9. GROUTING OF PRESTRESSING CABLE 38

10. LIMIT STATE REQUIREMENTS 38
10.1 General 38
10.2 Serviceability limit states 38
10.3 Ultimate limit states 39
10.4 Other considerations 40
11. LOADS, LOAD COMBINATIONS AND PARTIAL LOAD FACTORS 40

11.1 Loads 40
11.2 Combination of loads 40
11.3 Partial load factors 40
12. CHARACTERSTIC STRENGTHS AND PARTIAL SAFETY 43

FACTORS FOR MATERIALS
12.1 Characterstic strengths 43
12.2 Materials properties for analysis 43
12.3 Material properties for concrete and steel 43
12.4 Value of Ym 44
13. ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURE AND SECTION 44

13.1 Analysis of structure 44
13.2 Analysis of section 45
13.3 Deflection 45
13.4 Fatigue 46
13.5 Combined global and local effects 46
14. PLAIN CONCRETE WALLS 46

14.1 General 46
14.2 Moments and forces in walls 46
14.3 Eccentricity in the plane of the wall 47
14.4 Eccentricity at right angles to walls or abutments 47
14.5 Analysis of section 47
14.6 Shear 48
14.7 Bearing 48
14.8 Deflection of plain concrete walls 48
14.9 Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement 48
14.10 Stress limitations for serviceability limit state 48
15. DESIGN AND DETAILING: REINFORCEMENT CONCRETE 48

15.1 General 48
15.2 Limit state design of reinforced concrete 48
15.3 Structures and structural frames 49
15.4 Beams 50
15.5 Slabs 57
15.6 Columns 59
15.7 Reinforced concrete walls 67
15.8 Footings 69
15.9 Considerations affecting design details 70
15.10 Use of light weight aggregates 81
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Page
DESIGN AND DETAILING: PRESTRESSED CONCRETE 81
16.1 General 81
16.2 Limit state design of prestressed concrete 81
16.3 Structures and structural frames 82
16.4 Beams 83
16.5 Slabs 90
16.6 Columns 90
16.7 Tension members 90
16.8 Prestressing requirements 90
16.9 Considerations affecting design details 96
17. DESIGN AND DETAILING: PRECAST AND COMPOSITE 98

CONSTRUCTION
17.1 General 98
17.2 Precast concrete construction 99
17.3 Structural connections between units 102
17.4 Composite concrete constructions 104
18. LOAD TESTING 108

18.1 Load tests of individual precast units 108
18.2 Load tests of structures or parts of structures 108
18.3 Non-destructive tests (NDT) 109
APPENDICES
APPENDIX-A Specification for construction joints 110
APPENDIX-B Tests on sheathing ducts 112
APPENDIX-B 1 Additional test for corrugated HDPE sheathing 117
APPENDIX-C Specification for sheathing duct joints 119
APPENDIX-D Recommended practice for grouting of cables in 120
prestressed concrete bridges
APPENDIX-E Cover and spacing of curved ducts for prestressed concrete 124
APPENDIX-F Non-destructive testing of concrete 127
APPENDIX-G Test procedure for measuring permeability of concrete 128
APPENDIX-H Fatigue assessment of details of welded reinforcement bars 129
TABLES
TABLE-1 Permissible limit for solids 10
TABLE-2 Grades of concrete 12
TABLE-3 Shrinkage of post-tensioned prestressed concrete 13
TABLE-4a Maximum water cement ratio 15
TABLE-4b Minimum grade of concrete 16
TABLE-4c Minimum cementitious material content 16
TABLE-5 Proportions for nominal mix concrete 17
TABLE-6 Surface water carried by aggregate 19
TABLE-7 Optional tests requirements of concrete 35
TABLE-8 Assumed standard deviation 36
TABLE-9 Characteristic compressive strength compliance requirements 37
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TABLE-10 Design crack widths 38

TABLE-11 Stress limitations for the serviceability limit state 39
TABLE-12 Loads to be taken in each combination with appropriate YfL 42
TABLE-13 Values of Ym for the serviceability stress limitations 44
TABLE-14 Form and area of shear reinforcement in beams 53
TABLE-15 Ultimate shear stress in concrete; Vc 54
TABLE-16 Values of s 54
TABLE-17 Ultimate torsion shear stress 55
TABLE-18 Effective height le for columns 61
TABLE-19 Relationship of P/Puz to n 65
TABLE-20 Ultimate local bond stresses 74
TABLE-21 Ultimate anchorage bond stresses 74
TABLE-22 Reduction factor for effective perimeter of a group of bars 75
TABLE-23 Compressive stresses in concrete for serviceability limit states 84
TABLE-24 Allowable compressive stresses at transfer 84
TABLE-25 Conditions at the ultimate limit state for rectangular beams 85
with pre-tensioned tendons, or with post-tensioned tendons
having effective bond
TABLE-26 Maximum shear stress 89
TABLE-27 Design bursting tensile forces in end blocks 96
TABLE-28 Flexural tensile stresses in-situ concrete 107
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INDIAN RAILWAY STANDARD CODE OF PRACTICE FOR PLAIN, REINFORCED

AND PRESTRESSED CONCRETE FOR GENERAL BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION
(CONCRETE BRIDGE CODE)
1. SCOPE Admixture A material other than water,

aggregates and hydraulic cement, used as
1.1 This Code of Practice applies to the use
an ingredient of concrete or mortar, and
of plain, reinforced and prestressed
added to the batch immediately before or
concrete in railway bridge construction. It
during its mixing to modify one or more of
covers both in-situ construction and
the properties of concrete.
manufacture of precast units. The Code
gives detailed specifications for materials Aggregate, coarse Crushed stone or
and workmanship for concrete, crushed boulders, gravel or such other inert
reinforcement and pres materials, conforming generally to IS: 383.
tressing tendons used in the construction of Aggregate Fine Natural sand or sand
railway bridges. After defining the loads, prepared from crushed stone, gravel or
forces and their combinations and such other inert materials, conforming
requirements for the limit state design, generally to IS: 383.
particular recommendations are given for
Air-Entraining- The capability of a material
plain concrete, reinforced concrete and
or process to develop a system of minute
prestressed concrete bridge construction.
bubbles of air in cement paste, mortar or
1.2 For road bridges, the design and concrete.
construction shall comply with the standard
Anchorage - A device or provision enabling
specifications and codes of practice for road
the prestressing tendon to impart and
bridges issued by Indian Roads Congress.
maintain the prestress in the concrete.
1.3 It is recommended that the officials
Anchorage Zone - In post tensioning, the
involved in the construction of concrete
region adjacent to the anchorage subjected
bridges are in possession of the
to secondary stresses resulting from the
codes/specification referred in this code.
distribution of the prestressing force, in pre-
1.4 Any revision or addition or deletion of tensioning, the region in which the transfer
the provisions of this Code shall be issued bond stresses are developed.
only through the correction slip to this Code.
Bar, Deformed - A reinforcing bar with
No cognizance shall be given to any policy
manufactured surface deformations, which
directives issued through other means.
provide a locking anchorage with
2. TERMINOLOGY surrounding concrete.
2.1 For the purpose of this code, the Batching - Weighing or volumetrically
definitions given in IS: 4845 and IS: 6461 measuring and introducing into the mixer
(Parts I to XII) shall generally apply. the ingredients for a batch of concrete or
However, the commonly used definitions mortar.
are reproduced below.
Bleeding - The autogenous flow of mixing
Access Door- (Access Trap or Inspection water within or its emergence from newly
Door or Porthole or Trap Door)- A placed concrete or mortar caused by the
removable panel in the form work for a high settlement of the solid materials within the
lift to give access for inspection or for mass or drainage of mixing water also
placing or compacting concrete. called water gain.
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Camber- The intentional curvature of a Column, Effective Length - The effective

beam or formwork, either formed initially to length of column determined as under
compensate for subsequent deflection 15.6.1.2 and table-18.
under load or produced as a permanent
Composite Construction - A type of
effect for aesthetic reasons.
construction made up of different materials,
Cementitious Material - Cementitious for example, concrete and structural steel or
material means cement or cement mixed of members produced by different methods,
with mineral admixtures like Pozzolanic Fly for example, in situ concrete and precast
Ash (PFA), Grounded granulated blast concrete.
furnace slag (GGBFS), micro silica etc.
Concrete - A mixture of cementitious
Chamfer- (a) The surface produced by the material, water, fine and coarse aggregates
removal, usually symmetrically of an with or without admixtures.
external edge.
Concrete Pump - An apparatus which
(b) Beveled corner, which is formed in forces concrete to the placing position
concrete work by placing a three-corner through a pipe line or hose.
piece of wood (cant strip or skew back) in
Concrete Vibrating Machine A machine
the form corner.
commonly carried on side forms or on rails
Chute - A sloping trough or tube for parallel thereto, which compacts a layer of
conducting concrete cement aggregate or freshly mixed concrete by vibration.
other free flowing materials from a higher to
Consistency The relative plasticity of
a lower point.
freshly mixed concrete or mortar, and a
Coating - Material applied to a surface by measure of its workability.
brushing, dipping, mopping, spraying,
Construction Joint - The interface
toweling etc. such as to preserve, protect,
between adjacent concrete pours which are
decorate, seal, or smooth the substrate.
designed to act monolithically in the
Cold Joint A joint or discontinuity formed completed structure.
when a concrete surface hardens before the
Contraction Joint - A plane, usually
next batch is placed against it,
vertical, separating concrete in a structure
characterized by poor bond unless
or pavement, at designed location such as
necessary procedures are observed.
to interfere least with performance of the
Column Long A column having a ratio structure, yet such as to prevent formation
of effective column length to least lateral of objectionable shrinkage cracks elsewhere
dimension greater than 12. in the concrete.
Column or Strut A compression member Core of Helically Reinforced Column-
the length of which exceeds three times its The portion of the concrete enclosed within
least lateral dimension. the central line of the helical reinforcement.
Column Short A column having a ratio Coring The act of obtaining cores from
of effective column length to least lateral concrete structures or rock foundations.
dimension not exceeding12.
Corrosion Disintegration or deterioration
Column Composite - A concrete column of concrete or reinforcement by electrolysis
with a core of structural steel or cast iron or by chemical attack.
designed to carry portion of the column
Cover (Reinforced Concrete) The least
load.
distance between the surface of the
reinforcement and the face of the concrete.
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Cracking Load - The total load causing the Final Prestress The residual prestress in
first visible crack. the concrete after deduction of all losses,
such as those due to shrinkage, creep, slip,
Creep in Concrete Progressive increase
friction and elastic compression, from the
in the plastic deformation of concrete under
initial prestress.
sustained loading.
Final Tension The tension in the steel
Creep in Steel Progressive decrease of
corresponding to the state of the final
stress in steel at constant strain.
prestress.
Cube Strength The load per unit area at
Formwork (Shuttering) Complete system
which a standard cube fails when tested in a
of temporary structure built to contain fresh
specified manner.
concrete so as to form it to the required
Curing of Concrete Maintenance of shape and dimensions and to support it until
moisture conditions to promote continued it hardens sufficiently to become self-
hydration of cement in the concrete. supporting. Formwork includes the surface
Cyclopean Concrete Mass concrete in in contact with the concrete and all
which large stones, each of 50 kg or more, necessary supporting structure.
are placed and embedded in the concrete Free Fall Descent of freshly mixed
as it is deposited; the stones are called concrete into forms without drop chutes or
pudding stones or plums, preferably not other means of confinement; also the
less than 15cm apart and not closer than distance through which such descent
20cm to any exposed surface. occurs: also uncontrolled fall of aggregate.
Dead Load The dead load is the weight of Live Load The temporary forces applied
structure itself together with permanent load to formwork by the weights of men and
carried thereon. construction equipment or the service load
Effective Area of Reinforcement The due to railway loading or roadway loading.
area obtained by multiplying the normal Loss of Prestress The reduction of the
cross-sectional area of the reinforcement by prestressing force which results from the
the cosine of the angle between the combined effects of creep in the steel and
direction of the reinforcement and the creep and shrinkage of the concrete,
direction in which the effectiveness is including friction losses and losses due to
required. elastic deformation of the concrete.
Effective Depth of a Beam -- The distance Membrane Curing A process that
between the centroid of the area of tensile involves either liquid sealing compound (for
reinforcement and the maximum example, bituminous and paraffinic
compression fibre. emulsions, coal tar cut backs, pigmented
Falsework (a) Falsework is the temporary and non-pigmented resin suspensions, or
structure erected to support work in the suspensions of wax and drying oil) or non-
process of construction. It is composed of liquid protective coating (for example, sheet
shores, formwork for beams or slabs (or plastics or water proof paper), both of which
both), and lateral bracing. types function as films to restrict
evaporation of mixing water from the fresh
(b) That part of formwork, which supports concrete surface.
the forms usually for a large structure, such
as a bridge. Mixing Time The period during which the
constituents of a batch of concrete as mixed
Fatigue Strength The greatest stress, by a mixer, for a stationary mixture, time is
which can be sustained for a given number given in minutes from the completion of
of stress cycles without failure. mixer charging until the beginning of
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discharge; for a truck mixer, time is given in Strand A prestressing tendon composed
total minutes at a specified mixing speed or of a number of wires most of which are
expressed in terms of total revolutions at a twisted about a center wire of core.
specified mixing speed or expressed in
Stress Corrosion Corrosion of a metal
terms of total revolutions at a specified
accelerated by stress.
mixing speed.
Sulphate Attack Harmful or deleterious
Plain Concrete Concrete without
chemical or physical reaction or both
reinforcement; or concrete that does not
between sulphates in soil or groundwater
conform to the definition of reinforced
and concrete or mortar, primarily the
concrete.
cement paste matrix.
Plum A large random shaped stone
Sulphate Resistance Ability of concrete
dropped into freshly placed mass concrete.
or mortar to withstand sulphate attack.
Pumped Concrete Concrete which is
Tamper A timber or metal beam
transported through hose or pipe by means
spanning between edge forms or screed
of a pump.
rails and used for compacting concrete.
Ready Mixed Concrete (RMC) Concrete
Tensile Strength The maximum load
produced by completely mixing cement,
reached in a tensile test divided by the
aggregates, admixtures, if any, and water at
original cross-sectional area of the gauge
a Central Batching and Mixing Plant and
length portion of the test piece. Also termed
delivered in fresh condition at site of
as maximum stress, or ultimate tensile
construction.
stress.
Reinforcement Metal bars, wires or other
Tremie A pipe or tube through which
slender members, which are embedded in
concrete is deposited under water, having at
concrete in such a manner that the metal
its upper end a hopper for filling and a bail
and the concrete act together in resisting
by means of which the assembly can be
forces.
handled by a derrick.
Rubble Rough stone of irregular shape
Vibrator An oscillating machine used to
and size broken from larger masses by
agitate fresh concrete so as to eliminate
geological process or by quarrying.
gross voids including entrapped air but not
Segregation The differential entrained air and produce intimate contact
concentration of the components of mixed with form surfaces and embedded
concrete, resulting in non-uniform materials.
proportions in the mass.
Water Cement Ratio The ratio of amount
Sheath An enclosure in which post- of water, exclusive only of that absorbed by
tensioned tendons are encased to prevent the aggregates, to the amount of cement in
bonding during concrete placement. a concrete or mortar mixture; preferably
stated as a decimal by weight.
Slump A measure of consistency of
freshly mixed concrete mortar, or stucco Wobble Coefficient A coefficient used in
equal to the subsidence measured to the determining the friction loss occurring in
nearest 6mm of the moulded truncated cone post-tensioning, which is assumed to
immediately after removal of the slump accounts for the secondary curvature of the
cone. tendons.
Splice Connection of one reinforcing bar Yield Strength The stress, less than the
to another by overlapping, welding, maximum attainable stress, at which the
mechanical end connectors, or other ratio of stress to strain has dropped well
means. below its value at low stress, or at which a
V-4
material exhibits a specified limiting At area of reinforcement in a particular

deviation from the usual proportionality of direction
stress to strain.
a Centre to center distance between
Yield Stress Stress (that is, load per unit bars
cross-sectional area) at which elongation
a distance from compression face to
first occurs in the test piece without
point at which the crack width is
increasing the load during tensile test. In the
being calculated
case of steels with no such definite yield
point, the yield stress is the stress under the acent distance of the centroid of the
prescribed testing conditions at which the concrete flange from the centroid of
observed increase in the gauge length is the composite section
1/200 of the gauge length when the rate at acr distance from the point(crack)
which the load is applied is not more than considered to surface of the nearest
0.5 kg/mm2 when approaching the yield longitudinal bar
stress.
av distance between the line of action
3. SYMBOLS or point of application of the load
Ac area of concrete and the critical section or supporting
member
Acf area of effective concrete flange
b width or breadth of section
Acon contact area
ba average breadth of section excluding
Acor area of core of the concrete section
the compression flange
Ae area of fully anchored reinforcement
bc breadth of compression face
per unit length crossing the shear
plane bcol width of column
Ao area enclosed by the median wall bs width of section containing effective
line reinforcement for punching shear
Aps area of prestressing tendons in the bt breadth of section a level of tension
tension zone reinforcement
As area of tension reinforcement bw breadth of web or rib of a member
As area of compression reinforcement cnom nominal cover
Asl area of compression reinforcement d effective depth to tension
in the more highly compressed face reinforcement
As2 area of reinforcement in other face d depth of compression reinforcement
Asc area of longitudinal reinforcement dc depth of concrete in compression
(for columns) de effective depth for a solid slab or
AsL Cross-sectional area of one bar of rectangular beam, otherwise the
longitudinal reinforcement provided overall depth of the compression
for torsion. flange
Ast Cross-sectional area of one leg of a do depth to additional reinforcement to
closed link resist horizontal loading
Asup supporting area dt effective depth from the extreme
compression fiber to either the
Asv Cross-sectional area of the legs of a
longitudinal bars around which the
link
V-5
stirrups pass or the centroid of the fs2 stress in reinforcement in other face
tendons, whichever is the greater
fi maximum principal tensile stress
d2 depth from the surface to the
fy characteristic strength of
reinforcement in the other face
reinforcement
Ec static secant modulus of elasticity of
fyc design strength of longitudinal steel
concrete
in compression
Ecf modulus of elasticity of flange
fyl characteristic strength of longitudinal
concrete
reinforcement
Es modulus of elasticity of steel
fyv characteristic strength of link
(EI)c flexural rigidity of the column cross- reinforcement
section
h overall depth (thickness) of section (in
E28 secant modulus of elasticity of the plane of bending)
concrete at the age of 28 days
hagg maximum size of aggregate
e eccentricity
he effective thickness
ex resultant eccentricity of load at right-
hf thickness of flange
angels to plane of wall
hmax larger dimension of section
Fbst tensile bursting force
hmin smaller dimension of section
Fbt tensile force due to ultimate loads in
bar or group of bars hwo wall thickness where the stress is
determined
Fh maximum horizontal ultimate load
hx overall depth of the cross-section in
Fv maximum vertical ultimate load
the plane of bending Miy
f stress
hy overall depth of the cross-section in
fbs local bond stress the plane of bending Mix
fcav average compressive stress in the I second moment of area
flexural compressive zone
K a factor depending on the type of
fci concrete strength at(initial) transfer duct or sheath used
fcj stress in concrete at application of kr depends on grade of reinforcement
an increment of stress at time j
kl depends on the concrete bond
fck characteristic compressive strength across the shear plane
of concrete
Ls length of shear plane
fcp compressive stress at the centroidal
l distance from face of support at the
axis due to prestress
end of a cantilever, or effective span
fcr flexural strength of concrete of a member
fpb tensile stress in tendons at (beam) l length of the specimen
failure
le effective height of a column or wall
fpe effective prestress (in tendon)
lex effective height for bending about
fpt stress due to prestress the major axis
fpu characteristic strength of ley effective height for bending about
prestressing tendons the minor axis
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lo clear height of column between end M1 smaller initial end moment due to
restraints ultimate loads (assumed negative if
the column is bent in double
lsb length of straight reinforcement
curvature)
beyond the intersection with the link
M2 larger initial end moment due
lt transmission length
ultimate loads (assumed positive)
M bending moment due to ultimate
n number of sample test results
loads
nw ultimate axial load per unit length of
Ma increased moment in column
wall
Mcr cracking moment at the section
P ultimate axial load on the section
considered
considered
Mcs hogging restraint moment at an
Ph horizontal component of the
internal support of a continuous
prestressing force after all losses
composite beam and slab section
due to differential shrinkage Pk basic load in tendon
Mg moment due to permanent load Po initial prestressing force in the
tendon at jacking end on at tangent
Mi maximum initial moment in a column
point near jacking end
due to ultimate loads
Pu ultimate axial load resistance
Mix initial moment about the major axis
of a slender column due to ultimate Px Prestressing force at distance x from
loads jack
Miy initial moment about the minor axis Puz axial loading capacity of column
of a slender column due to ultimate ignoring all bending
loads
Q* design load
Mq moment due to live loads
Qk nominal load
Mtx total moment about the major axis of
r internal radius of bend
a slender column due to ultimate
loads. rps radius of curvature of a tendon
Mty total moment about the minor axis of S* design load effects
a slender column due to ultimate s depth factor
loads.
Sd estimated standard deviation
Mu ultimate moment of resistance
SL spacing of longitudinal reinforcement
Mux ultimate moment capacity in a short
column assuming ultimate axial Sv spacing of links along the member
loads and bending about the major T torsional moment due to ultimate
axis only loads.
Muy ultimate moment capacity in a short u perimeter
column assuming ultimate axial
loads and bending about the minor us effective perimeter of tension
axis only reinforcement
Mx,My moment about the major and minor V shear force due to ultimate loads
axis of a short column due to Va premeasured quantity of water in a
ultimate loads measuring cylinder
V-7
Vb balance quantity of water left in the 1 Angle between the axis of the design
cylinder after completely filling of the moment and the direction of the
test sample tensile reinforcement
Vc ultimate shear resistance of concrete 2 Angle of friction at the joint
Vp actual volume cc Ration of total creep to elastic
Vco ultimate shear resistance of a deformation
section un-cracked in flexure Yf1 Yf2 Yf3 partial load factors
Vcr ultimate shear resistance of a YfL product of Yf1 Yf2
section cracked in flexure
Ym partial safety factor for strength
Vl longitudinal shear force due to
ultimate load deviation of individual test strength
from the average strength of n
Vux ultimate shear capacity of a section samples
for the x-x axis
strain
Vuy ultimate shear capacity of a section
for the y-y axis diff differential shrinkage strain
Vx applied shear due to ultimate loads m average strain
for the x-x axis
s strain in tension reinforcement
Vy applied shear due to ultimate loads
l strain at level considered
for the y-y axis
v shear stress S angle between the compression face
and the tension reinforcement
vc ultimate shear stress in concrete
Yw coefficient for wall dependent upon
vt torsional shear stress
concrete used
vtmin minimum ultimate torsional shear
coefficient of friction
stress for which reinforcement is
required Asv area of shear reinforcement
vtu ultimate torsional shear stress us sum of the effective perimeters of
x neutral axis depth the tension reinforcement
xl smaller center line dimension of a size (Nominal diameter) of bar or

link tendon or internal diameter of the
sheathing
y distance of the fibre considered in
the plane of bending from the Q creep coefficient
centroid of the concrete section Q1 creep coefficient for prestressed
yo half the side of end block construction
ypo half the side of loaded area
yl larger center line dimension of a link 4. MATERIALS
z lever arm 4.1 Cement
n Coefficient as a function of column 4.1.1 The cement used shall be any of the
axial load following, with the prior approval of the
engineer:
V-8
a) 33 Grade Ordinary Portland cement Note: 4 The rate of development of strength

conforming to IS:269 is slow in case of blended cement i.e.
Portland pozzolana cement and Portland
b) 43 Grade Ordinary Portland cement
slag cement, as compared to ordinary
conforming to IS:8112
Portland cement. This aspect should be
c) 53 Grade Ordinary Portland cement taken care while planning to use blended
conforming to IS:12269 cement. Accordingly stage of prestressing,
period of removal of form work and period of
d) Rapid hardening Ordinary Portland
curing etc. should be suitably increased.
cement conforming to IS:8041
4.2 Aggregates- Aggregates shall
e) High strength Portland cement
comply with the requirements of IS: 383.
conforming to IRS:T:40
Where required by the engineer, aggregates
f) Portland slag cement conforming to shall be subjected to the tests specified in
IS:455(see Note 1&4 below) IS:383. These tests shall be done in
g) Portland pozzolana cement conforming accordance with IS: 2386 (Part I) to IS: 2386
to IS:1489(see Note 2&4 below) (Part VIII)
h) Sulphate resistance cement conforming 4.2.1 Size of Aggregate The nominal

to IS:12330(see Note 3 below) maximum size of the aggregate should be
as large as possible within the limits
Note: 1 Portland slag cement specified but in no case greater than one
conforming to IS:455 may be used for fourth of the minimum thickness of the
prestressed concrete work, provided slag member, provided that the concrete can be
content in cement is not more the 50% placed without difficulty so as to surround all
Note: 2 Portland Pozzolana cement reinforcement and prestressing tendons
shall not be used for RCC & PSC works. thoroughly and fill the corners of the form
Portland Pozzolana Cement can be used work.
only for foundation concrete and concrete 4.2.1.1 For heavily reinforced concrete
works in bridge substructures where members as in the case of ribs of main
reinforcement is not provided for structural beams, the nominal maximum size of the
strength or reinforcement provided is only aggregates should usually be restricted to
nominal for temperature stresses etc. When 5mm less than minimum clear distance
Portland Pozzolana cement is used, it is to between the main bars, cables, strands or
be insured that proper damp curing of sheathings where provided or 5mm less
concrete is done at least for 14 days and than minimum cover to the reinforcement,
supporting form work shall not be removed Whichever is smaller. However, in lightly
till concrete attains at least 75% of the reinforced concrete members such as solid
design strength. slabs with widely spaced reinforcement,
Note: 3 The sulphate resisting limitation of the size the aggregate may not
cement conforming to IS:12330 shall be be so important and the nominal maximum
used only in such conditions where the size may sometimes be as great as or even
concrete is exposed to the risk of excessive greater than the minimum cover.
sulphate attack e.g. concrete in contact with 4.2.1.2 For reinforced concrete and
soil or ground water containing excessive prestressed concrete works a nominal
amount of sulphate. It shall not be used maximum size of 20mm is generally
under such conditions where concrete is considered satisfactory. In special cases
exposed to risk of excessive chlorides and larger size aggregate may be specifically
sulphate attack both. permitted by the engineer, but in no case,
the nominal maximum size shall be more
than 40mm.
V-9
4.2.2 In general, marine aggregate shall TABLE 1: PERMISSIBLE LIMIT FOR SOLIDS
not be used for reinforced concrete and (Clause 4.3)
prestressed concrete bridges. However, in ___________________________________
special cases, use of marine aggregates Maximum permissible Limit
may be permitted by the engineer subject to
the following: - Organic 200mg/I
Inorganic 3000mg/I
a) The marine aggregates shall be
thoroughly washed. Sulphate (as SO4) 500mg/I
Chlorides (as Cl) 2000 mg/I for plain
b) Generally, the limits for chloride content concrete works, 1000
and sulphate content in aggregates after mg/I for reinforced
washing will be as under: concrete works and
Fine Coarse 500 mg/I for
Aggregate Aggregate prestressed concrete
i) Chloride 0.04% by wt. 0.02% by
works.
contents (Cl) acid soluble wt. acid Suspended matter 2000mg/I
max. soluble
4.3.1 In case of doubt regarding
ii) Sulphates 0.4% by wt. 0.4% by wt. development of strength, the suitability of
(SO3) max acid soluble acid soluble water for making concrete shall be
ascertained by the compressive strength
c) After washing and drying, the and initial setting time tests specified in
aggregates should conform to IS: 383. The 4.3.1.2 and 4.3.1.3.
designer should take into account grading of
aggregates after washing. 4.3.1.1 The sample of water taken for
testing shall represent the water proposed
4.3 Water Water for washing of to be used for concreting, due account
aggregates and for mixing and curing being paid to seasonal variation. The
concrete shall be clean and free from sample shall not receive any treatment
injurious amounts of oils, acids, alkalis, before testing other than that envisaged in
salts, sugar, organic materials or other the regular supply of water proposed for use
substances that may be deleterious to in concrete. The sample shall be stored in a
concrete or steel. As a guide the following clean container previously rinsed out with
concentrations represent the maximum similar water.
permissible values: -
4.3.1.2 Average 28 days compressive
a) To neutralize 200ml sample of water, strength of at least three 15cm concrete
using phenolphthalein as an indicator, it cubes prepared with water proposed to be
should not require more than 2ml of 0.1 used shall not be less than 90 percent of the
normal NaOH. The details of test shall average of strength of three similar concrete
be as given in IS: 3025. cubes prepared with distilled water. The
b) To neutralize 200ml sample of water cubes shall be prepared, cured and tested
using methyl orange as and indicator, it in accordance with the requirements of
should not require more than 10ml of IS:516.
0.1 normal HCl. The details of test shall 4.3.1.3 The initial setting time of test block
be as given in IS: 3025. made with the appropriate cement and the
c) Permissible limits for solids when tested water proposed to be used shall not be less
in accordance with IS: 3025 shall be than 30 minutes and shall not differ by 30
minutes from the initial setting time of
as given in Table 1. control test block prepared and tested in
V-10
accordance with the requirements of 4.5.2 Independent test check on quality of

IS:4031. steel from each lot shall be conducted. All
reinforcement shall be free form loose small
4.3.2 The pH value of water shall generally
scales, rust and coats of paints, oil, mud
be not less than 6.
etc.
4.3.3 Water found satisfactory for mixing is
4.5.3 The modulus of elasticity of steel shall
also suitable for curing concrete. However,
be taken as 200kN/mm2.
water used for curing should not produce
any objectionable stain or unsightly deposit 4.6 Prestressing Steel
on the concrete surface. The presence of
4.6.1 The prestressing steel shall be any of
tannic acid or iron compounds is
the following :-
objectionable.
a) Plain hard-drawn steel wire
4.4 Admixtures The Chief Engineer may
conforming to IS:1785 (part-I)
permit the use of admixtures for imparting
special characteristics to the concrete or b) Uncoated stress-relieved strand
mortar on satisfactory evidence that the use conforming to IS:6006.
of such admixtures does not adversely c) High tensile steel bars conforming
affect the properties of concrete or mortar to IS:2090.
particularly with respect to strength, volume
change, durability and has no deleterious d) Uncoated stress relieved low
effect on reinforcement. relaxation strands conforming to IS:14268.
4.4.1 the admixtures, when permitted, 4.6.1.1 All prestressing steel shall be free
shall conform to IS:9103. from splits, harmful scratches, surface
flaws, rough, jagged and imperfect edges
4.4.2 Calcium chloride or admixtures
and other defects likely to impair its use in
containing calcium chloride shall not be
prestressed concrete.
used in structural concrete containing
reinforcement, prestressing tendons or 4.6.2 Modulus of Elasticity The value
other embedded metal. of the modulus of elasticity of steel used for
the design of prestressed concrete
4.4.3 The admixture containing Cl & SO3
members shall preferably be determined by
ions shall not be used. Admixtures
tests on samples of steel to be used for the
containing nitrates shall also not be used.
construction. For the purposes of this
Admixtures based on thiocyanate may
clause, a value given by the manufacturer of
promote corrosion and therefore shall be
the prestressing steel shall be considered
prohibited.
as fulfilling the necessary requirements.
4.5 Reinforcement
4.6.2.1 Where it is not possible to
4.5.1 The reinforcement shall be any of the ascertain the modulus of elasticity by test or
following : from the manufacturer of the steel, the
following values may be adopted :
a) Grade-I mild steel and medium
tensile steel bars conforming to IS:432 Type of Steel Modulus of Elasticity
(Part-I) Es kN/mm 2
b) High strength deformed steel bars Plain cold-drawn wi res 210
conforming toIS:1786. Conforming to IS:1785 (Part-I)
c) Thermo-mechanically Treated (TMT) High tensile alloy steel bars 200
Bars satisfying requirements of IS:1786. Conforming to IS: 2090
Strands conforming to IS: 6006 195
d) Rolled steel made from structural
steel conforming to IS:2062 Gr.A and Gr.B. Strands conforming to IS: 14268 195
V-11
4.6.3 Coupling units and other similar 5. CONCRETE

fixtures used in conjunction with the wires or
5.1 Grades Concrete shall be in grades
bars shall have an ultimate tensile strength
as designated as per Table 2.
of not less than the individual strength of the
wires or bars being joined. 5.1.1 The characteristic strength is defined
as the strength of material below which not
4.7 Handling & Storage of Materials
more than 5 percent of the test results are
Storage of materials shall be as per IS:
expected to fall.
4082.
TABLE : 2 GRADES OF CONCRETE
4.7.1 Cement Cement of different
(Clause 5.1)
specifications shall be stacked separately
and quality of stored cement actually used GRADE SPECIFIED
in any member or part of the structure shall DESIGNATION CHARACTRISTIC
fulfill the design and construction COMPRESSIVE
requirement of the same. Cement shall be STRENGTH
stored at the work site in such a manner as
AT 28 DAYS N/mm2
to prevent deterioration either through
moisture or intrusion of foreign matter. M 20 20
Cement older than 3 months should
M 25 25
normally not be used for PSC works unless
the quality is confirmed by tests. M 30 30
4.7.2 Aggregates Coarse aggregates M 35 35
supplied in different sizes shall be stacked
M 40 40
in separate stockpiles and shall be mixed
only after the quantity required for each size M 45 45
has been separately weighed or measured.
The quantity of coarse aggregates, thus M 50 50
recombined shall be that required for a M 55 55
single batch of concrete.
M 60 60
4.7.3 Steel The storage of all reinforcing
steel shall be done in such a manner as will
assure that no deterioration in its quality NOTE In the designation of concrete mix,
takes place. The coil of HTS wires & strands the letter M refers to the mix and
shall be given anti-corrosive treatment such the number to the specified
as water soluble oil coating before wrapping characteristic compressive strength
it in hession cloth or other suitable packing. of 150mm cube at 28 days,
During transportation, it shall be ensured expressed in N/mm2
that no damage is done to coils while
loading and unloading. Care shall be taken 5.2 Properties of Concrete
to avoid mechanically damaging ,work 5.2.1 Tensile Strength of Concrete The
hardening or heating prestressing tendons flexural and split tensile strengths shall be
while handling. obtained as described in IS: 516 and IS:
4.7.4 Any material, which has deteriorated 5816 respectively. When the designer
or has been damaged, corroded or wishes to have an estimate of the tensile
contaminated, shall not be used for strength from compressive strength, the
concrete work. following expression may be used.
fcr = 0.7 f ck
where,
V-12
fcr is the flexural strength in N/mm2; and TABLE 3 : SHRINKAGE OF POST-

TENSIONED PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
fck is the characteristic compressive strength
(clause 5.2.3)
of concrete in N/mm2.
AGE OF STRAIN DUE TO
5.2.2 Elastic Deformation The modulus CONCRETE AT RESIDUAL
of elasticity is primarily influenced by the THE TIME OF SHRINKAGE
elastic properties of the aggregate and to a STRESSING IN
lesser extent by the conditions of curing and DAYS
age of the concrete, the mix proportions and
the type of cement. The modulus of 3 0.00043
elasticity is normally related to the 7 0.00035
compressive strength of concrete.
10 0.00030
5.2.2.1 In the absence of test data, the
modulus of elasticity for structural concrete 14 0.00025
may be taken as follows :- 21 0.00020
28 0.00019
GRADE OF MODULUS OF 90 0.00015
CONCRETE ELASTICITY
(N/mm2) (kN/mm2)
20 25 NOTE: The above values of strain are
for Ordinary Portland cement.
25 26
5.2.4 Creep of Concrete Creep of the
30 28 concrete depends, in addition to the factors
40 31 in 5.2.3, on the stress in the concrete, age
at loading and the duration of loading. As
50 34 long as the stress in concrete does not
60 36 exceed one third of cube strength at
transfer, creep may be assumed to be
proportional to the stress.
5.2.3 Shrinkage The shrinkage of 5.2.4.1 Creep in concrete shall be taken as
concrete depends upon the constituents of 43x10-6 per N/mm2 of stress at the centroid
concrete, size of the member and of prestressing steel in case of prestressed
environmental conditions. For a given concrete structures.
environment the shrinkage of concrete is
5.2.4.2 In the absence of experimental data
most influenced by the total amount of water
and detailed information on the effect of the
present in the concrete at the time of mixing
and to a lesser extent, by the cement variables, the ultimate creep strain may be
content. estimated from the following values of creep
co-efficient that is ultimate creep
5.2.3.1 In the absence of test data, the strain/elastic strain at the age of loading.
approximate value of shrinkage strain for
design may be taken as follows: -
Total shrinkage strain in plain concrete, Age of loading Creep coefficient
reinforced concrete and pre-tensioned 7 Days 2.2
prestressed concrete: 0.0003
28 Days 1.6
Residual shrinkage strain in post-tensioned
prestressed concrete: as per table 3 1 year 1.1
V-13
Note : The Ultimate creep strain estimated lightly vee-bee time

as above does not include the elastic strain. reinforced or 0.80-0.85,
5.2.4.3 For the calculation of deformation at sections with compacting
some stage before the total creep is vibration factor
reached, it may be assumed about half the Concreting of Medium 5-2 seconds,
total creep takes place in first month after lightly vee-bee time
loading and that about three-quarter of the reinforced or 0.85-0.92,
total creep takes place in the first six sections compacting
months after loading. without factor or 25-
5.2.5 Thermal Expansion The coefficient vibrations, or 75mm, slump
of thermal expansion depends on nature of heavily for 20mm*
cement, the aggregate, the cement content, reinforced aggregate
the relative humidity and the size of section with
sections. The value of coefficient of thermal vibration
expansion for concrete with different
aggregates may be taken as below :- Concreting of High Above 0.92
heavily compacting
Type of Coefficient of reinforced factor or 75-
Aggregate Thermal Expansion sections 125mm, slump
for Concrete/0C without for 20mm*
Quartzite 1.2 to 1.3 x 10-5 vibration aggregate
Sandstone 0.9 to 1.2x 10-5 * For smaller aggregates the values will be
Granite 0.7 to 0.95x10-5 lower
Basalt 0.8 to 0.95x 10-5 5.4 Durability
Limestone 0.6 to 0.9 x 10-5 5.4.1 The durability of concrete depends on
its resistance to deterioration and the
5.2.6 Modular Ratio In elastic analysis environment in which it is placed. The
modular ratio shall be taken as 280/fck. This resistance of concrete to weathering,
expression takes into account the effect of chemical attack, abrasion, frost and fire
long term loading on elastic modulus such depends largely upon its quality and
as creep. constituents materials. Susceptibility to
5.3 Workability of Concrete corrosion of the steel is governed by the
5.3.1 The concrete mix proportions chosen cover provided and the permeability of
should be such that the concrete is of concrete. The cube crushing strength alone
adequate workability for the placing is not a reliable guide to the quality and
conditions of the concrete and can properly durability of concrete; it must also have an
be compacted with the means available. adequate cement content and a low water-
cement ratio. The general environment to
Placing Degree of Values of which the concrete will be exposed during
Conditions workability workability its working life is classified in five levels of
(1) (2) (3) severity that is mild, moderate, severe, very
severe and extreme, as described below:
Concreting of Very low 20-10
shallow seconds, vee-
sections with bee time or
vibration 0.75-0.80,
compacting
factor
Concreting of Low 10-5 seconds,
V-14
ENVIRONMENT EXPOSURE CONDITION

Mild Concrete surface protected against weather or aggressive conditions.
Moderate Concrete surface sheltered from severe rain or freezing whilst wet concrete
exposed to condensation, concrete structure continuously under water,
concrete in contact with non-aggressive soil/ground water.
Severe Concrete surface exposed to severe rain, alternate wetting and drying or
occasional freezing or severe condensation. Concrete exposed to
aggressive sub-soil/ ground water or coastal environment.
Very Severe Concrete surface exposed to sea water spray, corrosive fumes or severe
freezing conditions whilst wet.
Extreme Concrete structure surfaces exposed to abrasive action, surfaces of
members in tidal zone.
5.4.2 Permeability : iii) Permeability test is required for

RCC/PSC structural element only.
5.4.2.1 One of the main characteristics
influencing the durability of any concrete is
5.4.3 Maximum Water Cement Ratio
its permeability. Therefore, tests for
The limits for maximum water cement ratio
permeability shall be carried out for
for design mix shall be based on
concrete bridges as recommended in clause
environmental conditions as defined in
5.4.2.2. With Strong, dense aggregates, a
Clause 5.4.1 . The limits for maximum
suitably low permeability is achieved by
water-cement ratio for different
having a sufficiently low water-cement ratio,
environmental conditions shall be as given
by ensuring as thorough compaction of the
in Table No.4 (a).
concrete as possible and by ensuring
sufficient hydration of cement through
proper curing methods. Therefore, for given TABLE 4 (a) : MAXIMUM WATER CEMENT
aggregates, the cement content should be RATIO
sufficient to provide adequate workability (Clause 5.4.3)
with a low water-cement ratio so that
concrete can be completely compacted by Maximum Water-Cement Ratio
vibration. Test procedure for penetration Environ- Plain Reinforced Prestressed
measuring permeability has been given in ment Conc. concrete Concrete
Appendix-G. The depth of penetration of (PCC) (RCC) (PSC)
moisture shall not exceed 25mm. Mild 0.55 0.45 040
Moderate 0.50 0.40 0.40
5.4.2.2 : Permeability test : Severe 0.45 0.40 0.40
i) Permeability test shall be mandatory Very 0.45 0.38 0.35
for all RCC/PSC bridges under severe, Severe
very severe and extreme environment. Extreme 0.40 0.35 0.35
ii) Under mild and moderate environment,
permeability test shall be mandatory for 5.4.4 Minimum Grade of Concrete From
all major bridges and for other bridges durability consideration, depending upon the
permeability test is desirable to the environment to which the structure is likely
extent possible. to be exposed during its service life,
minimum grade of concrete shall be as
given in Table 4(b).
V-15
TABLE 4(b) : MINIMUM GRADE OF 5.4.6 Total Chloride contents: -

CONCRETE
The total chloride content by weight of
(Clause 5.4.4)
cement shall not exceed the following
Environ- Minimum Grade of Concrete values: -
ment Plain Reinforced prestressed a) For prestressed concrete work
Concrete Concrete Concrete
i) Under extreme and 0.06%
(PCC) (RCC) (PSC) very severe environment
Mild M-20 M-25 M-35* ii) Under severe moderate 0.10%
Moderate M-25 M-30 M-35* and mild environment
Severe M-25 M-35 M-45 b) For RCC works 0.15%
Very M-30 M-40 M-50 5.4.7 Coatings for Concrete
Severe
5.4.7.1 In order to provide adequate
Extreme M-30 M-45 M-50 resistance against corrosion of embedded
material in RCC structures, concrete shall
be provided with suitable coating depending
Minimum grade of concrete shall be M- upon the environmental conditions.
40 for pre-tensioned prestressed
The recommended coating is as under :
concrete structures.
Aggressive Environment Non
5.4.5 Cementitious Material Content :
aggressive
(Severe, Very Severe &
Depending upon the environment to which environment
Extreme)
the structure is likely to be exposed during (Mild &
its service life, minimum cementitious Moderate)
material content in concrete shall be as
Super Substructure All structures
given in Table 4(C). Maximum cementitious
structure of of bridges (in
material content shall be limited to
bridges affected part
500kg/m3.
only)
Epoxy- Coaltar No coating is
TABLE 4(c) : MIN. CEMENTITIOUS
Phenolic IPN epoxy necessary
MATERIAL CONTENT
coating Coating
(Clause 5.4.5)
Environment Minimum Cementitious Or
material content in Kg/m3
CECRI
Plain Reinforced Prestressed
Conc. Concrete Concrete
Integrated
(PCC) (RCC) (PSC) four coat
Mild 300 350 400 system
Moderate 350 400 400

5.4.7.2 The frequency of coating shall
depend upon the condition of the existing
Severe 380 400 430
coatings.
Very Severe 400 430 440 5.5 Concrete Mix Proportioning
Extreme 400 430 440 5.5.1 Mix Proportion The mix
proportions shall be selected to ensure that
the workability of the fresh concrete is
V-16
suitable for the conditions of handling and required workability, durability and a
placing, so that after compaction its characteristic strength not less than
surrounds all reinforcements are completely appropriate values given in Table 2. The
fills the formwork. When concrete gets procedure given in IS:10262 may be
hardened, it shall have the required followed for mix design.
strength, durability and surface finish.
5.5.3 Nominal Mix Concrete Nominal mix
5.5.1.1 The determination of the proportions
concrete may be used for concrete of grade
of cement, aggregates and water to attain
M 20. The proportions of materials for
the required strengths shall be made as
nominal mix concrete shall be in
follows:
accordance with Table 5.
a) By designing the concrete mix; such
TABLE 5. PROPORTIONS FOR NOMINAL
concrete shall be called Design mix
MIX CONCRETE
Concrete ; or
(Clause 5.5.3)
Grade Total quantity Proportion of Qty of
b) By adopting nominal concrete mix; of of dry fine water per
such concrete shall be called conc. aggregates by aggregate to 50 kg of
Nominal mix concrete. mass per 50 coarse cement
kg of cement, aggregates Max.
Design mix concrete is preferred to to be taken as
nominal mix. Nominal mixes, when used, the sum of the
are likely to involve higher cement content. individual
Concretes of grades richer than M 20 shall masses of fine
only be design mix concretes. & coarse
aggregates
5.5.1.2 Information Required In (kg) (By Mass) (liters)
specifying a particular grade of concrete,
(1) (2) (3) (4)
the following information shall be included: -
a) Type of mix, i.e. design mix concrete
or nominal mix concrete; Fine aggregates grading
b) Grade designation;
Zone Zone Zone Zone
c) Type of cement; I II III IV
d) Maximum nominal size of
M20 250 1:1.5 1:2 1:2.25 1:2.5 25
aggregate;
e) Workability
f) Mix proportion (for nominal mix Note: It is recommended that fine
concrete); aggregate conforming to grading zone IV
g) Type of aggregate; should not be used in reinforced concrete
h) Whether an admixture shall or shall unless tests have been made to ascertain
not be used and the type of the suitability of proposed mixed
admixture and the conditions of use; proportions.
and 5.5.3.1 The cement content of the mix
i) Exposure condition. specified in table 5 for any nominal mix shall
be proportionately increased if the quantity
5.5.2 Design Mix Concrete of water in a mix has to be increased to
overcome the difficulties of placement and
5.5.2.1 The mix shall be designed to compaction, so that water-cement ratio as
produce the grade of concrete having the specified is not exceeded.
V-17
Note1: In case of vibrated concrete the 5.6.2 Batching In proportioning concrete,

limit specified may be suitably the quantity of both cement and aggregate
reduced to avoid segregation. should be determined by mass. Water
should be either measured by volume in
Note2: The quantity of water used in the
calibrated tanks or weighed. Any solid
concrete mix for reinforced
admixture that may be added, may be
concrete work should be sufficient,
measured by mass, liquid and paste
but not more than sufficient to
admixtures by volume or mass. Batching
produce a dense concrete of
plant where used should conform to IS:
adequate workability for its
4925. All measuring equipment should be
purpose, which will surround and
maintained in a clean serviceable condition,
properly grip all the reinforcement.
and their accuracy periodically checked,
Workability of the concrete should
Coarse and fine aggregates shall be
be controlled by maintaining a
batched separately.
water content that is found to give a
concrete, which is just sufficiently 5.6.2.1 Except where it can be shown to the
wet to be placed and compacted satisfaction of the engineer that supply of
without difficulty by means properly graded aggregate of uniform
available. quality can be maintained over the period of
work, the grading of aggregate should be
5.5.3.2 If nominal mix concrete made in
controlled by obtaining the coarse
accordance with the proportions given for a
aggregate in different sizes and blending
particular grade does not yield the specified
them in the right proportions when required,
strength, such concrete shall be specified
the different sizes being stocked in separate
as belonging to the appropriate lower grade.
stock piles. The material should be stock-
Nominal mix concrete proportioned for a
piled for several hours preferably a day
given grade in accordance with Table 5
before use. The grading of coarse and fine
shall not, however, be placed in higher
aggregate should be checked as frequently
grade on the ground that the test strengths
as possible, the frequency for a given job
are higher than the minimum specified.
being determined by the engineer to ensure
5.6 Production and Control of Concrete that the specified grading is maintained. The
5.6.1 General To avoid confusion and grading of fine and coarse aggregate shall
error in batching, consideration should be be as per IS:383. The combined aggregate
given to using the smallest practical number shall also conform to all in-aggregate
of different concrete mixes on any site or in grading curve as per IS:383.
any one plant.
5.6.1.1 A competent person shall supervise 5.6.2.2 In case uniformity in the materials
all stages of production of concrete. used for concrete making has been
Competent person is one who has been established over a period of time, the
issued competency certificate by Divisional proportioning may be done by volume
Engineer/Senior Engineer for executing and batching for M20 grade concrete with the
supervising relevant aspect of concreting. approval of the engineer, provided the
Preparation of test specimens and site tests materials and aggregates conform to the
shall be properly supervised. grading as per IS:383. Where weigh-
5.6.1.2 The engineer shall be afforded all batching is not practicable, the quantities of
reasonable opportunity and facility to fine and coarse aggregate (not cement)
inspect the materials and the manufacture may be determined by volume batching for
of concrete and to take any samples or to concrete of grade upto M25. If the fine
make any tests. aggregate is moist and volume batching is
V-18
adopted, allowance shall be made for 5.6.3 Mixing - Concrete shall be mixed in
bulking in accordance with IS:2386 (part III). a mechanical mixer. The mixer should
comply with IS:1791. The mixing shall be
5.6.2.3 It is important to maintain the water-
continued until there is a uniform distribution
cement ratio constant at its correct value.
of the materials in the mass is uniform in
To this end, determination of moisture
colour and consistency. If, there is
contents in both fine and coarse aggregates
segregation after unloading from the mixer,
shall be made as frequently as possible, the
the concrete should be remixed.
frequency for a given job being determined
by the engineer according to weather Note 1: For guidance, the mixing time may
condition. The amount of the added water be taken as 1.5 to 2 minutes for
shall be adjusted to compensate for any normal mixer and 45 to 60 seconds
observed variations in the moisture for high rated batching plant.
contents. For the determination of moisture
5.6.3.1 Workability of the concrete
content in the aggregates, IS:2386 (Part-III)
Should be controlled by direct-measurement
may be referred to. To allow for the variation
of water content with/without admixtures.
in mass of aggregate due to variation in
Workability should be checked at frequent
their moisture content, suitable adjustments
intervals (refer to IS:1199).
in the masses of aggregate shall also be
made. In the absence of exact data, only in 5.7 Ready Mixed Concrete
the case of nominal mixes, the amount of 5.7.1 Use of Ready Mixed Concrete
surface water may be estimated from the Ready mixed concrete may be used,
values given in Table-6. wherever required. It shall conform to the
Table-6 SURFACE WATER CARRIED specifications of concrete, as laid down in
BY AGGREGATE this Code. For other aspects, which are not
( Clause 5.6.2.3) covered in this Code, IS:4926 (Specifications
for Ready Mixed Concrete) may be referred
AGGREGATE APPROXIMATE
to.
QUANTITY OF
SURFACE WATER 5.7.2. Effect of transit (transportation)
PERCENT BY MASS time on Ready Mixed Concrete: As ready
l/m3 mixed concrete is available for placement
after lapse of transit time, reduction in
1 2 3 workability occurs, which may lead to
Very wet sand 7.5 120 difficulty in placement of concrete. In
Moderately wet 5.0 80 addition, in case of longer transit time, initial
sand setting of concrete may also takes place,
Moist sand 2.5 40 which may render it unusable. Thus, while
planning for using of Ready Mixed
Moist coarse 1.25-2.5 20-40 Concrete, these aspects should be kept in
aggregate view.
5.7.3 Checking suitability of Admixtures:-
* coarser the aggregate, less that water it Generally admixtures like water reducing
will carry. agent, retarder etc. are used in Ready
5.6.2.4 No substitutions in materials used Mixed Concrete for retention of desired
on the work or alterations in the established workability and to avoid setting of concrete.
proportions, except as permitted in 5.6.2.2 In such cases, admixtures should be tested
and 5.6.2.3 shall be made without additional for their suitability as per IS:9103 at the time
tests to show that the quality and strength of of finalizing the mix design. Regarding
concrete are satisfactory. specification of admixtures, clause 4.4 of
this Code may be referred to.
V-19
5.7.4 Re-tempering with Concrete a) Dead load of wet concrete and

Under any circumstances, retempering i.e. reinforcement;
addition of water after initial mixing shall not b) Weight of form work;
be allowed, as it may affect the strength and
c) Plant and equipment including
other properties of concrete.
impact;
5.7.5 Time Period for delivery of d) Impact due to deposition of
concrete: The concrete shall be delivered concrete;
completely to the site of work within 1
e) Construction personnel;
hours (when the atmospheric temperature is
above 200C) and within 2 hours (when the f) Prestressing loads;
atmospheric temperature is at or below g) Lateral loads;
200C) of adding the mixing water to the dry h) Wind loads;
mix of cement and aggregate or adding the i) Force due to water current, if any.
cement to the aggregate, whichever is
earlier. In case, location of site of 6.1.3 Materials All the materials shall
construction is such that this time period is conform to the specified quality consistent
considered inadequate, increased time with the intended purpose and actual site
period may be specified provided that condition as applicable.
properties of concrete have been tested 6.1.4 Falsework Plans Falsework plans
after lapse of the proposed delivery period shall include the following information:
at the time of finalising mix design.
a) Design Assumptions All major design
5.7.6 Transportation of Ready Mixed values and loading conditions shall be
Concrete: The Ready Mixed Concrete shown on these drawings. They include
shall be transported in concrete transit assumed values of superimposed load,
agitators conforming to IS: 5892 rate of placement, mass of moving
(Specification for concrete transit mixers equipment which may be operated on
and agitators). Agitating speed of the formwork, foundation pressures, camber
agitators during transit shall not be less than diagram and other pertinent information,
2 revolutions per minute not more than 6 if applicable.
revolution per minute.
b) Types of materials, sizes, lengths and
6 FALSE WORK & FORM WORK connection details.
6.1 Falsework c) Sequence of removal of forms and
shores.
6.1.1 General
d) Anchors, form ties, shores and braces
6.1.1.1 Falsework shall be designed to meet e) Field adjustment of the form during
the requirements of the permanent placing of concrete.
structure, taking into account the actual
conditions of materials, environment and f) Working scaffolds and gangways.
site conditions. g) Weep holes, vibrator holes or access
doors for inspection and placing of
6.1.1.2 Careful attention shall be paid to the concrete.
detailing of connections and function with a
view to avoiding gross errors leading to h) Construction joints, expansion joints.
significant damage or failure. i) Sequence of concrete placements and
minimum/maximum elapsed time
6.1.2 Loads: between adjacent placements.
6.1.2.1 Falsework shall be designed to j) Chamfer strips or grade strips for
cater for following loads: exposed corners and construction joints.
k) Foundation details for falsework.
V-20
l) Special provisions such as protection repairs should be carried out with prior
from water, ice and debris at stream approval of the engineer.
crossings.
6.2.5 Moulds for pretension works shall be
m) Form coatings and release agents. sufficiently strong and rigid to withstand,
n) Means of obtaining specified concrete. without distortion, the effects of placing and
o) Location of box outs, pipes, ducts, compacting concrete as well as those
conduits and miscellaneous inserts in prestressing in case of manufacture by the
the concrete attached to or penetrating individual mould process where the
the forms. prestressing tendon is supported by the
mould before transfer.
p) Location and spacing of rubber pads
where shutter vibrators are used. 6.3 Cleaning and Treatment of Forms-
All rubbish particularly chippings, shavings
6.2 Formwork and sawdust shall be removed from the
interior of the forms before the concrete is
6.2.1 General The formwork shall placed and the formwork in contact with the
conform to the shapes, lines and concrete shall be cleaned and thoroughly
dimensions shown on the drawings such wetted or treated with an approved release
that the relevant tolerances of finished agent. Care shall be taken that such
concrete as specified in 6.5 are achieved. approved release agent is kept out of
6.2.2 Formwork shall be so constructed and contact with the reinforcement.
supported as to remain sufficiently rigid 6.4 Stripping Time - Forms shall not be
during the placement and compaction of the struck until the concrete has reached a
concrete and shall be sufficiently watertight strength at least twice the stress to which
to prevent loss of water or mortar from the concrete may be subjected at the time
concrete. The formwork and false work of removal of formwork. The strength
must be designed keeping in view all loads referred to shall be that of concrete using
and forces. the same cement and aggregates, with the
6.2.3 Forms for finished surfaces should be same propositions and cured under
smooth and mortar tight. If wood forms are conditions of temperature and moisture
used, the boards must be uniform in the similar to those existing on the work. Where
thickness, tongued and grooved, smoothly possible, the formwork shall be left longer
finished on the surface next to the concrete, as it would assist the curing.
evenly matched and tightly placed, except 6.4.1 In normal circumstances and where
where the desired surface or appearance ordinary Portland cement is used, forms
requires special treatment. The use of forms may generally be removed after the expiry
of ply-wood/similar product, which can of the following periods:
absorb water, is not recommended.
6.2.4 Finishing: No surface finishing will a) Walls, columns & 24 to 48 hrs. as
normally be provided. If minor defects are vertical faces of may be decided
noticed, the surface should be rendered. all structural by the Engineer.
The required finish shall be obtained by use members.
of properly designed formwork of closely
jointed boards. The surface may be b) Slabs (props left 3 days
improved by carefully removing all fins and under)
other projections, thoroughly washing down
and then filling the most noticeable surface c) Beam soffits 7 days
blemished with a cement and fine aggregate (props left under)
paste. For major defects, if noticed any
V-21
6.5 The Tolerances for Finished

d) Removal of props
Concrete Bridge Structures:-
under slabs:
7 days
i) Spanning up to 1. Shift from 25mm
4.5m alignment
ii) Spanning over 14 days
2. Deviation from 1 in 250,
4.5m
plumb or specified, subjected to a
batter for face of maximum value
e) Removal of props
exposed piers. of .05 times the
under beams:
least lateral
i) Spanning upto 14 days dimension of
6 m. pier.
ii) Spanning over 21 days
3. Deviation from 1 in 125
6m
plumb or specified,
batter for face of
For other cements, the stripping time backfilled
recommended for ordinary Portland cement abutments
may be suitably modified.
4. Cross-sectional -5 mm
6.4.1.1 The number of props left under, their dimensions of +20mm
sizes and disposition shall be such as to be piers, abutments
able to safely carry the full dead load of the and girders
slab or beam as the case may be together
with any live load likely to occur during 5. Thickness of deck +6mm
curing or further construction. slab of bridges -3mm
6.4.2 Where the shape of the element is
such that the formwork has reentrants 6. Size and locations 12mm
angles, the formwork shall be removed as of openings
soon as possible after the concrete has set,
to avoid shrinkage cracking occuring due to 7. Plan dimensions of +50mm
the restraint imposed. footings (formed) -25mm
6.4.3 The forms should be so constructed 8. Plan dimensions of +75mm

as to be removable in the sections without footings (Unformed -00mm
marring or damaging the surface of the excavations)
concrete. Forms should be removed as
soon as possible in order to make 9. Thickness of +No limit
necessary repairs and finish the surface. As footings - 5%
soon as forms are removed, list of
major/minor defects noticed in concrete 10 Footing eccentricity 0.02 times the
should be prepared. Repairing methodology width of the
should be approved by Engineer- In charge. footing in the
After making necessary repairs, the surface direction of
should be finished with wood float so as to deviation but
free from streaks, discolourations or other not more than
imperfections. Plastering should not be 50mm.
permitted and a steel trowel should not be
used to finish surfaces.
V-22
inwards. For aggressive environment,

11 Reduced level of top of 5mm galvanized binding wire shall be used.
footing/pier/bed block
7.1.3.2 All steel fabrics shall be lapped two
12 Centre to centre 30mm meshes unless otherwise shown on the
distance of pier and drawing and securely bound to the
abutments at pier top supporting bars with 1.6mm dia mild steel
wire (IS:280) or approved reinforcement
13 Centre to centre 5mm clips. The free ends of the binding wire shall
distance of bearings be bent inwards. Proper cutting pliers shall
along span be used and the wire binding and tying shall
be done as tightly as possible.
14 Centre to centre 5mm 7.1.3.3 Tolerance on placing of
distance of bearings
Reinforcement- Unless otherwise
across span
specified by the engineer, reinforcement
shall be placed within the following
tolerances:
7 REINFORCEMENT AND
PRESTRESSING TENDONS a) For over all depth 200mm or less:
7.1 Ordinary Reinforcement- Any 10mm
reinforcement, which is bent, should not be b) For over all depth more than
rebent at the location of the original bend. 200mm: 15mm
Where the temperature of steel is below
The cover shall, in no case, be reduced by
50C, special precautions may be necessary
more than one-third of specified cover or
such as reducing the speed of bending or
5mm whichever is less.
with the engineers approval, increasing the
radius of bending. 7.1.3.4 Sufficient precast concrete spacers
shall be provided as shall, in the opinion of
7.1.1. Straightening, Cutting & Bending-
the engineer, be necessary to maintain
Reinforcement shall be bent and fixed in
specified concrete cover to the
accordance with the procedure specified in
reinforcement and preventing displacement
IS: 2502 and shall not be straightened in a
before and during the placement of the
manner that will injure the material. All
concrete. These spacers shall be accurately
reinforcement shall be bent cold.
fixed to the reinforcement to ensure that
7.1.2 Special precautions like coating of they will not be displaced during placement,
reinforcement bars shall be taken for tamping or vibrating of concrete. The
reinforced concrete elements exposed to composition of concrete of spacer blocks
severe and very severe exposure shall be same as that of surrounding
conditions. concrete.
7.1.3 Placing All reinforcement shall be 7.1.3.5 Binding wires, used for binding /
placed and maintained in the position fixing reinforcement bars, shall be
shown in the drawings. Galvanized Iron wires.
7.1.3.1 Crossing bars should not be tack- 7.1.4 Welded Joints or Mechanical
welded for assembly of reinforcement Connections Welded joints or
unless permitted by the engineer. At all mechanical connections in reinforcement
intersections, reinforcing bars shall be may be used with the approval of the
securely bound together with 1.6mm dia engineer but in the case of important
mild steel wire in accordance with IS:280 or connections, test shall be made to prove
with approved reinforcement clips. The free that the joints are of the full strength of bars
ends of the binding wire shall be bent connected.
V-23
7.1.4.1 Welding of mild steel bars percent of the moment of resistance and
conforming to IS:432(Part I) may be such joints should be so disposed that at
permitted with the approval of the engineer. any section not more than 50% of the bars
Welding of mild steel reinforcement shall be are connected by mechanical devices,
done in accordance with the bottlenuts or couplings (see 15.9.6.5).
recommendations of IS:2751. All welders
7.1.4.6 Reinforcement temporarily left
and welding operators to be employed shall
projecting from the concrete at construction
have to be qualified by tests prescribed in
joints or other joints shall not be bent during
IS: 2751. Inspection of welds shall conform
the period in which concreting is suspended
to IS:822 and destructive and non-
except with the approval of the engineer.
destructive testing may be undertaken when
Where reinforcement bars are bent aside at
deemed necessary. Joints with weld defects
construction joints and afterwards bent back
detected by visual inspection or dimensional
to the original positions, care should be
inspection shall not be accepted.
taken to ensure that at no time is the radius
7.1.4.2 Welded joints may be permitted in of the bend less than 4 bar diameters for
cold worked bars conforming to IS:1786 plain mild steel or 6 bar diameters for the
provided that the carbon equivalent deformed bars. Care shall also be taken
calculated from the chemical composition of when bending back bar to ensure that the
the bar is 0.4% or less. Welding of the cold- concrete around the bar is not damaged.
worked bars may be done in accordance
7.1.4.7 No concreting shall be done until the
with the recommendations of IS:9417. When
reinforcement has been inspected and
cold-worked bars are welded, the stress at
approved by the Engineer.
the weld should be limited to the strength of
mild steel bars without cold-working. 7.1.5 Protective Coatings: - In order to
offer adequate resistance against corrosion
7.1.4.3 Butt welding between the ends of a
reinforcement bars shall be provided with
bar in line, whereby the stress is transferred
suitable protective coatings depending upon
across the section, is to be allowed for mild
the environmental conditions. The
steel bars only.
recommended coatings are as under: -
7.1.4.4 Welded joints should not be located
Aggressive Environment Non
near the bends in the reinforcement.
(Severe, Very severe and aggressive
Wherever possible, joints in the parallel bars
Extreme) environment
of principal tensile reinforcement should be
(Mild and
staggered. The welded joints may
Moderate)
preferably, be placed in regions of low
stresses. Important Minor All structures
and major bridges
7.1.4.5 Bars may be joined with mechanical
bridges and
devices e.g. by special grade steel swaged
structures
on to bars in end to end contact or by
screwed couplers or using bottle nuts, if Cement Cement Truncated
permitted by the engineer. Patented Polymer Polymer Inhibited
systems with approved use shall only be Composite Composite Cement Slurry
permitted to be used on production of test Coating Coating
results showing the adequacy of the device
Or Or
to the satisfaction of the Engineer- In
charge. The effectiveness for such joints Fusion Inhibited
shall invariably be proved by static and Bonded Cement
fatigue strength tests. Such joints should Epoxy Slurry
preferably be located at sections where the Coating. Coating.
bending moment is not more than 50
V-24
7.2 Prestressing Tendons 7.2.5.1 All prestressing steel shall be

carefully and accurately located in the exact
7.2.1 Straightening
positions shown in design drawings. The
7.2.1.1 The wire and strands as supplied, permissible tolerance in the location of the
shall be self-straightening when uncoiled. prestressing tendon shall be 5mm.Curves
7.2.1.2 In the case of high tensile steel bars, or bends in prestressing tendon required by
any straightening (or bending if the design the designer shall be gradual and the
provides for curved bars) shall be carried prestressing tendon shall not be forced
out by means of a bar-bending machine. around sharp bends or be formed in any
Bars shall not be bent when their manner which is likely to set up undesirable
temperature is less than 10o C. Bars bent in secondary stresses.
threaded portion shall be rejected. 7.2.5.2 The relative position of wires in a
7.2.1.3 In no case, heat shall be applied to cable, whether curved or straight, shall be
facilitate straightening or bending of accurately maintained by suitable means
prestressing steel. such as sufficiently rigid and adequately
distributed spacers.
7.2.2 Special precautions like coating of
prestressing wires/strands/ bars/tendons 7.2.5.3 In the case of post-tensioned work,
shall be taken for post-tensioned pre- the spacing of wires in a cable shall be
stressed concrete elements exposed to adequate to ensure the free flow of grout.
severe and very severe exposure 7.2.5.4 The method of supporting and fixing
conditions. the tendons (or the sheaths or duct formers)
7.2.3 Cutting in position should be such that they will not
be displaced by heavy or prolonged
7.2.3.1 All cutting to length and trimming of vibration, by pressure of the wet concrete,
the ends of wires shall be done by suitable including upwards thrust of concrete, by
mechanical cutters. workmen or by construction traffic.
7.2.3.2 Bars shall preferably be ordered to 7.2.5.5 The means of locating prestressing
the exact length required. Any trimming tendons should not unnecessarily increase
required shall be done only after the bar has the friction greater than that assumed in the
been tensioned and the grout has set; it design, when they are being tensioned.
shall then be carried out in accordance with
7.2.3.1. 7.2.6 Tensioning the Tendons.
7.2.4 Jointing 7.2.6.1 General All wires, strands or bars

stressed in one operation shall be taken,
7.2.4.1 Strands and hard-drawn wires, used where possible, from the same parcel.
in prestressed concrete work shall be Each cable shall be tagged with its number
continuous over the entire length of the from which the coil numbers of the steel
tendon. used can be identified. Cables shall not be
7.2.4.2 High tensile steel bars may be kinked or twisted. Individual wires or
joined together by means of couplings, strands for which extensions are to be
provided the strength of the coupling is such measured shall be readily identifiable at
that in a test to destruction, the bar shall fail each end of the member. No strand that
before the coupling. has become unravelled shall be used. The
order in which wires or cables forming a part
7.2.4.3 Welding shall not be permitted in of prestressing tendon are to stressed
prestressing steel. should be in such a way that stresses
7.2.5 Arrangement of Tendons and permitted are not exceeded at any stage.
Positioning. The order should be decided by the
engineer responsible for the design and
V-25
should be shown on the working drawings. 7.2.6.2.5 The tensioning equipment shall be
Similarly, where there are a large number of calibrated before the tensioning operation
separate tendons, the order in which the and at intervals to the approval of the
tendons are to be stressed should be engineer.
decided by the engineer and shown on the
7.2.6.2.6 Temporary Gripping Device
working drawings. The tensioning of each
Prestressing tendons may be gripped by
tendon should be such as to cause as little
wedges, yokes, double cones or any other
eccentric stress as possible and to ensure
approved type of gripping devices. The
this, symmetrical tendons should be
prestressing wires may be gripped singly or
successively stressed.
in groups. Gripping devices shall be such
7.2.6.2 Tensioning Apparatus. that in a tensile test, the wire or wires fixed
by them would break before failure of the
7.2.6.2.1 The requirements of 7.2.6.2
grip itself.
shall apply to both the pre-tensioned and
the post-tensioned methods of prestressed 7.2.6.2.7 Releasing Device - The
concrete except where specifically releasing device shall be so designed that
mentioned otherwise. during the period between the tensioning
and release, the tension in the prestressing
7.2.6.2.2 Prestressing steel may be
elements is fully maintained by positive
tensioned by means of hydraulic jacks of
means, such as external anchorages. The
similar mechanical apparatus. The method
device shall enable the transfer or prestress
of tensioning steel covered by this code is
to be carried out gradually so as to avoid
generally by means of hydraulic or similar
large difference of tension between wires in
mechanical jacks.
a tendon, severe eccentricities of prestress
The type of tensioning apparatus shall be or the sudden application of stress to the
such that a controlled force can be applied. concrete.
It shall not induce dangerous secondary
7.2.6.3 Pretensioning.
stresses or torsional effects on steel,
concrete or on the anchorages. 7.2.6.3.1 Straight Tendons- In the long-
line method of pre-tensioning sufficient
7.2.6.2.3 The means of attachment of the
locator plates shall be distributed throughout
tendon to the jack or tensioning device shall
the length of the bed to ensure that the
be safe and secure and such as not to
wires or strands are maintained in their
damage the wire or bar.
proper position during concreting. Where a
7.2.6.2.4 The force in the tendons during number of units are made in line, they shall
the tensioning shall be measured by direct- be free to slide in the direction of their
reading load cells or obtained indirectly from length and thus permit transfer of the
gauges fitted in the hydraulic system to prestressing force to the concrete along the
determine the pressure in the jacks. whole line.
Facilities shall be provided for the
In the individual mould system, the moulds
measurement of the extension of the tendon
shall be sufficiently rigid to provide the
and of any movement of the tendon in the
reaction to the prestressing force without
gripping devices. The load-measuring
distortion.
device shall be calibrated to an accuracy
with +2% and checked at intervals to the 7.2.6.3.2 Deflected Tendons Where
approval of the engineer. Elongation of the possible the mechanisms for holding down
tendon shall be measured to an accuracy or holding up tendons shall ensure that the
within 2% or 2mm, whichever is more part in contact with the tendon is free to
accurate. move in the line of the tendon so that
frictional losses are nullified. If, however, a
system is used that develops a frictional
V-26
force, this force shall be determined by test maintained securely to prevent

and due allowance made. displacement during placement and
compaction of concrete. The permissible
For single tendons, the deflector in contact
tolerance in the location of the sheaths and
with the tendon shall have a radius of not
extractable cores shall be 5 mm. Any
less than 5 times the tendon diameter for
distortion of the sheath during concreting
wire or 10 times the tendon diameter for a
may lead to additional friction.
strand, and the angle of deflection shall not
exceed 15 degrees. 7.2.6.4.2.3. Mild Steel Sheathing
The transfer of the prestressing force to the 7.2.6.4.2.3.1 Unless otherwise specified,
concrete shall be effected in conjunction the material shall be Cold Rolled Cold
with the release of hold-down and hold-up Annealed (CRCA) mild steel intended for
forces as approved by the engineer. mechanical treatment and surface refining
but not for quench hardening or tempering.
7.2.6.4 Post-tensioning.
The material shall be clean and free from
7.2.6.4.1 Arrangement of Tendons rust and normally of bright metal finish.
Where wires, strands or bars in a tendon However, in case of use in aggressive
are not stressed simultaneously, the use of environment (severe, very severe and
spacers shall be in accordance with the extreme as defined in clause 5.4.1),
recommendations of the system galvanized or lead coated mild steel strips
manufacturer. may be used.
7.2.6.4.2 Sheathing - The sheathings 7.2.6.4.2.3.2 The thickness of the strips
shall be in mild steel as per the sub-clause shall be a minimum of 0.24 mm 0.02 mm
7.2.6.4.2.3. However, as an alternative, for internal diameter of sheathing ducts upto
HDPE sheathings as per sub-clause and including 51mm and shall be 0.30
7.2.6.4.2.4 may be used subject to its being mm0.02 mm for diameter beyond 51mm
cost effective as compared to metal and upto 91 mm.
sheathing. The sheaths shall be in as long
7.2.6.4.2.3.3 The joints of all sheathing
lengths as practical so as not to be dented
shall conform to the provisions contained in
or deformed during handling and
Appendix C.
transporting. These shall conform to the
requirements as per tests specified in 7.2.6.4.2.4. Corrugated HDPE sheathing
Appendix-B and B1 and the manufacturer
7.2.6.4.2.4.1 Unless otherwise specified,
shall furnish a test certificate to this effect.
the material for the high-density
The tests specified in Appendix B1 are to be
polyethylene (HDPE) sheathing shall have
performed as part of additional acceptance
the following properties:
tests for prestressing system employing
corrugated HDPE sheathing ducts and are
not meant for routine site testing purpose.
7.2.6.4.2.1The sheaths shall be sufficiently
watertight to prevent concrete laitance
penetrating in them in quantities likely to
increase friction. Special care shall be taken
to ensure water-tightness at the joints.
7.2.6.4.2.2. The alignment of all sheaths
and extractable cores shall be correct to the
requirements of the drawings and
V-27
Property Unit Applicable Temperature Acceptance

Standard Values
Min Max
Carbon content % 2 -
Density gm/cc IS2530 23OC 0.94 0.96

Tensile strength at MPa BS EN ISO 20 26
Yield 527-3
Shore D BS EN ISO 55 65
Hardness 2039-1
Elongation at % BS EN ISO 7 10
Yield 527-3
Melt Flow Index g/10 IS:2530 190 OC under a 0.5 1.2
(MFI) minutes mss of 5 kg
Environmental Hrs ASTMD-1693 70 OC 192
Stress Crack
Resistance
Coefficient of / OC DIN 53 752 1.50x
Thermal Expansion 10-4
for 20 OC - 80 OC
Charpy impact kJ/m2 BS EN ISO 1.0kJ/m2
strength of notched 179 4 kJ/m2
specimen
(i)at 23 OC
(ii) at -40 OC
7.2.6.4.2.4.2 The thickness of the wall Jointing with thick walled HDPE
shall be 2.30.3 mm as manufactured shrink couplers with glue.
and 1.5mm after loss in the
compression test as per clause B1-2 at Welding with electrofusion
Appendix B1, for sheathing upto 160 couplers.
mm Outer Diameter. The joints shall be able to withstand an
7.2.6.4.2.4.3 The sheathing shall be internal pressure of 0.5 bar (0.05Mpa)
corrugated on both the sides. The for 5 minutes as per water loss test
sheathings shall transmit full tendon procedure given in clause B-7 at
strength from the tendon to the Appendix B.
surrounding concrete over a length not 7.2.6.4.3 Anchorages The anchorage
greater than 40 times the sheathing system in general comprises the
diameter. anchorage itself and the arrangement of
7.2.6.4.2.4.4 Sheathings shall be joined tendons and reinforcement designed to
by adopting any one of the following act with the anchorage.
methods, as convenient to suit the 7.2.6.4.3.1 The anchorage may consist
individual requirements of the location, of any device patented or otherwise,
subject to the satisfactory pressure which complies with the requirements
tests, before adoption. laid down in 7.2.6.4.3.2 to 7.2.6.4.3.6.
Proprietary anchorages shall be handled
Screwed together with male and
and used strictly in accordance with the
female threads.
V-28
manufacturers instructions and tendon shall be stressed

recommendations. simultaneously.
7.2.6.4.3.2 The anchoring device shall 7.2.6.5.2 The total tension imparted to
be capable of holding without more than each tendon shall conform to the
nominal slip the prestressing tendon requirement of the design. No alteration
subjected to a load midway between the in the prestressing force in any tendon
proposed initial prestressing load and shall be allowed unless specifically
the ultimate strength of the prestressing approved by the designer.
tendon.
7.2.6.5.3 Any slack in the prestressing
7.2.6.4.3.3 The anchoring device shall tendon shall first be taken up by
be strong enough to resist in all respects applying in a small initial tension.
a force equal to at least the breaking
The initial tension required to remove
strength of the prestressing tendon it
slackness shall be taken as the starting
anchors.
point for measuring the elongation and
7.2.6.4.3.4 The anchorage shall transfer a correction shall be applied to the total
effectively and distribute, as evenly as required elongation to compensate for
possible, the entire force from the the initial tensioning of the wire. The
prestressing tendon to the concrete extent of correction shall be arrived at
without inducing undesirable secondary by plotting on a graph the gauge reading
or local stresses. as abscissae and extensions as
ordinates; the intersection of the curve
7.2.6.4.3.5 The anchorage shall be safe
with the Y axis when extended shall be
and secure against both dynamic and
taken to give the effective elongation
static loads as well as against impact.
during initial tensioning and this effective
7.2.6.4.3.6 The anchorage shall have elongation shall be added to the
provision for the introduction of a measured elongation to arrive at the
suitable protective medium, such as actual total elongation as shown in
cement grout, for the protection of the Fig.1.
prestressing steel unless alternate
arrangements are made.
7.2.6.4.4 Deflected Tendons The
deflector in contact with the tendon
shall, where possible, have a radius of
not less than 50 times the diameter of
the tendon and the total angle of the
deflection shall not exceed 15 degree.
Where the radius is less than 50 times
the diameter of the tendon, and the
angle of deflection exceeds 15 degree,
the loss of strength of the tendon shall
be determined by test and due
allowance made. FIG 1 : ACTUAL ELONGATION
7.2.6.5 Stressing. 7.2.6.5.4 When two or more
prestressing tendons are to be
7.2.6.5.1 The tensioning of tensioned simultaneously, care shall be
prestressing tendons shall be carried taken to ensure that all such tendons
out in manner that will induce a smooth are of the same length from grip to grip.
and even rate of increase of stress in The provision shall be more carefully
the tendons. All wires/strands in a
V-29
observed for tendons of length smaller irrespective of percentage, shall not be

than 7.5 m. condoned without special investigation.
7.2.6.5.5 The placement of cables or 7.2.6.5.8 Transfer of prestressing
ducts and the order of stressing and Force
grouting shall be so arranged that the
7.2.6.5.8.1 The transfer of the prestress
prestressing steel when tensioned and
shall be carried out gradually so as to
grouted, does not adversely affect the
avoid large differences of tension
adjoining ducts.
between wires in a tendon, severe
7.2.6.5.6 Measurements of eccentricities of prestressing force and
Prestressing Force. the sudden application of stress to the
concrete.
7.2.6.5.6.1 The force induced in the
prestressing tendon shall be determined 7.2.6.5.8.2 Where the total prestressing
by means of gauges attached to the force in a member is built up by
tensioning apparatus as well as by successive transfers to the force of a
measuring the extension of the steel number of individual tendons on to the
and relating it to its stress-strain curve. concrete, account shall be taken of the
The variation between the two effect of the successive prestressing.
measurements should be within 5%. 7.2.6.5.8.3 In the long line and similar
It is essential that both methods are methods of prestressing, when the
used jointly so that the inaccuracies to transfer is made on several moulds at a
which each is singly susceptible are time, care shall be taken to ensure that
minimized. Due allowance shall be the prestressing force is evenly applied
made for the frictional losses in the on all the moulds, and that the transfer
tensioning apparatus. If the variation of of prestress to the concrete is uniform
two measurements exceeds 5% then : along the entire length of the tension
i) the cause shall be ascertained. line.
ii) the cable should be released 7.2.7 Protection of Prestressing
and restressed. Steel and Anchorages In all
constructions of the post-tensioned type,
iii) even then, if the variation does
where prestressing is initially carried out
not come within 5% then the
without bond, the prestressing tendon
cable is to be rejected.
shall, at a subsequent date and
7.2.6.5.6.2 The pressure gauges of generally not later than one week after
devices attached to the tensioning prestressing, be given adequate
apparatus to measure the force shall be protection against corrosion.
periodically calibrated to ensure that
7.2.7.1 Internal Prestressing Steel-
they do not at any time introduce errors
Internal prestressing steel is best
in reading exceeding 2 percent.
protected by a cement or cement-sand
7.2.6.5.6.3 In measuring the extension grout preferably in colloidal form. Care
of prestressing steel, any slip which may shall be taken to prevent segregation
occur in the gripping device shall be and, for that purpose, only fine sand
taken into consideration. shall be used.
7.2.6.5.7 Breakage of Wires - The 7.2.7.2 External Prestressing Steel-
breakage of wires in any one The protection of external prestressing
prestressed concrete member shall not steel is usually best done by encasing
exceed 2.5 percent during tensioning. the tensioned wires, strands or bars in a
Wire breakage after anchorage, dense concrete secured to the main
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concrete, for example, by reinforcement in hot weather and heat loss in cold
left projecting from the latter. If a weather may also be adopted.
cement-sand mix is used, the cover
8.2 Placing The concrete shall be
provided and its density should be
placed before setting has commenced
adequate to prevent corrosion.
and shall not be subsequently disturbed.
Alternatively, the steel may be encased
Concrete shall be so placed as to avoid
in bitumen or where the steel is
segregation of the materials and
accessible for inspection and
displacement of reinforcement. To
maintenance, paint protection may be
achieve this, concrete should be
provided.
lowered vertically in the forms and
7.2.7.3 The anchorage shall be horizontal movement of concrete inside
adequately protected against damage or the forms should as far as practicable
corrosion soon after the completion of be brought to a minimum. In wall forms
the final stressing and grouting drop chutes attached to hoppers at the
operations. top should preferably be used to lower
concrete to the bottom of the form.
8 TRANSPORTATION, PLACEMENT,
Under no circumstances concrete shall
COMPACTION & CURING OF
be dropped freely from a height of more
CONCRETE
than 1.5 metre.
8.1 Transportation Mixed concrete
8.2.1 A record shall be kept of the time
shall be transported from the place of
and date of placing the concrete in each
mixing to the place of final deposit as
portion of the structure.
rapidly as practicable by methods which
will prevent the segregation or loss of 8.2.2 Concrete cover blocks of the
the ingredients. Concrete shall be same strength and density as parent
deposited as near as practicable to its concrete shall be used.
final position to avoid rehandling.
8.3 Compaction No concrete shall
8.1.1 When concrete is conveyed by be allowed without vibration except
chute, the plant shall be of such size under water concreting or tremie
and design as to ensure practically concreting, or in specific cases with prior
continuous flow in the chute. The slope approval where access is not available.
of the chute shall be such as to allow
Concrete shall be thoroughly compacted
the concrete to flow without the use of
and fully worked around the
excessive quantity of water and without
reinforcement, around embedded
segregation of the ingredients. The
fixtures and into corners of the
delivery end of the chute shall be as
formwork. To achieve proper
close as possible to the point of deposit.
compaction mechanical vibrators shall
When the operation is intermittent, the
be used. However, in case of vibrated
spout shall discharge into a hopper. The
concrete, quantity of water in a nominal
chute shall be thoroughly flushed with
mix concrete may have to be reduced
water before and after each working
as brought out in Note 1 under 5.5.3.1.
period; the water used for this purpose
The vibrator can be internal or external
shall be discharged outside the
type and depending on the shape and
formwork.
size of the member both the types may
8.1.2 During hot or cold weather, be used in combination. When internal
concrete shall be transported in deep vibrators are used they shall be used
containers. Other suitable methods to vertically to the full depth of the layer
reduce the loss of water by evaporation being placed and shall penetrate into
the layer below while it is still plastic to
V-31
the extent of 100mm. The vibrator shall concrete temperature at surface does
be kept in place until air bubbles cease not fall below 100C.
to escape from the surface and then
8.4.2 Curing Compound- Approved
withdrawn slowly to ensure that no hole
curing compounds may be used in lieu
is left in the concrete, care being taken
of moist curing with the permission of
to see that it remains in continued
the engineer. Such compounds shall be
operation while being withdrawn.
applied to all exposed surfaces of the
Vibrator should not be used to move the
concrete along with stripping of form
concrete as it can cause honey-
work. Tests shall be done to ascertain :
combing.
(i) Loss of moisture in concrete with
8.3.1 The internal vibrators shall be
and without curing compound.
inserted in an orderly manner and the
distance between insertions should be (ii) Cube strength of concrete with
about 1.5 times the radius of the area moist curing and curing compound.
visibly affected by vibration. (iii) Permeability of concrete.
8.3.2 Form vibrators shall be used in 8.4.3 Steam-Curing- Steam curing can
addition to internal vibrators in case of be advantageously used to save time of
prestressed concrete girders/slabs etc. curing of concrete for transfer of
Whenever vibration has to be applied prestress. The optimum steam curing
externally, the design of formwork and cycle for a particular situation can only
the disposition of vibrators should be determined by trial and error.
receive special consideration to ensure However, it has been found satisfactory
efficient compaction and to avoid to use a presteaming period of 4 to 5
surface blemishes. hour or rate of temperature rise between
8.3.3 The use of vibrators complying 22-330 C per hour and a maximum
with IS: 2505, IS:2506, IS:2514 and curing temperature of 66-820 C for a
IS:4656 for compacting concrete is period such that entire curing cycle does
recommended. Over- vibration and not exceed 18 hour. Rapid temperature
under vibration of concrete are harmful changes during the cooling period
and should be avoided. should be avoided and drop in ambient
temperature in the enclosure is not
8.4 Curing of Concrete
sharper than 200 C per hour. The reuse
8.4.1 Moist Curing The concrete of casting beds and forms alongwith 18
should be kept constantly wet for a hour steam curing makes it a total 24
minimum period of 14(fourteen) days. hour cycle. Prestress to members in
Water should be applied on unformed pretension beds should be transferred
surfaces as soon as it can be done immediately after the termination of
without marring the surface and on steam curing while the concrete and
formed surfaces immediately after the forms are still warm, otherwise the
forms are stripped. The concrete shall temperature within the enclosure shall
be kept constantly wet by ponding or be maintained at over 150 C until the
covered with a layer of sacking, canvas, prestress is transferred to the concrete.
hessian or a similar absorbant material.
The steam curing will be considered
When air temperature is expected to
complete when the concrete has
drop below 50C during the curing period,
reached the minimum strength at
additional covering of cotton/gunny
Strength at Stress transfer or handling
bags, straw or other suitable blanketting
strength.
material shall be provided so that
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8.5 Construction Joints: through the walls. Dewatering by

pumping shall not be done while
8.5.1 Concreting shall be carried out
concrete is being placed or untill 24
continuously upto the construction
hours thereafter.
joints, the position and arrangement of
which shall be predetermined by the 8.6.2.3 Concrete shall be deposited
designer. continuously until it is brought to the
required height. While depositing, the
8.5.2 The use of construction joints in
top surface shall be kept as nearly level
prestressed concrete work should
as possible and the formation of seams
preferably be avoided. However, if
avoided. In the exceptional cases of
found necessary, they shall be kept to
interruption of concreting which can be
the minimum by adopting proper
resumed within 2 hours, the tremie shall
construction techniques.
not be taken out of the concrete. Instead
8.5.3 The construction joints shall it shall be raised and lowered slowly
comply with the provisions given at from time to time to prevent the concrete
Appendix-A. Properly designed around tremie from setting. Concreting
reinforcement shall be provided for should be resumed by introducing a little
transfer of full tensile stress across the richer concrete with a slump of about
joints prior to casting of the next lift. 200mm for easy displacement of partly
8.6 Concreting Under Special set concrete. All tremie tubes shall be
Conditions: properly cleaned before and after use.
8.6.1 Work in Extreme Weather 8.6.2.3.1 Tremie The concrete

Conditions- During hot or cold weather, should be coherent and slump shall be
the concreting should be done as per more than 150mm but it should not
the procedure set out in IS: 7861 (Part I) exceed 180mm. When concrete is
or IS: 7861 (Part II) with the approval of carried out under water a temporary
the engineer. However, calcium casing should be installed to the full
chloride or admixtures containing depth of bore hole or 2m in to non-
calcium chloride shall not be used. collapsible stratum, so that fragments of
ground cannot drop from the sides of
8.6.2 Under-water Concreting the hole in the concrete as it is placed.
8.6.2.1 When it is necessary to deposit The temporary casing may not be
concrete under water, Tremie method required except near the top when
shall be used. The equipment materials concreting under drilling mud. The top
and proportions of the mix to be used section of tremie shall be a hopper large
shall be submitted to and approved by enough to hold one entire batch of the
the engineer before the work is started. mix or the entire contents of the
The volume or mass of the coarse transporting bucket if any. The tremie
aggregate shall be not less than one pipe shall be not less than 200mm in
and a half times, not more than twice diameter and shall be large enough to
that of the fine aggregate. allow a free flow of concrete and strong
enough to withstand the external
8.6.2.2 Coffer-dams or forms shall be pressure of the water in which it is
sufficiently tight to ensure still water if suspended, even if a partial vacuum
practicable, and in any case to reduce develops inside the pipe. Preferably,
the flow of water to less than 3m per flanged steel pipe of adequate strength
minute through the space into which for the job should be used. A separate
concrete is to be deposited. Coffer- lifting device shall be provided for each
dams or forms in still water shall be tremie pipe with its hopper at the upper
sufficiently tight to prevent loss of mortar end. Unless the lower end of the pipe is
V-33
equipped with an approved automatic 8.6.3.3 No construction joints shall be

check valve, the upper end of the pipe allowed within 600mm below low water
shall be plugged before delivering the level or within 600mm of the upper and
concrete to the tremie pipe through the lower planes of wave action. Where
hopper, so that when the concrete is unusually severe conditions or abrasion
forced down from the hopper to the are anticipated such parts of the work
pipe, it will force the plug (and alongwith shall be protected by bituminous or
it any water in the pipe) down the pipe silico-fluoride coating or stone facing
and out of the bottom end, thus bedded with bitumen.
establishing a continuous stream of
8.6.3.4 In reinforced concrete
concrete. It will be necessary to raise
structures, care shall be taken to protect
the tremie pipe by 25cm to 30cm slowly
the reinforcement from exposure to
in order to cause a uniform flow of the
saline atmosphere during storage and
concrete, but the tremie shall not be
fabrication.
emptied to avoid flow of water into the
pipe. At all times even while 8.6.4 Concrete in Aggressive Soils
changing/adding pipes to tremie, the and Water
bottom of tremie pipe shall be atleast 8.6.4.1 General - The destructive action
600mm below the top of concrete as of aggressive waters on concrete is
ascertained by sounding. This will cause progressive. The rate of deterioration
the concrete to build up from below which varies with the alkali resisting
instead of flowing out over the surface, property of the cement used, decreases
and thus avoid formation of laitance as the concrete is made stronger and
layers. If the charge in the tremie is lost more impermeable and increases as the
while depositing, the tremie shall be salt content of the water increases.
raised above the concrete surface, and Where structures are only partially
unless sealed bye a check value, it shall immersed or are in contact with
be replugged at the top end, as at the aggressive soils or waters on one side
beginning, before refilling for depositing only, evaporation may cause serious
concrete. concentrations of salts with subsequent
8.6.2.4 To minimise the formation of deterioration, even where the original
laitance, great care shall be exercised salt content of the soils or water is not
not to disturb the concrete as far as high. The selection of type of cement,
possible while it is being deposited. therefore, should be made after
thorough investigation. For particular
8.6.3 Concrete in Sea Water
problems, engineer-incharge should
8.6.3.1 Special attention shall be given decide upon the method.
to the design of the mix to obtain the
8.6.4.2 No concrete shall be allowed to
densest possible concrete; slag, broken
come in contact with sea water within 72
brick, soft limestone, soft sandstone, or
hours of casting.
other porous or weak aggregates shall
not be used. 8.7 Sampling, Strength Tests and
Acceptance Criteria
8.6.3.2 As far as possible, preference
shall be given to precast members 8.7.1 General Samples from fresh
unreinforced, well cured and hardened, concrete shall be taken as per IS:1199
without sharp corners, and having and cubes shall be made, cured and
trowel-smooth finished surfaces free tested at 28 days in accordance with IS:
from crazing, cracks or other defects; 516.
plastering should be avoided.
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8.7.1.1 In order to get a relatively quick should be spread over the entire period
idea of the quality of concrete, optional of concreting and cover all mixing units.
tests on beams for modulus of rupture at
8.7.2.2 Frequency - The minimum
722 hours or at 7 days, or compressive frequency of sampling of concrete of
strength tests at 7 days may be carried each grade shall be in accordance with
out in addition to 28 days compressive the following :-
strength tests. For this purpose, the
values given in table 7 may be taken for Quantity of Number of samples
general guidance in case of concrete concrete in the
made with ordinary Portland cement. In work, m3
all cases, the 28 days compressive 1-5 1
strength specified in Table 2 shall alone
be the criterion for acceptance or 6-15 2
rejection of the concrete.
16-30 3
TABLE 7 : OPTIONAL TESTS
31-50 4
REQUIREMENTS OF CONCRETE
(Clause 8.8.1.1) 51 & above 4 plus one
GRADE OF COMPRESSIVE MODULUS OF additional sample
CONCrete STRENGTH ON RUPTURE BY for each addl. 50
15 cm CUBES BEAM TEST m3 or part thereof.
Min.
Min. at 7 Min. at Min. at Note- At least one sample comprising

days 722h 7 days of 3 cubes shall be taken from each
(1) (2) (3) (4) shift.
8.7.3 Test Specimen- Three test
N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2 specimens shall be made from each
M 20 13.5 1.7 2.4 sample for testing at 28 days. Additional
cubes may be required for various
M 25 17.0 1.9 2.7 purposes such as to determine the
M 30 20.0 2.1 3.0 strength of concrete at 7 days or at the
time of striking the formwork, or to check
M 35 23.5 2.3 3.2 the testing error. Additional cubes may
M 40 27.0 2.5 3.4 also be required for testing cubes cured
by accelerated methods as described in
M 45 30.0 2.7 3.6 IS:9013. The specimen shall be tested
M 50 33.5 2.9 3.8 as described in IS:516.
8.7.4 Test Strength of Sample The
M 55 37.0 3.1 4.0
test strength of the sample shall be the
M 60 40.0 3.3 4.2 average of the strength of three
specimens. The individual variation
should not be more than 15 per cent of
8.7.2 Frequency of sampling. the average. If more, the test results of
8.7.2.1 Sampling Procedure A the sample are invalid. When individual
random sampling procedure shall be variation exceeds this limit, the
adopted to ensure that each concrete procedure for the fabrication of
batch shall have a reasonable chance of specimen and calibration of the testing
being tested; that is, the sampling machine should be checked.
V-35
8.7.5 Standard Deviation 8.7.5.3 Assumed Standard Deviation

Where sufficient test results for a
8.7.5.1 Standard Deviation Bases on
particular grade of concrete are not
Test Results.
available, the value of standard
a) Number of Test Results- deviation given in Table 8 may be
The total number of test results required assumed.
to constitute an acceptable record for
TABLE 8: ASSUMED STANDARD
calculation of standard deviation shall
DEVIATION (Clause 8.7.5.3)
not be less than 30. Attempts should be
made to obtain 30 test results, as early GRADE OF ASSUMED
as possible, when a mix is used for the CONCRETE STANDARD
first time. DEVIATION
b) Standard Deviation to be N/mm2
brought up to date- The calculation of
M 20 4.6
the standard deviation shall be brought
up to date after every change of mix M 25 5.3
design and at least once a month.
M 30 6.0
M 35 6.3
8.7.5.2 Determination of Standard
Deviation M 40 6.6
a) Concrete of each grade shall be M 45 7.0

analysed separately to determine its M 50 7.4
standard deviation.
M 55 7.6
b) The standard deviation of concrete
of a given grade shall be calculated M 60 7.8
using the following formula from the
results of individual tests of concrete However, when adequate past records
of that grade obtained as specified in for a similar grade exist and justify to the
8.7.4: designer a value of standard deviation
different from that shown in Table 8, it
Estimated standard deviation, shall be permissible to use that value.
Sd =
2 8.7.6 Acceptance Criteria
n 1 8.7.6.1 Compressive strength.
Where, is the deviation of the When both the following conditions are
individual test strength from the average met, the concrete complies with the
strength of n samples ; and specified compressive strength:
n is the number of sample test a) The mean strength determined from

results. any group of four consecutive test
results complies with the appropriate
c) When significant changes are made limits in column A of table 9 ;
in the production of concrete
batches(for example changes in the b) Any individual test results complies
materials used, mix design, with the appropriate limits in Column
equipment or technical control), the B of table 9.
standard deviation value shall be 8.7.6.2 Flexural strength when both the
separately calculated for such following conditions are met, the
batches of concrete.
V-36
concrete complies with the specified 8.7.6.4 If the concrete is deemed not to
flexural strength: comply pursuant to 8.7.6.2, the
structural adequacy of the parts affected
(a) The mean strength determined from
shall be investigated and any
any group of four consecutive test
consequential action as needed shall be
results exceeds the specified
taken.
characteristic strength by at least 0.3
N/mm2. 8.7.6.5 Concrete of each grade shall be
assessed separately.
(b) The strength determine from any test
result is not less than the specified 8.7.6.6 Concrete shall be assessed daily
characteristic strength less 0.3 N/mm2. for compliance.
TABLE-9: CHARACTERISTIC 8.7.6.7 Concrete is liable to be rejected
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH if it is porous or honey combed; its
COMPLIANCE REQUIREMENTS placing has been interrupted without
providing a proper construction joint.
(Clause 8.7.6.1, 8.7.6.2)
The reinforcement has been displaced
Specified Group A B beyond the tolerances specified; or
grade of test construction tolerances have not been
The mean of Any
results met. However, the hardened concrete
the group of individual test
test result result is not may be accepted after carrying out
exceeds the less than the suitable remedial measures to the
specified characteristic satisfaction of the engineer.
characteristic compressive
compressive strength less: 8.8 Supervision- It is exceedingly
strength by at difficult and costly to alter concrete once
least: placed. Hence, constant and strict
supervision by a competent person of all
N/mm2 N/mm2 the items of the construction is
M 20 & Any con- 3 3 necessary during the progress of the
above secutive work, including the proportioning and
4 mixing of the concrete. Supervision by
a competent person is also of extreme
8.7.6.3 Quantity of Concrete importance to check the reinforcement
Represented by Strength Test and its placing before being covered.
Results- The quantity of concrete
represented by a group of 4 consecutive 8.8.1 Before any important operation,
test results shall include the batches such as concreting or stripping of the
from which the first and last samples formwork is started, adequate notice
where taken together with all intervening shall be given to the engineer.
batches. 8.9 Pumpable Concrete:
For the individual test result 8.9.1 General- Pumpable concrete is
requirements given in column B of table- the concrete which is conveyed by
9 or in item (b) of 8.7.6.2 only the pressure through either rigid pipe or
particular batch from which the sample flexible hose and discharged directly
was taken shall be at risk. into the desired area, it is especially
Where the mean rate of sampling is not used where space for construction
specified the maximum quantity of equipment is very limited.
concrete that four consecutive test 8.9.2 Pumping Rate and Range-
results represent shall be limited to Depending on the equipment, pumping
60m3. rate should be 10 to 70m3 per hour.
V-37
Effective pumping range is upto 300m and serviceability. The acceptable limit
horizontally and 90m vertically. for each of the safety and serviceability
8.9.3 Proportioning Pumpable requirements is called a Limit State.
Concrete For this purpose the limit states of 10.2
and 10.3 shall be considered. The
8.9.3.1 Basic Consideration- More
usual approach will be to design on the
emphasis on quality control is essential
basis of the limit state expected to be
to the proportioning and use of a
most critical and then to check that the
dependable pump mix. Concrete mixes
remaining limit states will not be
for pumping must be plastic. Particular
reached and that all other requirements
attention must be given to the mortar
will be met.
and to the amounts and sizes of coarse
aggregates. Consideration of other factors, such as,
deflection, fatigue and durability, will
8.9.3.2 The maximum size of angular
need to be made as referred to in 10.4.
coarse aggregate is limited to one-third
of smallest inside diameter of the hose 10.2 Serviceability Limit States
or pipe. Provisions should be made for The design shall be such that the
elimination of oversized particles in the structure will not suffer local damage
concrete by finish screening or by which would shorten its intended life or
careful selection of aggregates. incur expensive maintenance costs. In
particular, calculated crack widths shall
8.9.4 Pumping Concrete Proper
not exceed those permitted in 10.2.1.
planning of concrete supply, pump
locations, line layout, placing sequences 10.2.1 Cracking- Cracking of concrete
and the entire pumping operation will shall not adversely affect the
result in saving of cost and time. The appearance of durability of the structure.
pump should be placed as near the The engineer should satisfy himself that
placing area as practicable and the any cracking will not be excessive,
entire surrounding area must have having regard to the requirements of the
adequate bearing strength. Lines from particular structure and the conditions of
the pump to the placing area should be exposure. In the absence of special
laid out with a minimum of bends. The investigations, the following limit shall be
pipe line shall be rigidly supported. adopted.
8.9.4.1 While pumping downward 15m 10.2.1(a) Reinforced concrete
or more, it is desirable to provide an air Design crack widths, as calculated in
release valve at the middle of the top accordance with 15.9.8.2, shall not
bend to prevent vacuum or air build-up. exceed the values given in Table 10
When pumping upward, it is desirable to under the loading given in 11.3.2 :
have a valve near the pump to prevent TABLE 10: DESIGN CRACK WIDTHS
reverse flow. [Cl. 10.2.1 (a) ]
9 GROUTING OF PRE-STRESSING Environment Design crack width
CABLES. in mm
9.1 A recommended practice for Mild 0.20
grouting of cables is given at Moderate 0.20
Appendix D. Severe 0.10*
0.20**
10. LIMIT STATE REQUIREMENTS Very severe 0.10*
10.1 General In the method of design 0.20**
based on limit state concept, the Extreme 0.10*
structure shall be designed so as to 0.20**
ensure an adequate degree of safety *Surfaces exposed to weather.
V-38
**Surfaces protected against weather. Reinforc Compression 0.75 Not

Note Exposure conditions are as ement Tension fy appli-
defined in 5.4.1. cable
10.2.1(b) Prestressed Concrete Pre- Tension Not Deemed
Structures and Elements stressing appli- to be
tendons cable satisfied
No tensile stresses are permitted and by 16.8.1
therefore, no cracks shall occur under
the loading given in 11.3.2.
10.2.2. Stress Limitations- To prevent NOTE 1 The above stress limitations
unacceptable deformations from have been derived from 12.2
occurring, compressive stresses in after making allowance
concrete and stresses in steel should be according to Table 13 (see
calculated by linear elastic analysis for 12.4.2).
the load combinations given under 11.2 NOTE 2 - See 17.3.3 for limiting flexural
in any of the following applications : stresses in joints for post-
a) for all prestressed concrete tensioned segmental
construction; construction.
b) for all composite construction; 10.3 Ultimate Limit States
c) where the effects of differential 10.3.1 Rupture or Instability The
settlement, temperature difference, assessment of the structure under
the creep and shrinkage of concrete design loads appropriate to this limit
are not considered at the ultimate shall ensure that prior collapse of the
state : structure does not take place as a result
10.2.2.1 For reinforced concrete and of rupture of one or more critical
prestressed concrete, the compressive sections, buckling caused by elastic or
and tensile stress limitations are as plastic instability or overturning.
specified in Table 11.
The effects of creep and shrinkage of
TABLE 11. STRESS LIMTATIONS concrete, temperature difference and
FOR THE SERVICEABILITY LIMIT differential settlement need not be
STATE. considered at the ultimate limit state
(Clause 10.2.2) provided that these effects have been
Material Type of stress Type of included in the appropriate load
under design construction combinations to check the stress
loading limitations given in 10.2.2.1 for the
RCC PSC serviceability limit state.
10.4 Other Considerations
Concrete Triangular or near 0.50 0.40fck
triangular fck 10.4.1 Deflections- The deflection of
compressive the structure or any part of it, shall not
stress distribution such as to affect adversely the
(e.g. due to appearance or efficiency of the
bending) structure.
Uniform or near 0.38 0.30fck 10.4.1.1 The appearance and function
uniform fck
of concrete superstructures are normally
compressive
stress (e.g. due to unaffected although calculations may be
axial loading) required in the following circumstances :
V-39
(a) where minimum specified structures) are load effects associated

clearances may be violated; with the nature of structural material
being used; where they occur, they shall
(b) where drainage difficulties might
be regarded as permanent loads.
ensure;
11.2 Combinations of Loads
(c) where method of construction
may require careful control of profile, 11.2.1 Combinations of loads
e.g. at discontinuities in serial Following five combinations of loads are
construction, and where decks comprise considered.
abutting prestressed concrete beams.
11.2.1.1 Combinations 1 The
10.4.2 Fatigue The fatigue life shall permanent loads i.e. dead load,
comply with the requirements of 13.4. superimposed loads etc. together with
the appropriate live loads.
10.4.3 Durability The specifications
in this code regarding drainage for the 11.2.1.2 Combinations 2 The load to
deck (see 15.2.2.1), concrete cover to be considered are the loads in
the reinforcement (see 15.9.2) and combination 1, together with those due
acceptable crack widths (see 10.2.1) in to wind/earthquake, and where erection
association with the limits given in 5.4 is being considered temporary erection
are intended to meet the durability loads.
requirements of almost all bridge
11.2.1.3 Combinations 3 The load to
structures. Where more severe
be considered are the loads in
environments are encountered,
combination 1, together with those
however, additional precautions may be
arising from restraint due to the effect of
necessary, and specialist literature shall
temperature range and difference and
be referred to.
where erection is being considered
11. LOADS, LOAD COMBINATIONS temporary erection loads.
AND PARTIAL LOAD FACTORS
11.2.1.4 Combinations 4 The load to
11.1 Loads The values of loads as be considered are the permanent loads,
given in IRS Bridge rules shall be taken together with the loads due to friction at
as characteristic loads for the purpose bearings.
of this code.
11.2.1.5 Combinations 5- Dead load,
11.1.1 For design of concrete bridges of superimposed dead load, together with
span 30m and larger, an appropriate derailment loads.
temperature gradient shall be
11.3 Partial Load Factors The factors
considered. In the absence of any data
by which the design loads are obtained
in this regard, depending on the
from the characteristic loads are
environmental conditions, a linear
specified in 11.3.1.
gradient of temperature of 50C to 100C
between the top and bottom fibres may 11.3.1 Design loads, Q* are the loads
be considered for design. obtained by multiplying the
characteristics load, Qk by Yfl the partial
The effect of difference in temperature
safety factor for loads which takes into
between outside and inside of box
account the following: -
girders shall also be considered in
design. 1. Possible unfavourable deviations
of the loads from their
11.1.2 Creep and shrinkage of concrete
characteristic values.
and prestress (including secondary
effects in statically in determinate
V-40
2. Inaccurate assessment of the the provisions of 10.3 load combinations

loading, unforeseen stress 1 to 4 shall be considered.
distribution in the structure and
The value of YfL for the effects of
variation in dimensional
shrinkage and, where relevant, of creep
accuracy achieved in
shall be taken as 1.2.
construction.
In calculating the resistance of members
3. Reduced probability that various
to vertical shear and torsion YfL for the
loads acting together will all
prestressing force shall be taken as
attain their characteristic values
1.15 where it adversely affects the
simultaneously.
resistance and 0.87 in other cases. In
The values of the function Yfl for the calculating secondary effects in
various loads are given in Table 12. statically indeterminate structures YfL for
prestressing force may be taken as 1.0.
11.3.2 Serviceability Limit State For
the limitations given in 10.2.1. load 11.3.4 Deflection Minimum specified
combination only shall be considered. clearances shall be maintained under
For the stress limitations given in 10.2.2, the action of load combination 1.
load combinations 1 to 5 shall be
The appearance and drainage
considered.
characteristics of the structure shall be
The value of YfL. for creep and considered under the action of
shrinkage of concrete and prestress permanent loads only.
(including secondary effects in statically
indeterminate structures) shall be taken
11.3.4.1 The values of YfL for the
as 1.0. individual loads shall be those
appropriate to the serviceability limit
11.3.3 Ultimate Limit State To check state.
V-41
TABLE 12
LOADS TO BE TAKEN IN EACH COMBINATION WITH APPROPRIATE YfL
(Clauses 11.2 and 11.3)
LOAD LIMIT YfL TO BE CONSIDERED IN
STATE COMBINATION
1 2 3 4 5
Dead weight of concrete ULS 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.40 -
SLS 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Superimposed dead load ULS 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 -
SLS* 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.00
Wind During erection ULS - 1.25 - - -
SLS - 1.00 - - -
with dead and superimposed
dead loads only and for ULS - 1.60 - - -
members primarily resisting SLS - 1.00 - - -
wind loads.
With dead plus superimposed ULS - 1.25 - - -
dead plus other appropriate SLS - 1.00 - - -
combination 2 loads.
Relieving effect of wind ULS - 1.00 - - -
SLS - 1.00 - - -
Earth With dead and superimposed ULS - 1.60 - - -
quake dead loads only SLS - 1.00 - - -
With dead plus superimposed ULS - 1.25 - - -
dead plus other appropriate SLS - 1.00 - - -
combination 2 loads.
Tempe Restraint against movement ULS - - 1.50 - -
rature except frictional SLS - - 1.00 - -
Frictional restraint ULS - - - 1.50 -
SLS - - - 1.00 -
Differential temperature effect ULS - - 1.15 - -
SLS - - 0.80 - -
Differential settlement ULS As specified by engineer
SLS
Fill retained and or live ULS 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.70 -
Earth load surcharge SLS 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 -
Pressure relieving effect ULS 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 -
Erection temporary loads (when being ULS - 1.30 1.30 - -

considered)
Live load on foot path ULS 1.50 1.25 1.25 - -
SLS 1.00 1.00 1.00 - -
Live load ULS 2.00 1.75 1.75 - -
SLS 1.10 1.00 1.00 - -
Derailment loads SLS (As specified by bridge rules for
combination 5 only)
NOTE 1-ULS : Ultimate limit state SLS : serviceability limit state
NOTE 2-Wind and earth quake loads shall not be assumed to be acting simultaneously.
NOTE 3- Live load shall also include dynamic effect, forces due to curvature exerted on track, longitudinal
forces, braking forces and forces on parapets.
V-42
12 CHARACTERISTIC STRENGTHS concrete may be taken from Fig. 3, using

AND PARTIAL SAFETY FACTORS the value of Ym for concrete given in
FOR MATERIALS 12.4. Equation for the parabolic curve
between
12.1 Characteristic Strengths
12.1.1 Characteristic strengths is that = 0 and = 2.44x10 4 f ck /Ym
strength below which not more than 5% may be taken as
of possible test results may be expected
f ck 5500 2 2
to fall.
f = 5500
12.1.2 The characteristic cube strengths Ym 2.68
of concrete are given in 5.1. Until the
relevant Indian Standard Specifications Where f is stress and is the strain.
for reinforcing steel and prestressing
steel are modified to include the concept
of characteristics strength, the 12.3.1.1. Modulus of Elasticity The
characteristic strength shall be assumed modulus of elasticity to be used for
as the minimum yield/0.2 percent proof elastic analysis shall be appropriate to
stress for reinforcing steel and as the the cube strength of the concrete at the
minimum ultimate tensile stress/breaking age considered and in the absence of
load for prestressing steel, specified in special investigations may be taken as
the relevant Indian Standard given in 5.2.2.1.
Specifications (see 4.5 and 4.6).
12.3.2 Reinforcement and
12.2 Material properties for Analysis prestressing Steel The design stress-
12.2.1 In general in analysing a structure strain curves may be taken as follows:
to determine the load effects, the material (a) for reinforcement, from Fig.4A or
properties appropriate to the 4B, using the values of Ym given in
characteristic strength shall be used, 12.4;
irrespective of the limit state being
considered. (b) for prestressing steel, from Fig.2A
or 2B, using the values of Ym given
12.2.2 For the analysis of sections, the in 12.4.
material properties to be used for the
individual limit states are as follows:
(a) Serviceability limit state- The
characteristic stresses, which shall be
taken as 0.75fy. for reinforcement and 0.5
fck for concrete in compression.
(b) Ultimate limit state-
Characteristic strengths given in 12.3.1.
The appropriate Ym values are
given in 12.4.
12.3 Material Properties for Concrete
and Steel
12.3.1 Concrete In assessing the
strength of sections at the ultimate limit FIG 2A: WIRES (STRESS RELIEVED) STRANDS &
state, the design stress-strain curve for BARS.
V-43
Uniform or 1.33 1.67

near uniform
compressive
stress
distribution
(e.g. due to
axial loading)
Tension Not applicable
Reinforc Compre-
e-ment ssion Tension 1.00 N.A.
Pre- Tension NA Not
Stress- requir-
ing ed
tendons
The higher values for prestressed
concrete arise because the whole
FIG 2B: WIRES (AS DRAWN) concrete cross section is normally
REPRESENTATIVE STRESS STRAIN in
CURVES FOR PRE-STRESSING STEEL compression and therefore creep will be
12.3.2.1 For reinforcement, modulus of greater than in reinforced concrete.
elasticity may be taken from 4.5.3. Similarly in reinforced concrete creep will
be greater where the compressive stress
12.3.2.2 For prestressing steel, the distribution is uniform over the whole
modulus of elasticity may be taken from cross section.
4.6.2.
12.4.3 Ultimate Limit State- For both
12.4 Values of Ym reinforced concrete and prestressed
concrete, the values of Ym applied to the
12.4.1 General For the analysis of
characteristic strengths are 1.5 for
sections, the values of Ym are given in
concrete and 1.15 for reinforcement and
12.4.2. and 12.4.3.
prestressing tendons.
12.4.2 Serviceability Limit State The
12.4.4 Fatigue- For reinforced concrete,
values of Ym applied to the characteristic
the value of Ym applied to the stress
stresses defined in 12.2.2 are given in
range limitations given in 13.4 for
Table 13 and have been allowed in
reinforcement is 1.0.
deriving the compressive and tensile
stresses given in Table 11. 12.4.5 Unless specifically stated
otherwise all equations, figures and
TABLE 13: VALUES OF YmFOR THE
tables given in this code include
SERVICEABILITY STRESS allowances for Ym the partial safety
LIMITATIONS factor for material strength.
( Clause 12.4.2 )
Material Type of Type of 13 ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURE AND
Stress Construction SECTION:
RCC PSC 13.1 Analysis of Structure-
Concrete Triangular or 1.00 1.25 13.1.1 General- Global analysis of
near action shall be undertaken for each of the
Triangular most severe conditions appropriate to the
compressive part under consideration for all the load
stress combinations prescribed in Table 12.
distribution The methods of analysis shall satisfy
(e.g. due to equilibrium requirements, all load effects
bending being shown to be in equilibrium with the
V-44
applied loads. They shall be capable of structure governing its response to loads
predicting all loading effects including, and imposed deformations.
where appropriate, those that cannot be
13.1.3 Analysis for Ultimate Limit
predicted by simple bending theory. The
State
requirements of methods of analysis
appropriate to the distribution of forces 13.1.3.1 General Elastic methods may
and deformations, which are to be used be used to determine the distribution of
in ascertaining that the limit state criteria forces and deformations throughout the
are satisfied, are given in 13.1.2 and structure. Stiffness constants shall be
13.1.3. based on the section properties as used
for the analysis of the structure at the
13.1.2 Analysis for Serviceability
serviceability limit state (See 13.1.2.1)
Limit State
13.1.3.2 Method of Analysis and their
13.1.2.1. General- Load effects
Requirements The application of
under each of the prescribed design
elastic methods of analysis in association
loadings appropriate to the serviceability
with the design loads for the ultimate limit
limit state shall where relevant, be
state in general leads to safe lower
calculated by elastic methods, The
bound solutions.
flexural stiffness constants
(second When treating local effects, elastic
moment of area) for sections of discrete methods may be applied to derive the in
members or unit widths of slab elements plane forces and moments due to out of
may be based on any of the following: plane loading.
(a) Concrete section-The entire member 13.1.3.3 Other methods of analysis (e.g.
cross section, ignoring the presence of plastic hinge methods for beams or yield
reinforcement. line method for slabs) are beyond the
scope of this code. Use of such methods
(b) Gross transformed section-The entire
requires the prior approval of the
member cross section including the
engineer and reference to specialist
reinforcement transformed on the basis
literature.
of modular ratio.
13.2 Analysis of Section.
(c) Net transformed section-The area of
the cross section, which is in 13.2.1 Serviceability Limit State At
compression together with the tensile any section, an elastic analysis shall be
reinforcement transformed on the basis carried out to satisfy the
of modular ratio. recommendations of 10.2 In-plane shear
flexibility in concrete flanges (shear lag
Consistent approach shall be used which
effects) may be allowed for. This may be
reflects the different behaviour of various
done by taking an effective width of
parts of the structure.
flange as given in 15.4.1.2.
Axial torsional and shearing stiffness
13.2.2 Ultimate Limit State The
constants, when required by the method
strength of critical sections shall be
of analysis, shall be based on the
assessed in accordance with clauses 15
concrete section and used with (a) or (b).
or 16 to satisfy the recommendations of
Moduli of elasticity and shear moduli 10.3. In- plane shear flexibility in concrete
values shall be appropriate to the flanges (shear lag effects) may be
characteristic strength of the concrete. ignored.
13.1.2.2. Method of Analysis and their 13.3 Deflection Deflection shall be
Requirements The method of analysis calculated for the most unfavourable
shall ideally take account of all the distributions of loading for the member
significant aspects of behaviors of a (or strip of slab) and may be derived from
V-45
an elastic analysis of the structure. The the element from local and global effects
material properties, stiffness constants shall be combined as appropriate.
and calculation of deflection may be
13.5.3 Analysis of section Section
based on 12.3.1.
analysis for the combined global and
13.4 Fatigue - The effect of repeated local effects shall be carried out in
live loading on the fatigue strength of a accordance with 13.2 to satisfy the
bridge shall be considered in respect of recommendations of 10.
reinforcing bars that have been subject to
a) Serviceability Limit State
welding.
1) For reinforced concrete elements, the
Welding may be used to connect bars
total crack width due to combined global
subjected to fatigue loading provided that
and local effects shall be determined in
:
accordance with 15.9.8.2.
a) the connection is made to
2) For prestressed concrete elements,
standard workmanship levels as given in
co-existent stresses, acting in the
7.1.3 ;
direction of prestress, may be added
b) the welded bar is not part of a algebraically in checking stress
deck slab spanning between longitudinal limitations:
and/or transverse members and
subjected to the effect of concentrated
b) Ultimate Limit State The
loads ; resistance of the section to direct and
flexural effects shall be derived from the
c) the detail has an acceptable direct strain due to global effects
fatigue life determined as described in combined with the flexure strain due to
Appendix-H;
local effects. However, in the case of a
d) lap welding is not used. deck slab the resistance to combined
13.4.1 For unwelded reinforcing bars, the global and local effects is deemed to be
stress range under various load satisfactory if each of these effects is
combinations for the serviceability limit considered separately.
state shall be limited to 300 N/mm2 for Fe
14. PLAIN CONCRETE WALLS
415 grade bars and to 265 N/mm2 for Fe
250 grade bars. 14.1 General A plain concrete wall is a
vertical load bearing concrete member
13.5 Combined Global and Local whose greatest lateral dimension is more
Effects- than four times its least lateral dimension
13.5.1 General In addition to the and which is assumed to be without
design of individual primary and reinforcement when considering its
secondary elements to resist loading strength.
applied directly to them, it is also
The recommendations given in 14.2 to
necessary to consider the loading
14.11 refer to the design of a plain
combination that produces the most concrete wall that has a height not
adverse effects due to global and local exceeding five times its average
loading where these co-exist in an
thickness.
element.
14.2 Moments and Forces in Walls
13.5.2 Analysis of Structure Analysis
of the structure may be accompanied Moments, shear forces and axial forces
either by one overall analysis (e.g. using in a wall shall be determined in
finite elements) or by separate analysis accordance with 13.1.
for local and global effects. In the latter The axial force may be calculated on the
case the forces and moments acting on assumption that the beams and slabs
V-46
transmitting forces into it are simply moments produced by any lateral forces
supported. above the level.
The resultant axial force in a member The resultant eccentricity of the
may act eccentrically due to vertical total load on a member restrained in
loads not being applied at the centre of position at any level may be calculated
the member or due to the action of on the assumption that immediately
horizontal forces. Such eccentricities above a lateral support the resultant
shall be treated as indicated in 14.3 and eccentricity of all the vertical loads above
14.4. that level is zero.
The minimum moment in a direction at 14.5 Analysis of Section Loads of a
right angles to the wall shall be taken as purely local (as a beam bearings or
not less than that produced by column bases) may be assumed to be
considering the ultimate axial load per immediately dispersed provided the local
unit length acting at an eccentricity of stress under the load does not exceed
0.05 times the thickness of the wall. that given in 14.7. Where the resultant of
all the axial loads acts eccentrically in the
14.3 Eccentricity in the Plane of the
plane of the member, the ultimate axial
Wall
load per unit length of wall nw shall be
In the case of a single member this assessed on the basis of an elastic
eccentricity can be calculated from analysis assuming a linear distribution of
statics alone. Where a horizontal force is load along the length of the member
resisted by several members, the amount assuming no tensile resistance.
allocated to each member shall be in Consideration shall first be given to the
proportion to its relative stiffness axial force and bending in the plane of
provided the wall to determine the distribution of
the resultant eccentricity in any individual tension and compression along the wall.
member is not greater than one-third of The bending moment at right angles to
the length of the member. Where a shear the
connection is assumed between vertical wall shall then be considered and the
edges of adjacent members an section checked for this moment and the
appropriate elastic analysis may be used, compression or tension per unit length at
provided the shear connection is various positions along the wall. Where
designed to withstand the calculated the eccentricity of load in the plane of the
forces. member is zero, a uniform distribution of
nw may be assumed.
14.4 Eccentricity at Right Angles to For members restrained in position, the
Walls or Abutments axial load per unit length of member, nw
due to ultimate loads shall be such that
The load transmitted to a wall by a
concrete deck may be assumed to act at nw (h 2e x )Yw f ck
the one-third the depth of the bearing
Where
area from the loaded face. Where there
is an in situ concrete deck on either side nw is the maximum axial load per unit
of the member the common bearing area length of member due to ultimate loads.
may be assumed to be shared equally by h is the overall thickness of the section;
each deck.
ex is the resultant eccentricity of load at
The resultant eccentricity of the right angles to the plane of the member
total load on a member unrestrained in (see 14.2) (minimum value 0.05h).
position at any level shall be calculated
making full allowance for the eccentricity fck is the characteristic cube strength of
of all vertical loads and the overturning the concrete.
V-47
Yw is a coefficient, taken as 0.35 for more than 250mm from all concrete
concretes of grade M 20 and 0.4 for surfaces.
concrete of grades M 25 and above.
14.9.1 Shrinkage and Temperature
14.6 Shear The resistance to shear Reinforcement- shall be distributed
forces in the plane of the member may uniformly around the perimeter of the
be assumed to be adequate provided the concrete sections and spaced at not
horizontal shear force due to ultimate more than 150mm.
loads is less than either one-quarter of
14.10 Stress Limitations for
the vertical load, or the force to produce
Serviceability Limit State The wall
an average shear stress of 0.45 N/mm2
shall be designed so that the concrete
over the whole cross section of the
compressive stresses comply with Table
member in the case of concretes of
11 and concrete tensile stresses do not
Grade M 25 or above; where Grade M 20
increase 0.034 fck.
concrete is used, a figure of 0.3 N/mm2 is
appropriate.
14.7 Bearing Bearing stresses due to 15. DESIGN AND DETAILING;
ultimate loads of a purely local nature, as REINFORCED CONCRETE
at girder bearing, shall be limited in
accordance with 17.2.3.3. 15.1 General;
14.8 Deflection of Plain Concrete 15.1.1 This clause gives methods of
Walls The deflection in a plain concrete analysis and design, which in general
member will be within acceptable limits if ensure that, for reinforced concrete
the preceding recommendations have structures, the recommendations set out
been followed. in 10.2 & 10.3, are met. In certain cases
the assumptions made in this clause may
14.9 Shrinkage and Temperature be inappropriate and the engineer shall
Reinforcement For plain concrete adopt a more suitable method having
members exceeding 2m in length and regard to the nature of the structure in
cast question.
in situ it is necessary to control cracking
arising from shrinkage and temperature 15.1.2 All RCC structures shall be
effects, including temperature rises designed for safety, serviceability and
caused by the heat of hydration released durability requirements (structural and
by the cement. Reinforcement shall be non-structural loads caused by
provided in the direction of any restraint environment).
to such movement. 15.1.3 The bridges shall be designed for
The area of reinforcement As parallel to the service life as given below :-
the direction of each restraint shall be
such that. Type of Structure Design life in Yrs
As Kr (Ac-0.5 Acor) Bridges in sea 50
Where Bridges in coastal areas 80
Kr is 0.005 for Grade Fe 415 Bridges in rest of India 100
reinforcement and 0.006 for Grade Fe 15.2 Limit State Design of Reinforced
250 reinforcement; Concrete-
Ac is the area of the gross concrete 15.2.1 Basis of Design- Clause 15
section at right-angles to the direction of follows the limit state philosophy set out
the restraint; in clause 10 but as it is not possible to
Acor is the area of the core of the concrete assume that a particular limit will always
section, Ac i.e. that portion of the section be the critical one, design methods are
V-48
given for both the ultimate and expressed in all the tables and equations
serviceability limit states. in terms of the characteristic strength of
the material. Unless specifically stated
In general, the design of reinforced
otherwise, all equations, figures and
concrete members is governed by the
tables include allowances for Ym, the
ultimate limit state, but the limitations on
partial safety factor for material strength
crack width and, where applicable,
(see 12.4.5.)
stresses at the serviceability limit state
given in 10.2.3 shall also be met. 15.2.4.2 Characteristic Strength of
Concrete- The characteristic cube
15.2.1.1 Where a plastic method or
strengths of concrete for various grades
redistribution of moments is used for the
are given in Table 2. These values do not
analysis of the structure at the ultimate
include any allowance for Ym.
limit state, or where critical parts of the
structure are subjected to the severe 15.2.4.3 Characteristic Strengths of
category of exposure, the design is likely Reinforcement- Until the relevant Indian
to be controlled by the serviceability limit Standard Specifications for reinforcing
state of cracking. steel are modified to include the concept
of characteristic strength, the
15.2.2 Durability- A proper drainage
characteristic value for various grades of
system shall be provided on the deck as
steel shall be assumed as the minimum
indicated in 15.2.2.1. In 15.9.2 guidance
yield/0.2 percent proof stress specified in
is given on the nominal cover to
the relevant Indian Standard
reinforcement that shall be provided to
Specifications (see 4.5). These values do
ensure durability. For other durability
not include any allowance for Ym. The
requirements of concrete like maximum
characteristic strength of Thermo
water cement ratio, minimum grade of
Mechanically Treated bars shall be
concrete, minimum cement contents,
assumed at par with reinforcement bars
maximum crack width etc., Clause 5.4
conforming to IS: 1786.
and 10.2.1 shall be referred.
15.3 Structures and Structural
15.2.2.1 Drainage for the Deck A
Frames
complete drainage system for the entire
deck shall be provided to ensure that the 15.3.1 Analysis of Structures-
drainage water is disposed off quickly Structures shall be analysed in
from the deck to a safe location. For accordance with the recommendations of
bridges level in longitudinal profile, 13.1
minimum cross slopes in the deck shall
15.3.2 Redistribution of Moments
be kept at 2.5%.
Redistribution of moments obtained by
15.2.3 Loads In clause 15, the design rigorous elastic analysis under the limit
load (see 11.3) for the ultimate and state may be carried out provided the
serviceability limit states are referred to following conditions are met;
as ultimate loads and service loads
a) Checks are made to ensure that
respectively.
adequate rotation capacity exists at
In clause 15, when analysing sections, sections where moments are
the terms strength, resistance and reduced, making reference to
capacity are used to describe the design appropriate test data.
strength of the section.
In the absence of a special
15.2.4 Strength of Materials investigations, the plastic rotation
capacity may be taken as the lesser
15.2.4.1 Definition of Strengths- In
of:-
clause 15, the design strengths of
materials for the ultimate limit state are
V-49
dc between the shear centers of the

(1) 0.008+0.035 (0.5- ) supporting member.
de
15.4.1.1.2 The effective span of a
or continuous member shall be taken as the
0.6 distance between centers of supports
(2) except where, in the case of beams on
d dc wide columns, the effect of column width
but not less than 0 or more than is included in the analysis.
0.015. 15.4.1.1.3 The effective length of a
where cantilever shall be taken as its length
from the face of the support plus half its
dc is the calculated depth of concrete in effective depth except where it is an
compression at the ultimate limit state extension of a continuous beam when
de is the effective depth for a solid slab the length to the centre of the support
or rectangular beam, otherwise the shall be used.
overall depth of the compression flange.
15.4.1.2 Effective Width of Flanged
is the diameter of the smallest tensile Beams
reinforcing bar
15.4.1.2.1 In analysing structures, the
d is the effective depth to tension full width of flanges may be taken as
reinforcement. effective.
(b) Proper account is taken of 15.4.1.2.2 In analysing sections at the
changes in transverse moments, serviceability limit state, and in the
transverse deflections and transverse absence of any more accurate
shears consequent on redistribution of determination, the effective flange width
longitudinal moments by means of a shall be taken as the width of the web
special investigation based on a non- plus one-tenth of the distance between
linear analysis. the points of zero moment (or the actual
(c) Shears and reactions used in design width of the outstand if this is less) on
are taken as those calculated either prior each side
to redistribution or other redistribution, of the web. For a continuous beam the
whichever is greater. points of zero moment may be taken to
be at a distance of 0.15 times the
(d) The depth of the members of
effective span from the support.
elements considered is less than
1200mm.
In analysing sections at the ultimate limit
15.4 Beams state the full width of the flanges may be
taken as effective.
15.4.1 General
15.4.1.3 Slenderness Limits for
15.4.1.1 Effective Span- The effective
Beams
span of a simply supported member shall
be taken as the smaller of; To ensure lateral stability, a simply
a) the distance between the centers supported or continuous beam shall be so
of bearings or other supports; or proportioned that the clear distance
between lateral restraints does not exceed
b) the clear distance between supports
plus the effective depth. 60bc or 250bc2/d, whichever is the lesser,
15.4.1.1.1 The effective span of a Where
member framing into supporting d is the effective depth to tension
members shall be taken as the distance reinforcement; and
V-50
bc is the breadth of the compression

face of the beam midway between
restraints.
15.4.1.3.1 For cantilevers with lateral
restraint provided only at the support, the
clear distance from the end of the
cantilever to the face of the support shall
not exceed 25bc or 100bc2/d whichever is
lesser.
15.4.2 Resistance Moment of Beams
15.4.2.1 Analysis of Sections When
analysing a cross section to determine its
ultimate moment of resistance, the
following assumptions shall be made :
(a) The strain distribution in the concrete
in compression and the strains in the
reinforcement, whether in tension or
compression, are derived from the
assumption that plane sections remain
plane;
(b) The stresses in the concrete in
compression are either derived from the
stress-strain curve in Fig.3 with Y = 1.5
or, in the case of rectangular sections
and in flanged, ribbed and voided
sections where the neutral axis lies within
the flange, the compressive strength
may be taken as equal to 0.4 fck over the
whole compression zone. In both the
cases the strain at the outermost
compression fibre at failure is taken as
0.0035; FIG 4: REPRESENTATIVE STRESS STRAIN
CURVE FOR REINFORCEMENT
(c) The tensile strength of the concrete

is ignored; and
(d) The stresses in the reinforcement
are derived from the stress-strain curves
in Fig. 4 with Ym = 1.15.
In addition, if the ultimate moment of
resistance, calculated in accordance with
this clause, is less than 1.15 times the
required value, the section shall be
FIG3: SHORT TERM DESIGN STRESS proportioned such that the strain at the
STRAIN CURVE FOR NORMAL WEIGHT
CONCRETE centroid of the tensile reinforcement is
not less than:
fy
0.002 +
E s Ym
V-51
Where or voided slab when the neutral axis lies

within the flange.
Es is the modulus of elasticity of the
15.4.2.2.1 For sections without
steel. As an alternative, the strains in the
compression reinforcement the ultimate
concrete and the reinforcement, due to
moment of resistance may be taken as
the application of ultimate loads, may be
the lesser of the values obtained from
calculated using the following
equations 1 and 2. Equations 3 & 4 may
assumptions :
be used for sections with compression
e) The strain distribution in the reinforcement.
concrete in compression and the strains
A rectangular stress block of maximum
in the reinforcement, whether in tension
depth 0.5d and a uniform compression
or compression, are derived from the
stress of 0.4fck has been assumed
assumption that plane sections remain
(Fig.5).
plane ;
f) The stresses in the concrete in
compression are derived from the stress- Mu = (0.87fy)Asz ..(equation 1)
strain curve given in Fig.3 with Ym=1.5 ;
Mu = 0.15fckbd2 .. (equation 2)
g) The tensile strength of the
concrete is ignored ; and Mu = 0.15fckbd2 + 0.72fyAs (d d) (equ-3)
h) The stresses in the (0.87fy)As=0.2fckbd+0.72fyAs(equ. 4)

reinforcement are derived from the
where
stress-strain curves in Fig.4 with
Ym=1.15. Mu is the ultimate resistance moment
As is the area of tension reinforcement
In using the alternative method of
analysis, the calculated strain due to the As is the area of compression
application of ultimate loads at the reinforcement
outermost compression fibre of the
concrete shall not exceed 0.0035 and the b is the width of the section
strain at the centroid of the tensile d is the effective depth to the tension
reinforcement shall be not less than
0.002+fy/(EsYm) except where the reinforcement
requirement for the calculated strain in d is the depth to the compression
the concrete, due to the application of
1.15 times the ultimate loads, can be reinforcement
satisfied. fy is the characteristic strength of the
15.4.2.1.2 In the analysis of a cross
section of a beam that has to resist a reinforcement
small axial thrust, the effect of the z is the lever arm; and
ultimate axial force may be ignored if it
does not exceed 0.1 fck times the cross- fck is the characteristic strength of the
sectional area. concrete
15.4.2.2 Design Formulae Provided When d'/d is greater than 0.2, equation 3
that the amount of redistribution of the should not be used and the resistance
elastic ultimate moments has been less moment shall be calculated with the aid
than 10%, the following formulae may be of 15.4.2.1.
used to calculate the ultimate moment of The lever arm, z, in equation 1 may be
resistance of a solid slab or rectangular calculated from the equation:
beam, or of a flanged beam, ribbed slab
V-52
1.1f y A s In no case shall v exceed 0.75 f ck or

z = 1 d .. (equation 5)
f ck bd 4.75 N/mm2 whichever is the lesser,
whatever shear reinforcement is
The value z shall not be normal taken as provided.
greater than 0.95d.
15.4.3.2 Shear Reinforcement Shear
15.4.2.2.2. The ultimate resistance reinforcement shall be provided as given
moment of a flanged beam may be taken in Table 14.
as the lesser of the values given by
equations 6 & 7 where hf is the thickness TABLE 14:
of the flange. FORM AND AREA OF SHEAR
REINFORCEMENT IN BEAMS
(CLAUSE 15.4.3.2.)
Value of v Area of Vertical shear
(N/mm2 ) Reinforcement to be
provided (mm2)
v svc Asv 0.4bsv/ 0.87 fyv
v > svc Asv bsv(v+0.4-svc)/0.87fyv
Note In the above Table :
v is the shear stress
s is the depth factor (see table 16)
vc is the ultimate shear stress in
FIG 5 : STRESS BLOCK OF RECTANGULAR concrete
BEAM (see table 15)
Asv is the cross sectional area of all the
Mu = (0.87fy) As(d-hf/2)equation 6
legs of the stirrups/links at a
Mu = (0.4fck)bhf (d-hf/2)equation 7 particular cross section;
sv is the spacing of the stirrups along
Where it is necessary for the resistance
the member
moment to exceed the value given by
fyv is the characteristic strength of
equation7, the section shall be analysed
strirrup reinforcement but not
in accordance with 15.4.2.1.
greater than 415 N/mm2
15.4.3 Shear Resistance of Beams
15.4.3.2.1 Where stirrups combined
15.4.3.1 Shear Stress The shear with bent up bars are used for shear
stress, v, at any cross section shall be reinforcement, not more than 50% of the
calculated from:- shear force (v+0.4-svc)bd shall be
resisted by bent-up bars. These bars
V shall be assumed to form the tension
v = .(equation.8)
bd members of one or more single systems
of lattice girders in which the concrete
Where forms the compression members. The
V is the shear force due to ultimate maximum stress in any bar shall be taken
loads. as 0.87fy. The shear resistance at any
vertical section shall be taken as the sum
b is the breadth of the section which, of the vertical components of the tension
for a flanged beam, shall be taken as the and compression forces cut by section.
rib width; Bars shall be checked for anchorage
d is the effective depth to tension (see 15.9.6.2) and bearing (see
reinforcement. 15.9.6.7).
V-53
As is the area of effectively anchored

TABLE 15 longitudinal tension reinforcement (see
ULTIMATE SHEAR STRESS IN 15.9.7) ;
CONCRETE, vc
fy is the characteristic strength of the
(Clause 15.4.3.2., 15.5.4, 15.6.6. 15.7.5., 17.2.4) reinforcement ;
100 As CONCRETE GRADE
V is the shear force due to ultimate loads
bd M20 M25 M30 M35 M40 at the point considered.
or
more 15.4.3.2.4 The maximum spacing of
% N/mm 2
N/mm 2
N/mm 2
N/mm 2
N/mm 2 the legs of stirrups in the direction of the
<0.15 0.31 0.31 0.36 0.37 0.39 span and at right angles to it shall not
0.25 0.37 0.40 0.42 0.44 0.47 exceed 0.75d and d for 45 inclined
0.50 0.47 0.50 0.53 0.56 0.59 stirrups where d is the effective depth
1.00 0.59 0.63 0.67 0.70 0.74 under consideration. In no case shall the
2.00 0.74 0.80 0.85 0.89 0.93 spacing exceed 450mm.
>3.0 0.85 0.91 0.97 1.01 1.06
15.4.3.3 Enhanced shear strength of
sections close to supports - An
NOTE 1:b = bs for punching shear cases
enhancement of shear strength may be
(see figure 6) allowed for sections within a distance y
< 2d from the face of a support, front
NOTE 2: TABLE 14 is derived from the
edge of a rigid bearing or centre line of a
following relationship:
flexible bearing.
1/3
0.27100As This enhancement shall take the form of
{fck}
1/3
vc = an increase in the allowable shear stress,
Ym bwd
svc to svcx 2d/ay but shall not exceed
Where Ym is taken as 1.25 and fck shall 0.75 fck or 4.75 N/mm2 whichever is
not exceed 40.
the lesser.
15.4.3.2.2 The term As in Table 15
Where this enhancement is used the
is that area of longitudinal reinforcement
main reinforcement at the section
which continues at least a distance equal
considered shall continue to the support
to the effective depth beyond the section
and be provided with an anchorage
being considered, except at supports
equivalent to 20 times the bar size.
where the full area of tension
reinforcement may be used provided the TABLE 16 VALUES OF s
recommendations of 15.9.7 are met. (Clause 15.4.3.2, 15.5.4.1., 15.6.6, 15.7.5)
Effectiv >2000 15001000 500 400 400 300 200 100 <100
Where both top and bottom
e
reinforcement is provided the area of As
Depth,
used shall be that which is in tension d (mm)
under the loading which produces the
Depth 0.70 0.75 0.85 1.00 1.05 1.15 1.20 1.25 1.35 1.50
shear force being considered. Factors
15.4.3.2.3 The area of longitudinal
reinforcement in the tensile zone shall be
such that : NOTE Table 16 is derived from the
following relationship:
V
As s = (500/d)1/4 or 0.70, whichever is the
2(0.87f y )
greater.
where, 15.4.3.4 Bottom Loaded Beams
Where load is applied near the bottom of
V-54
a section, sufficient vertical reinforcement TABLE 17:

ULTIMATE TORSION
to carry the load to the top of the section SHEAR STRESS
shall be provided in addition to any (Clause 15.4.4.3)
reinforcement required to resist shear. CONCRETE GRADE
_________________________________
15.4.4 Torsion M20 M25 M30 M35 M40 or
N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2 more
15.4.4.1 General - Torsion does not Nmm2
usually decide the dimensions of
vt min 0.30 0.33 0.37 0.38 0.42
members, therefore torsion design shall
be carried out as a check, after the vtu 3.35 3.75 4.10 4.43 4.75
flexural design. This is particularly
relevant to some members in which the 15.4.4.3.1 Torsion reinforcement shall
maximum torsional moment does not consist of rectangular closed stirrups in
occur under the same loading as the accordance with 15.9.6.4 together with
maximum flexural moment. In such longitudinal reinforcement. It shall be
circumstances reinforcement in excess of calculated assuming that the closed
that required for flexure and other forces stirrups form a thin walled tube, the shear
may be used in torsion. stresses in which are balanced by
longitudinal and transverse forces
15.4.4.2 Torsionless Systems - In provided by the resistance of the
general, where the torsional resistance or reinforcement. This reinforcement is
stiffness of members has not been taken additional to any requirements for shear
into account in the analysis of the or bending.
structure, no specific calculations for
torsion will be necessary, adequate 15.4.4.4 Treatment of various cross
control of any torsional cracking being sections :
provided by the required nominal shear a) Box sections- The torsional shear
reinforcement. However, in applying this stress shall be calculated as :
clause it is essential that sound
engineering judgment has shown that T
vt = . (equation-9)
torsion plays only a minor role in the 2hwo Ao
behaviour of the structure, otherwise
torsional stiffness shall be used in where
analysis. h wo is the wall thickness where the stress
15.4.4.3 Stresses and is determined;
Reinforcement- Ao is the area enclosed by the median
Where torsion in a section increases wall line..
substantially the shear stresses, the Torsion reinforcement shall be provided
torsional shear stress shall be calculated such that:
assuming a plastic stress distribution.
A st T
Where the torsional shear stress vt (equation 10)
exceeds the value vt min from Table 17, Sv 2A o (0.87f yv )
reinforcement shall be provided. In no
case shall the sum of the shear stresses
resulting from shear force and torsion A sL A st f yv
(equation 11)
(v+vt) exceed the value of the ultimate SL Sv f yL
shear stress, vtu from Table 17 nor in the
case of small section (y1 < 550mm), shall Where
the torsional shear, vt exceed vtuv1/550,
T is the torsional moment due to the
where y1 is the larger centerline
ultimate loads;
dimension of a stirrup/link.
V-55
Ast is the area of one leg of a closed T (hmax h 3 min )

stirrup of a section;
AsL is the area of one bar of (hmax h3min )
longitudinal reinforcement;
Reinforcement shall be so detailed as to
fyv is the characteristics strength of
tie the individual rectangles together.
stirrups.
Where the torsional shear stress in a
fYL is the characteristic strength of the minor rectangle is less than vtmin no
longitudinal reinforcement; torsion reinforcement need be provided
Sv is the spacing of the stirrups along in that rectangle.
the member;
15.4.4.5 Detailing Care shall be
SL is the spacing of the longitudinal taken in detailing to prevent the diagonal
reinforcement ; compressive forces in adjacent faces of a
In equations 10 and 11, fyv and fyl shall beam sapling the section corner. The
not taken as greater than 415 N/mm2. closed stirrups shall be detailed to have
minimum cover, and a pitch less than
(b) Rectangular sections- The torsional
the smallest of (x1+y1)/4, 16x longitudinal
stresses shall be calculated from the
corner bar diameters over 300mm. The
equation :
longitudinal reinforcement shall be
vt = 2T (equation 9a) positioned uniformly and such that there
h 2 min (hmax hmin /3) is a bar at each corner of the stirrups.
where The diameters of the corner bars shall be
not less than the diameters of the
hmin is the smaller dimension of the stirrups.
section;
In detailing the longitudinal reinforcement
hmax is the larger dimension of the to cater for torsional stresses account
section; may be taken of those areas of the cross
Torsion reinforcement shall be provided section subjected to simultaneous
such that: flexural compressive stresses and a
lesser amount of reinforcement provided.
Ast T The reduction in the amount of
...(equation 10a)
Sv 1.6x1 y1 (0.87fyv ) reinforcement in the compressive zone
where may be taken as
x1 is the smaller centre line dimension of fcav(Area of section subject to

flexural compression)
the stirrups;
Reduction of =
y1 is the larger centre line dimension of
Steel area 0.87 fyL
the stirrups;
and AsL satisfies equation 11 with the
where
value of Ast calculated as in equation
10(a). fcav is the average compressive stress in
c) T,L & I sections:- such section the flexural compressive zone.
shall be divided into component
In the case of beams, the depth of the
rectangles for purpose of torsional design.
compressive zone used to calculate the
This shall be done in such a way as to
area of section subject to flexural
maximise function (hmaxh3min), where compression shall be taken as twice the
hmax and hmin are the larger and smaller cover to the closed stirrups.
dimensions of each components
rectangle. Each rectangle shall then be The area of either the stirrups or the
considered subject to a torque : longitudinal reinforcement may be
V-56
reduced by 20% provided that the In voided slabs, the stresses in the
product. transverse flexural reinforcement due to
transverse shear effects shall be
Asv Asl calculated by an appropriate analysis

Sv SL (e.g. an analysis based on the
remains unchanged. assumption that the transverse sections
acts as a Vierendeel frame).
15.4.5 Longitudinal Shear- For 15.5.3 Resistance to In-plane Forces
flanged beams where shear If reinforcement is to be provided to
reinforcement is required to resist vertical resist a combination of in-plane direct
shear the longitudinal shear resistance of and shear forces at a point in a slab,
the flange and of the flange web junction allowance shall be made for the fact that
shall be checked in accordance with the principal stress and reinforcement
17.4.2.3. directions do not generally coincide.
15.4.6 Deflection in Beams- Such allowance can be made by
Deflection may be calculated in calculating required forces in the
accordance with clause 10. reinforcement directions, such that
adequate strength is provided in all
15.4.7 Crack Control in Beams- directions.
Flexural cracking beams shall be
controlled by checking crack widths in 15.5.4 Shear Resistance of Slabs
accordance with 15.9.8.2. 15.5.4.1 Shear Stress in Solid
15.5 Slabs: Slabs The shear stress v, at any cross
section in a solid slab, shall be calculated
15.5.1 Moments and Shear Forces in from :
Slabs- Moments and shear forces in
slab bridges and in the top slabs of beam v = V (equation 12)
and slab, voided slab and box beam bd
bridges may be obtained from a general where
elastic analysis or such particular elastic V is the shear force due to ultimate loads;
analysis as those due to Westergard or
Pucher; alternatively, Johansens yield b is the width of slab under consideration;
line method may be used to obtain d is the effective depth in tension
required ultimate moments of resistance reinforcement.
subject to 13.1.3.3. The effective spans
shall be in accordance with 15.4.1.1. 15.5.4.1.1 No shear reinforcement is
required when the stress, v, is less than
15.5.2 Resistance Moments of svc where s has the value shown in Table
Slabs- The ultimate resistance moment 16 and vc is obtained from Table 15.
in a reinforcement direction may be
determined by the methods given in 15.5.4.1.2 The shear stress, v, in a solid
15.4.2. If reinforcement is being provided slab less than 200 mm thick shall not
to resist a combination of two bending exceed svc.
moments and a twisting moment at a 15.5.4.1.3 In solid slabs at least
point in a slab, allowance shall be made 200mm thick, when v is greater than svc
for the fact that the principal moment and shear reinforcement shall be provided as
reinforcement directions do not generally for a beam (see 15.4.3.2.) except that the
coincide. Allowance can be made by space between stirrups may be
calculating moments of resistance in the increased to d.
reinforcement directions, such that
adequate strength is provided in all 15.5.4.1.4 The maximum shear stress
directions. due to ultimate loads shall not exceed the
appropriate value given in 15.4.3.1. for a
V-57
beam even when shear reinforcement is 0.4 bd Asv(0.87fyv)(V-Vc)

provided.
..(equation 13)
15.5.4.2 Shear stresses in solid slabs
where
under concentrated loadsWhen
considering this clause the dispersal of bd is the area of the critical section
concentrated loads allowed in Bridge
Rules shall be taken to the top surface of Asv is the area of shear reinforcement.
the concrete slab. only and not through fyv is the characteristic strength of the
the concrete slab. shear reinforcement which shall be taken
15.5.4.2.1 The critical section for as not greater than 415N/mm2.
calculating shear shall be taken on The overall ultimate shear resistance
perimeter 1.5d from the boundary of the shall be calculated on perimeters
loaded area, as shown in Fig.6 where d progressively 0.75d out from the critical
is the effective depth to the flexural perimeter and, if the resistance continues
tension reinforcement. Where to be exceeded, further shear
concentrated loads occur on a cantilever reinforcement shall be provided on each
slab or near unsupported edges, the perimeter in accordance with equation
relevant portions of the critical section 13, substituting the appropriate values for
shall be taken as the worst case from (a), V and bd. Shear reinforcement shall be
(b) or (c) of Fig.6. For a group of considered effective only in those places
concentrated loads, adjacent loaded where the slab depth is greater than or
areas shall be considered singly and in equal to 200mm. Shear reinforcement
combination using the preceding may be in the form of vertical or inclined
recommendation. stirrups anchored at both ends passing
15.5.4.2.2 No shear reinforcement is round the main reinforcement. Stirrups
required when the ultimate shear force, shall be spaced no further apart than
V, due to concentrated loads, is less than 0.75d and, if inclined stirrups are used,
the ultimate shear resistance of the the area of shear reinforcement shall be
concrete Vc, at the critical section, as adjusted to give the equivalent shear
given in Fig.6. resistance.
15.5.4.2.3 The overall ultimate shear 15.5.4.2.5 When openings in slabs and
resistance at the critical section shall be footings (see Fig.7) are located at a
taken as the sum of the shear resistance distance less than 6d from the edge of
of each portion of the critical section. The
value of 100 As/(bd) to be used in Table-
15 for each portion shall be derived by
considering the effectively anchored
flexural tensile reinforcement associated
with each portion as shown in Fig.6.
15.5.4.2.4 In solid slabs at least
200mm thick, where V lies between Vc
and the maximum shear resistance FIG 7: OPENINGS IN SLAB
based on that allowed for a beam in
15.4.3.1, an area of shear reinforcement concentrated load or reaction, then that
shall be provided on the critical perimeter part of the periphery of the critical
and a similar amount on a parallel section, which is enclosed by radial
perimeter at a distance of 0.75d inside it, projections of the openings to the
such that ; centroid of the loaded area, shall be
considered ineffective. Where one hole is
adjacent to the column and its greatest
V-58
width is less than one-quarter of the accordance with 15.9.8.2.

column side or one-half of the slab depth,
15.6 Columns
whichever is the lesser, its presence may
be ignored. 15.6.1 General
15.5.4.3 Shear in Voided Slabs- The 15.6.1.1 Definitions A reinforced
longitudinal ribs between the voids shall concrete column is a compression
be designed as beams (see 15.4.3) for member whose greater lateral dimension
the shear forces in the longitudinal is less than or equal to four times its
direction including any shear due to lesser lateral dimensions, and in which
torsional effects. the reinforcement is taken into account
when considering its strength.
The top and bottom flanges shall be
designed as solid slabs (see 15.5.4.1), A column shall be considered as
each to carry a part of the global short if the ratio le/h in each plane of
transverse shear forces and any shear buckling is less than 12;
forces due to torsional effects where:
proportional to the flange thickness. The
top flange of a rectangular voided slab le is the effective height in the plane of
shall be designed to resist the punching buckling under consideration.
effect due to concentrated loads (see h is the depth of the cross section in the
15.5.4.2). Where concentrated loads may plane of buckling under
punch through the slab as a whole, this consideration. It shall otherwise be
shall also be checked. considered as slender.
15.5.5 Crack Control in Slabs-
Cracking in slabs shall be checked in
V-59
1.
60
61
15.6.1.2 Effective Height of a Column- 15.6.2 Moments and Forces in

The effective height, le, in a given plane Columns The moments, shear forces
may be obtained from Table 18, where lo and axial forces in a column shall be
is the clear height between end restraints. determined in accordance with 13.1
except that if the column is slender the
The values given in Table 18 are based
moments induced by deflection shall be
on the following assumptions:
considered. An allowance for these
a) rotational restraint is at least additional moments is made in the design
4(EI)c/lo for cases 1,2 and 4 to 6 and recommendations for slender columns,
8(EI)c/lo for case 7, which follow, and the bases or other
(EI)c being the flexural rigidity of the members connected to the ends of such
column cross section. columns shall also be designed to resist
these additional moments.
b) Lateral and rotational rigidity of
elastomeric bearings are zero. In columns with end moments it is
generally necessary to consider the
15.6.1.2.1 Where a more accurate maximum and minimum ratios of moment
evaluation of the effective height is to axial load in designing reinforcement
required or where the end stiffness values areas and concrete sections.
are less than those values given in (a), the
effective heights shall be derived from first 15.6.3 Short Columns Subject to Axial
principles. The procedure given in IS: 456 Load and Bending about the Minor
Appendix-D may be adopted. Axis.
15.6.1.2.2 The accommodation of 15.6.3.1 General A short column shall

movements and the method of articulation be designed for the ultimate limit state in
chosen for the bridge will influence the accordance with the following
degree of restraint developed for columns. recommendations provided that the
These factors shall be assessed as moment at any cross section has been
accurately as possible using engineering increased by that moment produced by
principles based on elastic theory and considering the ultimate axial load as
taking into account all relevant factors acting at an eccentricity equal to 0.05
such as foundation flexibility, type of times the overall depth of the cross
bearings, articulation system etc. section in the plane of bending, but not
more than 20mm. This is a nominal
15.6.1.3 Slenderness Limits for allowance for eccentricity due to
Columns In each plane of buckling, the construction tolerances.
ratio le/h shall not exceed 40, except that
where the column is not restrained in 15.6.3.2 Analysis of Sections When
position at one end, the ratio le/h shall not analysing a column cross-section to
exceed 30; le and h are as defined in determine its ultimate resistance to
15.6.1.1. moment axial load, the following
assumptions should be made:
15.6.1.4 Assessment of Strength- Sub
clauses 15.6.2. to 15.6.7 give methods, a) The strain distribution in the
for assessing the strength of columns at concrete in compression and the
the ultimate limit state, which are based compressive and tensile strains in the
on a number of assumptions. These reinforcement are derived from the
methods may be used provided the assumption that plane sections remain
assumptions are realised for the case plane.
being considered and the effective height b) The stresses in the concrete in
is determined accurately. In addition, for compression are either derived from the
columns subject to applied bending stress-strain curve in Fig.3
moments the serviceability limit state for
cracking given in 10.2.1(a) shall be met.
62
or not. Both the ultimate axial load, P, and

the ultimate moment, M, sha not exceed
the values of Pu and Mu given by
equations 14 and 15 for the appropriate
value of dc.
Pu = 0.4fckbdc+fycAs1+fs2As2(equation14)
Mu=0.2fckbdc(h-dc)+fycAsl(h/2-d)
-fs2As2(h/2-dc) ..(equation 15)
Where
Pu is the ultimate axial load applied on
the section considered.
M is the moment applied about the axis
considered due to ultimate loads
including the nominal allowance for
construction tolerances (see 15.6.3.1)
PuMu are the ultimate axial load and
FIG 8: REINFORCED COLUMN bending capacities of the section
for the particular value of dc
compression zone where this is assumed.
rectangular or circular. In both cases, the
concrete strain at the outermost fck is the characteristic cube strength
compression fibre at failure is of the concrete.
compression are either derived from the b is the breadth of the section.
stress-strain curve in Fig.3 with Ym = 1.50,
or taken as equal to 0.4 fck over the whole dc is the depth of concrete in
taken as 0.0035. compression assumed subject to a
minimum value of 2d
c) The tensile strength of the
concrete is ignored. fyc is the design compressive strength
of the reinforcement (in N/mm2)
d) The stresses in the taken as:
reinforcement are derived from the stress- f
strain curves in Fig.4 with Ym=1.15. fy / Ym + v
2000
15.6.3.2.1 For rectangular columns the
following design methods, based on the As1 is the area of compression
preceding assumptions, may be used. For reinforcement in the more highly
other column shapes, design methods compressed face.
shall be derived from first principles using fs2 is the stress in the reinforcement in
the preceding assumption. the other face, derived from
15.6.3.3. Design Formulae for Fig.3 and taken as negative if
Rectangular Columns- The following tensile;
formulae (based on a concrete stress of As2 is the area of reinforcement in the
0.4fck over the whole compression zone other face which may be
and the assumptions in 15.6.3.2) may be considered as being
used for the design of rectangular column
having longitudinal reinforcement in the (1) in compression
two faces parallel to the axis of bending (2) inactive or
whether that reinforcement is symmetrical (3) in tension
V-63
as the resultant eccentricity of load Major Axis or Biaxial Bending- The

increased and dc decreases from h to 2 d moment about each axis due to ultimate
loads shall be increased by that moment
h is the overall depth of the section in
produced by considering the ultimate axial
the plane of bending
load as acting at an eccentricity equal to
d is the depth from the surface to the 0.03 times the overall depth of the cross
reinforcement in the more highly section in the appropriate plane of
compressed face; bending, but not more than 20mm. This is
a nominal allowance for eccentricity due
d2 is the depth from the surface to the to construction tolerances.
reinforcement in the other face.
For square, rectangular and circular
columns having a symmetrical
15.6.3.4 Simplified Design Formulae
arrangement of reinforcement about each
for Rectangular Columns:- The following
axis, the section may be analysed for axial
simplified formulae may be used, as
load and bending about each axis in
appropriate, for the design of a
accordance with any one of the methods
rectangular column having longitudinal
of design given in 15.6.3.2 or 15.6.3.3.
reinforcement in the two faces parallel to
such that:
the axis of bending, whether that
reinforcement is symmetrical or not; (Mx/Mux)n + (My/Muy)n 1.0 .(equ. 16)
a) Where the resultant Where
eccentricity=M/P, does not exceed Mx and My are the moments about the
(h/2-d)and where the ultimate major x-x axis and minor
axial load, P, does not exceed y-y axis respectively due
0.45 fckb(h-2e), only nominal to ultimate loads, including
reinforcement is required (see the nominal allowance for
15.9.,4.1 for minimum provision of construction tolerances
longitudinal reinforcement), where given in the preceding
M, P, h,d,fck and b are as defined paragraph.
in 15.6.3.3. Mxu is the ultimate moment
b) Where the resultant capacity about the major
eccentricity is not less than (h/2-d2) x-x axis assuming an
the axial load may be ignored and ultimate axial load capacity,
the column section designed to Pu, not less than the value
resist an increased moment of ultimate axial load P.
Muy is the ultimate moment
Ma = M + P(h/2-d2) capacity about the major
Where M, P, h and d2 are as y-y axis assuming an
defined in 15.6.3.3. The area of ultimate axial load capacity,
tension reinforcement necessary Pu, not less than the value
to provide resistance to this of ultimate axial load P;
increased moment may be n is related to P/Puz as given
reduced by the amount P/(0.87fy). in Table 19, where Puz is
axial loading capacity of a
15.6.4 Short Columns Subject to Axial
column ignoring all
Load and Either Bending About the
V-64
bending, taken as: ultimate axial load, P, together with the

moments Mtx and Mty derived in
Puz= 0.45fck Ac + fyc Asc ...(equation 17)
accordance with
Where:
Alternatively, the simplified formulae
fck and fyc are as defined in 15.6.3 given in 15.6.5.2 and 15.6.5.3 may be
Ac is the area of concrete used where appropriate; in this case the
and moment due to ultimate loads need not
be increased by the nominal allowance
Asc is the area of longitudinal for construction tolerances given in
reinforcement. 15.6.3.1. It will be sufficient to limit the
minimum value of moment to not less
TABLE 19: RELATIONSHIP OF P/Puz than the nominal allowance given
15.6.3.1.
TO n
( Clause 15.6.4 ) 15.6.5.2 Slender Columns Bent
P/Puz 0.2 0.4 0.6 >0.8 About A Minor Axis A slender
column of constant cross-section bent
n 1.00 1.33 1.67 2.00 about the minor y-y axis shall be
designed for its ultimate axial load, P
For other column sections, design shall together with the moment Mty given by :
be in accordance with 15.6.3.2.

Phx
(le /hx )2 1 0.0035le
15.6.5 Slender Columns
Mty = Miy +
15.6.5.1 General - A cross section of a 1750 hx
slender column may be designed by the

..(equation 18)
methods given for a short column (see
15.6.3 and 15.6.4) but, in the design, where
account shall be taken of the additional
moments induced in the column by its M ty is the initial moment due to
deflection. For slender columns of ultimate loads, but not less than
constant rectangular or circular cross that corresponding to the
section having a symmetrical nominal allowance for
arrangement of reinforcement, the construction tolerances as given
column shall be designed to resist the in 15.6.3.1 ;
hx is the overall depth of the cross

section in the plane of bending Where hy is equal to or greater than
Mty ; three times, hx, the column shall be
le is the effective height either in considered as biaxially loaded with a
the plane of bending or in the nominal initial moment about the minor
plane at right angles, whichever axis.
is greater.
15.6.5.4 Slender Columns Bent
For a column fixed in position at both
About Both Axis - A slender column
ends where no transverse loads occur in
bent about both axis shall be designed
its height the value of Miy may be
for its ultimate axial load, P, together
reduced to :
with the moments, Mtx about its major
M ty = 0.4M 1 + 0.6 M 2 (equation 19) axis and Mty about its minor axis, given
by :
Where
M1 is the smaller initial end moment
Phy 2
due to ultimate loads (assumed M tx = M ix + (l ex /hy ) 1

0.0035l ex

negative if the column is bent in 1750 hy
double curvature) ; (equation 21)
M2 is the larger initial end moment
due to ultimate loads (assumed
positive). M ty = M iy +
Phx
(l ey /hy )2 1 0.0035l ey

1750 hx
In no case, however, shall Miy be taken
as less than 0.4 M2 or such that Mty is (equation 22)
less than M2.
where
15.6.5.3 Slender Columns Bent
About a Major Axis - When the overall
hx and hy are as defined in 15.6.5.2 and
depth of its cross section, hy, is less than
15.6 respectively:
three times the width, hx, a slender
column bent about the major x-x axis Mix is the initial moment due to ultimate
shall be designed for its ultimate axial loads about the x-x axis, including
load P, together with the moment Mtx the nominal allowance for
given by : construction tolerance (see 15.6.4.):
Ph y 0.0035l e
M tx = M ix + (l e / h x )2 1
Miy is the initial moment due to ultimate
1750 hx loads about the y-y axis, including
. (equation 20) the nominal allowance for
construction tolerance (see 15.6.4);
where le & hx are defined in 15.6.5.2 :
lex is the effective height in respect of
Mix is the initial moment due to bending about the major axis;
ultimate loads, but not less than
that corresponding to the ley is the effective in respect of bending
nominal allowance for about the minor axis;
construction tolerances as given 15.6.6 Shear Resistance of Columns-
in 15.6.3.1 ; A column subject to unaxial shear due
hy is the overall depth of the cross to ultimate loads shall be designed in
section in the plane of bending accordance with 15.4.3 except that the
Mix. ultimate shear stress, Svc obtained from
V-66
Table 15 and Table 16 may be Retaining walls, wing walls, abutments,

multiplied by: piers and other similar elements
subjected principally to bending moment
1+ 0.05 P and where the ultimate axial load is less
Ac than 0.1 fck Ac shall be treated as
where cantilever slabs and designed in
accordance with 15.5.
P is the ultimate axial load(in
Newtons); In other cases, this clause applies.
A reinforced wall shall be considered as
Ac is the area of the entire concrete
either short of slender. In a similar
section ( in mm2)
manner to columns, a wall may be
A column subject to biaxial shear due to considered as short where the ratio of
ultimate loads for shall be designed its effective height to its thickness does
such that: - not exceed 12. It shall otherwise be
considered as slender.
Vx /Vux + Vy /Vuy 1.0
15.7.1.2 Limits to Slenderness The
slenderness ratio is the ratio of the
where, effective height of the wall to its
thickness. The effective height shall be
Vx and Vy are the applied shears obtained from Table 18. When the wall
due to ultimate loads for is restrained in position at both ends and
the x-x axis and y-y axis the reinforcement complies with the
respectively. recommendations 15.9.4, the
slenderness ratio shall not exceed 40
Vux and Vuy are the corresponding unless more than 1% of vertical
ultimate shear capacities reinforcement is provided, when the
of the concrete and slenderness ratio may be up to 45.
stirrup reinforcement for When the wall is not restrained in
the x-x axis and y-y axis position at one end the slenderness
respectively derived in ratio shall not exceed 30.
accordance with this
clause. 15.7.2 Forces and Moments in
Reinforced Concrete walls- Forces
15.6.7. Crack control in columns- A and moments shall be calculated in
column subjected to bending shall be accordance with 13.1 except that, if the
considered as a beam for the purpose of wall is slender, the moments induced by
crack control (see 15.9.8.2) deflection shall also be considered. The
distribution of axial and horizontal forces
15.7 Reinforced Concrete Walls along a wall from the loads on the super
15.7.1 General structure shall be determined by
analysis and their points of application
15.7.1.1 Definition- A reinforced wall is
decided by the nature and location of
a vertical load-bearing concrete member
the bearings.
whose greater lateral dimension is more
than four times its lesser lateral For walls fixed to the deck, the moments
dimensions, and in which the shall similarly be determined by elastic
reinforcement is taken into account
analysis.
when considering its strength.
V-67
The moment/unit length in the direction the section checked for this moment and
at right angles to a wall shall be taken the resulting compression or tension per
as not less than 0.05nwh, where nw is unit length at various points along the
the ultimate axial load per unit length wall length, using the assumptions of
and h is the thickness of the wall. 15.4.2.
Moments in the plane of a wall can be
calculated from statics for the most 15.7.4 Slender Reinforced Walls-
severe positioning of the relevant loads. The distribution of axial load along a
slender reinforced wall shall be
Where the axial load is non-uniform, determined as for a short wall. The
consideration shall be given to deep critical portion of wall shall then be
beam effects and the distribution of axial considered as a slender column of unit
loads per unit length of wall. width and designed as such as in
accordance with 15.6.5.
It will generally be necessary to consider
15.7.5 Shear Resistance of
the maximum and minimum ratios of
Reinforced Walls A wall subject to
moment to axial load in designing
uniaxial shear due to ultimate loads
reinforcement areas and concrete
shall be designed in accordance with
sections.
15.5.4.1 except that the ultimate shear
stress, Svc, obtained from Table 15 and
15.7.3 Short Reinforced Walls
Table 16 may be multiplied by
Resisting Moments and Axial Forces
The cross section of various portions 0.05P
of the wall shall be designed to resist 1+
Ac
the appropriate ultimate axial load and
the transverse moment per unit length where
calculated in accordance with 15.7.2.
The assumption made when analysing P is the ultimate axial load (in Newtons)
beam sections (see 15.4.2) apply and Ac is the area of entire concrete section
also when the wall is subject to ( in mm2)
significant bending only in the plane of A wall subject to biaxial shear due to
the wall. ultimate loads shall be designed such
that- Vx Vy
+ 1. 0
When the wall is subjected to significant V ux V uy
bending both in the plane of the wall and
at right angles to it consideration shall where
be given first to bending in the plane of
Vx and Vy are the applied shears due to
the wall in order to establish a
ultimate loads for the x-x axis and y-y
distribution of tension and compression
axis respectively.
along the length of the wall. The
resulting tension and compression Vux and Vuy are the corresponding
shall then be combined with the ultimate shear capacities of the concrete
compression due to the ultimate axial and stirrup/link reinforcement for the x-x
load to determine the combined axial axis and y-y axis respectively, derived in
load per unit length of wall. This may be accordance with this clause.
done by an elastic analysis assuming a
15.7.6 Deflection of Reinforced
linear distribution along the wall.
Walls The deflection of a reinforced
concrete wall will be within acceptable
The bending moment at right angles to
limits if the recommendations given in
the wall shall then be considered and
15.7.1 to 15.7.5 have been followed.
V-68
15.7.7 Crack Control in Reinforced and-slab or flat-slab as appropriate.

Walls Where walls are subject to Beam-and-slab footing shall be
bending, design crack widths shall be designed in accordance with 15.4.
calculated in accordance with 15.9.8.2.
Flat-slab sections shall be designed to
15.8 Footings
resist the total moments and shears at
15.8.1 General - Where pockets are
the sections considered.
left for precast members allowance shall
be made, when computing the flexural
Where the width of the section
and shear strength of base section, for
considered is less than or equal to 1.5
the effects of these pockets unless they
(bcol + 3d), where bcol is the width of the
are to be subsequently grouted up using
column and d is the effective depth, to
a cement mortar of compressive
the tension reinforcement, of the footing,
strength not less than that of the
reinforcement shall be distributed evenly
concrete in the base.
across the width of the section
considered. For greater widths, two-
15.8.2 Moments and Forces in
thirds of the area of reinforcement shall
Footing
be concentrated on a width of (bcol + 3d)
Except where the reactions to the
centered on the column.
applied loads and moments are derived
by more accurate methods, e.g. an
Pile caps may be designed either by
elastic analysis of a pile group or the
bending theory or by truss analogy
application of established principles of
taking apex of the truss at the centre of
soil mechanics, the following
the loaded area and the corners of the
assumptions should be made.
base of the truss at the intersections of
the centre lines of the piles with the
a) Where the footing is axially
tensile reinforcement.
loaded, the reactions to ultimate loads
are uniformly distributed per unit area or
In pile caps designed as beams the
per pile ;
reinforcement shall be uniformly
b) Where the footing is
distributed across any given section. In
eccentrically loaded, the reactions vary
pile caps designed by truss analogy
linearly across the footing. For columns
80% of the reinforcement shall be
and walls restrained in direction at the
concentrated in strips linking the pile
base, the moment transferred to the
heads and the remainder uniformly
footing shall be obtained from 15.6.
distributed throughout the pile cap.
The critical section in design of an
15.8.3.2 Shear The design shear is
isolated footing may be taken as the
the algebraic sum of all ultimate vertical
face of the column or wall.
loads acting on one side of or outside
the periphery of the critical section. The
The footing moment at any vertical
shear strength of flat-slab footing in the
section passing completely across a
vicinity of concentrated loads is
footing shall be taken as that due to all
governed by the more severe of the
external ultimate loads and reactions on
following two conditions :-
one side of that section. No redistribut-
ion of moments shall be made.
a) Shear along a vertical section
15.8.3 Design of Footings. extending across the full width of the
footing, at a distance equal to the
15.8.3.1 Resistance to Bending -
effective depth from the face of the
Footings shall be designed as beam-
V-69
loaded area. The recommendations of a) the critical sections described in

15.5.4.1. apply. 15.9.6.1.
b) Punching shear around the loaded b) sections at which the depth changes
area where the recommendations of or any reinforcement stops
15.5.4.2. apply. c) in the vicinity of piles, where all the
The shear strength of pile caps is bending reinforcement required to
governed by the more severe of the resist the pile load shall be
following two conditions: continued to the pile center line and
1) Shear along any vertical section provided with an anchorage beyond
extending across the full width of the the center line of 20 bar diameters.
cap. The recommendations of 15.5.4.1.
apply except that over portions of the 15.8.4 Deflection of Footings - The
section where the flexural reinforcement deflection of footings need not be
is fully anchored by passing across the considered.
head of a pile, the allowable ultimate
15.8.5 Crack Control in Footings
shear stress may be increased to
The recommendations of 15.9.8.2 apply
(2d/av)svc
as appropriate depending on the type of
Where
footing and treatment of design (see
av is the distance between the face
15.8.3.1)
of the column or wall and the
critical section;
15.9 Considerations Affecting Design
d is the effective depth to tension
Details
reinforcement of the section.
where av is taken to be the distance 15.9.1.1 Size of Members- The ease of
between the face of column or wall and placement of concrete and vibration
the nearer edge of the piles it shall be should be considered while deciding the
increased by 20% of the pile diameter. sizes of members.
In applying the recommendations of
15.9.1.2 Accuracy of positions of
15.5.4.1. the allowable ultimate shear
Reinforcement In all normal cases
stress shall be taken as the average
the design may be based on the
over the whole section.
assumption that the reinforcement is in
2) Punching shear around loaded
its nominal position (Refer 7.1.2).
areas, where the recommendations of
However, when reinforcement is located
15.5.4.2 apply.
the relation to more than one face of a
15.8.3.3 Bond and Anchorage
member (e.g. a stirrup in a beam in
The recommendations of 15.9.6. apply
which the nominal cover for all sides is
to reinforcement in footings. The critical
given ) the actual concrete cover on one
sections for local bond are: -
side may be greater and can be derived
from a consideration of:-
a) dimensions and spacing of cover
blocks, spacers and/or chairs
(including the compressibility of
these items and the surfaces they
bear on) ;
b) stiffness, straightness, and accuracy
of cutting, bending and fixing of bars
or reinforcement cage ;
FIG. 10
c) accuracy of formwork both in
dimension and plane (this includes
V-70
permanent forms such as blinding or drawings. The clear cover shall not be
brickwork) ; less than the size of the bar or
d) the size of the structural part and the maximum aggregate size plus 5mm ; in
relative size of bars of reinforcement the case of a bundle of bars
cage. (see.15.9.8.1), it shall be equal to or
greater than the size of a single bar of
15.9.1.2.1 In certain cases where bars equivalent area plus 5mm.
or reinforcement cages are positioned
accurately on one face of a structural From durability consideration, minimum
member, this may affect the position of clear cover shall be as under :
highly stressed reinforcement at the
opposite face of the member. The Type of Extreme Very Severe Mild &
consequent possible reduction in structure Environ- severe environ- Moderate
effective depth to this reinforcement ment environment Environ-
may exceed the percentage allowed for ment ment
in the values of the partial safety factors. Slab 50 50 25 25
In the design of a particularly critical Beam/ 60 50 40 35
member, therefore, appropriate Girder
adjustment to the effective depth Column 75 75 75 50
assumed may be necessary. Well, 75 75 75 50
pile &
15.9.1.3 Construction joints - The footing
exact location and details of
construction joints, if any, shall be 15.9.2.3 Clear cover should not be
indicated in drawing. Construction joints more than 2.5 times diameter of
shall be at right angles to the direction of reinforcing bar. If clear cover is more,
the member and shall take due account chicken mesh shall be provided in cover
of the shear and other stresses. If concrete to keep the concrete in its
special preparation of the joint faces is position.
required it shall be specified (also see
8.5). 15.9.2.4 Diameter of reinforcing bar and
maximum size of aggregate shall be
15.9.1.4 Movement joints - The decided based on 15.9.2.2 and 15.9.2.3.
location of all movement joints shall be
clearly indicated on the drawings both 15.9.2.5 The clear cover shall not
for the individual members and for the exceed 75mm in any type of structure.
structures as a whole. In general,
movement joints in the structure shall 15.9.3 Reinforcement: General
pass through the whole structure in one Considerations.
plane. Requirements for the design of 15.9.3.1 General Reinforcing bars of
joints shall be ascertained from the same type and grade shall be used as
engineer. main reinforcement in a structural
15.9.2 Clear Cover to Reinforcement member. However, simultaneous use of
two different types or grades of steel for
15.9.2.1 Clear cover is the least main and secondary reinforcement
distance from outer most surface of respectively is permissible.
steel or binding wire or its end to the
face of the concrete. 15.9.3.1.1 The recommendations for
detailing for earthquake-resistant
15.9.2.2 Clear cover is the dimension construction given in IS: 4326 shall be
used in design and indicated on the
V-71
taken into consideration, where The minimum number of longitudinal

applicable. bars provided in a column shall be four
in rectangular columns and six in
15.9.3.2 Groups of Bars Subject to circular columns and their size shall not
the reductions in bond stress, bars may be less than 12mm. In a helically
be arranged as pairs in contact or in reinforced column, the longitudinal bars
groups of three or four bars bundled in shall be in contact with the helical
contact. Bundled bars shall be tied reinforcement and equidistant around its
together to ensure the bars remaining inner circumference. Spacing of
together. Bars larger than 32 mm longitudinal bars measured along the
diameter shall not be bundled, except in periphery of the columns shall not
columns. Bars shall not be used in a exceed 300mm. The total cross
member without stirrups. Bars in a sectional area of these bars shall not be
bundle should terminate at different less than 1 % of the cross sections of
parts spaced at least 40times the bars the column or 0.15P/fy, whichever is the
size apart except for bundles stopping at lesser, where P is the ultimate axial load
support. and fy is the characteristic strength of
the reinforcement.
15.9.3.2.1 Bundles shall not be used in
a member without stirrups. A wall cannot be considered as a
reinforced concrete wall unless the
15.9.3.3 Bar schedule dimension - percentage of vertical reinforcement
The dimensions of bars showed on the provided is at least 0.4%. This vertical
schedule shall be the nominal reinforcement may be in one or two
dimensions in accordance with the layers.
drawings.
15.9.4.2 Minimum area of secondary
15.9.4. Minimum Areas of reinforcement - In the predominantly
Reinforcement in Members. tensile area of a solid slab or wall the
minimum area of secondary
15.9.4.1 Minimum area of main reinforcement shall be not less than
reinforcement - The area of tension 0.12% of btd when using Grade Fe 415
reinforcement in a beam or slab shall be reinforcement, or 0.15% of btd when
not less than 0.2% of bad when using Grade Fe 250 reinforcement is used. In
Grade Fe 415 reinforcement, or 0.35% a solid slab or wall where the main
of bad when Grade Fe 250 reinforcement is used to resist
reinforcement is used, compression, the area of secondary
reinforcement provided shall be at least
where 0.12% of btd in the case of Grade Fe
415 reinforcement and 0.15% of btd in
ba is the breadth of section, or average the case of Grade Fe 250
breadth excluding the compression reinforcement. The diameter shall be not
flange for nonrectangular sections ; less than one quarter of the size of the
vertical bars with horizontal spacing not
d is the effective depth to tension exceeding 300 mm.
reinforcement.
In beams where the depth of the side
For a box, T or I section ba shall be
face exceeds 600 mm, longitudinal
taken as the average breadth of the
reinforcement shall be provided having
concrete below the upper flange.
an area of atleast 0.05% of btd on each
V-72
face with a spacing not exceeding least 6 mm or one quarter of the size of
300 mm. the largest compression bar, whichever
is the greater, shall be provided through
where the thickness of the member. The
spacing of these links shall not exceed
bt is the breadth of the section ; twice the member thickness in either of
the two principal direction of the
d is the effective depth to tension
member and be not greater than 16
reinforcement.
times the bar size in the direction of the
In a voided slab the amount of compression force.
transverse reinforcement shall exceed
In all beams shear reinforcement shall
the lesser of the following: -
be provided throughout the span to
a) In the bottom, or predominantly meet the recommendations given in
tensile, flange either 1500 15.4.3.
mm2/m or 1% of the minimum
The spacing of stirrups shall not exceed
flange section;
0.75 times the effective depth of the
b) In the top, or predominantly beam, nor shall the lateral spacing of
compressive flange either 1000 the individual legs of the stirrups exceed
mm2/m or 0.7% of the minimum this figure.
flange section.
Additional reinforcement may be Stirrups shall enclose all tension
required in beams slabs and walls to reinforcement. Also, the spacing of
control early shrinkage and thermal stirrups shall be restricted to 450 mm.
cracking (see also 15.9.9).
15.9.5 Maximum areas of
15.9.4.3 Minimum area of links reinforcement in Members.
When, in a beam or column, part or all
of the main reinforcement is required to 15.9.5.1 In a beam or slab , neither
resist compression, links or ties at least the area of tension reinforcement nor
one quarter the size of the largest the area of compression reinforcement
compression bar shall be provided at a shall exceed 4% of the gross cross-
maximum spacing of 12 times the size sectional area of the concrete.
of the smallest compression bar. Links
shall be so arranged that every corner 15.9.5.2 In a column, the percentage
and alternate bar or group in an outer of longitudinal reinforcement shall not
layer of reinforcement is supported by a exceed 6 in vertically cast columns or 8
link passing round the bar and having in horizontally cast columns, except that
an included angle of not more than 135o. at laps percentage may be 8 & 10
All other bars or groups within a respectively.
compression zone shall be within 150
mm of a restrained bar. For circular 15.9.5.3 In a wall, the area of vertical
columns, where the longitudinal reinforcement shall not exceed 4% of
reinforcement is located round the the gross cross-sectional area of the
periphery of a circle, adequate lateral concrete.
support is provided by a circular tie
passing round the bars or groups. 15.9.6 Bond Anchorage and
When the designed percentage of Bearing.
reinforcement in the compression face
of a wall or slab exceeds 1%, links at 15.9.6.1 Local Bond - To prevent local
bond failure caused by large changes in
V-73
tension over short lengths of numerically in the same direction as the

reinforcement, the local bond stress fbs effective depth of the section.
obtained from equation 23 shall not
Critical sections for local bond occur at
exceed the appropriate value obtained
the ends of simply supported members,
from Table 20.
at points where tension bars stop and at
points of contraflexure. However, points
TABLE 20: ULTIMATE LOCAL
where tension bars stop and points of
BOND STRESSES.
contraflexure need not be considered if
(Clause 15.9.6.1)
the anchorage bond stresses in the
continuing bars do not exceed 0.8 times
BAR CONCRETE GRADE
the value in 15.9.6.2.
TYPE M20 M 25 M30 M 40 or
more
N/mm
2 15.9.6.2 Anchorage bond - To
N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2
prevent bond failure the tension or
Plain compression in any bar at any section
1.7 2.0 2.2 2.7
bars due to ultimate loads shall be developed
on each side of the section by an
NOTE: For deformed bars, the above appropriate embedment length or other
values shall be increased by 40%. end anchorage. The anchorage bond
stress, assumed to be constant over the
V (M/d)tanS effective anchorage length, taken as the
f bs = ....(equation 23)
Usd force in the bar divided by the product of
the effective anchorage length and the
which becomes effective perimeter of the bar or group of
bars (see 15.9.6.3), shall not exceed the
appropriate value obtained from Table
V
f bs = 21.
Usd
TABLE 21 : ULTIMATE ANCHORAGE
when the bars are parallel to the BOND STRESSES.
compression face, where (Clause 15.9.6.2, 17.2.4.2 )
V is the shear force due to ultimate M 20 M 25 M 30 M 40

loads; or
N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2 more
Us is the sum of the effective N/mm2
perimeters of the tension Plain bars in 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.9
reinforcement (see 15.9.6.3) ; tension
Plain bars in 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.3
d is the effective depth to tension compression
reinforcement ;
M is the moment at the section due Note : For deformed bars, the above
to ultimate loads ; values shall be increased by 40%.
S is the angle between the
15.9.6.3 Effective perimeter of a bar
compression face of the section
or group of bars - The effective
and the tension reinforcement.
perimeter of a single bar may be taken
In equation 23, the negative sign shall as 3.14 times its nominal size. The
be used when the moment is increasing effective perimeter of a group of bars
(see 15.9.3.2) shall be taken as the sum
V-74
of the effective perimeters of the connection using any of the following

individual bars multiplied by the jointing methods:
appropriate reduction factor given in
Table 22. a) lapping bars
TABLE 22 : REDUCTION FACTOR b) butt welding (see 7.1.4 and 13.4 )
FOR EFFECTIVE PERIMETER
c) sleeving (see 7.1.3.5)
OF A GROUP OF BARS.
(Clause 15.9.6.3) d) threading of bars (see 7.1.3.5)
------------------------------------------------------
NUMBER OF BARS REDUCTION FACTOR Such connection shall occur, as far as
IN A GROUP possible, away from points of high
---------------------------------------------------------- stress and shall be staggered. It is
2 0.8 recommended that splices in flexural
------------------------------------------------------ members shall not be at sections when
3 0.6 the bending moment is more than 50
------------------------------------------------------ percent of the moment of resistance and
4 0.4 not more than half the bars shall be
------------------------------------------------------ spliced at a section.
15.9.6.4 Anchoring Shear Where more than one-half of the bars
Reinforcement are spliced at a section or where splices
are made at points of maximum stress,
15.9.6.4.1 Anchorage of Stirrups special precautions shall be taken, such
A stirrup may be considered to be fully as, increasing the length of lap and/or
anchored if it passes round another bar using spirals or closely spaced stirrups
of at least its own size through an angle around the length of the splice.
of 90o and continues beyond for a
minimum length of eight times own size, The use of the joining methods given in
or when the bar is bent through an angle (c) and (d) and any other method not
of 135o and is continued beyond the end listed shall be verified by test evidence.
of the curve for a lengthy of 6 bars
diameter, or through 180o and continues 15.9.6.6 Lap Lengths
for a minimum length of four times its
own size. In no case shall the radius of 15.9.6.6.1 Lap splices shall not be
any bend in the stirrup be less than used for bars larger than 32 mm. When
twice the radius of the test bend bars are lapped, the length of the lap
guarantee by the manufacturer of the shall at least equal the anchorage length
bar. (derived from 15.9.6.2) required to
15.9.6.4.2 Anchorage of inclined bars develop the stress in the smaller of the
The development length shall be as two bars lapped. The length of the lap
for bars in tension ; this length shall be provided, however, shall neither be less
measured as under : than 25 times the smaller bar size plus
150 mm in tension reinforcement nor be
1) In tension zone, from the end of the less than 20 times the smaller bar size
sloping or inclined portion of the bar, plus 150 mm in compression
and reinforcement.
2) In the compression zone, from the
mid depth of the beam. The lap length calculated in the
preceding paragraph shall be increased
15.9.6.5 Laps and Joints Continuity by a factor of 1.4 if any of the following
of reinforcement may be achieved by a conditions apply:
V-75
In no case shall the radius of any

a) the nominal cover to the lapped bend be less than twice the radius of the
bars from the top of the section test bend guaranteed by the
as intended to bed cast is less manufacturer of the bar and, in addition,
than twice the bar size ; it shall sufficient to ensure that the
b) the clear distance between the bearing stress at the mid-point of the
lap and another pair of lapped curve does not exceed the value given
bars is less than 150 mm ; in 15.9.6.8.
c) a corner bar is being lapped and
When a hooked bar is used at a
the nominal cover to either face
support, the beginning of the hook shall
is less than twice the bar size.
be atleast four times the bar size inside
Where conditions (a) and (b) or the face of the support.
conditions (a) and (c) apply the lap
length shall be increased by a factor of 15.9.6.8 Bearing stress inside
2.0. bends.- The bearing stress inside a
bend, in a bar which does not extend or
15.9.6.6.2 Lap splices are considered is not assumed to be stressed beyond a
to be staggered if the centre to centre point four times the bar size past the
distance of the splices is not less than end of the bend, need not be checked.
1.3 times the lap length calculated as The bearing stress inside a bend as
described in 15.9.6.6.1. described in IS: 2502 need not be
checked.
15.9.6.6.3 In case of bundled bars,
lapped splices of bundled bars shall be The bearing stress inside a bend
made by splicing one bar at a time ; in any other bar shall be calculated from
such individual splices within a bundle the equation:
shall be so staggered that in any cross- Fbt
section there are not more than four Bearing stress =
r
bars in a bundle.
Fbt is the tensile force due to ultimate
15.9.6.7 Hooks and Bends - Hooks, loads in a bar or group bars ;
bends and other reinforcement r is the internal radius of the bend ;
anchorages shall be of such form
dimension and arrangement as to avoid is the size of the bar or, in a bundle,
overstressing the concrete. the size of a bar of equivalent area.
The effective anchorage length The stress shall not exceed 1.5fck /
of a hook or bend shall be measured (1+20/a) where a for a particular bar or
from the start of the bend to a point four group of bars in contact shall be taken
times the bar size beyond the end of the as the centre to centre distance
bend, and may be taken as the lesser of between bars or groups of bars
24 times the bar size or perpendicular to the plane of the bend ;
for a bar or group of bars adjacent to the
a) for a hook, eight times the face of the member, a shall be taken as
internal radius of the hook ; the cover plus .
b) for a 90o bend, four times the 15.9.6.9 If a change in direction of
internal radius of the bend. tension or compression reinforcement
induces a resultant force acting outward
tending to split the concrete, such force
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shall be taken up by additional links or or hook shall begin before the centre
stirrups. Bent tension bar at a re-entrant of the support;
angle shall be avoided.
2) an effective anchorage equivalent to
15.9.7 Curtailment and anchorage of 12 times the bar size plus d/2 from
reinforcement. the face of the support ;where d is
the effective depth to tension
15.9.7.1 In any member subject to reinforcement of the member; no
bending every bar shall extend, except bend shall begin before d/2 from the
at end supports, beyond the point at face of the support.
which it is no longer needed for a
distance equal to the effective depth of 15.9.7.2 Curtailment of bundled bars
the member or 12 times the size of the Bars in a bundle shall terminate at
bar, whichever is greater. A point at different points spaced apart by not less
which reinforcement is no longer than 40 times the bar diameter except
required is where the resistance for bundled bars stopping at a support.
moment of the section considering only
the continuing bars, is equal to the 15.9.8 Spacing of Reinforcement
required moment.
15.9.8.1 Minimum distance between
In addition, reinforcement shall not be bars These recommendations are not
terminated in a tension zone unless one related to bar sizes but when a bar
of the following conditions is satisfied: exceeds the maximum size of coarse
aggregate by more than 5 mm, a
a) the bars extend an anchorage spacing smaller than the bar size shall
length appropriate to their design generally be avoided; if the distance
strength (0.87 fy) from the point under consideration is between bars of
at which they are no longer unequal diameters, the size of the larger
required to resist bending ; or bar shall be considered for this purpose.
A pair of bars in contact or a bundle of
b) the shear capacity at the section
three or four bars in contact shall be
where the reinforcement stops is
considered as a single bar of equivalent
greater than twice the shear
area when assessing size.
force actually present ; or
c) the continuing bars at the section The spacing of bars shall be
where the reinforcement stops suitable for the proper compaction of
provide double the area required concrete and when an internal vibrator
to resist the moment at that is likely to be used sufficient space shall
section. be left between reinforcement to enable
the vibrator to be inserted.
One or other of these conditions
shall be satisfied for all arrangements of Minimum reinforcement spacing
ultimate load considered. is best determined by experience or
proper works test, but in the absence of
At simply supported end of a better information, the following may be
member each tension bar shall be used as a guide:
anchored by one of the following: -
a) Individual bars - Except where
1) an effective anchorage equivalent to bars form part of a pair or bundle (see
12 times the bar size beyond the (b) and (c) the clear distance between
centre line of the support ; no bend
V-77
bars shall be not less than hagg + 5mm,

where hagg is the maximum size of
coarse aggregate.
Where there are two or more rows:
1. the gaps between corresponding

bars in each row shall be in line.
2. the clear distance between rows
shall be not less than hagg except for
precast members where it shall be not
less than 0.67 hagg.
b) Pairs of bars - Bars may be

arranged in pairs either touching or
closer than in (a), in which case:
1. the gaps between corresponding

pairs in each row shall be in line and of a) For solid rectangular sections,
width not less than hagg + 5mm; stems of T beams and other solid
2. when the bars forming the pairs sections shaped without re-entrant
are one above the other, the clear angles, the design crack widths at the
distance between rows shall be not less surface (or, where the cover to the
than hagg, except for precast members outermost bar is greater than Cnom, on a
where it shall be not less than 0.67 hagg. surface at a distance Cnom from
outermost bar) shall be calculated from
3. when the bars forming the pair are the following equation:
side by side, the clear distance between
rows shall be not less than hagg + 5mm. Design crack width =
3acrm
c) Bundled bars - Horizontal and 1+ 2 (acr cnom )/ (h dc )
vertical distances between bundles shall
be not less than hagg + 15 mm and gaps . equation 24)
between rows of bundles shall be where
vertically in line. acr is the distance from the point (crack)
considered to the surface of the
15.9.8.2 Maximum distance between nearest longitudinal bar ;
bars in tension.
cnom is the required nominal cover to the
15.9.8.2.1 The maximum spacing shall tensile reinforcement given in 15.9.2,
not be greater than 300 mm and be where the cover shown or the
such that the crack width and calculated drawing is greater than the value
using equations 24 & 26 as appropriate given in 15.9.2, the latter value may
do not exceed the limits laid down in be used;
10.2.1 under the design loadings given dc is the depth of the concrete in
in 11.3.2. compression (if dc = 0 the crack
widths shall be calculated using
equation 26 );
h is the overall depth of the section;
V-78
m is the calculated strain at the level At is the area of reinforcement in a

where cracking is being considered, particular direction;
allowing for the stiffening effect of
the concrete in the tension zone; a 1 is the angle between the axis of the
negative value of m indicates that design moment and the direction of
the section is uncracked. The value the tensile reinforcement, At,
of m shall be obtained from the resisting that moment.
equation:
b) For flanges in overall tension,
including tensile zones of box beams
3.8b t h (a d c ) M q 9
m = 1 1 10 . and voided slabs, the design crack width
s A s (h d c ) M g at the surface (or at a distance Cnom
.. (equation 25) from the outermost bar) shall be
but nor greater than 1 calculated from the following equation:
where
Design crack width = 3 acr m
1 is the calculated strain at the level .(equation 26)
where cracking is being considered,
ignoring the stiffening effect of the where
concrete in the tension;
m is obtained from equation 25.
bt is the width of the section at the level
of the centroid of the tension steel ; c) Where global and local effects
are calculated separately (see 13.5.3)
a is the distance from the compression the value of m may be obtained by
face to the point at which the crack algebraic addition of the strains
width is being calculated ; calculated separately. The design crack
width shall then be calculated in
Mg is the moment at the section accordance with (b) but may, in the case
considered due to permanent loads ; of a deck slab where a global
compression is being combined with a
Mq is the moment at the section local moment, be obtained using (a),
considered due to live loads ; calculating dc on the basis of the local
moment only.
s is the calculated strain in the tension
d) The spacing of transverse bars
reinforcement, ignoring the stiffening
in slabs with circular voids shall not
effect of the concrete in the tension
exceed twice the minimum flange
zone;
thickness.
As is the area of tension reinforcement.
15.9.9 Shrinkage and temperature
reinforcement. - To prevent excessive
Where the axis of the design
cracking due to shrinkage and thermal
moment and the direction of the tensile
movement, reinforcement shall be
reinforcement resisting that moments
provided in the direction of any restraint
are not normal to each other (e.g. in a
to such movements. In the absence of
skew slab), As shall be taken as :
any more accurate determination, the
area of reinforcement, As, parallel to the
As = (At Cos4 1 )
direction of each restraint, shall be such
that :
where
As Kr ( Ac - 0.5 Acor )
V-79
where Special attention shall be given

to the provision of adequate anchorage
Kr is 0.005 for Grade Fe 415 of bars meeting the free edge at an
reinforcement and 0.006 for angle.
Grade Fe 250 reinforcement;
An alternative, but less efficient
Ac is the area of the gross concrete method, is to fan out the longitudinal
section at right angles to the steel from perpendicular to the supports
direction of the restraint; to parallel to the free edge at the edge.
Acor is the area of the core of the 15.9.10.3 Voided slabs The
concrete section, Ac i.e. that longitudinal steel will generally be
portion of the section more than placed parallel to the voids and it is
250 mm away from all concrete recommended that the transverse steel
surfaces. be placed orthogonal to this steel.
Shrinkage & temperature 15.9.10.4 Solid composite slabs -

reinforcement shall be distributed The longitudinal steel will generally be in
uniformly around the perimeter of the the form of prestressing tendons in the
concrete section and spaced at not precast units which are parallel to the
more than 150 mm. free edges. Ideally, the transverse
reinforcement shall be placed at right-
Reinforcement that is present for angles to the free edge, since this is the
other purposes may be taken into most efficient arrangement; however, in
account for the purpose of this clause. practice, the transverse reinforcement
may frequently have to be placed at a
15.9.10 Arrangement of different angle or parallel to the
reinforcement in Skew Slabs. supports.
15.9.10.1 General - In all types of
15.9.11 Design of diaphragms.
skew slab for which the moments and
torsions have been determined by an
15.9.11.1 The thickness of diaphragms
elastic analysis, the reinforcement or
when provided for connecting two
prestressing tendons shall be aligned as
girders, shall not be less than the
close as is practicable to the principal
thickness of the web of the girder.
moment directions. In general, an
orthogonal arrangement is
15.9.11.2 The reinforcement to be
recommended.
provided in the diaphragms shall resist a
15.9.10.2 Solid Slabs. Only for tensile force equal to 2.5% of the total
combinations of large skew angle and compressive force carried by both the
low ratio of skew breadth to skew span girders. This reinforcement diaphragm
is it preferable to place reinforcement in with additional nominal reinforcement
directions perpendicular and parallel to through the entire depth of the
the free edges. Usually it is more diaphragm.
efficient to place reinforcement parallel
and perpendicular to the supports, 15.9.11.3 The end diaphragms, where
preferably in combination with bends of required, shall also be strong enough to
reinforcement positioned adjacent and resist the load caused by jacking
parallel to the free edges. operations during erection and
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maintenance operation like replacement 16.1.2 All prestressed concrete

of bearings. structures shall be designed for safety,
serviceability and durability
15.9.11.4 A minimum vertical clearance requirements (structural and non-
of 400 mm shall be provided between structural loads caused by
the top of pier/bed block and the jacking environment).
point to facilitate jacking operation.
16.1.3 The bridges shall be designed for
15.10 Use of lightweight aggregates the service life as given below: -
Use of lightweight aggregates is Type of structures Design life in yrs.
beyond the scope of this code.
Lightweight aggregates can only be Bridges in sea 50
used with the specific approval of the Bridges in Coastal areas 80
engineer for which separate Bridges in rest of India 100
specifications are to be drawn up.
16.2 Limit state design of
16 DESIGN & DETAILING : prestressed concrete
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
16.2.1 Basis of Design Clause 16
16.1 General follows the limit state philosophy set out
in clause 10 but, as it is not possible to
16.1.1 This clause gives methods of assume that a particular limit state will
analysis and design which will in general always be the critical one, design
ensure that for prestressed concrete methods are given for both the ultimate
construction, the recommendations set and the serviceability limit states.
out in 10.2 & 10.3 are met. Other
methods may be used provided they In general, the design of
can be shown to be satisfactory for the prestressed concrete members are
type of structure or member considered. controlled by concrete stress limitations
In certain cases the assumptions made for serviceability load conditions, but the
in this clause may be inappropriate and ultimate strength in flexure, shear and
the engineer shall adopt a more suitable torsion shall be checked.
method having regard to the nature of
the structure in question. 16.2.2 Durability :- A proper drainage
system shall be provided for the deck as
This clause does not cover prestress indicated in 15.2.2.1. Guidance is given
concrete construction using any of the in 16.9.2 on the minimum cover to
following in the permanent works : reinforcement and prestressing tendons.
For other requirements like maximum
a) unbonded tendons, water cement ratio, minimum grade of
b) external tendons ( a tendon is concrete, minimum cement contents,
considered external if, after stressing maximum crack width etc., Clause 5.4 &
and incorporating in the permanent 10.2.1 shall be referred.
work but before protection, it is
outside the concrete section ); 16.2.3 Loads In clause 16, the design
c) lightweight aggregate. load (see 11.3) for the ultimate and
When analysing sections, the serviceability limit states are referred to
terms strength, resistance and as ultimate loads and service loads
capacity are used to describe the respectively.
strength of the section.
V-81
Consideration shall be given to the 16.3 Structures & Structural

construction sequence and to the Frames:
secondary effects due to prestress
16.3.1 Analysis of structures
particularly for the serviceability limit
Complete structures and complete
states. For prestressed concrete
structural frames may be analysed in
members the different stages of
accordance with the recommendations
loadings defined below shall be
of 13.1 but when appropriate the
investigated and the various stresses to
methods given in 16.4 may be used for
which the member is subjected shall be
the design of individual members.
maintained within the permissible limits.
a) at transfer of prestress, The relative stiffness of members shall
generally be based on the concrete
b) at handling and erection;
section as described in 13.1.2.1.
c) at design load.
16.3.2. Redistribution of Moments -
16.2.4 Strength of Materials Redistribution of moments
obtained by rigorous elastic analysis
16.2.4.1 Definition of strengths In under the ultimate limit state may be
clause 16 the design strengths of carried out provided the following
materials are expressed in all the tables conditions are met.
and equations in terms of the
characteristic strength of the material. a) Appropriate checks are made to
Unless specifically stated otherwise, all ensure that adequate rotation capacity
equations and tables include allowances exists at sections where moments are
for Ym, the partial safety factor for reduced, making reference to
material strength. appropriate test data.
In the absence of a special
16.2.4.2 Characteristic strength of investigation, the plastic rotation
concrete The characteristic cube capacity may be taken as the lesser of :
strengths of concrete for various grades
are given in Table 2. These values
given do not include any allowance for d
Ym. Design shall be based on the (1) 0.008 + 0.035 0.5 c
characteristic strength, fck, except that de
at transfer the calculations shall be or
based on the cube strength at transfer.
10
16.2.4.3 Characteristic strength of (2)
prestressing tendons Until the d dc
relevant Indian standards specifications but not less than 0 or more than 0.015
for prestressing steel are modified to
include the concept of characteristic where
strength, the characteristic strength shall dc is the calculated depth of concrete in
be assumed as the minimum ultimate compression at the ultimate limit
tensile stress/breaking load for the state (in mm) ;
prestressing steel specified in the
relevant Indian Standard Specifications. de is the effective depth for a solid slab
or rectangular beam, otherwise the
16.2.4.3.1 The values given in relevant overall depth of the compression
Indian Standard Specifications do not flange (in mm);
include any allowance for Ym.
V-82
d is the effective depth to tension c) methods of lifting i.e. inclined or

reinforcement (in mm) vertical slings, type of connection
between the beam and the
b) Proper account is taken of
slings;
changes in transverse moments,
transverse deflections and transverse d) tolerance in construction, e.g.
shears consequent on redistribution of maximum lateral bow.
longitudinal moments by means of an
The stress due to the combined
appropriate non-linear analysis.
effects of lateral bending, dead load and
c) Shears and reactions used in prestress can be assessed and, if
design are taken as either those cracking is possible, the lifting
calculated prior to redistribution or after arrangements shall be changed or the
redistribution, whichever is greater. beam shall be provided with adequate
lateral support.
d) The depth of the members or
elements considered is less than 1200 16.4.2 Serviceability Limit State :
mm. Flexure.
16.4 Beams 16.4.2.1 Section Analysis - The
following assumptions may be made
16.4.1 General
when considering design loads :
16.4.1.1 Definitions - The definitions
a) Plane sections remain plane.
and limitations of the geometric
properties for prestressed beams are as b) Elastic behaviour exists for the
given for reinforced concrete beams in concrete upto stresses given in 16.4.2.2.
15.4.1.
c) In general, it may only be
16.4.1.2 Slender Beams In addition necessary to calculate stresses due to
to limiting the slenderness of a beam the load combinations given in 11.3
(see 15.4.1.3) when under load in its immediately after the transfer of
final position, the possible instability of a prestress and after all losses of
prestressed beam during erection shall prestress have occurred; in both cases
be considered. the effects of dead and imposed loads
on the strain and force in the tendons
16.4.1.2.1 Members may collapse by
may be ignored.
tilting about a longitudinal axis through
the lifting points. The initial tilting, which 16.4.2.2. Concrete compressive
may be due to imperfections in beam stress limitations
geometry and in locating the lifting
a) Load under serviceability limit
points, could cause lateral bending
state - The compressive stresses in the
moments and these, if too high, could
concrete in the concrete under the loads
result in lateral instability.
given in Clause-11 shall not exceed the
The problem is complex and previous values given in Table-23.
experience shall be relied on in
Higher stresses are permissible for
considering a particular case. The
prestressed members used in
following factors may require
composite construction (see 17.4.3.2).
consideration:
b) At transfer - The compressive
a) beam geometry, i.e. type of
stresses in the concrete at transfer shall
cross section, span/breadth/
not exceed the values given in Table 24,
depth ratios, etc.
where fci is the concrete strength at
b) location of lifting points ; transfer.
V-83
TABLE-23: COMPRESSIVE N/mm2 due solely to prestress and co-

STRESSES IN CONCRETE FOR existent dead and temporary loads
SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATES during erection.
( Clauses 16.4.2.2, 17.4.3.2) 16.4.3 Ultimate Limit State : Flexure
NATURE OF ALLOWABLE 16.4.3.1 Section Analysis When
LOADING COMPRESSIVE analysing a cross section to determine
STRESS its ultimate strength the following
assumptions shall be made :-
Design load in 0.4 fck
bending a) The strain distribution in the
concrete in compression is derived from
Design Load in 0.3 fck the assumption that plane sections
direct compression remain plane.
b) The stress in the concrete in
TABLE-24: ALLOWABLE compression are derived either from the
COMPRESSIVE STRESSES AT stress-strain curve given in Fig.3, with
TRANSFER Ym = 1.5, or, in the case of rectangular
sections or flanged sections with the
(Clause 16.4.2.2) neutral axis in the flange, the
NATURE OF ALLOWABLE compressive stress may be taken as
STRESS COMPRESSIVE equal to 0.4 fck over the whole
DISTRIBUTION STRESS compression zone ; in both cases the
strain at the outermost compression
Triangular or near fibre is taken as 0.0035.
triangular
distribution of 0.5fci but o.4fck c) The tensile strength of the
prestress concrete is ignored.
Uniform or near d) The strain in bonded
uniform prestressing tendons and in any
distribution of 0.4fci but o.3fck additional reinforcement, whether in
prestress tension or compression, are derived
from the assumption that plane sections
16.4.2.3 Steel stress limitations The remain plane. In addition, the tendon will
stress in the prestressing tendons under have an initial strain due to prestress
the loads given in 11 need not be after all losses.
checked. The stress at transfer shall be e) The stresses in bonded
checked in accordance with 16.8.1. prestressing tendons, whether initially
16.4.2.4 Cracking tensioned or untensioned, and in
additional reinforcement, are derived
a) Under service loads - The from the appropriate stress-strain
recommendations of 10.2.1 are deemed curves, with Ym = 1.15; the stress strain
to be satisfied provided that the flexural curves for prestressing tendons are
tensile stresses under the loading given given in Fig.2 and the stress-strain
in 11.3.2 do not produce any tensile curves for reinforcement are given in
stresses except as indicated in Fig. 4. An empirical approach for
16.4.2.4 (b). obtaining the stress in the tendons at
b) At transfer and During failure is given in 16.4.3.2 and Table 24.
Construction- The flexural tensile
stress in the concrete shall not exceed 1
V-84
f pu
0.005 +
TABLE 25: CONDITIONS AT THE E s Ym
ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE FOR
RECTANGULAR BEAMS WITH where
PRETENSIONED TENDONS, OR WITH fpu is characteristic strength of
POST-TENSIONED TENDONS prestressing tendon, and
HAVING EFFECTIVE BOND.
Es is the modulus of elasticity of the
(Clause 16.4.3) steel.
fpu Aps STRESS IN RATIO OF Where the outermost tendon, or layer of
TENDONS AS A DEPTH OF
fck bd tendons, provides less than 25% of the
PROPORTION NEUTRAL AXIS
OF THE DESIGN TO THAT OF total tendon area, this condition shall
STRENGTH, THE CENTROID also be met at the centroid of the
OF THE outermost 25% of tendon area.
fpb/(0.87fpu)
TENDONS IN 16.4.3.1.1 As an alternative, the strains
THE TENSION
in the concrete and the bonded
ZONE, X/d
prestressing tendons and any additional
Pre- Post-ten- Pre- Post- reinforcement, due to the application of
Ten- sioning Ten- tension-
sioning with sioning ing with
ultimate loads, may be calculated using
effective effective the following assumptions:
bond bond
(a) The strain distribution in the
0.025 1.0 1.0 0.054 0.054 concrete in compression and the strains
in bonded prestressing tendons and any
0.05 1.0 1.0 0.109 0.109 additional reinforcement, whether in
0.10 1.0 1.0 0.217 0.217 tension or compression, are derived
from the assumption that plane sections
0.15 1.0 1.0 0.326 0.326
remain plane. In addition, the tendons
0.20 1.0 0.95 0.435 0.414* will have an initial strain due to prestress
0.25 1.0 0.90 0.542 0.480* after all losses.
0.30 1.0 0.85 0.655 0.558* (b) The stresses in the concrete in
compression are derived from the
0.40 0.9 0.75 0.783* 0.653* stress-strain curve given in Fig. 5, with
Ym = 1.5.
NOTE-* The neutral axis depth in these (c) The tensile strength of the
cases is too low to provide the concrete is ignored.
elongation given in 16.4.3.1. It is
(d) The stresses in bonded
essential therefore that the strength
prestressing tendons, whether initially
provided shall exceed that strictly
tensioned or untensioned, and in
required by 15%.
additional reinforcement are derived
In addition, if the ultimate moment of from the appropriate stress-strain curves
resistance calculated as in (a) to (e) is with Ym=1.15; the stress strain curve for
less than 1.15 times the required value, prestressing tendons is given in Fig. 2A
the section shall be proportioned such & 2B and the stress strain curves for
that the strain in the outermost tendon is reinforcement are given in Fig.4. In
not less than: using the alternative method of analysis,
the calculated strain due to the
application of ultimate loads at the
V-85
outermost compression fibre of the reinforcement

concrete shall not exceed 0.0035.
Aps is the area of the prestressing
tendons in the tension zone.
Value for fpb and x may be derived from
Table 25 for pre-tensioned members
and for post-tensioned members with
effective bond between the concrete
and tendons, provided that the effective
prestress after all losses is not less than
0.45fpu. Prestressing tendons and
additional reinforcement in the
compression zone are ignored in
strength calculations when using this
method.
Fig12:STRESSES IN A RECTANGULAR 16.4.3.3. Non-rectangular Sections: -
BEAM
Non-rectangular beams shall be
analysed using the assumptions given in
16.4.3.1.
16.4.4 Shear Resistance of Beams-
In addition the section shall be
16.4.4.1 Calculations for shear are only
proportioned such that the strain at the
required for the ultimate limit state.
centroid of the outermost 25% of the
cross sectional area of the tendons is 16.4.4.1.1 At any section the ultimate
not less than 0.005+fpu/(EsYm) except shear resistance of the concrete alone.
where the requirement for the calculated Vc shall be considered for the section
strain in the concrete, due to the both uncracked (see 16.4.4.2) and
application of 1.15times the ultimate cracked (see 16.4.4.3) in flexure, and if
loads, can be satisfied. necessary shear reinforcement shall be
provided (see 16.4.4.4.)
16.4.3.2 Design Formula In the
absence of an analysis based on the 16.4.4.1.2 For a cracked section the
assumptions given in 16.4.3.1., the conditions of maximum shear with co-
resistance moment of a rectangular existent bending moment and maximum
beam, or of a flanged beam in which the bending moment with co-existent shear
neutral axis lies within the flange, may shall both be considered.
be obtained from equation 27.
16.4.4.1.3 Within the transmission
Mu = fpbAps(d-0.5x)..(equation 27) length of pretensioned members (see
16.8.4) the shear resistance of a section
where
shall be taken as the greater of the
values calculated from:
Mu is the ultimate moment of resistance
a) 15.4.3 except that in determining
of the section. the area As the area of tendons
shall be ignored: and
fpb is the tensile stress in the tendons
at failure b) 16.4.4.2 to 16.4.4.4 using the
appropriate value of prestress at
x is the neutral axis depth;
the section considered,
d is the effective depth to tension assuming a parabolic variation of
V-86
prestress over the transmission the flange and web; in this calculation,
length. the algebraic sum of the stress due to
the bending moment under ultimate
16.4.4.2 Sections Uncracked in
loads and the stress due to prestress at
Flexure It may be assumed that the
this intersection shall be used in
ultimate shear resistance of a section
calculating Vco.
uncracked in flexure, Vco corresponds to
the occurrence of a maximum principal 16.4.4.2.2 For a section with inclined
tensile stress at the centroidal axis, of tendons, the component of prestressing
force (multiplied by the appropriate
ft = 0.24 fck value of Yfl) normal to the longitudinal
axis of the member shall be
In the calculation of Vco, the algebraically added to Vco. This
value of fcp shall be derived from the component shall be taken as positive
prestressing force after all losses have where the shear resistance of the
occurred multiplied by the appropriate section is increased.
value of YfL (see 11.3.3)
16.4.4.3 Sections Cracked in Flexure-
The value of Vco is given by: The ultimate shear resistance of a
(
Vco = 0.67bh f 2 t + f cp f t ) ) section cracked in flexure Vcr may be
calculated using equation 29:
(equation 28 ) M cr
Vcr= 0.037bd f ck + V
where M
...(equation 29 )
ft is 0.24 fck taken as positive; Where
fcp is the compressive stress at the d is the distance from the extreme
compression fibre to the centroid
centroidal axis due to prestress, of the tendons at the section
taken as positive considered.
*b is the breadth of the member which Mcr is the cracking moment at the
section considered.
for T, I and L beams shall be
replaced by the breadth of the rib. M cr = (0.37 fck + fpt )I/y
h is the overall depth of the member.
in which fpt is the stress due to
prestress only at the tensile fibre y from
NOTE: * Where the position of a duct the centroid of the concrete section
coincides with the position of maximum which has a second moment of area I:
principal tensile stress, e.g. at or near the value of fpt shall be derived from the
the junction of flange and web near a prestressing force after all losses have
support, the value of b shall be reduced occurred multiplied by the appropriate
by the full diameter of the duct if value of YfL (see 11.3.3):
ungrouted and by two-thirds of the V and M are the shear force and
diameter if grouted. bending moment (both taken as
16.4.4.2.1 In flanged members where positive) at the section considered due
the centroidal axis occurs in the flange, to ultimate loads;
the principal tensile stress shall be Vcr shall be taken as not less
limited to 0.24fck at the intersection of than 0.1 bd fck
V-87
16.4.4.4 Shear Reinforcement 16.4.4.4.4 In rectangular beams, at

both corners in the tensile zone, a
16.4.4.4.1 Minimum shear reinforcement
stirrup/link shall pass round a
shall be provided in the form of
longitudinal bar, a tendon, or a group of
stirrups/links such that:
tendons having a diameter not less than
Asv 0.4b the stirrup/link diameter. In this clause
= on shear reinforcement, the effective
Sv 0.87f yv
depth, dt, shall be taken as the depth
where from the extreme compression fibre
either to these longitudinal bars or to the
fyv is the characteristic strength of centroid of the tendons, whichever is
the stirrup/link reinforcement but greater. A stirrup/link shall extend as
not greater than 415 N/mm 2 close to the tension and compression
Asv is the total cross sectional area faces as possible, with due regard to
of the legs of the stirrups/links cover. The stirrups/links provided at a
cross section shall between them
Sv is the stirrup/link spacing along enclose all the tendons and additional
the length or the beam. reinforcement provided at the cross
Minimum shear reinforcement shall section and shall be adequately
also not be less than 0.20% of web area anchored (see 15.9.6.4).
in plan in the case of mild steel
reinforcement and 0.12% of web area in 16.4.4.4.5 The spacing of stirrups/links
plan in the case of HSD bars. along a beam shall not exceed 0.75d,
nor four times the web thickness for
16.4.4.4.2 When the shear force, V, flanged beams. When V exceeds 1.8
due to the ultimate loads exceeds Vc the Vc, the maximum spacing shall be
shear reinforcement provided shall be reduced to 0.5d. The lateral spacing of
such that : the individual legs of the links provided
Asv V + 0.4bd t Vc at a cross section shall not exceed
= 0.75dt. In no case shall the spacing
Sv 0.87f yv d t
exceed 450mm. Also, the minimum
16.4.4.4.3 Where stirrups/links are spacing shall not be less than 75mm.
used, the area of longitudinal steel in the
tensile zone shall be such that :- 16.4.4.5 Maximum Shear Force In
no circumstances shall the shear force,
V Va due to ultimate loads, exceed the
As
2(0.87f ) appropriate value given by Table 26
y
multiplied by bd, where b is as defined
Where in 16.4.4.2 less either the diameter of
the duct for temporarily ungrouted ducts
As is the area of effectively
or two-thirds the diameter of the duct for
anchored longitudinal tensile
grouted ducts; d is the distance from the
reinforcement (see 15.9.7) and
compression face to the centroid of the
prestressing tendons (excluding
area of steel in the tension zone,
debonded tendons);
irrespective of its characteristic strength.
fy is the characteristic strength of
the longitudinal reinforcement
and prestressing tendons but not
greater than 415N/mm2
V-88
TABLE 26: MAXIMUM SHEAR flexure and shear may be used in

STRESS torsion.
( Clause 16.4.4.5 , 16.5.2 )
16.4.5.2 Stresses and Reinforcement
CONCRETE GRADE Calculations for torsion are only
required for the ultimate limit state and
30 40 50 60 and the torsional shear stresses shall be
2 2 2 over calculated assuming a plastic shear
N/mm N/mm N/mm
N/mm2 distribution.
Maximum
4.1 4.7 5.3 5.8 Calculations for torsion shall be
Shear
in accordance with 15.4.4 with the
Stress
following modifications. When
prestressing steel is used as transverse
16.4.4.6 Segmental Construction- In torsional steel, in accordance with
post-tensioned segmental construction, equations 10 and 10(a) or as
the shear force due to ultimate loads longitudinal steel, in accordance with
shall be not greater than : equation 11, the stress assumed in
design shall be the lesser of 415 N/mm2
0.7 YfLPh tan 2 or (0.87fpu fpe).
where The compressive stress in the
YfL is the partial safety factor for the concrete due to prestress shall be taken
prestressing force, to be taken into account separately in accordance
as 0.87: with 15.4.4.5
Ph is the horizontal component of In calculating (v +vt), for
the prestressing force after all comparison with vtu in Table 17, v shall
losses. be calculated from equation 8,
regardless of whether 16.4.4.2 or
2 is the angle of friction at the joint. 16.4.4.3 is critical in shear.
Tan 2 can vary from 0.7 for a For concrete grades above M40
smooth unprepared joint upto 1.4 the values of vtu given in Table 17 may
for a castellated joint; a value be increased to 0.75 fck but not more
greater than 0.7 shall only be used than 5.8 N/mm2.
where justified by tests and agreed by
the engineer. 16.4.5.3 Segmental Construction-
When a structure to be constructed
16.4.5 Torsional Resistance of segmentally is designed for torsion, and
Beams additional torsional steel is necessary in
16.4.5.1 General - Torsion does not accordance with equation 11, the
usually decide the dimensions of distribution of this longitudinal steel,
members; therefore, torsional design whether by reinforcement or
shall be carried out as a check after the prestressing tendons, shall comply with
flexural design. This is particularly the recommendations of 15.4.4.5. Other
relevant to some members in which the arrangements may be used provided
maximum torsional moment does not that the line of action of the longitudinal
occur under the same loading as the elongating force is at the centroid of the
maximum flexural moment. In such steel.
circumstances, reinforcement and 16.4.5.4 Other Design Methods
prestress in excess of that required for Alternative methods of designing
members subjected to combined
V-89
bending, shear and torsion may be used ultimate shear resistance of a section
with the approval of the engineer, uncracked in flexure. Vco may be taken
provided that it can be shown that they as corresponding to the occurrence of
satisfy both the ultimate and a maximum principal tensile stress of
serviceability limit state requirements. ft = 0.24fck at the centroidal axis around
16.4.6 Longitudinal Shear For the critical section which is assumed as
flanged beams where shear a perimeter h/2 from the loaded area.
reinforcement is required to resist The values of Vco given in Table 26 may
vertical shear, the longitudinal shear be used with b being taken as the length
resistance of the flange and of the of the critical perimeter. Reinforcement if
flange web junction shall be checked in necessary, shall be provided in
accordance with 17.4.2.3. accordance with 16.4.4.4.
16.4.7 Deflection of Beams 16.6 Columns
16.4.7.1 The instantaneous deflection 16.6.1 Prestressed concrete columns,

due to design loads may be calculated where the mean stress in the concrete
using elastic analysis based on the section imposed by the tendons is less
concrete section properties and on the than 2.5N/mm2, may be analysed as
value for the modulus of elasticity given reinforced columns in accordance with
in 12.3.1. 15.6 otherwise the full effects of the
prestress shall be considered.
The total long term deflection due
to the prestressing force, dead load and 16.7 Tension Members
any sustained imposed loading may be 16.7.1 The tensile strength of tension
calculated using elastic analysis based members shall be based on the design
on the concrete section properties and strength (0.87fpu) of the prestressing
on an effective modulus of elasticity tendons and the strength developed by
based on the creep of the concrete per any additional reinforcement. The
unit length for unit applied stress after additional reinforcement may usually be
the period considered (specific creep). assumed to be acting at its design
The values for specific creep given in stress (0.87fy): in special cases it may
16.8.2.5 may in general be used unless be necessary to check the stress in the
a more accurate assessment is reinforcement using strain compatibility.
required. Due allowance shall be made
16.7.2 Members subject to axial tension
for the loss of prestress after the period
shall also be checked at the
considered.
serviceability limit state to comply with
16.5 Slabs the appropriate stress limitations of
16.5.1 The analysis of prestressed 16.4.2.4.
concrete slabs shall be in accordance 16.8 Prestressing Requirements
with 15.5.1 provided that due allowance
16.8.1 Maximum Initial Prestress-
is made for moments due to prestress.
Immediately after anchoring the force in
The design shall be in accordance with
the prestressing tendon shall not exceed
16.4.
70% of the characteristic strength for
16.5.2 The design for shear shall be in post tensioned tendons, or 75% for pre-
accordance with 16.4.4 except that tensioned tendons. The jacking force
shear reinforcement need not be may be increased to 80% during
provided if V is less than Vc. stressing, provided that additional
16.5.2.1 In the treatment of shear consideration is given to safety, to the
stresses under concentrated loads, the stress strain characteristics of the
V-90
tendon, and to the assessment of the 16.8.2.2 Loss of Prestress due

friction losses. to Relaxation of Steel- The thousand-
hour relaxation loss value shall be
16.8.1.1 In determining the jacking force
obtained from the manufacturer of
to be used, consideration shall also be
prestressing steel. This data shall be
given to the gripping or anchorage
independently cross-checked to
efficiency of the anchorage (see
ascertain its veracity. The
7.2.5.4.3).
independently checked data shall be
16.8.1.2 Where deflected tendons are adopted for extrapolating the final
used in pre-tensioning systems, relaxation loss value occurring at about
consideration shall be given, in 0.5x106h which shall be taken as 2.5
determining the maximum initial times (for low relaxation prestressing
prestress, to the possible influence of steel strands 3 times) the 1000 hrs
the size of the deflector on the strength value at 30o C. The above value shall
of the tendons. Attention shall also be be for initial stress level of 70% of the
paid to the effect of any frictional forces characteristic strength reducing to 0 at
that may occur. 50% of the characteristic strength. The
16.8.2 Loss of Prestress, Other Than intermediate value may be interpolated
Friction Losses linearly.
16.8.2.1 General- Allowance shall be Where there is no experimental

made when calculating the forces in data available and the force at the time
tendons at the various stages in design of transfer in the tendon is less than
for the appropriate losses of prestress 70% of the characteristic strength, the
resulting from: 1000 hrs relaxation loss (at 30o C) may
be assumed to decrease linearly from
(a) relaxation of the steel comprising 4% (2.5% for low relaxation prestressing
the tendons: steel strand) for an initial prestress of
(b) the elastic deformation and 70% of the characteristic strength to 0
subsequent shrinkage and creep for initial prestress of 50% of the
of the concrete; characteristic strength.
(c) slip or movement of tendons at No reduction in the value of the

anchorage during anchoring; relaxation loss shall be made for a
tendon when a load equal to or greater
(d) other causes in special than the relevant jacking force has been
circumstances, e.g. when steam applied for a short time prior to the
curing is used with anchorage of the tendon.
pretensioning.
16.8.2.2.1 In special cases, such as
If experimental evidence on tendons at high temperatures or
performance is not available, account subjected to large lateral loads (e.g.
shall be taken of the properties of the deflected tendons), greater relaxation
steel and of the concrete when losses will occur. Specialist literature
calculating the losses of prestress from should be consulted in these cases.
these causes. For a wide range of
structure, the simple recommendations 16.8.2.3 Loss of prestress due to
given in this clause shall be used; it Elastic Deformation of the Concrete -
should be ecognized, however, that Calculation of the immediate loss of
these recommendations are necessarily force in the tendons due to elastic
general and approximate. deformation of the concrete at transfer
may be based on the values for the
modulus of elasticity of the concrete
V-91
given in 5.2.2.1. The modulus of stress in the concrete for stress of up to

elasticity of the tendons may be one-third of the cube strength at
obtained from 4.6.2. transfer. The loss of prestress is
obtained from the product of the
16.8.2.3.1 For pre-tensioning, the loss
modulus of elasticity of the tendon (see
of prestress in the tendons at transfer
4.6.2) and the creep of the concrete
shall be calculated on a modular ratio
adjacent to the tendons. Usually it is
basis using the stress in the adjacent
sufficient to assume, in calculating this
concrete.
loss, that the tendons are located at
16.8.2.3.2 For members with post- their centroid, Creep of the concrete per
tensioning tendons that are not stressed unit length may be taken form 5.2.4.1.
simultaneously, there is a progressive
16.8.2.5.1 The figures for creep of the
loss of prestress during transfer due to
concrete per unit length relate to the
the gradual application of the
ultimate creep after a period of years,
prestressing force. The resulting loss of
When it is necessary to determine the
prestress in the tendons shall be
deformation of the concrete due to
calculated on the basis of half the
creep at some earlier stage, it may be
product of the modular ratio and the
assumed that half the total creep takes
stress in the concrete adjacent to the
place in the first month after transfer and
tendons, averaged along their length;
that three quarters of total creep takes
alternatively, the loss of prestress may
place in the first 6 months after transfer.
be computed exactly based on the
sequence of tensioning. 16.8.2.6 Loss of Prestress during
Anchorage In post tensioning
16.8.2.3.3 In making these calculations,
systems allowance shall be made for
it may usually be assumed that the
any movement of the tendon at the
tendons are located at their centroid.
anchorage when the prestressing force
16.8.2.4 Loss of prestress due to is transferred from the tensioning
Shrinkage of the Concrete - The loss equipment to the anchorage, The loss
of prestress in the tendons due to due to this movement is particularly
shrinkage of the concrete may be important in short members, and for
calculated from the modulus of elasticity such members the allowance made by
for the tendons given in 4.6.2 assuming the designer shall be checked on the
the values for shrinkage per unit length site.
given in 5.2.3.
16.8.2.7 Loss of Prestress due to
16.8.2.4.1 When it is necessary to Steam Curing - Where steam curing is
determine the loss of prestress and the employed in the manufacture of
deformation of the concrete at some prestressed concrete units, changes in
stage before the total shrinkage is the behavior of the material at higher
reached, it may be assumed for normal than normal temperature will need to be
aggregate concrete that half the total considered. In addition, where the long-
shrinkage takes place during the first line method of pre-tensioning is used
month after transfer and that three- there may be additional losses as a
quarters of the total shrinkage takes result of bond developed between the
place in the first 6 months after transfer. tendon and the concrete when the
16.8.2.5 Loss of Prestress due to tendon is hot and relaxed. Since the
Creep of the Concrete - The loss of actual losses of prestress due to steam
prestress in the tendons due to creep of curing are a function of the techniques
the concrete shall be calculated on the used by the various manufacturers,
assumption that creep is proportional to specialist advice should be sought.
V-92
16.8.3 Loss of Prestress due to and where Kx 0.2, e-Kx may be taken
Friction as (1-Kx)
16.8.3.1 General In post-tensioning where
systems there will be movement of the
Po is the prestressing force in the
greater part of the tendon relative to the
tendon at the jacking end:
surrounding duct during the tensioning
operation, and if the tendon is in contact e is the base of Napierian
with either the duct or any spacers logarithms(2.718):
provided, friction will cause a reduction
K is the constant depending on the
in the prestressing force as the distance
type of duct or sheath employed,
from the jack increases, in addition, a
the nature of its inside surface,
certain amount of friction will be
the method of forming it and the
developed in the jack itself and in the
degree of vibration employed in
anchorage through which the tendon
placing the concrete.
passes.
The value of K per meter length in
16.8.3.1.1 In the absence of evidence
equation 31 shall generally be taken as
established to the satisfaction of the
not less than 33x10-4, but where strong
engineer, the stress variation likely to be
rigid sheaths or duct formers are used
expected along the design profile shall
closely supported so that they are not
be assessed in accordance with
displaced during the concreting
16.8.3.2 to 16.8.3.5 in order to obtain
operation, the value of K may be taken
the prestressing force at the critical
as 17x10-4. Other values may be used
sections considered in design.
provided they have been established by
16.8.3.1.2 The extension of the tendon tests to the satisfaction of the engineer.
shall be calculated allowing for the
16.8.3.4 Friction in the Duct due to
variation in tension along its length.
Curvature of the Tendon- When a
16.8.3.2 Friction in the Jack and tendon is curved, the loss of tension due
Anchorage This is directly to friction is dependent on the angle
proportional to the jack pressure, but it turned through and the coefficient of
will vary considerably between systems friction , between the tendon and its
and shall be ascertained for the type of supports.
jack and the anchorage system to be
used. The prestressing force Px, at any
distance, x along the curve from the
16.8.3.3 Friction in the Duct due to tangent point may be calculated from:
Unintentional variation form the
x/rps
Specified Profile - Whether the
desired duct profile is straight or curved Px = Po e .(equation 32)
or a combination of both, there will be
slight variations in the actual line of the where
duct, which may cause additional points Po is the prestressing force in the
of contact between the tendon and the tendons at the tangent point near
sides of the duct, and so produce the jacking end.
friction. The prestressing force, Px at
any distance x from the jack may be rps is the radius of curvature
calculated from : x/r ps
-Kx Where x/rps < 0.2, e may be
Px = Poe (equation 31) taken as (1-x/rps)
V-93
( Kx + x/r ps ) length is defined as the length over

Where (Kx + x/rps) <0.2, e
which a tendon is bonded to concrete to
may be taken as { 1- (Kx + x/rps)} transmit the initial prestressing force in a
Values of may be taken as: tendon to the concrete.
0.55 for steel moving on concrete The transmission length depends on a
number of variables, the most important
0.30 for steel moving on steel
being:
0.25 for steel moving on lead.
(a) the degree of compaction of the
0.17 for steel moving on HDPE concrete:
sheathing.
(b) the strength of the concrete;
The value of may be reduced where (c) the size and type of tendon;
special precautions are taken and where
results are available to justify the value (d) the deformation (e.g. crimp) of
assumed. For example, a value of the tendon;
= 0.10 has been observed for strand (e) the stress in the tendon; and
moving on rigid steel spacers coated
with molybdenum disulphide. Such (f) the surface condition of the
reduced values may be used only with tendon.
the prior approval of the engineer if The transmission lengths for the
sufficient evidence is established to his tendon towards the top of a unit may be
satisfaction. greater than those at the bottom.
16.8.3.5 Friction in Circular The sudden release of tendons may
Construction - Where circumferential also cause a considerable increase in
tendons are tensioned by means of the transmission lengths.
jacks the losses due to friction may be
calculated from the formula in 16.8.3.4 16.8.4.1 In view of these many
but the values of may be taken as variables, transmission lengths shall be
determined from tests carried out under
0.45 for steel moving in the most unfavorable conditions of each
smooth concrete. casting yard both under service
0.25 for steel moving on steel conditions and under ultimate loads. In
bearers fixed to the the absence of values based on actual
concrete. tests, the following values may be used
provided the concrete is well compacted
0.17 for steel moving on and its strength at transfer is not less
HDPE sheathing than 35N/mm2 and the tendon is
0.10 for steel moving on steel released gradually:
rollers. (1) for plain and indented wires 100
16.8.3.6 Lubricants - Lubricants may (2) for crimped wires 65
be specified to ease the movement of
tendons in the ducts. Lower values of (3) for strands 35
than those given in 16.8.3.4 and Where is the diameter of tendons.
16.8.3.5 may then be used, subject to
their being determined by trial and 16.8.4.2 The development of stress
agreeable to the engineer. form the end of the unit to the point of
maximum stress shall be assumed to
16.8.4 Transmission Length in Pre- vary parabolically over the transmission
tensioned Members - The transmission length.
V-94
16.8.4.3 If the tendons are prevented (6) forces due to curved or divergent
from bonding to the concrete near the tendons.]
ends of the units by the use of sleeves
16.8.5.2 The following
or tape, the transmission lengths shall
recommendations are appropriate to a
be taken from the ends of the de-
circular, square or rectangular anchor
bonded portions.
plate, symmetrically positioned on the
16.8.5 End Blocks - The end block end face of a square or rectangular post
(also known as the anchor block or end tensioned member, the
zone) is defined as the highly stressed recommendations are followed by some
zone of concrete around the termination guidance on other aspects.
points of a pre or post tensioned
16.8.5.2.1 The bursting tensile forces
prestressing tendon. It extends from the
in the end blocks, or end regions of
points of application of prestress (i.e. the
bonded post-tensioned members, shall
end of the bonded part of the tendon in
be assessed on the basis of the tendon
pre tensioned construction or the
jacking load. For temporarily unbonded
anchorage in post-tensioned
members, the bursting tensile forces
construction) to that section of the
shall be assessed on the basis of the
member at which linear distribution of
tendon jacking load or the load in the
stress is assumed to occur over the
tendon at the ultimate limit state,
whole cross-section.
calculated using 16.2.4.3 whichever is
16.8.5.1 The following aspects of the greater.
design shall be considered in assessing
16.8.5.2.2 The bursting tensile force ,
the strength of end blocks:
Fbst existing in an individual square end
(a) bursting forces around individual block loaded by a symmetrically placed
anchorages; square anchorage or bearing plate, may
be derived from Table 27,
(b) overall equilibrium of the end
block; Where
(c) spalling of the concrete form the Yo is half the side of end block;
loaded face around anchorages.
Ypo is half the side of loaded area;
16.8.5.1.1 In considering each of these
Pk is the load in the tendon
aspects, particular attention shall be
assessed in accordance with the
given to factor such as the following:
preceding paragraph.
(1) shape, dimensions and position
Fbst is the bursting tensile force.
of anchor plates relative to the
cross-section of the end block: This force, Fbst, will be distributed in
a region extending from 0.2Yo to 2Yo
(2) the magnitude of the
from the loaded face of the end block.
prestressing forces and the
Reinforcement provided to sustain the
sequence of prestressing;
bursting tensile force may be assumed
(3) shape of the end block relative to to be acting at its design strength
the general shape of the (0.87fy) except that the stress shall be
member; limited to a value corresponding to a
strain of 0.001 when the concrete cover
(4) layout of anchorages including
to the reinforcement is less than 50mm.
asymmetry group effects and
edge distances; 16.8.5.2.3 In the rectangular end block,
the bursting tensile forces in the two
(5) influence of the support reaction;
V-95
principal directions shall be assessed on concentrated tendon forces are

the basis of the formulae in Table 27. involved.
TABLE 27: DESIGN BURSTING 16.8.5.6 Consideration shall also be
TENSILE FORCES IN END BLOCKS given to the spalling tensile stresses that
(CLAUSE 16.8.5.2 ) occur in end blocks where the
Ypo/Y0 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 anchorage or bearing plates are highly
eccentric; these reach a maximum at
Fbst/Pk 0.23 0.20 0.17 0.14 0.11 the loaded face.
16.9 Considerations Affecting Design
Details:
16.9.1 General- The considerations in
16.9.2 to 16.9.6 are intended to
supplement those for reinforced
concrete given in 15.9.
16.9.2 Cover to Prestressing Tendons
and Reinforcement
16.9.2.1 General- The cover to
prestressing tendons will generally be
governed by considerations of durability.
16.9.2.2 Prestressing Tendons in
16.8.5.2.4 When circular anchorage or
Pre-tensioned structures:- For pre-
bearing plates are used, the side of the
stressing wires and strands a minimum
equivalent square area shall be derived.
cover of 50mm shall be provided for all
16.8.5.3 Where groups of anchorages types of environment conditions.
or bearing plates occur, the end blocks
16.9.2.2.1 The recommendations of
shall be divided into a series of
15.9.2 concerning cover to the
symmetrically loaded prisms and each
reinforcement may be taken to be
prism treated in the preceding manner.
applicable in case of pre-tensioned
In detailing the reinforcement for the end
members.
block as a whole it is necessary to
ensure that the groups of anchorages 16.9.2.3 Tendons in Ducts- The cover
are appropriately tied together. to any duct shall be not less than 75mm.
16.8.5.4 Special attention shall be paid 16.9.2.3.1 Recommendations for the
to end blocks having a cross- section cover to curved ducts are given in
different in shape from that of the Appendix E.
general cross section of the beam;
16.9.2.3.2 The recommendations as
reference should be made to the
given in 15.9.2, concerning cover to
specialist literature:
reinforcement, may be taken to be
16.8.5.5 Compliance with the applicable in case of post tensioned
preceding recommendations will members also.
generally ensure that bursting tensile
16.9.3 Spacing of Prestressing
forces along the load axis are provided
Tendons
for. Alternative methods of design,
which use higher values of Fbst/Pk and 16.9.3.1 General- In all prestressed
allow for the tensile strength of concrete members there shall be sufficient gaps
may be more appropriate in some between the tendons or bars to allow
cases, particularly where large the largest size of aggregate used to
V-96
move under vibration, to all parts of the prestressed concrete members either to
mould. Use of high capacity tendons comply with the recommendations of
shall be preferred to avoid grouping and 16.9.4.1 or 16.4.4.4.
reduced the number of cables.
16.9.4.1 Reinforcement may be
16.9.3.2 Pre-tensioned Tendons- necessary, particularly where post-
The recommendations of 15.9.8.1 tensioning systems are used to control
concerning spacing of reinforcement any cracking resulting from restraint to
may be taken to be applicable. In pre- longitudinal shrinkage of members
tensioned members, where anchorage provided by the formwork during the
is achieved by bond, the spacing of the time before the prestress is applied.
wires or strands in the ends of the
16.9.5 Stirrups/Links in Prestressed
members shall be such as to allow the
Concrete Beams- The amount and
transmission lengths given in 16.8.4 to
disposition of stirrups/links in
be developed. In addition, if the
rectangular beams and in the webs of
tendons are positioned in two or more
flanged beams will normally be
widely spaced groups, the possibility of
governed by considerations of shear
longitudinal splitting of the member shall
(see 16.4.4).
be considered.
Stirrups/links to resist the bursting
16.9.3.3 Tendons in Ducts- The
tensile forces in the end zones of post-
clear distance between ducts and other
tensioned members shall be provided in
tendons shall be not less than the
accordance with 16.8.5.
following, whichever is the greatest:
Stirrups/links shall be provided in
(a) hagg+5mm, where hagg is the
the transmission lengths of pre-
maximum size of the coarse
tensioned members in accordance with
aggregate;
16.4.4. and using the information given
(b) in the vertical direction; the in 16.8.4.
vertical internal dimension of the
duct; 16.9.6 Minimum Dimensions-
(c) in the horizontal direction; the 16.9.6.1 Deck Slab- The
horizontal internal dimension of minimum thickness of the deck slab
the duct; where internal vibrators shall be 200mm for normal exposure
are used minimum clear distance conditions and 220mm for severe and
shall be 10mm more than dia of very severe exposure conditions. The
needle vibrator. thickness at the tip of the cantilever shall
16.9.3.3.1 Where two or more rows of not be less than 150mm.
ducts are used the horizontal gaps 16.9.6.2 Web Thickness- In the
between the ducts shall be vertically in case of post-tensioned girders, the
line wherever possible, for ease of minimum web thickness shall be as
construction. under:
16.9.3.3.2 Recommendations for the (i) for webs having single duct: The
spacing of curved tendons in ducts are minimum thickness of web in mm should
given in Appendix E. be:
16.9.3.4 No cable shall be anchored in d+120+2(c+d1+d2)
the deck slab.
(ii) for webs having two ducts at the
16.9.4 Longitudinal Reinforcement same level, minimum thickness of web
in Prestressed Concrete Beams- should be greater of:
Reinforcement may be used in
V-97
(a) 2d+60+2(c+d1+d2) 16.9.9 Emergency Cables - Besides

design requirements, additional
(b) 3d+150
cables/strands shall be symmetrically
where placed in the structure so as to be
d = external dia of sheath in mm capable of generating a prestressing
force of about 4% of the total design
d1= dia of vertical stirrups in mm prestressing force in the structure. Only
d2= dia of longitudinal reinforcement those cables which are required to make
in mm up the deficiency shall be stressed and
the remaining pulled out and the duct
c = clear cover to vertical stirrups in holes grouted. This shall be done in
mm. consultation with the designer.
16.9.6.3 Bottom Slab Thickness in 16.9.10 Future Cables - Provision for
Box Girders- In case of post-tensioned easy installation of prestressing steel at
box girders, the minimum bottom slab a later date shall be made in the case of
thickness shall be 150mm. box girders so as to cater for an
16.9.6.4 Deck Width The increased prestressing force in the
minimum deck width between inside event it is required in service. This
faces of ballast retainer shall be provision shall be made to cater for an
4500mm. additional minimum prestressing force of
15% of the design prestressing force.
16.9.7 Design of Diaphragms
16.9.11 Shock Loading - When a
16.9.7.1Design of diaphragms in case of prestressed concrete beam may be
box girders shall be based on any required to resist shock loading. It shall
rational method approved by the be reinforced with closed links and
engineer. longitudinal reinforcement preferably of
16.9.7.2 Spacing of Diaphragms - The Grade Fe 250 steel. Other methods of
spacing of diaphragms shall be such as design and detailing may be used
to ensure even distribution of the live provided it can be shown that the beam
load. can develop the required ductility.
If the deck is supported on 16.9.12 Provision should be made at the

prestressed concrete beams, two end design stage for inside, outside and
diaphragms and a minimum of one ends inspection of girder and inspection
intermediate diaphragm shall be of bearings.
provided. In case of box girders, at 16.9.13 Elastomeric Bearings Use of
least two end diaphragms shall be elastomeric bearing in prestress
provided which will have suitable concrete bridges should preferably be
opening for a man to enter the girder for restricted up to maximum clear span of
inspection. 30.5m.
16.9.7.3 Guidance may also be obtained 17 DESIGN AND DETAILING:
from 15.9.11 for detailing of diaphragms PRECAST AND COMPOSITE
in a prestressed concrete girder. CONSTRUCTION
16.9.8Number of Stages of Prestress- 17.1 General
The number of stages of prestress shall
be reduced to the minimum, preferably 17.1.1 Introduction This clause is
not more than two. concerned with the additional
considerations that arise in design and
detailing when precast members or
V-98
precast components including large ends on corbels and nibs, particular

panels are incorporated into a structure care shall be taken to provide overlap
or when a structure in its entirety is and anchorage, in accordance with
precast concrete construction. However, 15.9.7. of all reinforcement adjacent to
precast segmental bridge construction the contact faces, full regard being paid
shall be done with the prior approval of to construction tolerances.
Railway Board.
17.2 Precast Concrete Construction
17.1.2 Limit State Design.
17.2.1 Framed Structures and
17.1.2.1 Basis of Design The Continuous Beams When the
limit state philosophy set out in clause continuity of reinforcement or tendons
10 applies equally to precast and in situ through the connections and/or the
construction and therefore, in general, interaction between members is such
the recommended methods of design that the structure will behave as a
and detailing for reinforced concrete frame, or other rigidly interconnected
given in clause 15 and those for system, the analysis, redistribution of
prestressed concrete given in clause 16 moments and the design and detailing
apply also to precast and composite of individual members, may all be in
construction. accordance with clause 15 or 16 as
appropriate.
Sub-clauses in clause 15 or 16 which do
not apply are either specifically worded 17.2.2 Other Precast Members All
for in situ construction or modified by other precast concrete members
this clause. including large panels shall be designed
and detained in accordance with the
17.1.2.2. Handing Stresses- Precast
appropriate recommendations of
units shall be designed to resist without
clauses 14,15and16 shall incorporate
permanent damage all stresses induced
provision for the appropriate
by handling, storage, transport and
connections as recommended in 17.3.
erection ( see also 16.4.1.2.).
Precast components intended for use in
The position of lifting and supporting
composite construction (see 17.4) shall
points shall be specified. Consultation at
be designed as such but also checked
the design stage with those responsible
or designed for the conditions arising
for handling is an advantage.
during handling, transporting and
The design shall take account of the erecting.
effect of snatch lifting and placing on to
17.2.3 Supports for Precast Members
supports.
17.2.3.1 Concrete Corbels- A corbel is
17.1.2.3 Connections and Joints-
a short cantilever beam in which the
The design of connections is of
principal load is applied such that the
fundamental importance in precast
distance av, between the line of action of
construction and shall be carefully
the load and the face of the supporting
considered.
member is less than 0.6d and the depth
Joints to allow for movements due to at the outer edge of the bearing is not
shrinkage, thermal effects and possible less than one-half of the depth at the
differential settlement of foundations are face of the supporting member.
of as great importance in precast as in
in-situ construction. The number and
spacing of such joints shall be
determined at an early stage in the
design. In the design of beam and slab
V-99
17.2.3.1.4 The corbel shall also be

checked at the serviceability limit states.
17.2.3.2 Width of Supports for
Precast Units The width of supports
for precast units shall be sufficient to
ensure proper anchorage of tension
reinforcement in accordance with
15.9.7.
17.2.3.3 Bearing Stresses - The
FIG. 14. Horizontal links in corbel compressive stress in the contact area
The depth at the face of the shall not exceed 0.4 fck under the
supporting member shall be determined ultimate loads. When the members are
from shear conditions in accordance made of concretes of different strengths,
with 15.4.3.2. but using the modified the lower concrete strength is
definition of av given in preceding applicable.
paragraph. Higher bearing stresses may be used
17.2.3.1.1 The main tension where suitable measures are taken to
reinforcement in a corbel shall be prevent splitting or spalling of the
designed and the strength of the corbel concrete, such as the provision of well-
checked, on the assumption that it defined bearing areas and additional
behaves as a simple strut and tie binding reinforcement in the ends of the
system. members. Bearing stresses due to
ultimate loads shall then be limited to :
The reinforcement so obtained, shall
be not less than 0.4% of the section at 1.5f ck
the face of the supporting member and , but not more than fck
1 + 2 A con /A sup
shall be adequately anchored. At the
front face of the corbel, the Where
reinforcement shall be anchored by
bending back the bars to form a loop; Acon is the contact area;
the bearing area of the load shall not Asup is the supporting area.
project beyond the straight portion of the
bars forming the main reinforcement. 17.2.3.3.1 Higher bearing stresses due
to ultimate loads shall be used only
17.2.3.1.2 When the corbel is designed where justified by tests, e.g. concrete
to resist a slated horizontal force hinges.
additional reinforcement shall be
provided to transmit this force in its 17.2.3.4 Horizontal Forces or
entirety; the reinforcement shall be Rotations at Bearings The presence
adequately anchored within the of significant horizontal forces at a
supporting member. bearing can reduce the load carrying
capacity of the supporting and
17.2.3.1.3 Shear reinforcement shall be supported member considerably by
provided in the form of horizontal causing premature splitting or shearing.
links/stirrups distributed in the upper These forces may be due to creep,
two-thirds of the effective depth of the shrinkage and temperature effects or
corbel at column face; this result from misalignment, lack of plumb
reinforcement need not be calculated or other causes. When they are likely to
but shall be not less than one-half of the be significant these forces shall be
area of the main tension reinforcement
and shall be adequately anchored.
V-100
allowed for in designing and detailing Where a space is left between two or
the connection by providing either: more precast units, to be filled later with
in situ concrete or mortar the space
a) sliding bearings: or
shall be large enough for the filling
b) suitable lateral reinforcement in material to be placed easily and
the top of supporting member compacted sufficiently to fill the gap
and completely, without abnormally high
c) continuity reinforcement to tie standards of workmanship or
together the ends of the supervision. The erection instructions
supported members shall contain definite information as to
the stage during construction when the
Where owing to large spans or other gap should be filled.
reasons, large rotations are likely to
occur at the end supports of flexural The majority of joints will incorporate a
members, suitable bearings capable of structural connection (see 17.3) and
accommodating these rotations shall be consideration to this aspect should be
used. given in the design of joint.
17.2.4 Joints between Precast 17.2.4.2 Halving Joint It is difficult to

Members provide access to this type of joint to
reset or replace the bearings, Halving
17.2.4.1 General The critical sections joints should only be used where it is
of members close to joints shall be absolutely essential.
designed to resist the worst
combinations of shear, axial force and For the type of joint shown in Fig.15, the
bending caused by the ultimate vertical maximum vertical ultimate load, Fv, shall
and horizontal forces. When the design not exceed 4vcbdo, where b is the shear
of the precast members is based on the breadth of the beam, do is the depth of
assumption that the joint between them additional reinforcement to resist
is not capable of transmitting bending horizontal loading and vc is the stress
moment, the design of the joint shall given by Table 15 for the full beam
either ensure that this is so ( see section. When determining the value of
17.2.3.4) or suitable precautions shall Fv, consideration shall be given to the
be taken to ensure that if any cracking method of erection and the forces
develops it will not excessively reduce involved.
the members resistance to shear or The joint shall be reinforced by inclined
axial force and will not be unsightly. links so that the vertical component of
force in the link is equal to Fv. i.e. :
Fv = Asv(0.87fyv) cos 45o; for links at 45
Where
Asv is the cross sectional area of the
legs of the inclined links.
fyv is the characteristic strength of the
inclined links.
The links and any longitudinal
reinforcement taken into account should
intersect the line of action of Fv.
V-101
In the compression face of the 17.3.1.1 Structural Requirements of

beam the links shall be anchored in Connection When designing and
accordance with 15.9.6.4. In the tension detailing the connections across joints
face of the beam the horizontal between precast members the overall
component, Fh, which for 45o links is stability of the structure including its
equal to Fv, should be transferred to the stability during construction, shall be
main reinforcement, If the main considered.
reinforcement is continued straight on
17.3.1.2 Design Method
without hooks or bends the links may be
Connections shall where possible be
considered anchored if:
designed in accordance with the
Fh the anchorage bond generally accepted methods applicable

2 u l stress as given in to reinforced concrete (see clause 15)
s sb Table 20. prestressed concrete (see clause 16) or
structural steel.
Where,
17.3.1.3 Consideration Affecting
us is the sum of the effective Design Details In addition to ultimate
perimeters of the reinforcement. strength requirements the following shall
be considered.
lsb is the length of the straight
reinforcement beyond the (a) Protection Connection shall
intersection with the link. be designed to maintain the standard of
protection against weather and
If the main reinforcement is
corrosion required for the remainder of
hooked or bent vertically, the inclined
the structure.
links shall be anchored by bending them
parallel to the main reinforcement; in (b) Appearance - Where
this case, or if inclined links are replaced connections are to be exposed, they
by bent-up bars, the bearing stress shall be so designed that the quality of
inside the bends shall not exceed the appearance required for the remainder
value given in 15.9.6.8. of the structure can be readily achieved.
If there is a possibility of a (c) Manufacture, Assembly and
horizontal load being applied to the joint Erection Methods of manufacture
horizontal links shall be provided to and erection shall be considered during
carry the load (as shown in Fig.15); design and the following points should
such links shall also be provided if there be given particular attention.
is possibility of the inclined links being
(1) Where projecting bars or sections
displaced so that they do not intersect
are required they shall be kept to a
the line of action of Fv.
minimum and made as simple as
The joint may alternatively be possible. The length of such projections
reinforced with vertical links, designed in shall be not more than necessary for
accordance with 15.4.3, provided the security.
links are adequately anchored.
(2) Fragile fins and nibs shall be
The Joint shall also be checked avoided.
at the serviceability limit states.
(3) Fixing devices shall be located in
17.3 Structural Connections concrete section of adequate strength.
Between Units
(4) The practicability of both casting and
17.3.1 General assembly shall be considered.
V-102
(5) Most connections require the (a) lapping bars;

introduction of suitable jointing material.
(b) butt welding;
Sufficient space shall be allowed in the
design for such material to ensure that (c) sleeving;
the proper filling of the joint is (d) threading of bars.
practicable.
The use of jointing methods given in
17.3.1.4 Factors Affecting (c) and (d) and any other method not
Design and Construction - The listed shall be verified by test evidence.
strength and stiffness of any connection
can be significantly affected by 17.3.2.2 Sleeving Three principal
workmanship on site. The following types of sleeve jointing may be used,
points shall be considered where with the approval of the engineer,
appropriate. provided that the strength and
deformation characteristics, including
(a) sequence of forming the joint; behaviour under fatigue conditions,
(b) critical dimensions allowing for have been determined by tests.
tolerances. e.g. minimum (a) grout or resin filled sleeves
permissible bearing. capable of transmitting both
(c) critical details, e.g. accurate tensile and compressive forces:
location required for a particular (b) sleeves that mechanically align
reinforcing bars. the square-sawn ends of two
(d) method of correcting possible bars to allow the transmissions
lack of fit in the joint: of compressive force only;
(e) details of temporary propping (c) sleeves that are mechanically
and time when it may be swaged to the bars and are
removed; capable of transmitting both
tensile and compressive forces.
(f) description of general stability of
the structure with details of any The detailed design of the sleeve
necessary temporary bracing; and the method of manufacture and
assembly shall be such as ensure that
(g) how far the uncompleted
at the ends of the two bars can be
structure may proceed in relation
accurately aligned into the sleeve. The
to the completed and matured
concrete cover provided for the sleeve
section;
shall be not less than that specified for
(h) full details of special materials normal reinforcement.
shall be given;
17.3.2.3 Threading The following
(i) weld sizes shall be fully specified. methods may be used with the approval
of the engineer for joining threaded
17.3.2 Continuity of Reinforcement
bars;
17.3.2.1 General Where continuity of
(a) the threaded ends of bars may
reinforcement is required through the
be joined by a coupler having left
connection the jointing method used
and right-hand threads. This type
shall be such that the assumption made
of threaded connection requires
in analysing the structure and critical
a high degree of accuracy in
sections are realised. The following
manufacture in view of the
methods may be used to achieve
difficulty of ensuring alignment.
continuity of reinforcement:
V-103
(b) one set of bars may be welded concrete surfaces to be joined shall be
to a steel plate that is drilled to checked at serviceability limit state and
receive the threaded ends of the shall lie between 0.2 N/mm2 and 0.3
second set of bars; the second N/mm2 measured over the total
set of bars are fixed to the plate projection of the joint surface (locally not
by means of nuts. less than 0.15.N/mm2) and the
difference between flexural stresses
(c) threaded anchors may be cast
across the section shall be not more
into a pre-cast unit to receive the
than 0.5 N/mm2 .
threaded ends of reinforcement.
For cement mortar joints, the
Where there is a risk of the threaded
flexural stresses in the joint shall be
connection working loose, e.g. during
compressive throughout and not less
vibration of in situ concrete, a locking
than 1.5 N/mm2 under service loads.
device shall be used.
17.4 Composite Concrete
The structural design of special
Constructions
threaded connections shall be based on
tests, including behavior under fatigue 17.4.1 General - The recommendations
conditions. where tests have shown the of 17.4 apply to flexural members
strength of the threaded connection to consisting of pre-cast concrete units
be as per 7.1.3.5, the strength of the acting in conjunction with added
joint may be based on 80% of the concrete where provision has been
specified characteristic strength of the made for the transfer of horizontal shear
joined bars in tension and on 100% for at the contact surface. The precast units
bars in compression divided in each may be of either reinforced or
case by the appropriate Ym factor. prestressed concrete.
17.3.2.4 Welding of Bars - The design In general, the analysis and
of welded connection shall be in design of composite concrete structures
accordance with 7.1.3. and members shall be in accordance
with clause 15 or 16, modified where
17.3.3 Other Types of Connection
appropriate by 17.4.2 and 17.4.3.
Any other type of connection which can
Particular attention shall be given in the
be capable of carrying the ultimate loads
design of both the components parts
acting on it may be used with the
and the composite section to the effect,
approval of the engineer subject to
on stress and deflections, of the method
verification by test evidence.
of construction and whether or not props
Amongst those suitable for are used. A check for adequacy shall be
resisting shear and flexure are those made for each stage of construction.
made by prestressing across the joint. The relative stiffnesses of members
Resin adhesives, where tests should be based on the concrete, gross
have shown their acceptability, may be transformed or net, transformed section
used to form joints subjected to properties as described in 13.1.2.1; if
compression but not to resist tension or the concrete strengths in the two
shear. components of the composite members
differ by more than 10 N/mm2,
For resin mortar joints, the allowance for this shall be made in
flexural stress in the joints shall be assessing stiffnesses and stresses.
compressive throughout under service
loads, During the jointing operation at Differential shrinkage of the added
the construction stage the average concrete and precast concrete members
compressive stress between the requires consideration in analysis
V-104
composite members for the (2) the vertical shear force, V,

serviceability limit states (see 17.4.3.4); due to ultimate loads may be assumed
it need not be considered for the to be resisted by the composite section
ultimate limit state. and the shear resistance assessed in
accordance with 16.4.4. In this case
When precast prestressed units,
section properties shall be based on
having pretensioned tendons are
those of the composite section with due
designed as continuous members and
allowance for the different grades of
continuity is obtained with reinforced
concrete where appropriate.
concrete cast in situ over the supports,
the compressive stresses due to (b) For inverted T beam precast
prestress in the ends of the units may prestressed concrete units with
be assumed to vary linearly over the transverse reinforcement placed through
transmission length for the tendons in standard holes in the bottom of the
assessing the strength of section. webs of the units, completely in filled
with concrete placed between and over
17.4.2 Ultimate Limit State
the units to form a solid deck slab, the
17.4.2.1 General Where the cross- shear resistance and provision of shear
section of composite members and the reinforcement shall be based on either
applied loading increase by stages (e.g. of the following:
a precast prestressed unit initially
(1) as in (a) (1) :
supporting self weight and the weight of
added concrete and subsequently acting (2) the vertical shear force, V ,
compositely for live loading), the entire due to ultimate loads may be
load may be assumed to act on the apportioned between the infill concrete
cross-section appropriate to the stage and the precast prestressed units on the
being considered. basis of cross-sectional area with due
allowance for the different grades of
17.4.2.2 Vertical Shear - The
concrete where appropriate. The shear
assessment of the resistance of
resistance for the infill concrete section
composite section to vertical shear and
and the precast prestressed section
the provision of the shear reinforcement
shall be assessed separately in
shall be in accordance with 15.4.3 for
accordance with 15.4.3 and 16.4.4
reinforced concrete and 16.4.4 for
respectively.
prestressed concrete (except that in
determining the area As, the area of the
tendons within the transmission length
shall be ignored) modified where
appropriate as follows:
(a) for I,T T,T,U and box beam
precast prestressed concrete units with
an in situ reinforced concrete top slab
cast over the precast units (including
pseudo box construction), the shear
resistance shall be based on either of
the following : FIG. 16: POTENTIAL SHEAR PLANES
(1) the vertical shear force, V, In applying 15.4.3, the breadth of
due to ultimate loads may be assumed the infill concrete shall be taken as the
to be resisted by the precast unit acting distance between adjacent precast
alone and the shear resistance webs and the depth as the mean depth
assessed in accordance with 16.4.4.
V-105
of infill concrete, or the mean effective 17.4.2.2) may be included

depth to the longitudinal reinforcement provided it is fully anchored;
where this is provided in the infill
fy is the characteristic strength of
section.
the reinforcement.
In applying 16.4.4, the breadth of the
For composite beam and slab
precast section shall be taken as the
construction a minimum area of fully
web thickness and the depth as the
anchored reinforcement of 0.15% of the
depth of the precast unit.
area of contact shall cross this surface;
(c) in applying 16.4.4.4. dt shall be the spacing of this reinforcement shall
derived for the composite section. not exceed the lesser of the following:
17.4.2.3 Longitudinal Shear - The (a) four times the minimum
longitudinal shear force, V1 , per unit thickness of the in situ concrete
length of a composite member, whether flange;
simply supported or continuous, shall be
(b) 600mm
calculated at the interface of the precast
unit and the in situ concrete and at other For inverted T beams defined in
potential shear planes (see Fig16)by an 17.4.2.2(b) no longitudinal shear
elastic method using properties of the strength is required.
composite concrete section (see 17.4.3 Serviceability Limit State
13.1.2.1) with due allowance for
different grades of concrete where 17.4.3.1 General In addition to the
appropriate. recommendations given in clauses 15 &
16 concerned with control of cracking
V1 shall not exceed the lesser of the the design of composite construction will
following: be affected by 17.4.3.4 and 17.4.3.5 and
(a) k1fckLs where precast prestressed units are
used also by 17.4.3.2, 17.4.3.3.
(b) 0.7Aefy
17.4.3.2 Compression in the
Where,
Concrete- For composite members
k1 is a constant depending on the comprising precast prestressed units
concrete bond across the shear and in situ concrete the methods of
plane under consideration, taken analysis may be as given in 16.4.2.
as 0.09. However, where ultimate failure of the
composite unit would occur due to
fck is the characteristic cube strength
excessive elongation of the steel the
of concrete.
maximum concrete compressive stress
Ls is the length of the shear plane at the upper surface of the precast unit
under consideration: may be increased above the values
Ae is the area of fully anchored (see given in Table 23 by upto 25%.
15.9.6) reinforcement per unit 17.4.3.3 Tension in the concrete
length crossing the shear plane When the composite member
under consideration, but considered in the design comprises
excluding reinforcement required prestressed precast concrete units and
for coexistent bending effects. in situ concrete, and flexural tensile
Shear reinforcement crossing stresses are induced in the in situ
the shear plane and provided to concrete by sagging moments due to
resist vertical shear (see imposed service loading, the tensile
stresses in the in situ concrete at the
V-106
contact surface shall be limited to the constructions, the effects of differential

value given in Table 28. shrinkage shall be considered in design.
TABLE 28: FLEXURAL TENSILE In computing the tensile
stresses, a value will be required for the
STRESSES IN-SITU CONCRETE
differential shrinkage strain (the
(Clause 17.4.3.3.) difference in the free strain between the
two components of the composite
Grade of M25 M30 M40 M50
member), the magnitude of which will
in-situ
depend on a great many variables.
concrete
For bridges in a normal
Maximum
environment and in the absence of more
Tensile
3.2 3.6 4.4 5.0 exact data, the value of shrinkage strain
Stress
given in 5.2.3 shall be used to compute
(N/mm2)
stresses in composite construction.
When the in situ concrete is not The effects of differential
in direct contact with a prestressed shrinkage will be reduced by creep and
precast unit the flexural tensile stresses the reduction coefficient may be taken
in the in situ concrete shall be limited by as 0.43.
cracking considerations in accordance
17.4.3.5. Continuity in the Composite
with 15.9.8.2.
Construction When continuity is
Where continuity is obtained with obtained in composite construction by
reinforced concrete cast in situ over the providing reinforcement over the
supports, the flexural tensile stresses or supports, considerations shall be given
the hypothetical tensile stresses in the to the secondary effects of differential
prestressed precast units at the shrinkage and creep on the moments in
supports shall be limited in accordance continuous beams and on the reactions
with 16.4.2.4. at the supports.
17.4.3.4 Differential Shrinkage- The The hogging restraint moment,
effect of differential shrinkage shall be Mcs, at an internal support of a
considered for composite concrete continuous section due to differential
construction where there is a difference shrinkage shall be taken as :
between the age and the quality of
Mcs=diffEcfAcfacent .(equation-33)
concrete in components. Differential
Where
shrinkage may lead to increase stresses
in the composite section and these shall diff is the differential shrinkage
be investigated. The effect of differential strain
shrinkage are likely to be more severe Ecf is the modulus of the
when the precast unit is of reinforce elasticity of flange concrete.
concrete or of prestressed concrete with
Acf is the area of the effective
an approximately triangular distribution
concrete flange
of stresses due to prestress, the stress
resulting from the effects of differential acent is the distance of the centroid
shrinkage may be neglected in inverted of the concrete flange from
T beams with a solid infill deck, provided the centroid of the composite
that the difference in concrete strengths section.
between the precast and infill is a reduction co-efficient to
components is not more than 10 N/mm2. allow for creep taken as 0.43
For other forms of composite
V-107
The restraint moment, Mcs will be application of the load should be in

modified with time by creep due to dead accordance with the requirements that
load and creep due to any prestressed should be defined by the engineer.
in the precast unit. The resultant
The recovery should be
moment due to prestressed may be
measured 5 min. after the removal of
taken as the restraint moment which
the applied load and the load then
would have been set up if composite
reimposed. The percentage recovery
section as a whole had been
after the second loading should be not
prestressed, multiplied by a creep
less than that after the first loading nor
coefficient taken as 0.87. less than 90% of the deflection recorded
The expression given in the during the second loading. At no time
preceding paragraphs for calculating the during the test should the unit show any
restraint moments due to creep and sign of weakness or faulty construction
differential shrinkage are based on an as defined by the engineer in the light of
assumed value of 2.0 for the ratio, cc of reasonable interpretation of relevant
total creep to elastic deformation. If the data.
design conditions are such that this 18.1.3 Special Test For very large
value is significantly low, then the units, or units not readily amenable to
engineer shall calculate values for the tests (such as columns, the precast
reduction co-efficients from the parts of composite beams, and
expressions: - members designed for continuity or
fixity) the testing arrangements should
= {1 - e cc }/cc .(equation 34) be agreed before such units are cast.
1 = {1 - e cc } .(equation 35) 18.2 Load Test of Structures or
Parts of Structures
Where e is the base of Napierian
logarithms. 18.2.1 General- The tests described in
this clause are intended as a check on
18 LOAD TESTING structures other than those covered by
18.1 Load Tests on individual Precast serviceability or strength.
Units 18.2.2 Age at Test - The test should
18.1.1 General The load tests be carried out as soon as possible after
described in this clause are intended as the expiry of 28 days from the time of
checks on the quality of the units and placing the concrete. When the test is
should not be used as a substitute for for a reason other than the quality of the
normal design procedures. Where concrete in the structure being in doubt,
members require special testing, such the test may be carried out earlier
special testing procedures should be in provided that the concrete has already
accordance with the specification. Test reached its specified characteristic
loads are to be applied and removed strength.
incrementally. When testing prestressed
18.1.2 Non-destructive Test The unit concrete, allowance should be made for
should be supported at its designed the effect of prestress at the time of
points of support and loaded for 5 min. testing being above its final value.
with a load equal to the sum of the 18.2.3 Test Loads The test loads to
characteristic dead load plus 1.25 times be applied for the limit states of deflection
the characteristic imposed load. The and local damage are the appropriate
deflection should then be recorded. The design loads, i.e. the characteristic dead
maximum deflection measured after
V-108
and imposed loads. When the ultimate measure immediately after application of
limit state is being considered, the test the test load for deflections should not
load should be equal to the sum of the be more than 1/500 of the effective
characteristic dead load plus 1.25 times span. Limits should be agreed before
the characteristic imposed load and testing cantilever portions of structures.
should be maintained for a period of 24h.
18.2.5.3 If the maximum deflection (in
If any of the final dead load is not in
millimeters) shown during the 24h under
position on the structure, compensating
load is less than 40 L2 /h where L is the
loads should be added as necessary.
effective span (in metres) and h is the
During the tests, struts and overall depth of construction in
bracing strong enough to support the (millimeters), it is not necessary for the
whole load should be placed in position recovery to be measured and 18.2.5.4
leaving a gap under the members to be and 18.2.5.5 do not apply.
tested and adequate precautions should
18.2.5.4 If within 24h of the removal of
be taken to safeguard persons in the
the test load for the ultimate limit state
vicinity of the structure.
as calculated in 18.2.3 a reinforced
18.2.4 Measurements during the Tests concrete structure does not show a
Measurements of deflection and crack recovery of at least 75% of the
width should be taken immediately after maximum deflection shown during the
the application of load and in the case of 24h under load. The loading should be
the 24h sustained load test at the end of repeated the structure should be
the 24h-loaded period after removal of considered to have failed to pass the
the load and after the 24h recovery test if the recovery after the second
period. Sufficient measurements should loading is not at least 75% of the
be taken to enable side effects to be maximum deflection shown during the
taken into account. Temperature and second loading;
weather conditions should be recorded
18.2.5.5 If within 24 h of the removal of
during the test.
the test load for the ultimate limit state
18.2.5 Assessment of Results In as calculated in 18.2.3 a prestressed
assessing the serviceability of a structure concrete structures does not a recovery
or part of a structure following a loading of at least 85% of the maximum
test, the possible effects of variation in deflection shown during the 24h under
temperature and humidity during the load. The loading should be repeated.
period of the test should be considered. The structure should be considered to
have failed to pass the test if the
The following recommendations
recovery after the second loading is not
should be met.
at least 85% of the maximum deflection
18.2.5.1 For reinforced concrete shown during the second loading.
structures, the maximum width of any
18.3 Non-destructive Tests (NDT)
crack measured immediately on
application of the test load for local Additional non destructive tests on the
damage should not be more than two- hardened concrete in the structure as a
thirds of the value for the limit state whole or any finished part of the
requirement given in 10.2.1. For structure where necessary may be
prestressed concrete structures, no carried out to as certain its integrity of
visible cracks should occur under the test strength. Details of few non-destructive
load for local damage. techniques are given in Appendix-F
18.2.5.2. For members spanning
between two supports, the deflection
V-109

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INDIAN RAILWAY STANDARD

CODE OF PRACTICE FOR PLAIN,

(CONCRETE BRIDGE CODE)

6. FALSEWORK AND FORM WORK 20

7. REINFORCEMENT & PRESTRESSING TENDONS 23

8. TRANSPORTATION, PLACEMENT, COMPACTION 31

9. GROUTING OF PRESTRESSING CABLE 38

11. LOADS, LOAD COMBINATIONS AND PARTIAL LOAD FACTORS 40

12. CHARACTERSTIC STRENGTHS AND PARTIAL SAFETY 43

13. ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURE AND SECTION 44

14. PLAIN CONCRETE WALLS 46

15. DESIGN AND DETAILING: REINFORCEMENT CONCRETE 48

17. DESIGN AND DETAILING: PRECAST AND COMPOSITE 98

18. LOAD TESTING 108

TABLE-10 Design crack widths 38

INDIAN RAILWAY STANDARD CODE OF PRACTICE FOR PLAIN, REINFORCED

1. SCOPE Admixture A material other than water,

Camber- The intentional curvature of a Column, Effective Length - The effective

material exhibits a specified limiting At area of reinforcement in a particular

xl smaller center line dimension of a size (Nominal diameter) of bar or

a) 33 Grade Ordinary Portland cement Note: 4 The rate of development of strength

h) Sulphate resistance cement conforming 4.2.1 Size of Aggregate The nominal

accordance with the requirements of 4.5.2 Independent test check on quality of

4.6.3 Coupling units and other similar 5. CONCRETE

fcr is the flexural strength in N/mm2; and TABLE 3 : SHRINKAGE OF POST-

Note : The Ultimate creep strain estimated lightly vee-bee time

ENVIRONMENT EXPOSURE CONDITION

5.4.2 Permeability : iii) Permeability test is required for

TABLE 4(b) : MINIMUM GRADE OF 5.4.6 Total Chloride contents: -

Moderate 350 400 400

Note1: In case of vibrated concrete the 5.6.2 Batching In proportioning concrete,

5.7.4 Re-tempering with Concrete a) Dead load of wet concrete and

6.5 The Tolerances for Finished

6.4.3 The forms should be so constructed 8. Plan dimensions of +75mm

inwards. For aggressive environment,

7.2 Prestressing Tendons 7.2.5.1 All prestressing steel shall be

7.2.4 Jointing 7.2.6.1 General All wires, strands or bars

force, this force shall be determined by test maintained securely to prevent

Property Unit Applicable Temperature Acceptance

Density gm/cc IS2530 23OC 0.94 0.96

manufacturers instructions and tendon shall be stressed

observed for tendons of length smaller irrespective of percentage, shall not be

8.5 Construction Joints: through the walls. Dewatering by

8.6.1 Work in Extreme Weather 8.6.2.3.1 Tremie The concrete

equipped with an approved automatic 8.6.3.3 No construction joints shall be

Min. at 7 Min. at Min. at Note- At least one sample comprising

8.7.5 Standard Deviation 8.7.5.3 Assumed Standard Deviation

a) Concrete of each grade shall be M 45 7.0

n is the number of sample test a) The mean strength determined from

**Surfaces protected against weather. Reinforc Compression 0.75 Not

(a) where minimum specified structures) are load effects associated

2. Inaccurate assessment of the the provisions of 10.3 load combinations

Erection temporary loads (when being ULS - 1.30 1.30 - -

12 CHARACTERISTIC STRENGTHS concrete may be taken from Fig. 3, using

Uniform or 1.33 1.67

dc between the shear centers of the

bc is the breadth of the compression