WRITING GUIDE

Contents

Introduction 3

Criteria for assessing written work 4

General structure of written work for KCM 5

Indicative summary, reading with pen in hand 6

Citing sources 7
1 Why is it important to cite sources? 7
2. What is a quote? 7
3. What is a paraphrase? 7
4. What is plagiarism? 7
5. Why is plagiarism wrong? 7
6. What purposes do footnotes and endnotes serve? 7
7. What to consider when using sources 8
8. Electronic sources 8
9 Bibliographic referencing systems 8
10. The Chicago style 9
10.1 Chicago style: notes and bibliography (variant 1) 9
10.2 Chicago style: shortened references in the text and bibliography 10
(variant 2)
10.3 Title details 12
10.4 Electronic sources 23
10.5 Audiovisual sources
26
10.6 General remarks 28
11. The MLA style 29
11.1 In-text references 29
11.2 How to use the MLA style 29
11.3 Electronic sources 36
11.4 Audiovisual sources, performances and artworks 38
11.5 General remarks 39
12 Figures, tables and illustrations 40
13 Acknowledgements 40

Further sources on writing, research, argumentation and referencing 41

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2
 Introduction

Students who take the Bachelor’s degree programme in Arts, Culture and Media (ACM)
and the Master Arts & Culture graduate with knowledge of the history and theory of the
arts and the function of the arts in society, and with an understanding of how this
knowledge can be put into practice in a societal context. Finally, and importantly, general
academic knowledge and skills are among the learning outcomes of every degree
programme. To a large extent, academic skills determine a student’s ability to successfully
complete a university degree programme. These skills include writing skills, by which we
mean
- writing in correct English and/or Dutch (spelling, grammar and style)
- writing reports
- producing well crafted summaries
- defining problems and formulating an academic argument (argumentation, structure,
etc.).

You will learn most of the skills during the degree programme, in the lectures and teaching
sessions for the various disciplines. In addition to this, it is important for every student to
have a guide to writing skills that provides advice and also establishes the requirements for
written assignments within ACM.
The guide contains assessment criteria for written assignments, general tips for structuring
written work, instructions for general? summaries, information and guidelines on source
references and a list of literature on writing and research. The assumption is that students
are already able to write correct Dutch/English when they begin their degree programme.
The writing guide is designed to be read in conjunction with the compulsory literature for
Year 1: Kirzner and Mandell, The Brief Wadsworth Handbok, Seventh Edition(2013
Boston: Wadsworth). The writing guide will be reviewed and updated every year, and any
necessary additions made. The first writing guide was issued in 2004-2005. In the 2005-
2006 guide, the section on citing sources was amended and more examples and a second
variant of the Chicago style were added. In the second printing of the 2005-2006 guide,
minor changes were made to the section on citing sources. Minor changes were also made
to the 2006-2007 guide. This version of the guide is updated for 2023.

This guide is primarily intended as an aid to students, but also as a guide for lecturers when
assessing writing skills in all forms of written work.

Sandra van Voorst

Marlieke Wilders

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 Criteria for assessing written work

1. Content: treatment of an approach to the subject, appropriate level

2. Argumentation

3. Structure and cohesion (introduction/main text/conclusion,

links between paragraphs and sections)

4. Style, use of language, formulation (style errors, style inconsistencies, colloquial

language, ‘vague’ formulation, sentence construction)

5. Correct English and/or Dutch (spelling, grammar, punctuation)

6. Using and citing sources (material used, how to use the material, referencing)

7. Layout and presentation

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General structure of written work for ACM

1.Title page
[for a thesis/dissertation: title page = cover and separate title page]
- title (and subtitle, where relevant)
- name of author, e-mail address, student card no.
- University of Groningen, name(s) of lecturer(s), lecture block, date

2. Table of contents

3. Introduction
- motivation for research
- definition of the problem
- description of methods and/or corpus

4. Theoretical framework
- depends on the requirements of the course unit

5. Research/ Results
- acknowledgements and treatment of the information
- presenting results
- result-based conclusions

6. Final remarks
- placing results in a theoretical context
- answer to defined problem
- further perspectives

7. Bibliography
- see ‘Citing sources’ in this guide

8. Appendices
- presentation of rough results, other tables, sources used, etc.

General remarks
- for each course unit there are specific requirements for assignments, essays, literature
studies, dossiers, etc.
- presentation, layout and length: consistent lay out that serves readability and intelligibility
of a text.
- always paginate (except title page and appendices)
- length depends on the requirements for the course unit.

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 Indicative summary

 an ordered description of the outline and main points

 in your own words

 at meta level, from the perspective of the reader

 describes what the author has done

 in indirect speech

 indicate the context in which the text can be placed.

Reading with pen in hand

 make a copy and underline important passages

 make notes in the margin

 make notes on the content

 note down criticisms or comments on the content

 note down questions you have about the content

 summarize the publication

[Source: course unit Taalvaardigheid I, Dutch Language and Literature]

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 Citing sources

1. Why is it important to cite sources?

Citing sources is a way of avoiding plagiarism and enhancing reliability. If you cite your
sources, the reader can check the information in your text. You specify the sources in which
you found the information, ideas, paraphrasing and quotes you used, so that the reader can
look up the relevant passages and study them further, if required. This means that you have
to provide not only the title, year and place of publication of a text, but also the relevant
page numbers.

2. What is a quote?
When you insert a passage from a publication into your text, word for word, this is a quote.
Quotes should always be placed between double quotation marks.

3. What is a paraphrase?
Paraphrasing means putting a passage from a publication into your own words.

4. What is plagiarism?
You commit plagiarism when you present someone else’s work as your own. If you quote
or paraphrase passages from someone else’s work without properly citing the source, this
is plagiarism. This includes online material and AI-generated text. A proper source
reference tells the reader that you are using someone else’s words or train of thought, and
indicates precisely where information can be found or verified. You should also cite the
sources if you use ideas, newly introduced terminology or information from other works.
If you do not cite these sources, this is plagiarism.

5. Why is plagiarism wrong?

Plagiarism is a serious offence. It is dishonest and ‘not done’ to present another person’s
work as your own. Independent, creative and analytical thinking, producing critical reports,
responding to other people’s work, and the ability to express oneself clearly in writing are
important academic skills. By committing plagiarism, you deprive yourself of the
opportunity to develop and use these skills. Apart from this, plagiarism can have serious
consequences for your future study career and employment. The Teaching and
Examination Regulations for ACM include a section on plagiarism. Lecturers who discover
or suspect plagiarism are required to report this to the Board of Examiners. The Board may
decide that no mark is to be awarded for the written work in question, and can exclude you
from participation in the study component for a period of up to one year. The Faculty Board
will also be informed that you have committed plagiarism.

6. What purposes do footnotes and endnotes serve?

Bibliographic notes refer to the sources from which you obtained the information for your
text. The reference is placed after the quote, paraphrase or passage that contains
information from another source. Bibliographic references can take the form of footnotes
and/or endnotes.
Explanatory notes contain extra content-related information that is important enough to
mention but would disrupt the flow of the running text. Explanatory notes are used in both

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the Chicago style and the MLA style, which are discussed below. Explanatory notes can
take the form of footnotes and/or endnotes. Footnotes are placed at the bottom of the page.
Endnotes are placed at the end of the text, before the bibliography.

7. What to consider when using sources

In your text, it should be clear which ideas and words are your own, and which ones are
based on a source. You make this clear by providing source references and by mentioning
the name and/or author of a work in the running text. Shortened references and the number
for footnotes and endnotes should be inserted at the end of a sentence whenever possible.
Make sure that the references are spread fairly evenly throughout the text; not at the end of
every sentence, but not just one per page either. As a general guide, place them at the end
of every paragraph and/or when using a different source or source location than in the
previous passage. It must be clear which passage in your text the reference relates to (e.g.
to the last sentence, or the whole of the last paragraph). You can make things clearer by,
for example, stating the author or the title of the work when you introduce information
from the relevant source. Another - less subtle - method is to state in the bibliographic note
to which passage your text in the note relates, if this is not sufficiently clear in the text.

8. Electronic sources
When using sources, you should always assess their quality and reliability. Printed sources
often give sufficient indication of this (author, publisher or publishing body, year, sources),
but this is not always the case with electronic sources. Anyone can set up a website and put
information on it, so you have to be particularly careful about quality and reliability when
you are using internet sources. The following are indications of quality and reliability:
whether the text is on the website of a professional institution or organization, whether the
author or editor is an authority, and whether dates of previous publication (printed or
otherwise) or placing are given. If it is difficult to assess the quality and reliability of an
internet source, or you come to the conclusion that it is probably not very reliable, it is best
not to use it.
On the other hand, internet sources are useful when used in addition to other sources,
particularly when they provide very recent information that has not yet appeared in printed
form. However, a piece of written work that is mostly or entirely based on internet sources
is generally not of an academic standard and does not demonstrate an academic approach.
As with printed sources, references to electronic sources must contain enough information
for the reader to identify and access the source. If not all the information is available,
provide as much as possible. Unlike printed sources, electronic sources are ‘dynamic’
(websites and texts are subject to continual change). It is therefore very important to
provide detailed information about the location of the source and the date on which you
accessed it. When you use an electronic source, it is a good idea to print out the information
you are viewing. In principle, electronic sources should be cited as far as possible in the
same way as printed sources.

9. Bibliographic referencing systems

The ACM department mainly uses two annotation systems, the Chicago style and MLA
style, that are common in ACM disciplines. The MLA style was developed by the Modern
Language Association and is mainly used by literature scholars and linguists. The Chicago
style was developed by the University of Chicago Press and has two variants: a system

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comprising notes and a bibliography, and the ‘author-date’ system, which comprises a
shortened reference in the text and a bibliography. Literature, history and arts disciplines
predominantly use the first variant. In disciplines such as the social sciences, the ‘author-
date’ variant (referred to in this guide as ‘variant 2’) is frequently used. The MLA style and
the two variants of the Chicago style are set out in detail below. It is important to use only
one system or variant in a text, and to use it consistently, although minor variations are
possible and permitted (see the manuals for the two styles).

Note: there are other common reference systems, such as APA and Harvard (both ‘author-
date’ styles) or MHRA (footnoted), not covered in this guide. If you intend to use one of
these, ask your instructor for permission and make sure to consult a style guide.

10. The Chicago style

10.1 Chicago style: notes and bibliography (variant 1)

This variant of the Chicago style consists of footnotes or endnotes and an alphabetical
bibliography. In works without a bibliography, or with a concise bibliography, the note
referring to a particular source for the first time must contain all the title details. Subsequent
references to a source can take the form of a shortened reference. If a work includes a
bibliography with the title details of all works referred to in the notes, the first and
subsequent notes referring to a particular source can take the form of a shortened reference
(see 10.1.2). As a rule, all pieces of written work for ACM include a full bibliography.

10.1.1 How to use the Chicago style: variant 1

Example 1:
You insert a quote in your text.

“Kunst levert voor de consumenten echter iets op wat ze niet op andere wijze kunnen
ervaren.”¹

1. Miranda Boorsma, Marketing van theater en andere kunsten. Vergroting van

publieksdeelname in theorie en praktijk (Amsterdam: Boekmanstudies, 1998), 24.

Put the full title in the bibliography (see 10.3), as for the examples below.

Example 2:
Melis observes that 013 has acquired a decorative aspect; an unusual phenomenon in the
oeuvre of Benthem Crouwel.³

3. Liesbeth Melis, “Icoon van de popcultuur. 013 van Benthem Crouwel in Tilburg,” De Architect,
January 1989, 50.

If you have taken something from a particular passage, always give the relevant page
number(s) in the related notes. When you refer to a work as a whole, you do not need to
give page numbers.

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Example 3:
Wiles devoted an entire book to the history of performance space.

4. David Wiles, A short history of western performance space (Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press, 2003).

10.1.2 Shortened references in a note (variant 1)

The basis of the shortened form is the author’s surname and the title of the work. The title
is shortened if it is longer than four words. If there are more than three authors, the name
of the first author (as stated on the title page of the work) is given, followed by et al.
Abbreviations such as ed. and trans. are not included in shortened references.

Book

author [surname], shortened title, page.

5. Boorsma, Marketing van theater, 10.

6. Frascina et al., Modernity and Modernism, 135.

Journal

author [surname], shortened title, page.

7. Heinich, “Let us try,” 202.

or
7. Heinich, Boekmancahier 14: 201.

For subsequent references to the same work, use the abbreviation ibid. (from Ibidem). Ibid.
replaces the name of the author, the title of the work and other details of the source that are
identical. A reference for the same source as the previous note, but with a different page
number, looks like this:

8. ibid., 201.

10.1.3 Differences between the titles in the notes and bibliography (variant 1)
In a note:
*the first name is placed before the surname in the title.
*the place of publication, publisher and year of publication are placed between brackets.
*the details are separated by commas instead of full stops. N.B. There is no comma between
the title and the details in brackets.

10.2 Chicago style: shortened in-text references and a bibliography (variant 2)

This variant of the Chicago style consists of a shortened reference in the text and an
alphabetical bibliography. The shortened reference in the text is as follows: (Author
[surname] year of publication, page number). Note that there is no comma between the
author and year of publication, but there is one between the year of publication and the

10
page number. The full title details are given in the bibliography. In a bibliography
according to this variant, the year of publication comes directly after the author’s name.
This variant can be used when it is easy to use shortened references for all (or almost all)
of the sources. If this is not so (e.g. in the case of anonymous sources), it is better to use
the first variant of the Chicago style.

Chicago style variant 2, also known as Chicago Author-Date referencing style, is the
required reference style in the APCE track.

10.2.1 How to use the Chicago style: variant 2

Example 1:
You insert a quote in your text.

“Kunst levert voor de consumenten echter iets op wat ze niet op andere wijze kunnen
ervaren” (Boorsma 1998, 24).

Put the full title details in the bibliography (see 10.3), as in the examples below.

If the author’s name is mentioned in the running text, you do not need to include it in the
shortened reference.

Example 2:
Melis (1989, 50) observes that 013 has acquired a decorative aspect; an unusual
phenomenon in the oeuvre of Benthem Crouwel.

If you have taken something from a particular passage, the shortened reference must
include the relevant page number(s). When you refer to a work as a whole, you do not need
to give page numbers.

Example 3:
Wiles (2003) devoted an entire book to the history of performance space.

10.2.2. If a particular paragraph in your text includes more than one quote from the same
page of a source, you need only provide one reference. This should be in brackets, after the
final quote.
10.2.3 If the bibliography includes more than one work by a particular author, and they
were published in the same year, a lower-case a, b, c, etc. should be added in the
bibliography and the shortened in-text reference, in order to distinguish between the works:
(Boorsma 1998a, 87).
10.2.4 If the bibliography includes works by authors with the same surname, the initial (or
first name, if necessary) is given in order to distinguish between them: (M. Boorsma, 87).
10.2.5 If you want to refer to more than one source for a passage, place the references one
after the other and separate them with a [ ; ] : (Fields 1982; Eagleton 1991; Scott 1991).

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10.2.6 If you are citing more than one work by the same author, after the first reference
you only need to state the date and, if relevant, the page number: (Schoenmakers 1983,
1992, 50; Zonneveld 1993, 1994a, 1994b).

10.3 Title details

variant 1: footnote or endnote and an alphabetical bibliography
variant 2: reference in the text, and an alphabetical bibliography

10.3.1 Book
Variant 1
note:
Author [first name surname], Title (place: publisher, year of publication), page.

Hans van Maanen, Het Nederlandse toneelbestel van 1945 tot 1995 (Amsterdam: Amsterdam
University Press, 1997), 99.

bibliography:
Author [surname, first name]. Title. place: publisher, year of publication.

Maanen, Hans van. Het Nederlandse toneelbestel van 1945 tot 1995. Amsterdam: Amsterdam
University Press, 1997.

Variant 2
in-text reference:
(Author [surname] year of publication, page number)

(Van Maanen 1997, 99)

bibliography:
Author [surname, first name]. year of publication. Title. place: publisher.

Maanen, Hans van. 1997. Het Nederlandse toneelbestel van 1945 tot 1995. Amsterdam: AUP.

10.3.2 Book by two or three authors

Give the names of the authors in the same order as they appear on the title page, even if
this is not alphabetical.

Variant 1
note:
Author [first name surname] and Author [first name surname],

Larry Starr and Christopher Waterman, American Popular Music. From Ministrelsy to MTV
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), 10.

bibliography:
Author [surname, first name], and Author [first name surname].

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Starr, Larry, and Christopher Waterman. American Popular Music. From Ministrelsy to MTV.
Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.

Variant 2
in-text reference:
(Author [surname] and Author [surname] publication year, page number)

(Starr and Waterman 2003, 10)

bibliography:
Author [surname, initials], and Author [initials surname].

Starr, Larry, and Christopher Waterman. 2003. American Popular Music. From Ministrelsy to
MTV. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.

10.3.3 More than three authors

If there are multiple authors (four to ten) the note (variant 1) or in-text reference (variant
2) contains only the name of the first author, followed by [et al.]. In the bibliography, all
names are given in the same order in which they appear on the title page.

Variant 1
note:
Author [first name surname] et al.,

Francis Frascina et al., Modernity and Modernism. French Painting in the Nineteenth Century
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993), 80.

Bibliography:
Author [surname, first name], author [first name surname], author [first name surname],
author [first name surname].

Frascina, Francis, Nigel Blake, Briony Fer, Tamar Garb and Charles Harrison. Modernity and
Modernism. French Painting in the Nineteenth Century. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993.

Variant 2
in-text reference:
(Author [surname] et al. year of publication, page number)

(Frascina et al. 1993, 80)

bibliography:
Author [surname, first name], Author [first name surname], Author [first name surname],
Author [first name surname], and Author [first name surname]. year of publication.

Frascina, Francis, Nigel Blake, Briony Fer, Tamar Garb and Charles Harrison. 1993. Modernity
and Modernism. French Painting in the Nineteenth Century. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press.

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10.3.4 Editor(s), translator(s) or compiler(s) instead of an author
Some works have an editor, translator or compiler instead of an author. The name is
followed, respectively, by the abbreviations [ed.], [comp.] or [trans.]. These abbreviations
are omitted in shortened notes (variant 1, see 10.1.2) and in-text references (variant 2).

Variant 1
note:
Editor [first name surname], ed.,

J. Russell Brown, ed., The Oxford Illustrated History of Theatre (Oxford: Oxford University Press,
1995), 220-22.

bibliography:
Author [surname, first name], ed.

Brown, J. Russell, ed. The Oxford Illustrated History of Theatre. Oxford: Oxford University Press,
1995.

Variant 2
in-text reference:
(Author [surname] year of publication, page number)

(Brown 1995, 220-22).

bibliography:
Author [surname, first name], ed. year of publication.

Brown, J. Russell, ed. 1995. The Oxford Illustrated History of Theatre. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.

10.3.5 Editor(s), translator(s) or compiler(s) in addition to an author.

The name of the editor, translator or compiler comes after the title. In a bibliography
according to variant 1, this is preceded by, respectively, [edited by], [translated by] or
[compiled by]. In notes (variant 1) and a bibliography according to variant 2, only the
abbreviation is given. This information is omitted from references in the text (variant 2).

Variant 1
note:
Author [first name surname], Title, trans. name of translator [first name surname]

Dante Alighieri, De Hel. uit De goddelijke komedie, trans. Frans van Doorn, 2nd printing
(Amsterdam: Flamingo, 2000), 60.

bibliography:
Author [surname, first name]. Title. Translated by name of translator [first name surname].

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Alighieri, Dante. De Hel. uit De goddelijke komedie. Translated by Frans van Doorn. 2nd printing.
Amsterdam: Flamingo, 2000.

Variant 2
in-text reference:
(Author [surname] year of publication, page number)

(Alighieri 2000, 60).

bibliography:
Author [surname, first name]. year of publication. Title. Trans. name of translator [first
name surname].

Alighieri, Dante. 2000. De Hel. uit De goddelijke komedie. Trans. Frans van Doorn. 2nd printing.
Amsterdam: Flamingo.

10.3.6 An anonymous work/catalogue

If a work does not have a known author or editor, it is listed by the title. The bibliography
entry begins with the first word of the title, omitting the definite or indefinite article. You
can also list the work as [Anonymous]. This is essential for variant 2.

Variant 1
note:
Title (place: publisher [if known], publication year).

Stanze in lode della donna brutta (Florence, 1547).

bibliography:
Title. place: publisher [if known], publication year.

Stanze in lode della donna brutta. Florence, 1547.

Variant 2
in-text reference:
(Anon. year of publication, page number)

(Anon. 1547)

bibliography:
Anon. year of publication. Title. place: publisher [if known].

Anon. 1547. Stanze in lode della donna brutta. Florence.

A museum/exhibition catalogue is often an anonymous work. It is indicated by including

‘exhibition catalogue’ in the reference.

Variant 1
note:

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Title, exhibition catalogue (place: museum, year of publication),

Brugge en de Renaissance. Van Memling tot Pourbus, exhibition catalogue. (Bruges:

Memlingmuseum-Oud Sint-Janshospitaal, 1998), 260.

bibliography:
Title, exhibition catalogue. place: museum, year of publication.

Brugge en de Renaissance. Van Memling tot Pourbus, exhibition catalogue. Bruges:

Memlingmuseum-Oud Sint-Janshospitaal, 1998.

Variant 2
in-text reference:
(Anon. year of publication, page number)

(Anon. 1998, 260)

bibliography:
Anon. year of publication. Title, exhibition catalogue. place: museum.

Anon. 1998. Brugge en de Renaissance. Van Memling tot Pourbus, exhibition catalogue. Bruges:
Memlingmuseum-Oud Sint-Janshospitaal.

10.3.7 Works with a ‘corporate author’

(institution, foundation, government body)
In the case of works by ‘corporate authors’, the bibliography entry begins with the
publishing body.

Variant 1
note:
corporate author, Title

Ministry of Education, Culture and Science, Cultuur als confrontatie. Cultuurnota 2001-2004 (The
Hague: Sdu, 2000), 42-43.

bibliography:
corporate author. Title.

Ministry of Education, Culture and Science. Cultuur als confrontatie. Cultuurnota 2001-2004. The
Hague: Sdu, 2000.

Variant 2
in-text reference:
(corporate author year of publication, page number)

(Ministry of Education, Culture and Science 2000, 42-43)

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bibliography:
corporate author. year of publication.

Ministry of Education, Culture and Science. 2000. Cultuur als confrontatie. Cultuurnota 2001-
2004. The Hague: Sdu.

10.3.8 Contributions to collections of works

(books consisting of various independent articles or chapters;
collected works, anthologies, conference proceedings)

Variant 1
note:
Author of the contribution [first name surname], “Title of the contribution,” in Title of the
full work, ed. editor’s name [first name surname] (place: publisher, year), page number.

W. Knulst, “Sociale cultuurspreiding: voorgeschiedenis, uitwerking en resultaten van een ideaal,”

in Kunstbeleid: een inleiding, ed. Hans van Maanen (Groningen: Taakgroep Theaterwetenschap
RuG, 1985), 79.

bibliography:
Author of the contribution [surname, first name]. “Title of the contribution.” In Title of the
full work. Edited by editor’s name [first name surname], numbers of first and last pages of
the contribution. place: publisher, year.

Knulst, W. “Sociale cultuurspreiding: voorgeschiedenis, uitwerking en resultaten van een ideaal.”

In Kunstbeleid: een inleiding. Edited by Hans van Maanen, 78-97. Groningen: Taakgroep
Theaterwetenschap RuG, 1985.

Variant 2
in-text reference:
(Author [surname] year of publication, page number)

(Knulst 1985, 79)

bibliography:
Author of the contribution [surname, first name]. year of publication. Title of the
contribution. In Title of the full work. Ed. editor’s name [first name surname], numbers of
first and last pages of the contribution. place: publisher.

Knulst, W. 1985. Sociale cultuurspreiding: voorgeschiedenis, uitwerking en resultaten van een

ideaal. In Kunstbeleid: een inleiding. Ed. Hans van Maanen, 78-97. Groningen: Taakgroep
Theaterwetenschap RuG.

10.3.9 Second or later edition/printing

If the number of the edition is not given on the copyright page of a book, it is probably a
first edition. In the case of later editions or printings, the number of the edition/printing is
given after the title or, where relevant, after the name of the editor, translator or compiler.

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 Variant 1
note:
Author [first name surname], Title, Dr.

Roel Pots, Cultuur, koningen en democraten. Overheid & cultuur in Nederland. 2nd printing.
(Nijmegen: SUN, 2002), 345.

bibliography:
Author [surname, first name]. Title. Dr.

Pots, Roel. Cultuur, koningen en democraten. Overheid & cultuur in Nederland. 2nd printing.
Nijmegen: SUN, 2002.

Variant 2
in-text reference:
(Author [surname] year of publication, page number)

(Pots 2002, 345)

bibliography:
Author [surname, first name]. year of publication. Title. Dr. place: publisher.

Pots, Roel. 2002. Cultuur, koningen en democraten. Overheid & cultuur in Nederland. 2nd
printing. Nijmegen: SUN

10.3.10 Multi-volume works

In a reference relating to a full work (usually only in a bibliography), the number of
volumes is given after the title, or after the name of the editor/translator/compiler and after
the number of the edition/printing.

Variant 1
bibliography:
Author [surname, first name]. Title. ed. vols.

Hauser, Arnold. The Social History of Art. 3rd ed. 4 vols. London: Routledge, 1999.

Variant 2

bibliography:
Author [surname, first name]. year of publication. Title. ed. vols.

Hauser, Arnold. 1999. The Social History of Art. 3rd ed. 4 vols. London: Routledge.

If the reference relates to a specific volume number, only this volume number is included
and, if present, the title of the individual volume. This can be given in a note, to refer to a
specific passage in a particular volume number, or in the bibliography if that volume
number is the only one that has been consulted.

18
 Variant 1
note:
Author [first name surname], Title, ed. Vol. volume number, Volume title.

Arnold Hauser, The Social History of Art, 3rd ed. Vol. 2, Renaissance, Mannerism, Baroque
(London: Routledge, 1999), 54.

bibliography:
Author. Title. ed. Vol. volume number, Volume title

Hauser, Arnold. The Social History of Art. 3rd ed. Vol. 2, Renaissance, Mannerism, Baroque.
London: Routledge, 1999.

Variant 2
in-text reference:
(Author [surname] year of publication, volume number:page number)

(Hauser 1999, 2:54)

bibliography:
Author [surname, first name]. year of publication. Title. ed. Vol. Volume number, Volume
title.

Hauser, Arnold. 1999. The Social History of Art. 3rd ed. Vol. 2, Renaissance, Mannerism,
Baroque. London: Routledge.

10.3.11 Series
If the title page or copyright page states that the book is part of a series, the series name
and series number (if stated) should be given after the title. There is no comma or full stop
between the series name and series number. In the bibliography, there should be a full stop
after the series number. The series name and series number are omitted from in-text
references (variant 2).

Variant 1
note:
Author [surname, first name], Title, series name series number [if present]

A.G. Harryvan, J. van der Harst and S. van Voorst, eds., Voor Nederland en Europa. Politici en
ambtenaren over het Nederlandse Europabeleid en de Europese integratie, 1945-1975,
Horizonreeks (Amsterdam: Boom, 2001), 31.

bibliography:
Author [surname, first name]. Title. series name series number [if present]

Harryvan, A.G., J. van der Harst and S. van Voorst, ed. Voor Nederland en Europa. Politici en
ambtenaren over het Nederlandse Europabeleid en de Europese integratie, 1945-1975.
Horizonreeks. Amsterdam: Boom, 2001.

19
 Variant 2
in-text reference:
(Author [surname] year of publication, page number)

(Harryvan, Van der Harst and Van Voorst 2001, 31)

bibliography:
Author [surname, first name]. year of publication. Title. series name series number. [if
present]

Harryvan, A.G., J. van der Harst and S. van Voorst, ed. 2001. Voor Nederland en Europa. Politici
en ambtenaren over het Nederlandse Europabeleid en de Europese integratie, 1945-1975.
Horizonreeks. Amsterdam: Boom.

10.3.12 Article in a journal that is published less than once a month.

Most journals give a volume, issue number, month and year. Although not all these details
are needed to find a particular article, the preference in the Chicago style is to give as much
information as possible. In some cases, certain details may be omitted (e.g. issue numbers
in the case of journals with consecutive page numbering in the individual volumes). The
issue number can also be omitted if a month/season is given in addition to the year. An
alternative is to state only the issue number and omit the month/season.

Variant 1
note:
Author [first name, surname], “Title of article,” Name of the journal volume, issue number
(month year): page.

Nathalie Heinich, “Let us try to understand each other: Reply to Crane, Laermans, Marontate and
Schinkel,” Boekmancahier 14, no. 52 (June 2002): 201.

bibliography:
Author of the article [surname, first name]. “Title of article.” Name of the journal volume,
issue number (month year): numbers of the first and last pages of the article.

Heinich, Nathalie. “Let us try to understand each other: Reply to Crane, Laermans, Marontate and
Schinkel.” Boekmancahier 14, no. 52 (June 2002): 200-207.

Variant 2
in-text reference:
(Author [surname] year of publication, page number)

(Heinich 2002, 201)

bibliography:
Author of the article [surname, first name]. publication year. Title of article. Name of the
journal volume (issue number): numbers of the first and last pages of the article.

20
 Heinich, Nathalie. 2002. Let us try to understand each other: Reply to Crane, Laermans, Marontate
and Schinkel. Boekmancahier 14 (52): 200-207.

10.3.13 Article in a journal published monthly or more frequently.

A volume or issue number is not given, only the precise date. The date and page number(s)
are separated by a comma.

Variant 1
note:
Author [first name surname], “Title of article,” Name of the journal , month year, page.

Liesbeth Melis, “Icoon van de popcultuur. 013 van Benthem Crouwel in Tilburg,” De Architect,
January 1989, 50.

bibliography:
Author [surname, first name]. “Title of article.” Name of the journal, month year, numbers
of the first and last pages of the article.

Melis, Liesbeth. “Icoon van de popcultuur. 013 van Benthem Crouwel in Tilburg.” De Architect,
January 1989, 50-53.

Variant 2
in-text reference:
(Author [surname] year of publication, page number)

(Melis 1989, 50)

bibliography:
Author [surname, first name]. publication year. Title of article. Name of the journal, month,
numbers of the first and last pages of the article.

Melis, Liesbeth. 1989. Icoon van de popcultuur. 013 van Benthem Crouwel in Tilburg. De
Architect, January, 50-53.

10.3.14 Newspaper article

Variant 1
note:
Author [first name surname], “Title of the article,” Name of the newspaper, date, year,
section.

Jean Pierre Geelen, “Het ultieme boekenprogramma,” de Volkskrant, 6 September, 2003, Media.

bibliography:
Author [surname, first name]. “Title of the article.” Name of newspaper, date, year, section.

21
Geelen, Jean Pierre. “Het ultieme boekenprogramma.” de Volkskrant, 6 September, 2003, Media.

Variant 2
reference in the text:
(Name of the newspaper, date, year)

(de Volkskrant, 6 September, 2003)

bibliography:
Author [surname, first name]. publication year. “Title of the article.” Name of the
newspaper, date, section.

Geelen, Jean Pierre. 2003. “Het ultieme boekenprogramma.” de Volkskrant, 6 Sept., Media.

10.3.15 Review of a written work

Variant 1
note:
Reviewer [first name surname], “Title of review,”[if present] review of Title of reviewed
work, by Author, Name of newspaper, date, year, section.

Rutger Pontzen, “De personificatie van voorspoed en doorzettingsvermogen,” review of American

Gothic. A life of America’s Most Famous Painting, by Steven Biel, De Volkskrant, 18 August,
2005, Kunst & Cicero.

bibliography:
Reviewer [surname, first name]. “Title of review.” [if present] Review of Title of reviewed
work, by Author. Name of newspaper, date, year, section.

Pontzen, Rutger. “De personificatie van voorspoed en doorzettingsvermogen.” Review of

American Gothic. A life of America’s Most Famous Painting, by Steven Biel. De Volkskrant, 18
August, Kunst & Cicero.

Variant 2
reference in the text:
(Name of the newspaper, date)

(de Volkskrant, 18 August, 2005)

bibliography:
Reviewer [surname, first name]. year. “Title of review.” [if present] Review of Title of the
reviewed work, by Author. Name of newspaper, date, year, section.

Pontzen, Rutger. 2005. “De personificatie van voorspoed en doorzettingsvermogen.” Review of

American Gothic. A life of America’s Most Famous Painting, by Steven Biel. De Volkskrant, 18
Aug., Kunst & Cicero.

10.3.16 Review of a performance, etc.

22
 Variant 1
note:
Reviewer [first name surname], “Title of review,” [if present] review of Title of the
reviewed work, by Name of artist(s), location and date, Name of the newspaper, date, year,
section.

Floris Langen, “Een afschrikwekkend Hans en Grietje,” review of Licked, by Faulty Optic Theatre
of Animation, Noorderzon, Groningen, 18 August 2005, Dagblad van het Noorden, 19 August,
2005, Noorderzon.

bibliography:
Reviewer [surname, first name]. “Title of review.” [if present] Review of Title of the
reviewed work, by name of artist(s), location and date. Name of newspaper, date, year,
section.

Langen, Floris. “Een afschrikwekkend Hans en Grietje.” Review of Licked, by Faulty Optic Theatre
of Animation, Noorderzon, Groningen, 18 August, 2005. Dagblad van het Noorden, 19 August,
2005, Noorderzon.

Variant 2
in-text reference:
(Name of the newspaper, date)

(Dagblad van het Noorden, 19 August, 2005)

bibliography:
Reviewer [surname, first name]. year. “Title of review.” [if present] Review of Title of the
reviewed work, by name of artist(s), location and date. Name of the newspaper, date, year,
section.

Langen, Floris. 2005. “Een afschrikwekkend Hans en Grietje.” Review of Licked, by Faulty Optic
Theatre of Animation, Noorderzon, Groningen, 18 Aug. 2005. Dagblad van het Noorden, 19 Aug.,
Noorderzon.

10.4 Electronic sources

Because electronic sources are ‘dynamic’ (websites and texts are continually updated or
revised), it is very important to provide detailed information about the location of the
source and the date on which you accessed it. If not all the information is available, provide
as much as possible. Certain texts published online (e.g. journal articles) are not revised or
updated, and in such cases it is not necessary to give the date on which you accessed the
text. Some sources have a unique code allocated by the publisher: a DOI (digital object
identifier.

10.4.1 Website
Variant 1
note:
Editor [first name, surname], “Title of the page,” Title of the site, date and year of
publication on the internet or date of last modification, URL (date accessed).

23
Mark van der Net, Gertjan Luijten and Sjaak Jansen, ed., Dans Maar, 2003-2004,
http://www.dansmaar.org/ (accessed on 1 August 2005).

bibliography:
Editor [surname, first name]. “Title of the page.” Title of the site. date and year of
publication on the internet or date of last modification. URL (date accessed).

Net, Mark van der, Gertjan Luijten and Sjaak Jansen, eds. Dans Maar. 2003-2004.
http://www.dansmaar.org/ (accessed on 1 August 2005).

Variant 2
reference in the text:
(Editor [surname] date of publication)

(Van der Net, Luijten and Jansen 2003-2004)

bibliography:
Editor [surname, first name]. year. “Title of the page.” Title of the site. date of publication
on the internet or date of last modification. URL (date accessed).

Net, Mark van der, Gertjan Luijten and Sjaak Jansen, eds. 2003-2004. Dans Maar.
http://www.dansmaar.org/ (accessed on 1 Aug. 2005).

10.4.2 Personal home page

Variant 1
note:
Authors [first name surname], “Home page,” date and year of publication on the internet
or date of last modification, URL (date of access).

R.W. de Vries, “Home page,” 18 November 2004,

http://www.bdk.rug.nl/medewerkers/r.w.de.vries/ (accessed on 2 August 2005).

bibliography:
Author [surname, first name]. “Home page.” date and year of publication on the internet
or date of last modification. URL (date accessed).

Vries, R.W. de. “Home page.” 18 November 2004. http://www.bdk.rug.nl/medewerkers/

r.w.de.vries/ (accessed on 2 August 2005).

Variant 2
reference in the text:
(Author [surname] date of publication)

(De Vries 2004)

bibliography

24
Author [surname, first name]. year. “Home page.” date of publication on the internet or
date of last modification. URL (date accessed).

Vries, R.W. de. 2004. “Home page.” 18 Nov. http://www.bdk.rug.nl/medewerkers/

r.w.de.vries/ (accessed on 2 Aug. 2005).

10.4.3 Home page of an organization

If the author is unknown, the organization can be given as the author.

Variant 1
note:
Author, “Title of the page,” Title of the site, date of publication on the internet or date of
last modification, URL (date accessed).

University of Groningen, “Onderwijs moet prikkelen,” Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, 22 September

2004, http://www.rug.nl/corporate/onderwijs/index (accessed on 1 August 2005).

bibliography:
Author. “Title of the page.” Title of the site. date of publication on the internet or date of
last modification. URL (date accessed).

University of Groningen. “Onderwijs moet prikkelen.” Rijksuniversiteit Groningen. 22 September

2004. http://www.rug.nl/corporate/onderwijs/index (accessed on 1 August 2005).

Variant 2
in-text reference:
(Author date of publication)

(University of Groningen, 2005)

bibliography:
Author. year. “Title of the page.” Title of the site. date of publication on the internet or date
of last modification. URL (date accessed).

University of Groningen. 2004. “Onderwijs moet prikkelen.” Rijksuniversiteit Groningen.

22 Sep. http://www.rug.nl/corporate/onderwijs/index (accessed on 1 Aug. 2005).

10.4.4 Work from an online research report

Variant 1
note:
Author of the contribution [first name surname], “Title of the contribution,” in Title of the
full work, ed. editor’s name [first name surname], series name series number (place:
publisher, year), page number, <URL>.

Margriet van der Waal, “‘Deeply Racist, Superior and Patronising’: The Story of the Stories
Children Were Supposed to Read at School,” in Experience and Identity in Recent South African

25
Literature. Proceeds of an International Colloquium, organised by the Department of English,
University of Groningen, The Netherlands 10 January 2003, ed. Margriet van der Waal and
Helen Wilcox, The CDS Research Report series 22 (Groningen: Centre for Development Studies,
2004), 31, http://www.ub.rug.nl/eldoc/cds/200422/200422.pdf.

bibliography:
Author of the contribution [surname, first name]. “Title of the contribution.” In Title of the
full work. Edited by editor’s name [first name surname], numbers of first and last pages of
the contribution. Series name series number. place: publisher, year. URL.

Waal, Margriet van der. “‘Deeply Racist, Superior and Patronising’: The Story of the Stories
Children Were Supposed to Read at School.” In Experience and Identity in Recent South African
Literature. Proceeds of an International Colloquium, organised by the Department of English,
University of Groningen, The Netherlands 10 January 2003. Edited by Margriet van der Waal
and Helen Wilcox, 31-47. The CDS Research Report series 22. Groningen: Centre for
Development Studies, 2004. http://www.ub.rug.nl/eldoc/cds/200422/200422.pdf.

Variant 2
reference in the text:
(Author [surname] publication year, page number)

(van der Waal 2004, 31)

bibliography:
Author of the contribution [surname, first name]. publication year. Title of the contribution.
In Title of the full work. Ed. editor’s name [first name surname], numbers of first and last
pages of the contribution. series name series number. place: publisher. URL.

Waal, Margriet van der. 2004. “‘Deeply Racist, Superior and Patronising’: The Story of the
Stories Children Were Supposed to Read at School. In Experience and Identity in Recent South
African Literature. Proceeds of an International Colloquium, organised by the Department of
English, University of Groningen, The Netherlands 10 January 2003. Edited by Margriet van der
Waal and Helen Wilcox, 31-47. The CDS Research Report series 22. Groningen: Centre for
Development Studies. http://www.ub.rug.nl/eldoc/cds/200422/200422.pdf.

10.4.5 Electronic edition of an earlier work

Variant 1
note:
Author [first name surname], Title (place: publisher, year of publication; name of site, year
of electronic publication), page number, URL.

Herman Heijermans, Op hoop van zegen. Spel van de zee in vier bedrijven (Amsterdam: S.L. van
Looy, 1901; Digitale bibliotheek voor de Nederlandse letteren, 2003), 16,
http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/heij011opho01/.

Bibliography:
Author [surname, first name]. Title. place: publisher, year of publication. extra publication
details. name of site, year of electronic publication. URL.

26
Herman Heijermans. Op hoop van zegen. Spel van de zee in vier bedrijven. Amsterdam: S.L. van
Looy, 1901. With an introduction and acknowledgements by Hans van den Bergh. Digitale
bibliotheek voor de Nederlandse letteren, 2003. http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/heij011opho01/.

Variant 2
in-text reference:
(Author [surname] year of first publication year of electronic publication, page number)

(Heijermans [1901] 2003, 16)

bibliography:
Author [surname, first name]. year of publication. Title. place: publisher. Name of site.
Extra publication details, year of electronic publication. URL.

Heijermans, Herman. 1901. Op hoop van zegen. Spel van de zee in vier bedrijven. Amsterdam: S.L.
van Looy. With an introduction and acknowledgements by Hans van den Bergh. Digitale bibliotheek
voor de Nederlandse letteren, 2003. http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/heij011opho01/.

10.4.6 Article in an online journal

Variant 1
note:
Author [first name surname], “Title of article,” Name of the journal volume, issue
number (year): page, DOI:, URL.

Fiona Handyside, “Beyond Hollywood, into Europe: The tourist gaze in Gentlemen Prefer Blondes
(Hawks, 1953) and Funny Face (Donen, 1957),” Studies in European Cinema 1, no. 2 (2004): 86,
DOI: 10.1386/seci.1.2.77/0, http://search.epnet.com/.

bibliography:
Author [surname, first name]. “Title of article.” Name of the journal volume, issue
number (year): numbers of the first and last pages of the article. DOI:. URL.

Handyside, Fiona. “Beyond Hollywood, into Europe: The tourist gaze in Gentlemen Prefer Blondes
(Hawks, 1953) and Funny Face (Donen, 1957).” Studies in European Cinema 1, no. 2 (2004): 77-
89. DOI: 10.1386/seci.1.2.77/0. http://search.epnet.com/.

Variant 2
in-text reference:
(Author [surname] publication year, page number)

(Handyside 2004, 86)

bibliography:
Author of the article [surname, first name]. publication year. Title of article. Name of the
journal volume, (issue number): numbers of the first and last pages of the article. DOI:.
URL (accessed on date).

27
Handyside, Fiona. 2004. Beyond Hollywood, into Europe: The tourist gaze in Gentlemen Prefer
Blondes (Hawks, 1953) and Funny Face (Donen, 1957). Studies in European Cinema 1, (2): 77-
89. DOI: 10.1386/seci.1.2.77/0. http://search.epnet.com/.

10.5 Audiovisual sources

In the case of audiovisual sources, variant 1 is preferred in the Chicago style. Variant 2 is
considered unsuitable for audiovisual sources. If you use variant 2 in your work, you can
name the audiovisual source in the running text. Audiovisual sources should be listed in a
separate section in the bibliography. Examples of title details in a variant-1 bibliography
are shown below.

10.5.1 Film, DVD, CD-ROM or video recording

Give the medium after the title.

Cleese, John, Terry Gilliam, Eric Idle, Terry Jones and Michael Palin. “Commentaries.” Disc 2.
Monty Python and the Holy Grail, special ed. DVD. Directed by Terry Gilliam and Terry Jones.
Culver City, CA: Columbia Tristar Home Entertainment, 2001.

Gemeente Nijmegen, ed. Nijmegen vernieuwt Hart. CD-ROM. Nijmegen: Villa 33 and Deel 2,
2000.

10.5.2 Sound recording

The required emphasis determines which person (e.g. the composer or conductor) is named
first. Titles of recordings are in italics, and the medium is given. Titles of compositions
(including musical form, opus number and key) are italicized. Source references for sheet
music are the same as for a book.

Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus. Le nozze di Figaro. Vienna Philharmonic. Riccardo Muti. With
Thomas Allen, Margaret Price, Jorma Hynninen, Ann Murray, Kurt Rydl and the
Konzertvereinigung Wiener Staatsopernchor. 1987, EMI. (3 compact discs).

Tchaikovsky. Swan Lake, op. 20 and Sleeping Beauty, op. 66. The Philadelphia Orchestra. Riccardo
Muti. 1992, EMI. (Compact disc).

10.6 General remarks

10.6.1 Authors’ titles (e.g. Dr, BA) are omitted.
10.6.2 The subtitle follows the main title, separated by [:] or [.].
10.6.3 If more than one place is given on the copyright page, only the first one is included
in references.
10.6.4 Foreign place names should be translated into Dutch/English.
10.6.5 If more than one publisher is named on the copyright sheet (not various offices of
the same publisher) only one of the publishers needs to be given.
10.6.6 The name of the publisher may be shortened, particularly in a variant-2
bibliography, and also in variant 1 if necessary.
10.6.7 If a publisher, place or year of publication is not given on the copyright page or in
the colophon, provide as much information as possible. Brackets are used to indicate that
the information is not from the source itself. Example: (Amsterdam): Amsterdam UP,
1992.

28
10.6.8 In variant 1, months are not abbreviated. In a variant-2 bibliography, they are
shortened.
10.6.9 The following abbreviations can be used if information is not available:
s.l. (sine loco: without place)
s.a. (sine anno: without year)

11. The MLA style

The MLA style consists of short in-text source references, linked to an alphabetized
bibliography at the end of the work. The principle is that the in-text references must contain
only the minimum of information needed to find the full title details in the bibliography.
The basis for in-text references is as follows: (author [surname] page number). N.B. There
is no comma between the author and page number.

Example 1: “Kunst levert voor de consumenten echter iets op wat ze niet op andere wijze
kunnen ervaren” (Boorsma 24).

If the author is named in the text, the following information is sufficient: (page):

Example 2: Boorsma identifies three art-specific functions (10).

If you have taken something from a particular passage, always give the relevant page
number(s). When you refer to a work as a whole, you do not need to give page numbers.
In such cases it is usual to name the author in the running text. Because page numbers are
not required, it is not necessary to insert a shortened reference between brackets. Ensure
that the source is included in the bibliography.

Example 3: Wiles devoted an entire book to the history of performance space.

If a particular paragraph in your text includes more than one quote from the same page of
a source, you need only provide one reference. This should be in brackets, after the final
quote.

11.1 In-text references

11.1.1 If the bibliography includes more than one work by the same author, a shortened
title is given in italics: (Boorsma, Marketing 87).
11.1.2 If the bibliography includes works by authors with the same surname, the initial (or
first name, if necessary) is given in order to distinguish between them: (M. Boorsma 87).
11.1.3 When sources are published by a ‘corporate author’, the related entry in the
bibliography begins with the publishing body. The name of the body is given in place of
the author’s name: (Ministry of Education, Culture and Science 3).
11.1.4 If sources do not have an obvious author, or have no author, the related entries in
the bibliography begin with the title (e.g. CD-ROMs, websites, certain newspaper articles).
In the shortened reference, the title is given instead of the author.
11.1.5 If you want to refer to more than one source for a passage, place the references one
after the other and separate them with a [ ; ] : (Kaku 42; McRae 101-33).
If the list becomes too long, these references can be put in a footnote or endnote.

29
11.2 How to use the MLA style

11.2.1 Book

in-text reference:
(Author [surname] page number)

(Van Maanen 99)

bibliography:
Author [surname, first name]. Title. place: publisher, publication year.

Maanen, Hans van. Het Nederlandse toneelbestel van 1945 tot 1995. Amsterdam: AUP, 1997.

11.2.2 Book by two or three authors

Give the names of the authors in the same order as they appear on the title page, even if
this is not alphabetical.

reference in the text:

(Author [surname] and Author [surname] page number)

(Starr and Waterman 10)

bibliography:
Author [surname, first name], and author [first name surname].

Starr, Larry, and Christopher Waterman. American Popular Music. From Ministrelsy to MTV.
Oxford: Oxford UP, 2003.

11.2.3 More than three authors

If there are more than three authors, only the first one needs to be named, followed by et
al. (and others), or give all the names in the order they appear on the copyright sheet.

reference in the text:

(Author [surname] page number)

(Frascina et al. 80)

bibliography:
Author [surname, first name], et al.

Frascina, Francis, et al. Modernity and Modernism. French Painting in the Nineteenth Century.
New Haven: Yale UP, 1993.

30
11.2.4 Editor(s), translator(s) or compiler(s) instead of an author
Some works have an editor, translator or compiler instead of an author. The name is
followed by, respectively, the abbreviations [ed.], [comp.] or [trans.]. These abbreviations
are omitted from in-text references.

in-text reference:
(Author [surname] page number)

(Brown 220-22)

bibliography:
Author [surname first name], ed.

Brown, J. Russell, ed. The Oxford Illustrated History of Theatre. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995.

11.2.5 Editor(s), translator(s) or compiler(s) in addition to an author

In the bibliography, the name of the editor, translator or compiler comes after the title. In
the bibliography it is followed by, respectively, the abbreviations [Ed.], [Comp.] or
[Trans.]. This information is omitted from in-text references.

in-text reference:
(Author [surname] page number)

(Alighieri 60)

bibliography:
Author [surname, first name]. Title. Trans. name of translator [first name surname].

Alighieri, Dante. De Hel. uit De goddelijke komedie. Trans. Frans van Doorn. 2nd printing.
Amsterdam: Flamingo, 2000.

11.2.6 An anonymous work

If a work does not have a known author or editor, begin the note or bibliography entry with
the title. The alphabetical bibliography entry begins with the first word of the title, omitting
the definite or indefinite article. The in-text reference gives the title (shortened if
necessary).

in-text reference:
(Title page number)

(Stanze)

bibliography:
Title. place: publisher [if known], year.

Stanze in lode della donna brutta. Florence, 1547.

31
11.2.7 Works by a ‘corporate author’
(institution, foundation, government body)
In the case of works by ‘corporate authors’, the bibliography entry begins with the
publishing body.

in-text reference:
(corporate author page number)

(Ministry of Education, Culture and Science 42-43).

bibliography:

corporate author. Title.

Ministry of Education, Culture and Science. Cultuur als confrontatie. Cultuurnota 2001-2004. The
Hague: Sdu, 2000.

11.2.8 Contributions to collections of works

(books consisting of various independent articles or chapters;
collected works, anthologies, conference proceedings)

in-text reference:
(Author [surname] page number)

(Knulst 79)

bibliography:
Author of the contribution [surname, first name]. “Title of the contribution.” Title of the
full work. Ed. Editor’s name [first name surname]. place: publisher, year. numbers of the
first and last pages of the contribution.

Knulst, W. “Sociale cultuurspreiding: voorgeschiedenis, uitwerking en resultaten van een ideaal.”

Kunstbeleid: een inleiding. Ed. Hans van Maanen. Groningen: Taakgroep Theaterwetenschap RuG,
1985. 78-97.

11.2.9 Second or later edition/printing

If the number of the edition is not given on the copyright page of a book, it is probably a
first edition. In the case of later editions or printings, the number of the edition/printing is
given after the title or, where relevant, after the name of the editor, translator or compiler.

in-text reference:
(Author [surname] page number)

(Pots 345)

bibliography
Author [surname, first name]. Title. Dr

32
Pots, Roel. Cultuur, koningen en democraten. Overheid & cultuur in Nederland. 2nd printing.
Nijmegen: SUN, 2002.

11.2.10 Multi-volume works

If two or more volumes of a work are used, the total number of volumes is given in the
bibliography after the title, if necessary together with information about the
edition/printing. Details of the volume number and page number(s) are given in the in-text
reference.

in-text reference:
(Author [surname] volume number: page number)

(Hauser 3: 20).

bibliography:
Author [surname, first name]. Title. ed. vols.

Hauser, Arnold. The Social History of Art. 3rd ed. 4 vols. London: Routledge, 1999.
When referring to a volume as a whole (not a specific passage), the volume number is
given, but page numbers are not required.

in-text reference:
(Author [surname], vol. volume number)

(Hauser, vol. 2)

bibliography:
Hauser, Arnold. The Social History of Art. 3rd ed. 4 vols. London: Routledge, 1999.

When only one volume is used, only the number of that volume is given in the bibliography,
and only the page numbers are given in the in-text reference.

in-text reference:
(Author [surname] page number)

(Hauser 20)

bibliography:

Author Title. ed. Vol. Volume number.

Hauser, Arnold. The Social History of Art. 3rd ed. Vol. 2. London: Routledge, 1999.

11.2.11 Series
If the title page or copyright page states that the book is part of a series, the series name
and series number (if present) should be given before the place, publisher and year. There

33
is no comma or full stop between the series name and series number. There should be a full
stop after the series number.

in-text reference:
(Author [surname] page number)

(Harryvan, Van der Harst and Van Voorst 31)

bibliography:
Author [surname, first name]. Title. series name series number.

Harryvan, A.G., J. van der Harst and S. van Voorst, ed. Voor Nederland en Europa. Politici en
ambtenaren over het Nederlandse Europabeleid en de Europese integratie, 1945-1975.
Horizonreeks. Amsterdam: Boom, 2001.

11.2.12 Article in a journal that is published less than once a month

Most journals give a volume, issue number, month and year. In many academic/scientific
journals, the issues in a volume are consecutively paginated. In such cases, only the
volume, year and page numbers need to be given.

in-text reference:
(Author [surname] page number)

(Heinich 201)

bibliography:
Author [surname, first name]. “Title of the article.” Name of the journal volume number
(year): numbers of the first and last pages of the article.

Heinich, Nathalie. “Let us try to understand each other: Reply to Crane, Laermans, Marontate and
Schinkel.” Boekmancahier 14 (2002): 200-07.

In some journals, the pagination in a volume is not consecutive; the issues are paginated
separately. In such cases, the number or month of the issue must be given in addition to the
volume and year.

in-text reference:
(Author [surname] page number)

(Sofair 62)

bibliography:
Author [surname, first name]. “Title of the article.” Name of the journal volume number
issue number (year): numbers of the first and last pages of the article.

Sofair, Michael. “Signs.” Film Quarterly 57.3 (2004): 56-63.

34
Some journals are not numbered in volumes, but only have issue numbers. In such cases,
only the number or month of the issue must be given in addition to the year.

in-text reference:
(Author [surname] page number)

(Goebel 27)

bibliography:
Author [surname, first name]. “Title of the article.” Name of the journal issue number
(year): numbers of the first and last pages of the article.

Goebel, Johannes. “Experiment Medienkunst. Das ‘experimental media and performing arts
center’, troy/ny.” Neue zeitschrift für musik 4 (2005): 26-29.

11.2.13 Article in a journal published monthly or more frequently

A volume or issue number is not given, only the precise date.

reference in the text:

(Author [surname] page number)

(Melis 50)

bibliography:
Author [surname, first name]. “Title of article.” Name of the journal month year: numbers
of the first and last pages of the article.

Melis, Liesbeth. “Icoon van de popcultuur. 013 van Benthem Crouwel in Tilburg.” De Architect
Jan. 1989: 50-53.

11.2.14 Newspaper article

in-text reference:
(Author [surname] page number)

(Geelen 1)

bibliography:

Author [surname, first name]. “Title of the article.” Name of newspaper date year: section
page numbers.

Geelen, Jean Pierre. “Het ultieme boekenprogramma.” De Volkskrant 6 Sept. 2003: Media 1.

11.2.15 Review of a written work

35
in-text reference:
(Reviewer page number)

(Pontzen 7)

bibliography:
Reviewer [surname, first name]. “Title of review.” [if present] Review of Title of reviewed
work, by Author. Name of newspaper, date year: section page numbers.

Pontzen, Rutger. “De personificatie van voorspoed en doorzettingsvermogen.” Review of

American Gothic. A life of America’s Most Famous Painting, by Steven Biel. De Volkskrant, 18
Aug. 2005: Kunst & Cicero 7.

11.2.16 Review of a performance, etc.

in-text reference:
(Reviewer page number)

(Langen 9)

bibliography:
Reviewer [surname, first name]. “Title of review.” [if present] Review. of Title of the
reviewed work, by name of artist(s), location and date. Name of newspaper, date year:
section page number.

Langen, Floris. “Een afschrikwekkend Hans en Grietje.” Review of Licked, by Faulty Optic Theatre
of Animation. Noorderzon, Groningen, 18 August 2005. Dagblad van het Noorden, 19 Aug. 2005:
Noorderzon 9.

11.3 Electronic sources

Because electronic sources are ‘dynamic’ (websites and texts are continually updated or
revised), it is very important to provide detailed information about the location of the
source and the date on which you accessed it. If not all the information is available, provide
as much as possible.

11.3.1 Website

in-text reference:
(Title of the site)

(Dans Maar)

bibliography:
Title of the site. Ed. name of editor(s). date of publication on the internet or date of last
modification. date accessed <URL>.

Dans Maar. Eds. Mark van der Net, Gertjan Luijten and Sjaak Jansen. 2003-2004. 1 Aug. 2005
<http://www.dansmaar.org/>.

36
11.3.2 Personal home page

in-text reference:
(Author [surname])

(de Vries)

bibliography:
Author [surname, first name]. Home page. date of publication on the internet or date of last
modification. date accessed <URL>.

Vries, R.W. de. Home page. 18 Nov. 2004. 2 Aug. 2005 <http://www.bdk.rug.nl/medewerkers/
r.w.de.vries/>.

11.3.3 Home page of an organization

In the example below, the bibliography entry begins with the title because the author is
unknown.

in-text reference:
(“Title of the page”)

(“Onderwijs moet prikkelen”)

bibliography:
“Title of the page.” Title of the site. date of publication on the internet or date of last
modification. date accessed <URL>.

“Onderwijs moet prikkelen.” Rijksuniversiteit Groningen Home page. 22 Sep. 2004. 1 Aug. 2005
<http://www.rug.nl/corporate/onderwijs/index>.

11.3.4 Work from an online research report

in-text reference:
(Author [surname] page number)

(Van der Waal 31)

bibliography:
Author of the contribution [surname, first name]. “Title of the contribution.” Title of the
full work. Ed. [first name]. series name series number. place: publisher, year. numbers of
the first and last pages of the contribution. date accessed <URL>.

Waal, Margriet van der. “‘Deeply Racist, Superior and Patronising’: The Story of the Stories
Children Were Supposed to Read at School.” Experience and Identity in Recent South African
Literature. Proceeds of an International Colloquium, organised by the Department of English,
University of Groningen, The Netherlands 10 January 2003. Eds. Margriet van der Waal and

37
Helen Wilcox. The CDS Research Report series 22. Groningen: Centre for Development Studies,
2004. 31-47. 29 July 2005 <http://www.ub.rug.nl/eldoc/cds/200422/200422.pdf>.

11.3.5 Electronic edition of an earlier work

in-text reference:
(Author [surname] page number)

(Heijermans 16)

bibliography:
Author [surname, first name]. Title. Ed. place: publisher, publication year. Name of site.
year of electronic publication. date accessed <URL>.

Heijermans, Herman. Op hoop van zegen. Spel van de zee in vier bedrijven. Ed. Hans van den
Bergh. Amsterdam: S.L. van Looy, 1901. Digitale bibliotheek voor de Nederlandse letteren. 2003.
29 July 2005 <http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/heij011opho01/>.

11.3.6 Article in an online journal

The example below is a journal with consecutive pagination.

in-text reference:
(Author [surname] page number)

(Handyside 86)

Bibliography:
Author [surname, first name]. “Title of article.” Name of the journal volume (year):
numbers of the first and last pages of the article. date accessed <URL>.

Handyside, Fiona. “Beyond Hollywood, into Europe: The tourist gaze in Gentlemen Prefer
Blondes (Hawks, 1953) and Funny Face (Donen, 1957).” Studies in European Cinema 1 (2004):
77-89. EBSCOhost Communication & Mass Media Complete. University Library Groningen. 29 July
2005 <http://search.epnet.com/>.

11.4 Audiovisual sources, performances and artworks

These types of sources are usually cited using in-text references giving certain elements
(title, artist). The other details are given in the bibliography. Examples of title descriptions
in a bibliography of audiovisual sources, performances and artworks are shown below.

11.4.1 Film, DVD, CD-ROM or video recording

The medium (except in the case of films) should be stated in the bibliography, before the
place [if given] and publisher.

Chaplin, Charles, dir. Modern Times. Starring Chaplin and Paulette Goddard. United Artists, 1936.

38
Don Carlo. By Giuseppe Verdi. Dir. Franco Zeffirelli. Performed by Luciano Pavarotti and Samuel
Ramey. La Scala orch. and choir. Conducted by Riccardo Muti. Video cassette. EMI, 1994.

Gemeente Nijmegen, ed. Nijmegen vernieuwt Hart. CD-ROM. Nijmegen: Villa 33 and Deel 2,
2000.

11.4.2 Sound recording

The required emphasis determines which person (e.g. composer or conductor) is named
first. If the recording is not on CD, the medium should be given, before the place [if present]
and publisher. Titles of recordings should be italicized, except if the title comprises only
opus numbers, musical form and key details. Source references for sheet music are the
same as for a book.

Ellington, Duke, cond. Duke Ellington Orch. First Carnegie Hall Concert. rec. 23 Jan. 1943. LP.
Prestige, 1977.

Tchaikovsky. Swan Lake, op. 20 and Sleeping Beauty, op. 66. The Philadelphia Orchestra. Dir.
Riccardo Muti. EMI, 1992.

11.4.3 Television or radio programme

“Title of the episode.” Title of the programme. Presenters. Name of the station. Broadcast
date.

“Frankenstein: The making of the Monster.” Great Books. Narr. Donald Sutherland. Text Eugenie
Vink. Produced by Jonathan Ward. Learning Channel. 8 Sep. 1993.

11.4.4 Performance/concert
The required emphasis determines which person (e.g. writer, producer/director, soloist,
etc.) is named first.

Hamlet. By William Shakespeare. Dir. John Gielgud. Perf. Richard Burton. Schubert Theatre,
Boston. 4 Mar. 1964.

Rigg, Diana, perf. Medea. By Euripides. Trans. Alistair Elliot. Dir. Jonathan Kent. Longacre
Theatre, New York. 7 Apr. 1994.

11.4.5 Artwork

Artist. Title of artwork. date. Location details.

Matisse, Henri. The Dessert: Harmony in Red. 1908-09. Hermitage, Saint Petersburg.

Robbia, Luca della. Madonna and child. 1445-60. Orsanmichele, Florence.

39
11.5 General remarks
11.4.1 Authors’ titles (e.g. Dr, BA) are omitted.
11.4.2 The subtitle follows the main title, separated by [:] or [.].
11.4.3 If more than one place is named on the copyright page, only the first one is included
in references. 11.4.4 Place names are given in the original language (London, Milano), with
a translation between brackets if necessary: Praha (Prague).
11.4.5 Names of publishing houses are shortened, e.g. Oxford University Press: Oxford
UP.
11.4.6 If more than one publisher is named on the copyright sheet (not various offices of
the same publisher), both/all publishers are given, separated by a [ ; ].
11.4.7 If a publisher, place or year of publication is not given on the copyright page or in
the colophon, provide as much information as possible. Brackets are used to indicate that
the information is not from the source itself. (Amsterdam): Amsterdam UP, 1992.
11.4.8 Months are abbreviated (except May, June and July).
The following abbreviations can be used if information is not available:
s.l. (sine loco: without place)
s.a. (sine anno: without year)

12. Figures, tables and illustrations

Figures and tables must have a number and title. This information can be placed either
above or below the figure, but be consistent. If the information is not from your own
research, the source (including page number/s) must be given below the figure, table or
illustration. If the figure, table or illustration is taken from another source, the reference is
‘Source:’ followed by the details. If the figure or table is from another source, but has been
adapted by the author, this is indicated with: ‘Source: based on’, followed by the details.
Further explanation of the table can be given after the source reference. See the example
below.

Read a review Rating Frequency

1. Before the visit 7.51 34.9%
2. After the visit 6.67* 19.1% (a)
3. No review read 7.48 46.0%
Table 6. The moment of reading in relation to the ratings
Source: M. Boorsma and H. van Maanen. “View and Review in the Netherlands: The role of theatre critics
in the construction of audience experience.” International Journal of Cultural Policy 9, no. 3 (2003): 332.
Ratings have been corrected for overrepresentation of the northern region. (a) 97.5% of all spectators who
read a review afterwards live in the northern region. * This report mark differs significantly from the other
two (p<0.01 variation analysis and Bonferroni check).

13. Acknowledgements
The information used for the ‘Citing sources’ section of this guide was taken from the
following sources. In the case of references for which no examples are provided above,
consult the first three sources in the list below.

University of Chicago. The Chicago Manual of Style. 15th ed. Chicago: The University of
Chicago Press, 2003.

40
Gibaldi, Joseph. MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 6th ed. New York: The
Modern Language Association of America, 2003.

Gibaldi, Joseph. MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing. 2nd ed. New York:
The Modern Language Association of America, 1998.

“Frequently Asked Questions about MLA Style.” MLA Modern Language Association.
2005.
http://www.mla.org/publications/style/style_faq (accessed on 22 August 2005).

“Tools.” The Chicago Manual of Style. 15th edition. A publication of the University of
Chicago Press. 2005. http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools.html (accessed on 22
August 2005).

Kam, Angeniet, ed. “Citeren en parafraseren.” Rijksuniversiteit Groningen Noordster.

2002.
http://www.rug.nl/noordster/schriftelijkevaardigheden/voorstudenten/
bronliteratuurgebruik/citeren (accessed on 22 August 2005).

Kam, Angeniet, ed. “Plagiaat.” Rijksuniversiteit Groningen Noordster. 2002.

http://www.rug.nl/noordster/schriftelijkevaardigheden/voorstudenten/
bronliteratuurgebruik/plagiaat (accessed on 22 August 2005).

Further sources on writing, research,

argumentation and referencing
Books

Gibaldi, J. MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing. 2nd ed. New York: The
Modern Language Association of America, 1998.

Gibaldi, J. MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 6th ed. New York: The Modern
Language Association of America, 2003.

Kirsszner, Laurie G. and Stephen R. Mandell. The Holt Handbook. 6th ed. Boston:
Thomson Heinle, 2002.

University of Chicago. The Chicago Manual of Style. 15th ed. Chicago: The University of
Chicago Press, 2003.

41
Websites

“Tools.” The Chicago Manual of Style. 15th edition. A publication of the University of
Chicago Press. 2005. http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools.html.

“Frequently Asked Questions about MLA Style.” MLA Modern Language Association.
2005.
http://www.mla.org/publications/style/style_faq.

Hacker, Diana. Research and Documentation Online.

http://www.dianahacker.com/resdoc/index.html.

Kam, Angeniet, ed. Rijksuniversiteit Groningen Noordster. 2002.

http://www.rug.nl/noordster/index.

42