Citing & Referencing:

Vancouver Style
 Contents

1. What is referencing? 1 5.9 Citing a direct quotation 6

5.10 Citing an image/illustration/table/diagram/

2. Why should I reference? 1 photograph/figure/picture  6

3. What should I reference? 2 5.11 Citing from multimedia works 7

5.12 Citing from an interview or personal communication 7

4. What is a citation? 2
5.13 Tips on good quotation practice 7
5. How do I write citations using
theVancouverstyle? 3 6. How do I write a reference? 9
5.1 Citing one author 3 7. How do I write a reference list? 12
5.2 Citing more than one piece of workat the same time 3
8. Example of a reference list 12
5.3 Citing the authors name inyourtext 4
9. What is a bibliography? 14
5.4 Citing more than one authors namein your text 4
10. How to write references for your
5.5 Citing works by the same author written in the same year 4
referencelistand bibliography:
5.6 Citing from works with no obvious author 4 Vancouverstyle 15
5.7 Citing from chapters written bydifferent authors 5 11. Sources of further help 24
5.8 Secondary referencing 5
There are many styles that can be used for referencing. When you are given coursework
or dissertation guidelines, check which style of referencing your lecturer or department
asks youto use. If you dont check, and you use a style that is not the one stated in your
guidelines,you could find you lose marks.

This guide introduces you to the Vancouver referencing style, which uses a numerical-
endnote approach. [If your lecturer or department does not ask you to use any particular
style,we would recommend using Harvard. Its easy to learn, simple to use, and when
yougetstuck, there is lots ofadvice available to help you out.]

When you begin your research for any piece of work, it is important that you record the details
of all the information you find. You will need these details to provide accurate references, and
to enable you to locate the information again at a later date, should it benecessary to do so.
Section 6 of this guide will help you identify what information youneed,regardless of which
referencing style you choose to use.

1. WHAT IS REFERENCING?

It is a method used to demonstrate to your readers that you have conducted a thorough and
appropriate literature search, and reading. Equally, referencing is an acknowledgement that
you have used the ideas and written material belonging to other authors in your ownwork.
Aswith all referencing styles, there are two parts: citing, and the reference list.

2. WHY SHOULD I REFERENCE?

Referencing is crucial to you to carry out successful research, and crucial to your readers so What is
they can see how you did your research. Knowing why you need to reference means you will referencing?
understand why it is important that you know how to reference. 1
1. Accurate referencing is a key component of good academic practice and enhances
the presentation of your work: it shows that your writing is based on knowledge
andinformedbyappropriate academic reading.

2. You will ensure that anyone reading your work can trace the sources you have used in
thedevelopment of your work, and give you credit for your research efforts and quality.

3. If you do not acknowledge another persons work or ideas, you could be accused ofplagiarism.

Plus your lecturers are very keen to see good reference lists. Impress them with the quality
ofthe information you use, and your references, and you will get even better marks.

3. WHAT SHOULD I REFERENCE?

You should include a reference for all the sources of information that you use when writing
orcreating a piece of your own work.

4. WHAT IS A CITATION?

When you use another persons work in your own work, either by referring to their ideas,
or by including a direct quotation, you must acknowledge this in the text of your work.
Thisacknowledgement is called a citation.

What is
referencing?
2
5. HOW DO I WRITE CITATIONS USING THE VANCOUVER STYLE?

Each piece of work which is cited in your text should have a unique number,
assignedintheorder of citation. If, in your text, you cite a piece of work more
than once, thesamecitation number should be used. You can write the number
inbracketsorassuperscript.

5.1 Citing one author

Recent research (1) indicates that the number of duplicate papers being published
isincreasing.
or
Recent research1 indicates that the number of duplicatepapers being published
isincreasing.

5.2 Citing more than one piece of workat the same time
If you want to cite several pieces of work in the same sentence, you will need to include
thecitation number for each piece of work. A hyphen should be used to link numbers
whichare inclusive, and a comma used where numbers are not consecutive.

The following is an example where works 6, 7, 8, 9, 13 and 15 have been cited in the same
place in the text.

Several studies (69,13,15) have examined the effect of congestion charging

inurbanareas.

Using the
Vancouver style
3
5.3 Citing the authors name inyourtext
You can use the authors name in your text, but you must insert the citation number aswell.

As emphasised by Watkins (2) carers of diabetes sufferers require perseverance

andanunderstanding of humanity (p.1).

5.4 Citing more than one authors namein your text

If a work has more than one author and you want to cite author names in your text, useetal.
after the first author.

Simons et al. (3) state that the principle of effective stress is imperfectly known
andunderstood by many practising engineers (p.4).

5.5 Citing works by the same author written in the same year
If you cite a new work which has the same author and was written in the same year
asanearlier citation, each work will have a different number.

Communication of science in the media has increasingly come under focus,

particularlywhere reporting of facts and research is inaccurate (4,5).

5.6 Citing from works with no obvious author

If you need to cite a piece of work which does not have an obvious author, you should use
what is called a corporate author. For example, many online works will not have individually
named authors, and in many cases the author will be an organisation or company. Using
the Vancouver style you dont have to include the author in your citation in the text ofyour
work, but you still need to include an author in the full reference at the end of yourwork
(seesection9).
Using the
Vancouver style
4
The citation to a work written by a corporate author could appear in your text as:

The Department of Health (6) advocates a national strategy for creating aframework If there is noauthor
todrive improvements indementia services. Be careful: if you cannot find
or an author for online work, it
A national strategy is creating aframework to drive improvements indementia services(6). is not a good idea to use this
work as part of your research.
It is essential that you know
If you are unable to find either a named or corporate author, you should use Anon as the where a piece of workhas
author name. originated, because you need
to be sure of the quality and
5.7 Citing from chapters written bydifferent authors reliability of any information
you use.
Some books may contain chapters written by different authors. When citing work from
suchabook, the author who wrote the chapter should be cited, not the editor of the book.
Secondary referencing
You are advised that
5.8 Secondary referencing secondary referencing should
Secondary references are when an author refers to another authors work and the primary be avoided wherever possible
source is not available. When citing such work the author of the primary source and the author and you should always try
of the work it was cited in should beused. to find the original work. If it
is not possible to obtain the
original work please note that
According to Colluzzi and Pappagallo as cited by Holding et al. (7) most patients given you reference the secondary
opiatesdo not become addicted to such drugs. source not the primary source.
Only reference the source that
you have used.

Using the
Vancouver style
5
5.9 Citing a direct quotation
If a direct quote from a book, article, etc., isused you must:

Use single quotation marks (double quotation marks are usually used for
quotingdirectspeech)
State the page number

Simons et al. (3) state that the principle of effective stress is imperfectly known
andunderstood by many practising engineers (p.4).

5.10 Citing an image/illustration/table/diagram/photograph/figure/picture

You should provide an in-text citation for any images, illustrations, photographs, diagrams,
tables, figures or pictures that you reproduce in your work, and provide a full reference as
withany other type of work.

They should be treated as direct quotes in that the author(s) should be acknowledged
andpage numbers shown; both in your text where the diagram is discussed or introduced,
andinthe caption you write for it.

In-text citation:

Table illustrating checklist of information for common sources (8: p.22).

or
Geological
map of the easternmost region of So Nicolau (9: p.532).

Using the
Vancouver style
6
5.11 Citing from multimedia works
If you need to cite a multimedia work, you would usually use the title of the TV programme
(including online broadcasts) or video recording, or title of the film (whether on DVD,
online, orvideo) as the author. If a video is posted on YouTube or other video-streaming
web service then you should reference the person that uploaded the video (note this might
beausername).

Using the Vancouver style, you dont have to include the author in your citation in the
textofyour work, but you still need to include the author of the work in your reference
listattheendof your work.

5.12 Citing from an interview or personal communication

Always use the surname of the interviewee/practitioner as the author.

5.13 Tips on good quotation practice

Quotations longer than two lines should be inserted as a separate, indented paragraph.

Smith (7) summarises the importance of mathematics to society and the knowledge
economy,stating that:

Mathematics
provides a powerful universal language and intellectual toolkit
for abstraction, generalization and synthesis. It is the language of science and
technology. Itenables us to probe the natural universe and to develop new
technologies that have helped us control and master our environment, and
changesocietal expectations and standards of living. (p.11)

or
Using the
Vancouver style
7
 A recent UK report (7) summarised the importance of mathematics to society and the
knowledge economy, stating that:
Writing skills
Mathematics
provides a powerful universal language and intellectual toolkit At your academic level you
for abstraction, generalization and synthesis. It is the language of science and will be expected to develop
technology. Itenables us to probe the natural universe and to develop new your writing skills, and
this includes being able to
technologies that have helped us control and master our environment, and
discuss and demonstrate
changesocietal expectations and standards of living. (p.11) an understanding of other
peoples work and ideas in
As summarised by Smith (7): your own words. This is called
paraphrasing. It is much
better toparaphrasethan to
Mathematics
provides a powerful universal language and intellectual toolkit for
use many quotations when
abstraction, generalization and synthesis ... It enables us to probe the natural you write.
universe andto develop newtechnologies that have helped us control and master
ourenvironment,and change societalexpectations and standards of living. (p.11)

You should only do this when you use a quotation taken from one paragraph.
Shortening long quotations
When you use quotations within your text, sometimes you may want to insert one or two If you want to insert a long
words in the quotation so that your complete sentence is grammatically correct. To indicate quotation (over two lines) but
that you have inserted words into a quotation, these have to be enclosed in square brackets. do not to want include all of
thetext, you can remove the
unnecessary text and replace
Smith (7) provides a number of reasons as to why mathematics is important,
with ....
statingthatitis

a
powerful universal language and intellectual toolkit for abstraction, generalization
and synthesis ... [and] enables us to probe the natural universe and to develop new
technologies that have helped us control and master our environment, and change Using the
societalexpectations and standards of living. (p.11) Vancouver style
8
6. HOW DO I WRITE A REFERENCE?

To write your own references you need different bits of information about each item Websites with no author
thatyou read when you are researching a piece of work. These bits of information are If you are using a website
calledbibliographic information. or web page, and there
isnt an author, you can use
what is called a corporate
For all types of references the key bits of information you need to start with are:
author. This will usually be
the name of the organisation
1. Author or editor or company to whom the
website or web page belongs.
2. Date of publication/broadcast/recording

3. Title of the item

This will form the basis of each reference you have to write. You may find that some items
arenot as straightforward as others, so be aware of the following:

1. Author or editor: This means the primary (main) person who produced the item you
areusing.

2. Date of publication/broadcast/recording: This means the date the item was produced.
Itisusually a year, but if you are using a newspaper article, an email, or a television
recording, you will have to include a full date (day/month/year) in your reference.

3. Title of the item: This means the primary (main) title of the item you are using.
Thatsoundsvery obvious, but have a look at a web page and try to work out what the
main titleis. We would advise common sense in this situation you have to identify the
key pieceofinformation that describes what you have used, and will allow the reader How to
ofyourworkto identify that information. reference
9
The following table tells you about some of the variations you should look for when you are
collecting your reference information.

1. Primary author/editor 2. Date of publication 3. Primary title of item

Name of the person who The full date the email Subject of the email. This
Email wrotethe email wassent: day/month/year mayinclude RE: or FWD:

Name of the person or persons The year the journal issue was Title of the article (not the title
Journal article who wrote the article published of the journal)

Name of the journalist, or The full date on which the Title of the article (not the
Newspaper article ifthere is no journalist name, article was published: day/ titleof the newspaper)
thename of the newspaper month/year

This can be tricky. Use an Usually the current year, the Title of the website
Website individual name if you can year when the website was last
find one, or the name of the updated, or the latest datenext
organisation or company to to the copyright statement/
whom the website belongs symbol

This can be tricky. Use an Usually the current year, but Title of the web page. You will
Web page individual name if you can ifthe web page has a full date need to use the title of the
find one, or the name of the ofpublication, you may also website if the web page doesnt
organisation or company to need that: day/month/year have an individual title
whom the website belongs
Title of the programme, or ifthe The year the programme Title of the programme (it
TV broadcast programme is part of aseries, wasbroadcast doesnot need to be written
use the series title twice if you used it as the
author information)

Name of the person being The full date on which No title needed
Personal interview interviewed theinterview took place: day/
month/year

Name of the author of The year the book was Title of the book chapter
How to
Book chapter thechapter published (notthe title of the book) reference
10
Depending on the type of material you want to reference you will also need other bits
ofinformation, such as:

Name of publisher Report number

Place of publication Book or conference editor

(if not your primary author)
Page numbers
Book or conference title
Volume number (if not your primary title)

Issue number Journal title (the journal article title

willbeyour primary title)
URL (website or web page address)
Date of access (for online material)
DOI (Digital Object Identifier
forpublished outputs)

Title of conference proceedings

The more references you have to write, the more familiar you will be with what
youneedtoknow. But the best advice we can give is to check our guides,
askus,orcheckwithyourlecturers.

How to
reference
11
7. HOW DO I WRITE A REFERENCE LIST?

This is your list of all the sources that have been cited in the text of your work.
Thelist isinclusive showing books, journals etc. listed in one list, not in separate
listsaccordingtosource type.

When using the Vancouver style, the reference list should be in numerical order
andeachnumber matches and refers to the one in the text.

The list should be at the end of your work.

Books, paper or electronic journal articles, etc., are written in a particular format
thatmustbe followed.

8. EXAMPLE OF A REFERENCE LIST

(1) Errami M, Garner H. A tale of two citations. Nature. 2008;451(7177): 397399.

(2) Watkins PJ. ABC of Diabetes. 5th ed. London: Blackwell Publishing; 2003.

(3) Simons NE, Menzies B, Matthews M. A Short Course in Soil and Rock Slope
Engineering. London: Thomas Telford Publishing; 2001.

(4) Goldacre B. Dore the medias miracle cure for dyslexia. Bad Science. Weblog.
Availablefrom: http://www.badscience.net/2008/05/dore-the-medias-miracle-cure-for-
dyslexia/#more-705 [Accessed 19th June 2015].
Writing a
reference list
12
 (5) Goldacre B. Trivial Disputes. Bad Science. Weblog. Available from:
http://www.badscience.net/2008/02/trivial-disputes-2/ [Accessed 19th June 2015].

(6) Department of Health. Living well with dementia: a national dementia strategy.
Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/living-well-with-
dementia-strategy [Accessed 4th June 2015].

(7) Smith A. Making mathematics count: the report of Professor Adrian Smiths inquiry
into post14 mathematics education. London: The Stationery Office; 2004.

(8) Pears R, Shields G. Cite them right: the essential referencing guide. Palgrave study
skills. 10th ed. Basingstoke: Palgrave; 2016.

(9) Ramalho R, Helffrich G, Schmidt DN, Vance D. Tracers of uplift and subsidence in
the Cape Verde archipelago. Journal of the Geological Society. 2010;167(3): 519538.
Available from: doi:10.1144/0016-76492009-056.

The layout for each type of publication can be found on the following pages. If you are
usingthebibliographic software RefWorks, you should use the Imperial College Vancouver
style to format yourreference list and citations correctly.

Writing a
reference list
13
9. WHAT IS A BIBLIOGRAPHY?

There may be items which you have consulted for your work, but not cited. These can
be listedat the end of your assignment in a bibliography. These items should be listed
in alphabetical order by author andlaid out in the same way as items in your reference
list. Ifyoucan cite from every work you consulted, you will only need a reference list.
If you wishtoshow to your reader (examiner) theunused research you carried out, the
bibliographywill showyour extra effort. You will not need to number each work listed
inyourbibliography.

Always check the guidance you are given for coursework, dissertations, etc., to
find outifyouare expected to submit work with a reference list and a bibliography.
Ifindoubt,askyourlecturer or supervisor.

Your
bibliography
14
10. HOW TO WRITE REFERENCES FOR YOUR REFERENCE LIST AND
BIBLIOGRAPHY: VANCOUVER STYLE

Your lecturers consider accurate and consistent referencing to be an important part of your If you cannot find the type of
academic work. Check your course guidelines so you know which style ofreferencing to use. work you need to provide a
Thefollowing examples are in two parts: reference for, please contact
yourlibrarian for more help
(see section 11).
the information you should collect about each piece of work you use; and

how this information is presented when you write a full reference.

If the work you need to reference has more than six authors, you should list the first
sixauthors, followed by et al.

Example:

Petrie KJ, Muller JT, Schirmbeck F, Donkin L, Broadbent E, Ellis CJ, et al. Effect of providing
information about normal test results on patients reassurance: randomised controlled
trial. British Medical Journal. 2007;334(7589): 352254. Available from: doi:10.1136/
bmj.39093.464190.55.

Layouts for your

reference list and
bibliography
15
Book: print
Author/Editor (if it is an editor always put (ed.) after the name)
Title (this should be in italics)
Series title and number (if part of a series)
Edition (if not the first edition)
Place of publication (if there is more than one place listed, use the first named)
Publisher
Year of publication

Simons NE, Menzies B, Matthews M. A Short Course in Soil and Rock Slope Engineering.
London:Thomas Telford Publishing; 2001.

Book: online/electronic
Author/Editor (if it is an editor always put (ed.) after the name)
Title (this should be in italics)
Series title and number (if part of a series)
Edition (if not the first edition)
Place of publication (if there is more than one place listed, use the first named)
Publisher
Year of publication
Available from: URL
[Date of access]

Grech ED. ABC of interventional cardiology. 2nd ed. Chichester: Wiley blackwell;
2011 Available from: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/imperial/detail.
action?docID=822522 [Accessed 6th July 2017].
Layouts for your
reference list and
bibliography
16
Book: chapter in an edited book
Author of the chapter
Title of chapter followed by, In:
Editor (always put (ed.) after the name)
Title of book (this should be in italics)
Series title and number (if part of a series)
Edition (if not the first edition)
Place of publication (if there is more than one place listed, use the first named)
Publisher
Year of publication
Page numbers (use p. before single and multiple page numbers)

Partridge H, Hallam G. Evidence-based practice and information literacy. In: LipuS,

WilliamsonK, Lloyd A. (eds.) Exploring methods in information literacy research.
WaggaWagga, Australia: Centre for Information Studies; 2007. p.149170.

Journal article: print

Author
Title of journal article
Title of journal (this should be in italics)
Year of publication
Volume number
(Issue number)
Page numbers of the article

Chhibber PK, Majumdar SK. Foreign ownership and profitability: Property rights, control,
andthe performance of firms in Indian industry. Journal of Law & Economics. 1999;42(1): Layouts for your
209238. reference list and
bibliography
17
Journal article: online/electronic
Most online articles will have a DOI (Digital Object Identifier) and you should use this in your
reference, if the article has a DOI you will not usually be required to add a date of access.

If the article only has a URL then do include a date of access. Always check your student
handbook and coursework guidance as some lecturers/tutors will provide specific guidance
on the use of DOI or URL.

If you read the article in a full-text database service, such as Factiva or EBSCO,
anddonothavea DOI or direct URL to the article you should use the database URL.

Author
Title of journal article
Title of journal (this should be in italics)
Year of publication
Volume number
(Issue number)
Page numbers of the article
Available from: URL (Include [Date of access]) or DOI (if available)

Errami M, Garner H. A tale of two citations. Nature. 2008;451(7177): 397399.

Availablefrom: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v451/n7177/full/451397a.html
[Accessed20th January2015].
or
Wang F, Maidment G, Missenden J, Tozer R. The novel use of phase change materials in
refrigeration plant. Part 1: Experimental investigation. Applied Thermal Engineering.
2007;27(1718): 28932901. Available from: doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2005.06.011. Layouts for your
or reference list and
bibliography
18
 Read B. Anti-cheating crusader vexes some professors. Chronicle of Higher Education.
2008;54(25). Available from: http://global.factiva.com/ [Accessed 18th June 2015].
Note
Pre-print journal articles Articles published online may
It is likely you will find articles available online prior to being submitted to the peer not have page numbers.
reviewprocedure and published in a journal. These articles are preprints and may be placed
inanonline repository or on a publishers website (but not in a specific journal issue).

Author/s
Title of journal article
Submitted to/To be published in (if this information is with the article)
Title of journal (in italics)
Name of repository (in italics)
[Preprint] Note
Year of writing There will not be volume,
Available from: URL (Include [Date of access]) or DOI (if available) issue or page numbers
assigned to pre-print articles.
Silas P, Yates JR, Haynes PD. Density-functional investigation of the rhombohedral
to simple cubic phase transition of arsenic. To be published in Physical Review B.
Arxiv. [Preprint] 2008. Available from: http://arxiv.org/abs/0810.1692 [Accessed 23rd
July2010].
or
Montano V, Jombart T. An Eigenvalue test for spatial principal component analysis.
Biorxiv [Preprint] 2017. Available from: doi.org/10.1101/151639.

Layouts for your

reference list and
bibliography
19
Conference proceeding: individual paper
Author
Title of conference paper followed by, In:
Editor/Organisation (if it is an editor always put (ed.) after the name)
Title (this should be in italics)
Place of publication
Publisher
Year of publication
Page numbers (use p. before single and multiple page numbers)

Wittke M. Design, construction, supervision and long-term behaviour of tunnels in

swelling rock. In: Van Cotthem A, Charlier R, Thimus J-F, Tshibangu J-P. (eds.) Eurock
2006: multiphysics coupling and long term behaviour in rock mechanics: Proceedings of
the International Symposium of the International Society for Rock Mechanics, EUROCK
2006, 912 May 2006, Lige, Belgium. London: Taylor & Francis; 2006. p.211216.

Standard
Name of Standard Body/Institution
Standard number
Title (this should be in italics)
Place of publication
Publisher
Year of publication

British Standards Institution. BS EN 1993-1-2:2005. Eurocode 3. Design of steel

structures. General rules. Structural fire design. London: BSI; 2005.
Layouts for your
reference list and
bibliography
20
Report
Author/Editor (if it is an editor always put (ed.) after the name)
Title (this should be in italics)
Organisation
Report number: (this should be followed by the actual number in figures)
Year of publication

Leatherwood S. Whales, dolphins, and porpoises of the western North Atlantic. U.S.
Dept. ofCommerce. Report number: 63, 2001.

Map
Author (usually the organisation responsible for publishing the map)
Title (this should be in italics)
Scale
Place of publication (if there is more than one place listed, use the first named)
Publisher
Year of publication

British Geological Survey. South London, 270. 1:50 000. London: BGS; 1998.

Web page/website
Author/Editor (use the corporate author if no individual author or editor is named)
Title (this should be in italics)
Available from: URL
[Date of access]

European Space Agency. Rosetta: rendezvous with a comet. Available from: Layouts for your
http://rosetta.esa.int [Accessed 15th June 2015]. reference list and
bibliography
21
Email: personal
Personal emails should be referenced as personal communication, unless you have
permission from the sender and receiver to include their details in your reference list.

Sender
Email sent to
Name of receiver
Date, month and year of communication

Harrison R. Email sent to: Mimi Weiss Johnson. 10th June 2014.

Personal communication
Name of practitioner
Occupation
Personal communication
Date when the information was provided

Law J. Engineering consultant. Personal communication. 26th March 2014.

Lecture/presentation
Name of lecturer/presenter
Title of lecture/presentation (this should be in italics)
[Lecture/Presentation]
Title of module/degree course (if appropriate)
Name of institution or location
Date of lecture/presentation
Layouts for your
Wagner G. Structural and functional studies of protein interactions in gene expression. reference list and
[Lecture] Imperial College London. 12th December 2006. bibliography
22
NICE Guidelines
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) Guidelines, if you are referencing the
paper version follow the guidance for a book reference or if you are referencing the online
version it is recommended to follow the advice for referencing a website. Please check your
student handbook or assignment guidance for any variations.

Author/corporate author (Use the full name of NICE at the time of publication e.g. National
Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE))
Title [No. of guideline if available] (this should be in italics)
Date of publication
Available from: URL (if available)
[Date of access]

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), Tuberculosis: NICE Guideline
[NG33]. 2016. Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng33/resources/
tuberculosis-1837390683589 [Accessed 27th May 2017].

Layouts for your

reference list and
bibliography
23
11. SOURCES OF FURTHER HELP

For more referencing examples:

www.imperial.ac.uk/admin-services/library/learning-support/reference-management

Want to use reference management software?

The Library recommends RefWorks for undergraduate and Masters students, and EndNote
forpostgraduate research students and staff. For information and training workshops:

www.imperial.ac.uk/admin-services/library/learning-support/reference-management

To contact your librarian for more advice:

www.imperial.ac.uk/admin-services/library/subject-support

Sources of
furtherhelp
24
CONTACT US
www.imperial.ac.uk/library
[email protected]
@imperiallibrary
www.facebook.com/imperiallibrary September 2017