DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY-DASMARIÑAS

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE, AND TECHNOLOGY

ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING PROGRAM

Applied Mathematics
Module 3

BY:
ENGR. EARL JAYSON B. ALVARAN
I. MODULE 1 – RATIO, PROPORTION AND VARIATION. NUMBER/DIGIT PROBLEMS

1.1.1. GOSPEL READING

1.1.2. TOPIC LEARNING OUTCOMES

1.1.3. RATIO, PROPORTION AND VARIATION

1.1.4. PROBLEM SOLVING EXERCISES

1.1.5. NUMBER/DIGIT PROBLEMS

1.1.6. PROBLEM SOLVING EXERCISES

1.1.7. REFERENCES
I. GOSPEL READING

Let us put ourselves in the presence of God..

In the name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit.

Proverbs 2:6 and 10, “For the Lord gives wisdom, and from His mouth come

knowledge and understanding. For wisdom will enter your heart, and knowledge

will be pleasant to your soul”

St. John Baptist de la Salle..pray for us.. Live Jesus in our hearts..Forever.

II. TOPIC LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the semester, students can:

TLO1. identify the type of problems in algebra and apply the necessary steps in

solving different types of worded problem.

TLO2. apply the applicable formulas in different problem concerning the use of

algebraic rules and theorems.

Ratio, Proportion and Variation
➢ RATIO
The ratio of two numbers a and b may be written as:
a to b a:b a/b
Where:
a is called the antecedent
b is called the consequent

➢ PROPORTION
A proportion is a statement of equality between two ratios.
means
a c
a:b=c:d =
b d
extremes
Where:
b and c → are called means
a and d → are called extremes
Note: Product of means must be equal to product of extremes for two ratios become equal.

Properties of Proportion:
1. Proportion by inversion
If a/b = c/d, then b/a = d/c
2. Proportion by alteration
If a/b = c/d, then a/c = b/d
3. Proportion by composition
If a/b = c/d, then (a+b)/b = (c+d)/d
4. Proportion by division
If a/b = c/d, then (a–b)/b = (c–d)/d
5. Proportion by composition and division
If a/b = c/d, then (a+b)/(a–b) = (c+d)/ (c–d)

6. Mean Proportional to a and b: a = x  x = ab

x b
 a c
7. Fourth Proportional to a, b and c: =  x = bc
b x a

a b b2
8. Third Proportional to a and b: = x =
b x a
➢ Variation
A variation is a mathematical function that relates the values of one variable to those of the
other, whether the variable increases or decreases, depending on the relationship defined by
the variation.

❖ Direct Variation
x is in direct variation to y or also known as “x is directly proportional to y.” When the
value of y increases, then the value of x increases also.
xy

To create an equality, add a proportionality constant.

x = ky
where:
k = constant of proportionality
An example of direct variation is Charles’ Law, where he stated that “at constant
pressure, the volume is directly proportional to the temperature.”
VT
V = kT
Solving for k,
V
=k
T
And if k is constant, V/T is also constant and that’s where the formula of Charles’ Law
derived:
V1 V2
=
T1 T2

❖ Inverse Variation
x is in inverse variation to y or also known as “x is inversely proportional to y.” When the
value of y increases, then the value of x decreases. On the other hand, when the value of y
decreases, then the value of x increases.

1
x
y
 An example of inverse variation is Boyle’s Law, where he stated that “at constant
temperature, the pressure is inversely proportional to the volume.”
1
P
V

k
P
V
Solving for k,
PV = k
And if k is constant, PV is also constant and that’s where the formula of Boyles’ Law
derived:

P1V1 = P2 V2

❖ Joint Variation
x varies jointly to y and z or also known as “x is directly proportional to product of y and
z.”
x  yz

An example of joint variation is the ideal gas law where the number of moles is held
constant, the temperature is directly proportional to the product of pressure and volume.
T  PV
T = kPV

T
=k
PV

T1 T
= 2
P1V1 P2 V2

❖ Combined Variation
x is directly proportional to y and inversely proportional to z. A combination of direct
variation and inverse variation is the combined variation.

y
x
z
An example of combined variation is the combined gas law where “the pressure is
directly proportional to the temperature and inversely proportional to the volume.”
 T
P
V

T
P=k
V

PV
=k
T

P1V1 P2 V2
=
T1 T2

Examples:

1. Find the fourth proportional to 1, 2 and 4.

A. 7
B. 8
C. 16
D. 5
Answer: B. 8
Solution:

1 4
Fourth Proportional to 1, 2 and 4: =
2 x
x(1) = 2(4)
x =8

2. Find the third proportional to -2 and 4.

A. 4
B. 6
C. -8
D. -4
Answer: C. -8
Solution:

-2 4
Third Proportional to -2 and 4: =
4 x
 x(−2) = 4(4)
x = −8

3. A line segment 30 cm long is divided into two parts whose lengths have the ratio
2:3. Find the larger part.
A. 12
B. 15
C. 18
D. 21
Answer: C. 18
Solution:
Let: x = larger part
30 – x = smaller part

2 30 − x
=
3 x
2( x) = 3(30 − x)

2 x = 90 − 3x
2 x + 3x = 90
5x = 90

5 x 90
=
5 5
x = 18
Therefore, the larger part is 18 cm.

4. To determine the number of fish in a lake, a park ranger catches 225 fish, tags
them, and throws them back into the lake. Later, 108 fish are caught and 15 of them
are found to be tagged. Estimate how many fish are in the lake?
A. 1580
B. 1620
C. 1560
D. 1600
 Answer: B. 1620
Solution:
To estimate the number of fish in lake, use a ratio of the number of tagged fish
over the total number of fish:

15 225
=
108 x
Where: x = total number of fish
Solving for x:
15x = 108(225)

15x 108(225)
=
15 15
x = 1620
Therefore, there are estimated to have 1620 fishes in the lake.

5. The quantity z varies directly as the cube of x and inversely as the square of y, z has
the value of 14 when x = 4 and y is equal to 6. Find the value of z when x equals 2
and y equals 3.
A. 7
B. 8
C. 10
D. none of these
Answer: A. 7
Solution #1:

x3
z
y2

x3
z=k , from the initial values, x=4, y=6 & z = 14, solve for k:
y2

43 14(6) 2 63
14 = k → =k → k=
62 43 8

63
Now find the value of z when x = 2, y = 3 and k = :
8
 63  x 3  63  (2)3 
z=   → z=   → z=7
8  y 2  8  (3) 2 

Solution #2:

x3
z , create a formula based from the relationship given:
y2

x3 zy 2 2
z1 y1 z y
2
z=k → =k → = 2 32
y2 x3 x1
3
x2

Using the initial and final conditions; x1=4, y1=6, z1=14 and x2=2, y2=3:

14(6) 2 z 2 (3) 2 14(6) 2 (2)3

= → = z2
(4)3 (2)3 (4)3 (3) 2

z2 = 7

6. The radius of a curvature of a given curve varies directly with “x” and inversely with
the square of “y”. When x = 2, y = 3, the radius of curvature is 100. Find the radius
of curvature when x = 4 and y = 6.
A. 200
B. 25
C. 50
D. 120
Answer: C. 50
Solution #1:

x
r
y2

x
r=k , x=2, y=3 & r = 100, solve for k:
y2

2 100(3) 2
100 = k → =k → k = 450
(3) 2 2

 x 
 r = 450 2 
y 
Find r when x = 4, y = 6:
  4 → r = 50
r = 450 2 
6 

Solution #2:
2 2
x x r1 y1 ry
r → r=k → = 2 2
y2 y2 x1 x2

x1=2, y1=3, r1=100 and x2=4, y2=6; find r2:

100(3) 2 r2 (6) 2 100(3) 2 (4)

= → = r2
2 4 (2)(6) 2

r2 = 50

7. The time required by an elevator to lift a weight varies directly with the weight and
the distance through which it is to be lifted and inversely as the power of the motor,
if it takes 30 seconds for a 10-hp motor to lift 100 lbs. through 50 ft. What size of
motor is required to lift 800 lbs. in 40 seconds through a distance of 40ft.?
A. 58 hp
B. 50 hp
C. 48 hp
D. 56 hp
Answer: C. 48 hp
Solution:
Solution #1:
wd wd
t → t=k
P P
t = 30 s, P = 10 hp, w = 100 lbs, d = 50 ft, and k = ?

(100 lbs)(50 ft) (30s)(10hp)

30s = k → =k
(10 hp) (100 lbs)(50 ft)

3 hp − s
k=
50 ft − lbs
Solve for P when w = 800 lbs, t = 40 s and d = 40 ft.
wd wd
t=k → P=k
P t
  3 hp − s  wd 
P=  
 50 ft − lbs  t 

 3 hp − s  (800 lbs)(40 ft) 

P=  
 50 ft − lbs  40s 
P = 48 hp

Solution #2:
wd wd t1P1 t P
t → t=k → = 2 2
P P w1d1 w 2d 2

t1=30s, P1=10hp, w1=100lbs, d1=50ft, and w2=800lbs, t2=40s and d2=40ft:

(30s)(10hp) (40s)P2
=
(100 lbs)(50 ft) (800 lbs)(40 ft)

(30s)(10hp)(800 lbs)(40 ft)

= P2
(100 lbs)(50 ft)(40s)

P2 = 48 hp
LEARNING ACTIVITY AND ASSESSMENT

RATIO, PROPORTION AND VARIATION

SCORE
NAME: _____________________________ DATE:___________________

STUDENT NO.:______________________ EXERCISE NO.:___________

Encircle the best answer and show your complete solution.

1. A paint supplier mixes a particular shade of green by using 3 parts, blue to 2 parts
yellow, if he mixes 12 gallons of green paint, how much yellow did he use?
A. 4.8 C. 8.4
B. 2.4 D. 6.4
2. What is the third proportional of the square of 2 and the cube root of 8?
A. 1 C. 2
B. 3 D. 4
3. The cost of a Turkish cloth varies jointly as the length and width of the cloth. If the
cost is TL3848 for an 8 ft by 13 ft cloth, then what is the cost of a 17 ft by 23 ft cloth?
A. 14469 C. 14467
B. 14477 D. 14468

4. The vibration frequency of a string varies as the square root of the tension and
inversely as the product of the length and diameter. Of the testing. If the testing is
3ft long and 0.03-inch diameter vibrates at 720 times per second under 90 pounds
tension, at what frequency will a 2ft, 0.025-inch string vibrate under 50 pounds
tension.
A. 966 C. 530
B. 6210 D. 855
Number Problems
Principle:
Let: x = first number
y = second number
Then: represent the statement into equation.
“times as much” means multiply
“percent of” means multiply
“more than” means add
“increased by” means add
“less than” means subtract
“decreased by” means subtract
Sample:
First number is three times the second number:
x = 3y
First number is 6 more than twice the other:
x = 2y + 6
A number is 8 less than 4 times half of the other:
x = 4(y/2) – 8

Examples:

1. The sum of two numbers is 30, and one number is twice the other. Find the
difference.
A. 2
B. 5
C. 15
D. 10 *
Answer:
Solution:
Let: x = first number
2x = second number
Difference = 2x – x = x
 Sum of two numbers is 30:
𝑥 + 2𝑥 = 30
3𝑥 = 30
𝑥 = 10
Therefore, the difference is 10.

2. Ten less than four times a certain number is 10. Determine the number.
A. 2
B. 9
C. 6
D. 5 *
Answer:
Solution:
Let: x = number
Ten less than four times a certain number is 10:
4𝑥 − 10 = 10
4𝑥 − 10 = 10
4𝑥 = 20
𝑥=5
Therefore, the number is 5.

3. The sum of two numbers is 40. If the larger is divided by the smaller, the quotient
is 2 and the remainder is 4. Find the smaller number.
A. 5
B. 12 *
C. 21
D. 14
Answer:
Solution:
Let: x = smaller number
y = larger number
 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 40
𝑦 = 40 − 𝑥
If the larger is divided by the smaller, the quotient is 2 and the remainder
is 4:
𝑦 4
=2+
𝑥 𝑥
Multiply the whole equation by x:
𝑦 4
( = 2 + )𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 4
Since 𝑦 = 40 − 𝑥:
40 − 𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 4
40 − 4 = 2𝑥 + 𝑥
36 = 3𝑥
𝑥 = 12
Therefore, the number is 12.

4. Find the bigger of two consecutive positive odd integers such that the difference
of their squares is 40.
A. 11 *
B. 10
C. 12
D. 16
Answer:
Solution:
Let: x = first positive odd integer
x + 2 = second positive odd integer
Difference of the squares of two consecutive positive odd integers:
(𝑥 + 2)2 − (𝑥)2 = 40

𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4 − 𝑥 2 = 40
4𝑥 + 4 = 40
4𝑥 = 40 − 4
 4𝑥 = 36
𝑥 = 9 → smaller positive odd integer
𝑥 + 2 = 11 → bigger positive odd integer
Therefore, the bigger positive odd integer is 11.

Digit Problems
Principle:
Let: u = unit’s digit
t = ten’s digit
h = hundred’s digit
Sample:
Given 2-digit number is: 10t + u
The reversed digit is: 10u +t
The sum of the digits is: t+u
Given 3-digit number is: 100h + 10t + u
The reversed digit is: 100u + 10t + h
The sum of the digits is: h+t+u

Examples:

1. The tens digit of a certain two-digit number exceeds the units digit by 4 and is 4
less than thrice the units digit. Find the two-digit number.
A. 37
B. 84 *
C. 48
D. 73
Answer:
Solution:
Tens digit of a certain two-digit number exceeds the units digit by 4:
𝑡−𝑢 =4
Tens digit of a certain two-digit number is 4 less than thrice the units
digit:
 𝑡 = 3𝑢 − 4
By Substitution:
3𝑢 − 4 − 𝑢 = 4
2𝑢 = 4 + 4
2𝑢 = 8
𝑢=4
𝑡 = 3(4) − 4
𝑡 = 12 − 4
𝑡=8
The two-digit number is = 10𝑡 + 𝑢
10(8) + 4
84
Therefore, the two-digit number is 84.

2. The sum of the digits of a two-digit number is 7. If the digits are reversed, the
new number is 1 less than half the original number. Determine the original
number.
A. 52 *
B. 34
C. 54
D. 25
Answer:
Solution:
The sum of the digits of a two-digit number is 7:
𝑡+𝑢 =7
If the digits are reversed, the new number is 1 less than half the original
number:
10𝑡+𝑢
10𝑢 + 𝑡 = 2
−1
10𝑡+𝑢
(10𝑢 + 𝑡 = − 1) (2)
2

20𝑢 + 2𝑡 = 10𝑡 + 𝑢 − 2
20𝑢 − 𝑢 + 2𝑡 − 10𝑡 = −2
 19𝑢 − 8𝑡 = −2
Since: 𝑡 + 𝑢 = 7, thus: 𝑡 = 7 − 𝑢
By Substitution:
19𝑢 − 8(7 − 𝑢) = −2
19𝑢 − 56 + 8𝑢 = −2
27𝑢 = −2 + 56
27𝑢 = 54
𝑢=2
𝑡 =7−𝑢 or 𝑡 =7−2
𝑡=5
The two-digit number is = 10𝑡 + 𝑢
10(5) + 2
52
Therefore, the two-digit number is 52.

3. The tens digit of a certain two-digit number exceeds the units digit by four and is
1 less than twice the unit’s digit. Find the product of digits of the number.
A. 95
B. 75
C. 45 *
D. none of these
Answer:
Solution:
Tens digit of a certain two-digit number exceeds the units digit by four:
𝑡−𝑢 =4
Tens digit of a certain two-digit number is 1 less than twice the unit’s
digit:
𝑡 = 2𝑢 − 1
By Substitution:
2𝑢 − 1 − 𝑢 = 4
𝑢 =4+1
𝑢=5
 From 𝑡 − 𝑢 = 4 :
𝑡−5=4
𝑡 =4+5
𝑡=9
The product of digits of the number: 𝑡 ∗ 𝑢
9∗5
45
Therefore, the product of digits of the number is 45.

4. The hundred’s digit of a 3 – digit number is twice the unit’s digit. The sum of the
digits is 17. If 396 be subtracted from the number, the order of the digits will be
reversed. Find the number.
A. 584
B. 485
C. 854 *
D. 458
Answer:
Solution:
The hundred’s digit of a 3 – digit number is twice the unit’s digit:
ℎ = 2𝑢
The sum of the digits is 17:
ℎ + 𝑡 + 𝑢 = 17
If 396 be subtracted from the number, the order of the digits will be
reversed:
100ℎ + 10𝑡 + 𝑢 − 396 = ℎ + 10𝑡 + 100𝑢
100ℎ − ℎ + 10𝑡 − 10𝑡 + 𝑢 − 100𝑢 = 396
99ℎ − 99𝑢 = 396
Divide the whole equation by 99:
99ℎ−99𝑢=396
99

ℎ−𝑢 =4
Since ℎ = 2𝑢 :
2𝑢 − 𝑢 = 4
 𝑢=4
ℎ = 2(4)
ℎ=8
Lastly ℎ + 𝑡 + 𝑢 = 17:
8 + 𝑡 + 4 = 17
𝑡 = 17 − 8 − 4
𝑡=5
The three-digit number is = 100ℎ + 10𝑡 + 𝑢
100(8) + 10(5) + 4
854
Therefore, the three-digit number is 854.
LEARNING ACTIVITY AND ASSESSMENT

NUMBER / DIGIT PROBLEMS

SCORE
NAME: _____________________________ DATE:___________________

STUDENT NO.:______________________ EXERCISE NO.:___________

Encircle the best answer and show your complete solution.

5. The difference between two numbers is 10 and their sum is 40. Find the smaller
number.
A. 10 C. 15
B. 8 D. 12
6. When the first of the two numbers is subtracted to thrice the second, the result is
20. But when the second number is subtracted to thrice the first, the result is 28.
Find the first number.
A. 2 C. 14
B. 13 D. 18
7. Victor has certain number of eggs in his basket. He sold half of those eggs plus
half of an egg. He again sold half of his remaining eggs plus half of an egg. He
again sold half of his remaining eggs plus half of an egg. He counted the
remaining eggs and found 11 pcs. Originally, how many eggs does Victor have?
A. 97 C. 95
B. 87 D. 85
8. The tens digit of a certain two-digit number exceed the units digit by 4. The sum
of the digits multiplied by 11 is 3 more than the number. Find the unit’s digit.
A. 0 C. 5
B. 3 D. 7
9. The sum of the digits of a certain two-digit number is 12. If the digits are
reversed, the resulting number is 6 more than half the original number. Find the
difference between the digits.
A. 4 C. 3
B.2 D. 5
10. When a certain three-digit number is divided by the number with digits reversed,
the quotient is 5 and the remainder is 101. The hundred’s digit is twice the ten’s
digit; when the units digit is subtracted from the tens digit, the result is 3/8 of the
hundred’s digit. Find the hundred’s digit.
A. 8 C. 5
B. 4 D. 9
REFERENCES

Online References
Call Reference Material
number or
e-provider
Online mathworld.wolfram.com
Online https://www.khanacademy.org
Online www.onlinemathlearning.com
Youtube
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UWK9XWzOFoQ
Channel
Youtube
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AMzCEcsd09o
Channel
Youtube
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7FffH4EXTW8
Channel
Youtube
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_YlNSQ2wnzg
Channel