Name: Vidur Agarwal and Raghav Garg

Field: B-TECH Artificial Intelligence and Data

Science
Subject: Environmental Science Project
Topic: Report On Ocean Energy
Submitted To: Dr. Archa Gulati
 Ocean Energy

The term Ocean Energy encompasses both wave

power i.e. power from surface waves, and tidal
power i.e. obtained from the kinetic energy of large
bodies of moving water. Marine energy or ocean
power refers to the energy carried by ocean waves,
tides, salinity, and ocean temperature differences.
The movement of water in the world's oceans
creates a vast store of kinetic energy, or energy in
motion. Some of this energy can be harnessed to
generate electricity to power homes, transport and
industries.The oceans have a tremendous amount
of energy and are close to many if not most
concentrated populations. Ocean energy has the
potential of providing a substantial amount of new
renewable energy around the world.
 Global potential
There is the potential to develop 20,000–80,000
terawatt-hours per year (TWh/y) of electricity
generated by changes in ocean temperatures, salt
content, movements of tides, currents, waves and
swells.
TYPES OF OCEAN ENERGY
Ocean energy is generally classified in three ways:
1. Tidal energy: tides are due to the gravitational
pull of the moon on water in the ocean.
2. Wave energy:Due to blowing of winds on the
surface of sea, fast water waves move on its
surface. The energy of moving sea water can be
used to generate electricity.
3. Ocean thermal energy: Technology for
producing energy by harnessing the temperature
differences between ocean surface waters and
deep ocean waters.
 Tidal Energy
Among sources of renewable energy, tidal energy
has traditionally suffered from relatively high cost
and limited availability of sites with sufficiently high
tidal ranges or flow velocities, thus constricting its
total availability. However, many recent
technological developments and improvements,
both in design and turbine technology indicate that
the total availability of tidal power may be much
higher than previously assumed and that economic
and environmental costs may be brought down to
competitive levels.A tidal generator converts the
energy of tidal flows into electricity. Greater tidal
variation and higher tidal current velocities can
dramatically increase the potential of a site for tidal
electricity generation.
 Case study:
tidal energy- Sihwa Lake
tidal power station
The west coast of South Korea, with its winding
rias, many-sized inlets and wide tidal range, is a
rich repository of tidal energy resources. This is the
setting for the world’s largest operating tidal power
station: the 254 MW Sihwa Lake project.Sihwa
Lake is a 43.8 km² artificial lake constructed as a
land reclamation project by the South Korean
government in 1994, using a 12.7 km long seawall
at Gyeonggi Bay.It was metropolitan area, flood
mitigation, and secure irrigation water by
converting the coastal reservoir to fresh water.Yet
once the seawall was closed and the natural tidal
currents were cut off, water quality deteriorated.
This was due to a combination of factors, including
low natural freshwater inflows and the increase of
wastewater from the industrial complexes
K-water, the Korean governmental water authority,
commissioned the first feasibility study for the
construction of a tidal power plant at the site which
would improve seawater circulation by about 200
per cent. Approval was received in 2002 and
construction began in 2004.created to provide
reclaimed land for the nearby

Merits of tidal energy:

• Inexhaustible, pollution free and renewable
• Independent of uncertainty in rainfall.
• Tidal power plant does not require a large land
area as it is built on the bay.

Demerits of tidal energy:

• Due to variation in tidal range, power output is
variable and power
generation is intermittent and not very large
• Few suitable sites available for dam construction
• Barrier construction in areas of high tidal flow,
corrosion of barrier and
turbines by salt water, etc
 Tidal power generation
sites of India:
1. Gulf of Kutch:near Gujarat has an estimated potential of 7,000
MW and 1,200 MW.
2. Sunderbans:The estimated project cost of the 3.75 MW tidal
power plant was to the tune of Rs 238 crore.
3. Gulf of Cambay:This includes about 7,000 MW in the Gulf of
Cambay in Gujarat.
4. Andaman & Nicobar islands:wave power potential of
islands is 10 kW. m-1 with 20 kW. M-1 during the monsoon season.
Lakshadweep shows a higher potential during the monsoon season.
5. Coast of Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Kerala,
Karnataka, Maharashtra.
 Wave Energy
Wave energy is a form of renewable energy that
can be harnessed from the motion of the waves.
There are several methods of harnessing wave
energy that involve placing electricity generators on
the surface of the ocean.

How Does Wave Energy

Work?
Depending on the lunar cycles, tides, winds, and
weather, waves can vary in size and strength. As
waves roll through the ocean, they create kinetic
energy, or movement. This movement can be used
to power turbines, which, in turn, create energy that
can be converted into electricity and power. There
are also several ways of harnessing wave energy
that utilise the up and down motion of the waves to
power pistons/turn generators.
 Similar to solar, wind, and geothermal energy, wave
energy is a renewable source. As long as the Earth
continues to track around the sun, and the moon
around the Earth, waves will continue to be a viable
source of kinetic energy. Wave energy also produces
fewer carbon emissions than energy from traditional
fossil fuels, such as coal or oil, making it a more
eco-friendly option.
One of the bigger roadblocks to wave energy is that
most wave energy systems are fairly small, and
aren’t suitable for powering large buildings or
structures.
Another problem with wave energy is that, similar to
solar or wind power, the amount of energy that can
be harnessed is contingent upon the size of the
waves at any given time. Variable factors that go into
wave energy include the wave height, wave speed,
wavelength, and wave density – all of which can be
unpredictable.
As technologies develop, scientists and experts are
looking at ways to harness more power from waves
and the ocean.
 Case Study:
wave energy-The Port
Kembla wave energy station
The Port Kembla wave energy station was an
oscillating wave energy test station proposed to be
developed by Oceanlinx in New South Wales,
Australia as a 500 kilowatt facility. The project was
conducted in two stages, where distance from shore
was manipulated so that the stations could collect
energy and provide data for future designs. The
initial phase of the Port Kembla energy station was
commissioned in 2005 and remained active until
2009. This project was the first fully operational
archetype designed by Oceanlinx, and was dubbed
green wave Mk1, a shallow water energy device that
capitalised on near shore transmission
capabilities.The second phase was commissioned in
February of 2010 and only remained functional until
March 2010. This project was called the blueWAVE
Mk3-Pre Commercial, which was a deep sea floating
device connected to the utility grid and designed as
an original prototype for future deep water wave
energy stations.
 The blueWAVE Mk3 device is the focus of this case
study. Unfortunately, the Mk3 was not proven
successful under turbulent ocean conditions and
subsequently fell apart due to adverse weather
conditions. Currently, the decommissioning of the
Mk3 has sparked national controversy regarding
Oceanlinx’s timeline for removing the wreckage
While the Port Kembla wave energy project was a
combination of both public and private investment,
the Australian Federal Government exhibited the
most enthusiasm for translating plans into grid-linked
energy production. In 1999, two years after
Oceanlinx was established, the project received a
$750,000 grant by the Federal Government. In 2004,
one year prior to the commissioning of the station,
Oceanlinx was awarded another $1.21 million by the
Australian Federal Government for research and
development in conjunction with the National Wave
Energy Optimization Program. The first major private
investment was then granted a year later in 2005,
when the Center for Energy and Greenhouse
Technologies supplied $500,000
 Merits of wave energy:
• renewable and pollution free
• Does not requires land large areas
• No specific site is required as same energy exists
on every coastline

Demerits of wave energy:

• Output is variable
• Equipment must be able to withstand stresses in
storm
• Wave power is expensive with presently available
technology
• Marine animals and sea bird population could be
affected due to presence
of wave energy structure

Wave power potential of

India
Wind belts in Arabian sea and Bay of Bengal are the
ideal locations. First
A wave energy project has been set up at Vizhinjam
near Trivandrum.
 OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY
Ocean thermal energy conversion produces energy
from temperature differences in ocean waters
Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) is a
process or technology for producing energy by
harnessing the temperature differences (thermal
gradients) between ocean surface waters and deep
ocean waters.
Energy from the sun heats the surface water of the
ocean. In tropical regions, surface water can be
much warmer than deep water. This temperature
difference can be used to produce electricity and to
desalinate ocean water. Ocean Thermal Energy
Conversion (OTEC) systems use a temperature
difference (of at least 20° Celsius or 36° Fahrenheit)
to power a turbine to produce electricity. Warm
surface water is pumped through an evaporator
containing a working fluid. The vaporised fluid drives
a turbine/generator. The vaporised fluid is turned
back to a liquid in a condenser cooled with cold
ocean water pumped from deeper in the ocean.
OTEC systems using seawater as the working fluid
can use the condensed water to produce desalinated
water.
 Case Study:
Ocean thermal
energy-seawater utilisation
The deployment of a land-based Ocean Thermal
Energy Conversion (OTEC) plant in South Tarawa,
Kiribati, Pacific Islands Region, in 2020/2021,
represents a major technical achievement, alongside
an international development opportunity. Pacific
Small Island Developing States (PSIDS) are
archipelago nations with small land areas and large
oceanic exclusive economic zones. Geographical
isolation and large transport distances make
economic development a challenge. A lack of
affordable and reliable energy in many PSIDS is a
development inhibitor. PSIDS are situated within the
areas of highest ocean thermal potential in the world.
Temperature differences between surface and 1 km
depth waters, are in excess of 24°C. Regional
geology and tectonics allow access to deeper, colder,
waters within a few kilometres of many shorelines,
and close to market. Seawater Utilisation
technologies can catalyse varied industrial
development.
 Merits of ocean thermal
energy:
• Energy from OTEC is continuous, renewable and
free
• No seasonal or daily variations in output
• Transfer nutrients from unproductive deep waters to
warmer surface
water, thus enriching fishing grounds
Demerits of ocean thermal
energy:
• Process requires a lot of capital investment
• Conversion efficiency is low due to small
temperature difference
between surface and deep water.