Cambridge IGCSE™: Business Studies 0450/22 May/June 2022

Cambridge IGCSE™
BUSINESS STUDIES 0450/22

Paper 2 Case Study May/June 2022
MARK SCHEME
Maximum Mark: 80
Published
This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the
examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the
details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have
considered the acceptability of alternative answers.
Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for
Teachers.
Cambridge International will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes.
Cambridge International is publishing the mark schemes for the May/June 2022 series for most
Cambridge IGCSE, Cambridge International A and AS Level and Cambridge Pre-U components, and some
Cambridge O Level components.
This document consists of 17 printed pages.
© UCLES 2022 [Turn over

0450/22 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme May/June 2022
PUBLISHED
Generic Marking Principles
These general marking principles must be applied by all examiners when marking candidate answers.
They should be applied alongside the specific content of the mark scheme or generic level descriptors
for a question. Each question paper and mark scheme will also comply with these marking principles.
GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 1:
Marks must be awarded in line with:
 the specific content of the mark scheme or the generic level descriptors for the question
 the specific skills defined in the mark scheme or in the generic level descriptors for the question
 the standard of response required by a candidate as exemplified by the standardisation scripts.
Marks awarded are always whole marks (not half marks, or other fractions).
Marks must be awarded positively:
 marks are awarded for correct/valid answers, as defined in the mark scheme. However, credit
is given for valid answers which go beyond the scope of the syllabus and mark scheme,
referring to your Team Leader as appropriate
 marks are awarded when candidates clearly demonstrate what they know and can do
 marks are not deducted for errors
 marks are not deducted for omissions
 answers should only be judged on the quality of spelling, punctuation and grammar when these
features are specifically assessed by the question as indicated by the mark scheme. The
meaning, however, should be unambiguous.
Rules must be applied consistently, e.g. in situations where candidates have not followed
instructions or in the application of generic level descriptors.
Marks should be awarded using the full range of marks defined in the mark scheme for the question
(however; the use of the full mark range may be limited according to the quality of the candidate
responses seen).
Marks awarded are based solely on the requirements as defined in the mark scheme. Marks should
not be awarded with grade thresholds or grade descriptors in mind.
© UCLES 2022 Page 2 of 17

PUBLISHED
Social Science-Specific Marking Principles

(for point-based marking)
1 Components using point-based marking:

 Point marking is often used to reward knowledge, understanding and application of skills.
We give credit where the candidate’s answer shows relevant knowledge, understanding
and application of skills in answering the question. We do not give credit where the answer
shows confusion.
From this it follows that we:
a DO credit answers which are worded differently from the mark scheme if they clearly
convey the same meaning (unless the mark scheme requires a specific term)
b DO credit alternative answers/examples which are not written in the mark scheme if they
are correct
c DO credit answers where candidates give more than one correct answer in one
prompt/numbered/scaffolded space where extended writing is required rather than list-type
answers. For example, questions that require n reasons (e.g. State two reasons …).
d DO NOT credit answers simply for using a ‘key term’ unless that is all that is required.
(Check for evidence it is understood and not used wrongly.)
e DO NOT credit answers which are obviously self-contradicting or trying to cover all
possibilities
f DO NOT give further credit for what is effectively repetition of a correct point already
credited unless the language itself is being tested. This applies equally to ‘mirror
statements’ (i.e. polluted/not polluted).
g DO NOT require spellings to be correct, unless this is part of the test. However spellings of
syllabus terms must allow for clear and unambiguous separation from other syllabus terms
with which they may be confused (e.g. Corrasion/Corrosion)
2 Presentation of mark scheme:

 Slashes (/) or the word ‘or’ separate alternative ways of making the same point.
 Semi colons (;) bullet points (•) or figures in brackets (1) separate different points.
 Content in the answer column in brackets is for examiner information/context to clarify the
marking but is not required to earn the mark (except Accounting syllabuses where they
indicate negative numbers).
3 Calculation questions:
 The mark scheme will show the steps in the most likely correct method(s), the mark for
each step, the correct answer(s) and the mark for each answer
 If working/explanation is considered essential for full credit, this will be indicated in the
question paper and in the mark scheme. In all other instances, the correct answer to a
calculation should be given full credit, even if no supporting working is shown.
 Where the candidate uses a valid method which is not covered by the mark scheme,
award equivalent marks for reaching equivalent stages.
 Where an answer makes use of a candidate’s own incorrect figure from previous working,
the ‘own figure rule’ applies: full marks will be given if a correct and complete method is
used. Further guidance will be included in the mark scheme where necessary and any
exceptions to this general principle will be noted.

PUBLISHED
4 Annotation:
 For point marking, ticks can be used to indicate correct answers and crosses can be used
to indicate wrong answers. There is no direct relationship between ticks and marks. Ticks
have no defined meaning for levels of response marking.
 For levels of response marking, the level awarded should be annotated on the script.
 Other annotations will be used by examiners as agreed during standardisation, and the
meaning will be understood by all examiners who marked that paper.
0450/7115/0086 Business Studies – Paper 2 Annotations
Annotation Description Use
Tick Tick Indicates a point which is relevant and rewardable (used in

part (a) questions).
Cross Cross Indicates a point which is inaccurate/irrelevant and not
rewardable.
BOD Benefit of doubt Used when the benefit of the doubt is given in order to
reward a response.
TV Too vague Used when parts of the answer are considered to be too
vague.
REP Repetition Indicates where content has been repeated.
NAQ Not answered Used when the answer or parts of the answer are not
question answering the question asked.
APP Application Indicates appropriate reference to the information in the
context.
OFR Own figure rule If a mistake is made in a calculation, and the incorrect
figure that results from the mistake is used for subsequent
calculations.
SEEN Noted but no credit Indicates that content has been recognised but not
given rewarded.
L1 Level 1 Used in part (b) questions to indicate where a response
includes limited knowledge and understanding.
has a more detailed discussion and contains some
evidence of justification.
includes a well-justified recommendation.

PUBLISHED
Question Answer Marks
1(a) Explain two ways TT could grow. 8
Award 1 mark for each relevant way (maximum of two marks).
Award a maximum of 3 additional marks for each explanation of the way TT

could grow – one of which must be applied to this context.
Relevant reasons might include:
Internal growth such as:

 TT grows its existing operations – often by using retained profits from its
existing business – to set up a new factory abroad producing a new toy
for children up to the age of 5
 Develop new products – to increase sales
 Entering new markets – e.g. produce products for a different age group
 Diversification
External growth such as:

 TT takes over another toy manufacturer – this is horizontal integration
where TT takes over a competitor – TT wants to expand into country Z
and could take over a toy manufacturer already located in that country
 Mergers
 Vertical integration – takes over a supplier or retailer
 Joint ventures
 Licensing
For example: Internal growth (1) as TT decides to expand by opening its own
new factory (1). This could be in country Z where TT plans to expand sales
(app). This is a less risky way to grow than taking over another business,
even though it is quite slow if it has to use its own funds (1).
Application could include: manufacture toys; toys/toys for under 5’s; older
children/children; expanding into new markets abroad; existing economies of
scale; toy shops; cost $10m; multinational company; specialist new
equipment; flow production.

PUBLISHED
1(b) Consider how TT might benefit from the following three economies of 12
scale as it continues to grow. Which is likely to have the greatest effect
on TT’s profit? Justify your answer.
 Purchasing
 Technical
 Financial
Level Description Marks
Sound application of knowledge and understanding of

relevant business concepts using appropriate
terminology.
Detailed discussion of two or more economies of scale.
3 Well-justified conclusion. 9–12
Candidates discussing all three economies of scale in

detail, in context and with a well-justified conclusion
including why the alternative economies of scale were
rejected should be rewarded with the top marks in the
band.

terminology.
Detailed discussion of at least one economy of scale.

2 5–8
Judgement with some justification / some evaluation of
choice made.
Candidates discussing two or more economies of scale in

detail and applying them to the case should be rewarded
with the top marks in the band.
Limited application of knowledge and understanding of

relevant business concepts.
Limited ability to discuss the economies of scale with

little/no explanation.
1 1–4
Simple judgement with limited justification / limited
evaluation of choice made.
Candidates outlining all three economies of scale in

context should be rewarded with the top marks in the
band.
0 No creditable response. 0

PUBLISHED
1(b) Relevant points might include:
 Bulk buy components – discounts/cheaper prices for bulk

purchases – reduces unit costs of components/lower
Purchasing average cost – may be able to lower prices – becomes
more competitive – increases sales of toys – revenue
increases and reduced unit costs
 Specialist machines can be used – specialisation easier

to implement – easier to use in flow production –
Technical speeding up the production process and becoming more
efficient – unit costs lower as output of toys per worker is
higher
 Raise capital more cheaply – lower risk of not repaying

debts – banks may offer lower interest rates – lower
Financial
costs of borrowing for the expansion of the large
business than if it was a smaller business
 Purchasing economy of scale will have the greatest

effect on TTs profit as it produces toys on a large scale
so discounts on components will reduce unit costs by a
significant amount, increasing gross profit and profit. TT
has already benefited from technical economies when it
purchased specialist equipment for its flow
production line and therefore there may be few
additional increases in efficiency and if TT uses internal
sources of finance for expansion then financial
economies will not benefit TT at all.
 Technical economy of scale will have the greatest effect

as this will enable TT to expand flow production further
and more technologically advanced machines can be
purchased, speeding up the production process and
Conclusion
increasing productivity by a high amount. There may be
significant savings on unit costs, which will allow TT to be
more competitive in the new market in country Z. Lower
unit costs and increased revenue will probably lead to
higher profit.
 Financial economy of scale will have the greatest effect

as TT plans to expand and will probably need to raise
some of the capital by borrowing. This will keep down the
costs of expanding, as $10m may need to be borrowed if
TT takes over the other company or builds a factory in
country Z. TT is already producing on a large scale so
the increased benefits from the other economies may be
limited leaving financial economies giving the biggest
increase in profit.

PUBLISHED
2(a) Explain two benefits to TT of using lean production methods. 8
Award 1 mark for each benefit (maximum of two marks).
Award a maximum of 3 additional marks for each explanation of the benefit

of using lean production methods – one of which must be applied to this
context.
Relevant benefits might include

 Employees might be able to offer ways for small continuous
improvements in the factory – may improve efficiency – reduce unit costs
 Less inventory / less storage required for components – as JIT means
components only ordered when required for production – reduces cost of
storage of inventory / reduces amount of working capital required / may
improve cash flow
 Production of toys is quicker – as Kaizen means the factory layout is
more effective – time is not wasted between manufacturing tasks
 Defects/waste could be reduced or eliminated – reduces repair/returns
cost – customer happy with quality – good reputation
 The equipment used for flow production could be used in a better way
– increased efficiency – lower unit costs
 Some processes may be removed – speeds up the production of toys
– increases productivity
 Improved health and safety of employees as motion between jobs may be
reduced – less time off work due to injury – more output produced
For example: There is less storage required for components (1). This is
because just-in-time inventory control is used (app) means the components to
manufacture the products are only ordered when required for production (1).
This will reduce the warehouse space required and reduce costs (1).
Application could include: manufacture toys; toys/toys for under 5’s; older
children/children; expanding into new markets abroad; existing economies of
scale; Kaizen; JIT; specialist new equipment; flow production.

PUBLISHED
2(b) Using Appendix 2 and other information, consider TT’s financial 12

position. Do you think TT is in a good financial position to expand?
Justify your answer using suitable calculations.
3 Sound application of knowledge and understanding of

terminology.
Detailed discussion of whether TT is in a good financial

position.
9–12
Well-justified conclusion.
Candidates discussing in detail whether TT is in a good

financial position, in context and with a well-justified
conclusion including why TT may not be in a good
financial position should be rewarded with the top marks
in the band.
2 Sound application of knowledge and understanding of

terminology.
Detailed discussion of some arguments around whether

TT is in a good financial position.
5–8
choice made.
Candidates discussing in detail whether TT is in a good

financial position and applying it to the case should be
rewarded with the top marks in the band.
1 Limited application of knowledge and understanding of

Limited ability to discuss the financial position of TT with

little/no explanation.
1–4
Candidates outlining the financial position of TT in

context should be rewarded with the top marks in the
band.

PUBLISHED
 Accounts receivable has increased by $3m

 The amount of cash held has increased by $2m
 Amount of trade credit has increased by $1m
 TT no longer has an overdraft
Level 1
 TT has taken out another bank loan for $5m
statements
 TT has current assets of $15m in 2022
 TT has current liabilities of $5m in 2022
 Current assets have increased by $5m
 Current liabilities have remained the same
 Accounts receivable has increased by $3m – as more

customers are allowed credit or existing customers are
allowed a longer period to pay
 The current ratio in 2022 is 3 / the current ratio has
increased by 1
 This is high as 2 would be more acceptable and indicates
Level 2 that TT may have too many of its assets in a liquid form
statements  The acid test ratio in 2022 is 2 / the acid test ratio has
also increased by 1
 The acid test ratio is high as a ratio of 1 would be
acceptable and indicates that assets are being held in
non-income earning form
 The liquidity seems to be sufficient to encourage banks
to increase the loans to pay for the $10m expansion
 Yes, TT is in a good financial position to expand as it has

increased both liquidity ratios between 2021 and 2022. It
is in a good position to be able to expand and fund some
of the $10m for expansion out of its own funds. It does
not look likely to have a liquidity problem as it expands.
 No, TT may not be in a good financial position to expand
as it appears to have too much liquidity as the liquidity
Conclusion ratios could be considered to be too high. It has also
increased its current liabilities by increasing its accounts
payable and doubled its bank loans. These loans will
have to be doubled again if TT chooses to finance the
expansion from external sources. However, as TT is
planning to expand then this may be a good financial
position to fund this expansion with some internal
sources of finance.

PUBLISHED
3(a) Explain one way the information in each chart in Appendix 1 might be 8
useful to TT.
Award 1 mark for each appropriate way (maximum of four).
Award a maximum of 1 additional mark for each explanation in context.
Relevant ways might include:
 Chart 1 – Can estimate the size of the market – as the number of under
5’s in the population is 20m which is quite a large market
 Chart 2 – Higher unemployment increases the availability of potential
employees / lower consumer incomes – therefore easier to recruit
workers for the new factory / consumers may not be willing to pay a
higher price for toys
 Chart 3 – Helps to choose the most suitable channel of distribution in the
new country – as the majority of consumers buy their products in
specialist toy shops
 Chart 4 – Can know how much competition there is in the market – there
are only 3 main companies so easier to check on competitors’ prices
For example: TT can estimate the size of the market (1) as the research
shows that there are 20 million children under 5 in country Z (app).
Application can come from information in the charts in Appendix 1 or

elsewhere in the case study.

PUBLISHED
3(b) Using Appendix 3 and other information, consider the three applicants 12
for the job of Marketing Manager for country Z. Who is the best applicant
for the job? Justify your answer.

terminology.
Detailed discussion of two or more applicants.

3 9–12
Well-justified recommendation.
Candidates discussing all three applicants in detail, in

context and with a well-justified recommendation
including why the alternative applicants were rejected
should be rewarded with the top marks in the band.

terminology.
Detailed discussion of at least one applicant.

2 5–8
choice made.
Candidates discussing two or more applicants in detail

and applying this to the case should be rewarded with the
top marks in the band.

Limited ability to discuss the applicants with little/no

explanation.
1 1–4
Candidates outlining all three applicants in context should

be rewarded with the top marks in the band.

PUBLISHED
Benefits Possible drawbacks
 Well qualified so has  Experience is as an

the capacity to learn assistant so she may
new skills not have the
 Has experience of the necessary experience
job as an Assistant to run a department
Marketing Manager  Labiba may find it
so will understand difficult to settle in
what the job involves country Z
 Speaking 2  It may cause jealousy
languages will be from other employees
suitable to work in at TT if Labiba is
another country promoted
 Already works for TT
and so will
Labiba
understand the toy
products and the
way TT works
 TT trains its staff and
so will probably be
well trained for
existing job
 Other TT employees
may be more
motivated as they see
the promotional
opportunities within
the business – may
be less likely to leave
 The best qualified of  The experience has

all the applicants with not been in a toy
a degree in company and
business therefore may not
management and understand TT’s
therefore might be a market
quick learner  No experience of
 Already experienced working in large
as a marketing company as has only
Shahin
manager and will been working in a
understand what the small food company
role involves
 Is already based in
country Z and so
will not need to
move there – already
understands the
culture of country Z

PUBLISHED
3(b)
Benefits Possible drawbacks
 Speaks more  Lowest qualified of

languages than the the three applicants
other applicants –  Works for a
more likely to be able competitor and may
to speak to have very different
employees in country working practices –
Z may not fit in well to
 The most TT
experienced as has  Samihah may find it
worked in a large difficult to settle in
Samihah toy company so will country Z
be more familiar with
the requirements of a
toy company
 Works for a
competitor of TT and
may bring additional
ideas to TT to
improve the
marketing of the new
toy
 Labiba is the best applicant as she already works

for TT and TT knows how well Labiba works. Her
boss can give an accurate assessment of Labiba’s
capabilities, which is likely to be more accurate
than outside references. Labiba already
understands the toy market and will be better than
Shahin who only has experience of a small
company. Samihah may not fit into the culture of
TT as the competitor may have very different ways
of operating.
 Shahin is the best applicant as she is already a

Recommendation marketing manager and is the only applicant
already based in country Z. Shahin will have the
best understanding of the market in country Z even
though their experience is with food and Shahin
does not need to move to another country unlike
the other two applicants.
 Samihah is the best applicant as she has the most

experience of the three, as is already a marketing
manager and understands what the role involves,
unlike Labiba. Samihah’s experience has been in a
large toy company similar to TT and is likely to
bring new ideas to the marketing of the new toy.

PUBLISHED
4(a) Explain four effects of training on a business. 8
Award 1 mark for each relevant reason (maximum of four).
Award a maximum of 1 additional mark for each explanation.
There are no application marks available for this question.
Relevant effects might include:

 Greater motivation of employees – work harder to produce output
 More flexible workforce – employees can be moved between tasks as
necessary
 Increased productivity/efficiency – lower unit costs
 Quality of the product may be improved – greater customer satisfaction /
improved brand image / improved reputation
 Employees able to use new technology – easier to introduce new
equipment to speed up production
 Improves customer service – if trained how to answer customer queries
 Fewer mistakes as employees are trained – less waste/less repair costs
 Workforce is more knowledgeable/skilled – able to complete tasks more
effectively
 Output lost whilst training employees – higher costs
 Employees may expect higher pay increasing wage costs as a result of
being trained – lower motivation if pay is not increased
 Training costs are incurred by the business – higher costs for the
business may lead to lower profit initially
 Employees may leave the business after they have been trained –
therefore increases recruitment costs
For example: The business will have a more flexible workforce (1) this means
when an employee is absent another employee can be moved to cover their
task without production being halted (1).

PUBLISHED
4(b) Consider the benefits and drawbacks for country Z if TT builds a factory 12
there. Do you think the government of country Z should allow TT to
build this factory? Justify your answer.

terminology.
Detailed discussion of both the benefits and drawbacks

for country Z.
3 9–12
Well-justified conclusion.
Candidates discussing in detail both the benefits and

drawbacks for country Z, in context and with a well-
justified conclusion including why the alternative benefits
or drawbacks were rejected should be rewarded with the
top marks in the band.

terminology.
Detailed discussion of at least one benefit or drawback

for country Z.
2 5–8
choice made.
Candidates discussing in detail both benefits and

drawbacks for country Z and applying these to the case
should be rewarded with the top marks in the band.

Limited ability to discuss the benefits and/or drawbacks

with little/no explanation.
1 1–4
Candidates outlining the benefits and drawbacks for

country Z in context should be rewarded with the top
marks in the band.

PUBLISHED
Benefits Drawbacks
 It creates jobs – lowering  The jobs created may be

unemployment as it has been unskilled and low paid
rising in country Z – raising  There may be reduced sales for
incomes in the country and the three local toy businesses
helping to increase economic as their costs may be higher
growth/GDP  Profits may be sent back to
 Increased investment – the new country Y – loss of government
factory will create jobs to build it tax revenue in country Z
and new infrastructure may be  Scarce resources may be used
built also benefiting local up quickly by the multinational
businesses business leaving few non-
 TT could export from county Z – renewable resources remaining
improving its balance of when the multinational has left
payments – earns foreign  The multinational business
currency for country Z to could have a lot of political
purchase more imports influence and gain concessions
 TT may pay taxes to the such as grants that could have
government – increases tax been spent on local businesses
revenue to provide more  Increased noise and air
services for its population of 200 pollution when the factory is
million being built – may cause
 Increased consumer choice – damage to the environment and
more competition and more health of the local population
toys available to buy and the
new toy is unique
Conclusion:
 Allowing TT to locate in the country has more benefits for country Z than
it has drawbacks. The jobs created when unemployment is increasing
will help the country develop and may benefit from a technology transfer
from TT to other businesses in the country. This may increase their
efficiency and improve their productivity – so many other local businesses
may benefit which outweighs the drawbacks to the three local toy
companies that may not be able to compete with TT.
 The government in country Z should not allow TT to build a factory there

as it may not gain tax revenue if the government of country Z has to make
concessions to attract TT to locate there. As TT’s production is quite
automated few jobs will be created and these may not increase incomes
much so there will be little gain to the economy.

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Cambridge IGCSE™

BUSINESS STUDIES 0450/22

This document consists of 17 printed pages.

© UCLES 2022 [Turn over

Generic Marking Principles

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 1:

Marks must be awarded in line with:

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 2:

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 3:

Marks must be awarded positively:

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 4:

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 5:

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 6:

© UCLES 2022 Page 2 of 17

Social Science-Specific Marking Principles

1 Components using point-based marking:

From this it follows that we:

2 Presentation of mark scheme:

© UCLES 2022 Page 3 of 17

0450/7115/0086 Business Studies – Paper 2 Annotations

Annotation Description Use

Tick Tick Indicates a point which is relevant and rewardable (used in

© UCLES 2022 Page 4 of 17

Question Answer Marks

1(a) Explain two ways TT could grow. 8

Award 1 mark for each relevant way (maximum of two marks).

Award a maximum of 3 additional marks for each explanation of the way TT

Relevant reasons might include:

Internal growth such as:

External growth such as:

© UCLES 2022 Page 5 of 17

Question Answer Marks

Level Description Marks

Sound application of knowledge and understanding of

Detailed discussion of two or more economies of scale.

3 Well-justified conclusion. 9–12

Candidates discussing all three economies of scale in

Sound application of knowledge and understanding of

Detailed discussion of at least one economy of scale.

Candidates discussing two or more economies of scale in

Limited application of knowledge and understanding of

Limited ability to discuss the economies of scale with

Candidates outlining all three economies of scale in

© UCLES 2022 Page 6 of 17

Question Answer Marks

1(b) Relevant points might include:

 Bulk buy components – discounts/cheaper prices for bulk

 Specialist machines can be used – specialisation easier

 Raise capital more cheaply – lower risk of not repaying

 Purchasing economy of scale will have the greatest

 Technical economy of scale will have the greatest effect

 Financial economy of scale will have the greatest effect

© UCLES 2022 Page 7 of 17

Question Answer Marks

2(a) Explain two benefits to TT of using lean production methods. 8

Award 1 mark for each benefit (maximum of two marks).

Award a maximum of 3 additional marks for each explanation of the benefit

Relevant benefits might include

© UCLES 2022 Page 8 of 17