GCE

Biology A

H020/02: Depth in biology

AS Level

Mark Scheme for June 2022

Oxford Cambridge and RSA Examinations

OCR (Oxford Cambridge and RSA) is a leading UK awarding body, providing a wide range of
qualifications to meet the needs of candidates of all ages and abilities. OCR qualifications
include AS/A Levels, Diplomas, GCSEs, Cambridge Nationals, Cambridge Technicals,
Functional Skills, Key Skills, Entry Level qualifications, NVQs and vocational qualifications in
areas such as IT, business, languages, teaching/training, administration and secretarial skills.

It is also responsible for developing new specifications to meet national requirements and the
needs of students and teachers. OCR is a not-for-profit organisation; any surplus made is
invested back into the establishment to help towards the development of qualifications and
support, which keep pace with the changing needs of today’s society.

This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and students, to indicate the requirements
of the examination. It shows the basis on which marks were awarded by examiners. It does not
indicate the details of the discussions which took place at an examiners’ meeting before marking
commenced.

All examiners are instructed that alternative correct answers and unexpected approaches in
candidates’ scripts must be given marks that fairly reflect the relevant knowledge and skills
demonstrated.

Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the published question papers and the report
on the examination.

© OCR 2022

Oxford Cambridge and RSA Examinations

H020/02 Mark Scheme June 2022

MARKING INSTRUCTIONS
PREPARATION FOR MARKING

RM ASSESSOR

1. Make sure that you have accessed and completed the relevant training packages for on-screen marking: RM Assessor Online Training; OCR
Essential Guide to Marking.

2. Make sure that you have read and understood the mark scheme and the question paper for this unit. These are available in RM Assessor.

3. Log-in to RM Assessor and mark the required number of practice responses (“scripts”) and the required number of standardisation responses.

MARKING

1. Mark strictly to the mark scheme.

2. Marks awarded must relate directly to the marking criteria.

3. The schedule of dates is very important. It is essential that you meet the RM Assessor 50% and 100% (traditional 50% Batch 1 and 100% Batch 2)
deadlines. If you experience problems, you must contact your Team Leader (Supervisor) without delay.

4. If you are in any doubt about applying the mark scheme, consult your Team Leader by telephone, email or via the RM Assessor messaging system.

5. Work crossed out:

Where a candidate has crossed out a response and provided a clear alternative then the crossed-out response is not marked. Where no alternative
response has been provided, examiners may give candidates the benefit of the doubt and mark the crossed-out response where legible.

Contradictory Responses
When a candidate provides contradictory responses, then no mark should be awarded, even if one of the answers is correct.

Short Answer Questions (requiring only a list by way of a response, usually worth only one mark per response)
Where candidates are required to provide a set number of short answer responses then only the set number of responses should be marked. The
response space should be marked from left to right on each line and then line by line until the required number of responses have been considered.
The remaining responses should not then be marked. Examiners will have to apply judgement as to whether a ‘second response’ on a line is a
development of the ‘first response’, rather than a separate, discrete response. (The underlying assumption is that the candidate is attempting to
hedge their bets and therefore getting undue benefit rather than engaging with the question and giving the most relevant/correct responses.)
H020/02 Mark Scheme June 2022

Short Answer Questions (requiring a more developed response, worth two or more marks)
If the candidates are required to provide a description of, say, three items or factors and four items or factors are provided, then mark on a similar
basis – that is downwards (as it is unlikely in this situation that a candidate will provide more than one response in each section of the response
space.)

Longer Answer Questions (requiring a developed response)

Where candidates have provided two (or more) responses to a medium or high tariff question which only required a single (developed) response and
not crossed out the first response, then only the first response should be marked. Examiners will need to apply professional judgement as to whether
the second (or a subsequent) response is a ‘new start’ or simply a poorly expressed continuation of the first response.

6. Always check the pages (and additional objects if present) at the end of the response in case any answers have been continued there. If the
candidate has continued an answer there then add SEEN to confirm that the work has been seen.

7. There is a NR (No Response) option. Award NR (No Response)

- if there is nothing written at all in the answer space

- OR if there is a comment which does not in any way relate to the question (e.g. ‘can’t do’, ‘don’t know’)

- OR if there is a mark (e.g. a dash, a question mark) which isn’t an attempt at the question.

Note: Award 0 marks – for an attempt that earns no credit (including copying out the question).

8. The RM Assessor comments box is used by your Team Leader to explain the marking of the practice responses. Please refer to these comments
when checking your practice responses. Do not use the comments box for any other reason.

If you have any questions or comments for your Team Leader, use the phone, the RM Assessor messaging system, or email.

9. Assistant Examiners will send a brief report on the performance of candidates to their Team Leader (Supervisor) via email by the end of the marking
period. The report should contain notes on particular strengths displayed as well as common errors or weaknesses. Constructive criticism of the
question paper/mark scheme is also appreciated.
H020/02 Mark Scheme June 2022

10. For answers marked by levels of response:

Read through the whole answer from start to finish, using the Level descriptors to help you decide whether it is a strong or weak answer. The
indicative scientific content in the Guidance column indicates the expected parameters for candidates’ answers, but be prepared to recognise and
credit unexpected approaches where they show relevance. Using a ‘best-fit’ approach based on the skills and science content evidenced within the
answer, first decide which set of level descriptors, Level 1, Level 2 or Level 3, best describes the overall quality of the answer.
Once the level is located, award the higher or lower mark:
The higher mark should be awarded where the level descriptor has been evidenced and all aspects of the communication statement (in italics) have
been met.
The lower mark should be awarded where the level descriptor has been evidenced but aspects of the communication statement (in italics) are
missing.
In summary:
The skills and science content determines the level.
The communication statement determines the mark within a level.

Level of response questions on this paper are 1(c)(ii) and 5.

H020/02 Mark Scheme June 2022
11. Annotations available in RM Assessor
H020/02 Mark Scheme June 2022

12. Abbreviations, annotations and conventions used in the detailed Mark Scheme (to include abbreviations and subject-specific conventions).

Annotation Meaning

/ Alternative and acceptable answers for the same marking point

 Separates marking points

DO NOT ALLOW Answers which are not worthy of credit

IGNORE Statements which are irrelevant

ALLOW Answers that can be accepted

() Words which are not essential to gain credit

__ Underlined words must be present in answer to score a mark

ECF Error carried forward

AW Alternative wording

ORA Or reverse argument

H020/02 Mark Scheme June 2022

13. Subject-specific Marking Instructions

INTRODUCTION
Your first task as an Examiner is to become thoroughly familiar with the material on which the examination depends. This material includes:

• the specification, especially the assessment objectives

• the question paper

• the mark scheme.

You should ensure that you have copies of these materials.

You should ensure also that you are familiar with the administrative procedures related to the marking process. These are set out in the OCR booklet
Instructions for Examiners. If you are examining for the first time, please read carefully Appendix 5 Introduction to Script Marking: Notes for New
Examiners.

Please ask for help or guidance whenever you need it. Your first point of contact is your Team Leader.
H020/02 Mark Scheme June 2022

Question Answer Mark

A Guidance
O
1 (a) any two I marks and matching R marks: 4 AO ALLOW cubes / discs / cylinders / strips / rectangles / chips
If an I mark is just missed (e.g. for I1 answer says weight instead of max 3.3 / samples / beetroot, for ‘pieces’ throughout
mass) can still give the matching reason mark R1 ALLOW betalain for ‘pigment’ throughout

I1 same, number / size / mass / volume (of pieces) ✓ I1 ALLOW cork borer cylinders of same length
I1 IGNORE weight for ‘mass’
R1 ALLOW same, surface area to volume ratio / SA:V
R1 to control / same, surface area ✓
ALLOW I1 ‘same surface area’ + R1 ‘surface area affects
rate of pigment loss’ for 2 marks
I2 ALLOW plant for ‘beetroot’
I2 pieces from same beetroot OR pieces from same, part / depth /
I2 ALLOW species for ‘variety’
variety, of beetroot ✓ R2 ALLOW idea of pigment concentration varies / AW
R2 to control / same, pigment concentration ✓

I3 rinse / wash / wipe / dry, pieces ✓

R3 to remove pigment released by, cutting / cell damage ✓ R3 ALLOW to avoid artificially high absorbance reading

I4 use, one / new, flask / tube, per, temperature / repeat ✓ I4 ALLOW add pieces when temperature reached
I4 ALLOW different / new / fresh, pieces for each,
temperature / repeat
R4 to, test effect of / get absorbance for, one / single, temperature ✓ R4 ALLOW so pieces experience a single temperature / so
pieces not affected by previous temperature OR as used /
old, pieces damaged by high temperatures / AW
1 (b) temperature ✓ 1 AO DO NOT ALLOW room temperature
3.3
1 (c) (i) 1 linear scales using half of grid or more AND 3 AO
x axis labelled temperature (oC) AND 2.4 1 ALLOW solidus before unit (instead of brackets)
y axis labelled (mean) absorbance (%) ✓
2 ALLOW to +1 small square
2 points plotted correctly for mean absorbance ✓ 2 IGNORE figures plotted from trial 1, 2 or 3
2 DO NOT ALLOW bars

3 DO NOT ALLOW ruled lines between points

3 all points joined with curved line ✓
3 ALLOW one data point outside of curved line of best fit
3 IGNORE line extended beyond first or last point
3 ALLOW ECF for data plot from trial 1, 2 or 3
H020/02 Mark Scheme June 2022
1 (c) (ii)* Please refer to the marking instructions on page 4 of this mark scheme for guidance on how to mark this question.
In summary: Read through the whole answer. (Be prepared to recognise and credit unexpected approaches where they show relevance.)
Using a ‘best-fit’ approach based on the science content of the answer, first decide which of the level descriptors, Level 1, Level 2 or Level 3,
best describes the overall quality of the answer. Then, award the higher or lower mark within the level, according to the Communication
Statement (shown in italics):
o award the higher mark where the Communication Statement has been met.
o award the lower mark where aspects of the Communication Statement have been missed.
• The science content determines the level.
• The Communication Statement determines the mark within a level.
Level 3 (5–6 marks) 6 AO Indicative points may include:
Full and detailed description of how the phospholipids in the cell 1.2 Explanation of results
membrane are affected by temperature, causing the structure of the AO At 20oC, membrane intact / impermeable / least permeable
plasma membrane to become disrupted with reference to the results 2.3
between 20oC and 70oC. AO At, low temperature / 30oC / 40oC / 50oC, pigment escapes
3.1 Through gaps between (moving) phospholipids
There is a well-developed line of reasoning which is clear and As temperature increases kinetic energy increases
logically structured. The information presented is relevant and More, phospholipid movement / gaps
substantiated. Membrane becomes more permeable
More, pigment loss / betalain release / colour in flask
Level 2 (3–4 marks) Higher absorbance figure
A detailed description of how the phospholipids in the cell membrane Graph curves upwards
are affected by temperature, causing the structure of the plasma
membrane to become disrupted with reference to the results between At high temperature / 60oC / 70oC, membrane disrupted
20 C and 70 C.
o o
Phospholipid, arrangement / bilayer, breaks down / melts
Membrane, leaky / very permeable
There is a line of reasoning presented with some structure. The Large increase in, pigment loss / betalain release / AW
information presented is relevant and supported by some evidence. Large increase in absorbance figure
Graph curves up more steeply
Level 1 (1–2 marks)
A description of some of the effects on phospholipids in the cell Structure of phospholipids
membrane of either high or low temperature with reference to the Phosphate (and glycerol) head
results between 20oC and 70oC. (Two) fatty acid / hydrocarbon, tails

There is an attempt at a logical structure with a line of reasoning. The Properties of phospholipids
information is in the most part relevant. Heads, are hydrophilic / face out / face aqueous medium
Tails, are hydrophobic / face inwards / in centre of bilayer
0 marks Phospholipids form bilayer
No response or no response worthy of credit. Form barrier to, water / water-soluble molecules
IGNORE ref. proteins / cholesterol
 H020/02 Mark Scheme June 2022
1 (d) 1 percentage / absorbance / mean, higher ✓ 2 AO 1 DO NOT ALLOW absorption for ‘absorbance’
3.3 1 ALLOW ORA percentage / absorbance / mean, lower, for
first experiment / in table
2 water / ice, expansion, breaks / damages, membrane OR
ice crystals, puncture / damage, membrane ✓

Question Answer Mark A Guidance

O
2 (a) (i) 1 (named) protein, synthesis / made ✓ 1 AO 1 e.g. tubulin
2 (named) organelle, replication / synthesis ✓ max 1.2 2 e.g. mitochondria
2 ALLOW G2 checkpoint to ensure enough organelles
3 ALLOW G2 checkpoint to ensure enough energy stores
3 energy stores increase ✓
4 (replicated / new) DNA checked for errors ✓
5 DNA repair ✓

2 (a) (ii) FIRST CHECK THE ANSWER ON ANSWER LINE 1 AO ALLOW answer given on Fig. 2.1
If answer = 3 award 1 mark 2.2

3✓ ALLOW an answer anywhere between 2 and 4

 H020/02 Mark Scheme June 2022
2 (a) (iii) FIRST CHECK THE ANSWER ON ANSWER LINE 2 AO ALLOW data from any pair of years to calculate growth rate
If answer = 18 (mm year-1) award 2 marks 2.2 (change in y axis ÷ change in x axis). E.g. working & answer OR
correct answer alone for 2 marks
110 – 21 OR 89
6–1 5 ✓

18 ✓

ALLOW answer given to 3 significant figures as shown (2 marks)

If answer given to more than 3 sig. fig. max 1 mark

ALLOW ECF from candidate’s 2(a)(ii) figure for year 0

ALLOW calculations from variant y axis readings as shown:

e.g. (yrs 6 and 1) 110 – 20.5 = 89.5 and 89.5 ÷ 5 = 17.9 OR

109.5 – 21 = 88.5 and 88.5 ÷ 5 = 17.7
109.5 – 20.5 = 89 and 89 ÷ 5 = 17.8
 H020/02 Mark Scheme June 2022
2 (b) (i) (position / arrangement, of) chromosomes visible ✓ 1 AO ALLOW chromosomes, different colour to cytoplasm / contrast
2.7 with rest of cell / show up / stand out, for ‘visible’
ALLOW to, identify / distinguish, chromosomes
ALLOW ORA ‘otherwise we could not see chromosomes’
ALLOW chromatids / genetic material / DNA / chromatin, for
‘chromosomes’
2 (b) (ii) chromosomes lined up at, equator / metaphase plate ✓ 1 AO ALLOW middle (of cell) for ‘equator’
3.1 ALLOW pairs of sister chromatids for ‘chromosomes’
2 (b) (iii) all columns with informative headings ✓ 2 AO IGNORE data in table.
3.2
stages of mitosis in correct order ✓ Number of cells (counted)
Stage (of
mitosis) Student 1 Student 2 Student 3

Prophase 3 5 2

Metaphase 1 0 5

Anaphase 3 4 0

Telophase 0 1 3

OR

Number of cells (at stage of mitosis)

Student
Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

1 3 1 3 0

2 5 0 4 1

3 2 5 0 3
ALLOW Trial / test, for ‘Student’
ALLOW Amount for ‘Number’
ALLOW Phase for ‘Stage’
ALLOW student 1, student 2, student 3 on left in 2nd table
 H020/02 Mark Scheme June 2022
2 (c) any three similarities from: 4 AO
S1 chromosomes consist of two (sister) chromatids ✓ max 2.5
S2 chromosomes / chromatids, condense ✓ S2 ALLOW nucleolus disappears
S3 nuclear, envelope / membrane, breaks down ✓
S4 centrioles move to opposite, poles / ends of the cell ✓ S4 ALLOW centrosomes for ‘centrioles’
S5 spindle (fibres) form(s) ✓

any three points unique to meiosis (differences):

D6 meiosis has, prophase 1 and 2 / two prophases ✓
D7 homologous chromosomes pair / bivalents form /
synapsis occurs, in prophase (1) ✓
D8 crossing over occurs / chiasma(ta) form, in prophase (1) ✓ D8 DO NOT ALLOW crossing over between sister chromatids
D9 in prophase 2 chromatids are genetically different ✓
H020/02 Mark Scheme June 2022
Question Answer Mark AO Guidance
3 (a) (i) glycosidic (bond) ✓ 2 AO IGNORE numbers
hydrolysis OR water, added / needed ✓ 1.1 DO NOT ALLOW condensation / water produced
ALLOW description
OH joins, one sugar / galactose, and H joins, the other / glucose
(plus O from glycosidic bond)

3 (a) (ii) 1 (undigested) lactose lowers the water potential ✓ 2 AO 1 ALLOW bacteria break down the lactose so, (unabsorbed)
2.6 glucose / galactose, lower ψ
2 water enters (the large intestine) by osmosis ✓ 2 ALLOW down ψ gradient for ‘osmosis’

3 (b) (i) 1 more than one, C=C / double bond (between carbons) ✓ 1 AO 1 ALLOW has double bonds (between carbons)
2 more than one, kink / bend ✓ max 1.1 2 ALLOW has, kinks / bends
3 fewer H atoms ✓

3 (b) (ii) 3 AO ALLOW (22-44 year olds / people) with high blood cholesterol /
max 3.4 with the condition, for ‘hypercholesterolemia’
1 (yes because) both fall 2006-2012 / 2006-2016 / 2002- MPs 1 and 2 IGNORE single years (look for ranges)
2012 / 2002-2016✓

2 (no because) 1994-2002 / 1994-2006 / 2012-2016,

hypercholesterolemia rises but (CVD) deaths fall / two
factors show opposite trends OR
2002-2006 / 2012-2016 /1994-2016, hypercholesterolemia
does not change but (CVD) deaths fall OR
no positive correlation in 1994-2006 and 2012-2016 ✓

3 % hypercholesterolemia figure and CVD deaths figure

per 100 000 people for two named years ✓ 3 ALLOW hyperchol. figures +2 and CVD figs +10
3 ALLOW processed figs e.g. 2006-2012 CVD decreases by 35
4 correlation does not (necessarily) imply causation ✓
5 e.g. obesity, physical inactivity, alcohol use, nicotine use, other
5 other (named) factor affects death rate (from CVD) ✓
(named) dietary factors, other (named) health problems, medical
treatment, statins
H020/02 Mark Scheme June 2022
3 (c) 3 AO ALLOW max 1 mark for 2 errors identified without corrections OR
max 3.4 for 2 corrections without errors OR for 1 error + 1 (different)
correction
1 (A) it is not atrioventricular node (AVN), it is sino-atrial
node (SAN) ✓
2 (B) atrioventricular valve doesn’t open, it closes ✓ 2 ALLOW in B it is not the atrioventricular valve that opens it is
3 (B) the pressure in the aorta doesn’t fall, it rises ✓ the semi-lunar valve
4 (C) semilunar valve doesn’t open, it closes ✓ 4 ALLOW it is not the semi-lunar valve that opens it is the,
atrioventricular / bicuspid / mitral, valve

Question Answer Mark A Guidance

O
4 (a) (i) phagocyte / neutrophil ✓ 1 AO ALLOW (non-human) macrophage
1.1 IGNORE leucocyte / white blood cell
4 (a) (ii) FIRST CHECK THE ANSWER ON ANSWER LINE 2 AO
If answer = 14 or 15 (µm) award 2 marks 2.8

14mm ÷ 950 = 0.0147mm ✓ ALLOW answer given to 3 significant figures for 2 marks
e.g. 13.7 / 14.2 / 14.7µm
0.0147 x 1000 = 15µm ✓ If answer given to more than 3 sig. fig. max 1 mark
ALLOW (13 000 ÷ 950) = 13.7µm for 2 marks
ALLOW (13 500 ÷ 950) = 14.2µm for 2 marks

If final answer incorrect award 1 mark for two clearly shown

correct steps in working (other than 1 plus 4).
IGNORE crossed-out working.

steps in working:
1 (diameter with units =) 13 / 13.5 / 14mm OR 1.3 / 1.35 / 1.4cm
2 divide by 950
3 convert EITHER original diameter OR answer to µm
(mm  µm x 1000, cm  µm x 10 000)
4 round to 2 significant figures

4 (a) (iii) made up of different cells / not made up of different tissues ✓ 1 AO IGNORE differentiated cells
1.1 ALLOW two or more named blood cells for ‘different’
H020/02 Mark Scheme June 2022
4 (b) (i) artificial active (immunity) ✓ 1 AO
1.1
4 (b) (ii) 1 low shallow hump labelled ‘primary’ first and higher steeper 2 AO 1 IGNORE timing
hump labelled ‘secondary’ later ✓ 2.1 1 ALLOW curve that plateaus and does not come back down

2 primary starts at 5-10 days and secondary at 25-28 days ✓ 2 ECF missing label

4 (b) (iii) 1 (memory cells) divide to form plasma cells ✓ 2 AO

2 plasma cells, produce / release, antibodies (rapidly) ✓ max 1.2
AO 3 ALLOW pathogen for ‘virus’
3 antibodies, bind to / disable / destroy, antigen / virus ✓
2.1
4 (c) 1 phagocyte engulfs pathogen in a, vesicle / phagosome / 3 AO 1 ALLOW encloses / traps / captures / AW for ‘engulfs’
endosome ✓ 1.1 1 ALLOW vacuole for ‘vesicle’
2 lysosomes combine with, phagosome / vesicle / endosome ✓ 2 ALLOW fuse with / join to / attach to / bind to, for ‘combine’
3 (lysosyme) enzymes, break down / digest / destroy, 3 IGNORE combat / fight / attack, for ‘destroy’
3 DO NOT ALLOW lysozymes for ‘enzymes’
pathogen ✓

4 (d) (i) 1 CO2 + water form carbonic acid ✓ 2 AO

2 carbonic acid dissociates giving, H+ / protons ✓ max 2.5
3 H+ / protons, bind to Hb ✓
4 so CO2 can be carried as HCO3– ✓

(d) (ii) 1 more CO2 during exercise so curve shifts to right ✓ 2 AO

2 at same PO2 Hb has a lower % saturation of oxygen ✓ max 1.2 2 ALLOW haemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen is decreased
AO
3 so oxygen, dissociates / is released, from Hb more readily ✓
2.5 4 ALLOW to help supply sufficient oxygen to muscles
4 more oxygen (provided / needed) for, muscles / aerobic
respiration ✓
H020/02 Mark Scheme June 2022
Question Answer Mark
AO Guidance
5* Please refer to the marking instructions on page 4 of this mark scheme for guidance on how to mark this question.
In summary: Read through the whole answer. (Be prepared to recognise and credit unexpected approaches where they show relevance.)
Using a ‘best-fit’ approach based on the science content of the answer, first decide which of the level descriptors, Level 1, Level 2 or Level 3,
best describes the overall quality of the answer.
Then, award the higher or lower mark within the level, according to the Communication Statement (shown in italics):
o award the higher mark where the Communication Statement has been met.
o award the lower mark where aspects of the Communication Statement have been missed.
• The science content determines the level.
• The Communication Statement determines the mark within a level.
Level 3 (5–6 marks) 6 AO Indicative points can include:
A full and detailed account of the changes that take place during 1.1
inspiration and the similarities and differences between the AO How used:
apparatus and the ventilation system in mammals, including 2.1 Pull down, elastic sheet / button, at base to make balloons
correct reference to volume and pressure changes. AO expand
2.3 + Models diaphragm muscle contracting / diaphragm flattening
There is a well-developed line of reasoning which is clear and Volume in bell jar, gets bigger / increases
logically structured. The information presented is relevant and + Models thorax volume increase
substantiated. Pressure in bell jar, gets lower / decreases
+ Models thorax pressure decrease
Level 2 (3–4 marks) Air pressure outside now higher than in bell jar
A detailed account of the changes that take place during + Models higher pressure outside lungs
inspiration, and some of the similarities and differences given Air pushed into balloons / balloons fill
between the apparatus and the ventilation system in mammals. + Models air, pushed into / inflating, lungs

There is a line of reasoning presented with some structure. The Appropriateness:

information presented is relevant and supported by some + Glass tubing represents trachea
evidence. + Two balloons to model two lungs
+ Elastic sheet represents diaphragm
Level 1 (1–2 marks) – Sides of bell jar cannot change shape
An account of some of the changes that take place during – Cannot model rib cage, expanding / moving up and out
inspiration. Must mention at least one correct comparison with – Cannot model contraction of external intercostal muscles
the apparatus in and the ventilation system in mammals.
IGNORE expiration, elastic sheet stretching
There is an attempt at a logical structure with a line of reasoning. DO NOT CREDIT steps in model or mammal process in
The information is in the most part relevant. reverse sequence

0 marks (+ = similarity, – = difference)

No response or no response worthy of credit.
H020/02 Mark Scheme June 2022
Question Answer Mark AO Guidance

6 (a) (i) (look larger) to, scare / deter, predators ✓ 1 AO IGNORE attract mates / camouflage
protection ✓ max 1.1

6 (a) (ii) Uraba 1 AO

1.1
6 (a) (iii) 1 AO
Taxonomic Hierarchical 2.1
description position
Phylum Arthropoda 2
Order Lepidoptera 4
Kingdom Animalia 1
Class Insecta 3
✓
6 (b) 1 (pale and) dark / colour difference, due to, genetic variation / 4 AO 1 look for statement
(different) alleles / (random) mutation ✓ 1.2
AO ALLOW REVERSE ARGUMENTS
in, industrial / polluted / urban / lichen-free, area: 2.1 in, non-industrial / unpolluted / rural / lichen-rich, area:
2 pale, selected against / eaten / less likely to survive OR 2 pale, selected for / not eaten / more likely to survive OR
dark, selected for / not eaten / more likely to survive ✓ dark, selected against / eaten / less likely to survive

3 (more) dark, reproduce / pass on allele / pass on mutation 3 (more) pale, reproduce / pass on their allele OR
OR fewer / no, pale, reproduce / pass on their allele ✓ fewer / no, dark, reproduce / pass on allele / pass on
mutation
4 frequency of allele for, dark colour increases / pale colour 4 frequency of allele for, pale colour increases / dark
decreases ✓ colour decreases

6 (c) 1 not closely related / no (recent) common ancestor / evolved 2 AO

separately, as, 1.2
in different (named) families OR AO 1 ALLOW different (named), countries / continents for
live / evolved, in different parts of the world ✓ 2.6 ‘parts of the world’

2 adapted / evolved, similarly / for same niche / for soil, as, 2 ALLOW developed to suit, same environment / same
both have / share, streamlined shape / modified fore limbs / diet / soil, for ‘adapted similarly’ idea
velvety fur / diet of grubs and worms ✓
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