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Applied Thermodynamics

Dr. Naveen Shrivastava

Assistant Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department

Course Details

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Course Plan

List of Experiments

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Books

Text Books:
1. Çengel Y.A. and Boles M.A. Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach. McGraw-
Hill Education, New York, 8th ed., 2015.
2. Arora C.P. Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning. Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co.
Ltd., New Delhi, 3rd ed., 2009.

Reference Book:
1. Moran M.J., Shapiro H.N., Boettner D.D. and Bailey M.B. Fundamentals of
Engineering Thermodynamics, John Wiley & Sons, 8th ed., 2014.
2. Sonntag R.E., Claus B. and Van Wylen G., Fundamentals of Thermodynamics, John
Wiley & Sons, 7th edition, 2009.

Evaluation Scheme

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Google Classroom

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Introduction
• Two important areas of application for thermodynamics:
i. Power Generation
• e.g. Automobile engine, steam power plant etc.
ii. Refrigeration
• Refrigerator, air-conditioner, heat pump.

• Power generation
• The device (system) used to produce power is called engine
• The thermodynamic cycle they operate on is called power
cycle

• Refrigeration
• The device (system) used to produce Refrigeration effect is
called refrigerator (or air-conditioner, heat pump)
• The thermodynamic cycle they operate on is called
refrigeration cycle

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Types of Cycles

1. Based on the phase of working fluid

a) Gas cycle
• Working fluid remains in the gaseous phase throughout the entire cycle.
• e.g. automobile engine
• Working fluid: flue gases (800 °C)

b) Vapor cycle
• Working fluid exists in the vapor phase during one part of the cycle and in the
liquid phase during another part.
• e.g. steam power plant (WF: steam), refrigerator (WF: R-134a)

Gas vs. Vapor ??

…..Types of Cycles
2. Based on the recirculation of working fluid
a) Open cycle
• Working fluid is renewed at the end of each cycle
instead of being recirculated
• e.g. automobile engine
Open cycle gas turbine

b) Closed cycle
• Working fluid is returned to the initial state at the
end of the cycle and is recirculated
• e.g. refrigeration cycle

Closed cycle gas turbine

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General Introduction

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System, Surrounding and Boundary

• System:
• A quantity of matter or a region in space chosen for study

• Surroundings
• The mass or region outside the system

• Boundary
• The surface that separates the system from its surroundings
• It can be real or imaginary
• It can be fixed or movable
• It has zero thickness, and thus it can neither contain any
mass nor occupy any volume in space.

Note: The key initial step in any engineering analysis is to describe precisely what is being studied (identifying the system).
Once the system is defined, one or more physical laws or relations can be applied. Dr. Naveen Shrivastava

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Types of System

Closed system
Open system
• No mass can cross its boundary Isolated system
(Consists of a fixed amount of • Both mass and energy can cross the boundary
mass) • Also known as a control volume
• No mass and energy can cross
• But energy (in the form of heat or • The boundaries of a control volume are called
its boundary (Consists of a
work) can cross the boundary a control surface (can be fixed, moving, real
fixed amount of mass and
• Also known as a control mass or imaginary)
fixed energy) Dr. Naveen Shrivastava

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Energy

• Provide ability to cause changes

• Forms of Energy
• Kinetic energy
• Potential energy
• Electrical energy Total energy of system
(Macroscopic + Microscopic)
• Magnetic energy
• Chemical energy
• Nuclear energy
• etc.

Internal Energy (U): sum of all the microscopic forms of energy =f(T)

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Energy Transfer
1. Energy transfer by heat (Heat Transfer)
• By virtue of temperature difference For closed system:
• ET by heat
2. Energy transfer by work (Work Transfer) • ET by work
• if the energy crossing the boundary of a
closed system is not heat, it must be work
3. Energy transfer by mass (Mass Flow)

Electrical work Moving boundary work Shaft work

Energy transfer by heat

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First Law of Thermodynamics: Energy Balance

• The net change (increase or decrease) in the total energy of the system
during a process is equal to the difference between the total energy
entering and the total energy leaving the system during that process.

Where,

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….First Law of Thermodynamics: Energy Balance

In rate form

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First Law for Closed System

(For any system)

Closed system:
No mass transfer

Stationary system:
∆KE=∆PE=0

OR

Sign convention
Using sign convention heat transfer from surr to sys :+
heat transfer from sys to surr :-
Work done by the system :+
Work done on the system :-

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Ideal Gas Equation of State

Equation of State: Any equation that relates the pressure, temperature, 𝑃 = 𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 (𝑃𝑎)
and specific volume of a substance 𝑉 = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 (𝑚 )
𝑇 = 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 (𝐾)
𝑚 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑘𝑔
𝑛 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
• Mass basis

𝑷𝑽 = 𝒎𝑹𝑻 𝑅 = 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑎𝑙 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

= 8.314
.

• Molar basis 𝑅 = 𝐺𝑎𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

𝑅 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑔𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠
𝑷𝑽 = 𝒏𝑹𝒖 𝑻 𝑅
𝑅=
𝑀
𝑀 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠
𝑚 = 𝑛𝑀

Molar mass (M): Molar mass: N2:

• mass of one mole (also called a gram-mole, abbreviated gmol) of a substance in grams, or • 28 g/gmol, or
• mass of one kmol (also called a kilogram-mole, abbreviated kgmol) in kilograms • 28 kg/kmol

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Various Processes
Constant volume process Constant pressure process Isothermal process

Reversible adiabatic process

OR Isentropic process

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…..Points to Remember

• Constant volume process (closed system) • These are moving

boundary work
for a closed
system
𝑾=𝟎 𝑸 = ∆𝑼 = 𝒎𝒄𝒗 ∆𝑻

• Constant pressure process (closed system)

𝑾 = 𝑷(𝑽𝟐 − 𝑽𝟏 ) 𝑸 = 𝑾 + ∆𝑼 = ∆𝑯 = 𝒎𝒄𝒑 ∆𝑻

• Constant temperature process (closed system)

𝑽𝟐
𝑾 = 𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟏 𝑰𝒏 𝑸=𝑾
𝑽𝟏

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First Law for Control Volume (Open System)

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Volume and Mass Flow Rate

• Volume flow rate: the volume of fluid flowing through
a cross section per unit time.

𝒎𝟑
𝑽̇ = 𝑨𝒄 𝑪𝒂𝒗𝒈
𝒔

𝐴 = 𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 (𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)

𝐶 = 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Volume flow rate
• Mass flow rate: the mass of fluid flowing through a
cross section per unit time.

𝒌𝒈
𝒎̇ = ρ𝑽̇ = ρ𝑨𝒄 𝑪𝒂𝒗𝒈
𝒔

Average Velocity

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Conservation of Mass Principle

𝒎− 𝒎 = ∆𝒎𝒄𝒗 (𝒌𝒈)
𝒊𝒏 𝒐𝒖𝒕

𝒅𝒎𝒄𝒗 𝒌𝒈
𝒎̇ − 𝒎̇ =
𝒅𝒕 𝒔
𝒊𝒏 𝒐𝒖𝒕

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Conservation of Energy (1st Law): Open System

(Watt)

(Watt)

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Energy Transport by Mass (𝑬𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 )

The total energy consists of three

parts for a non-flowing fluid and four
parts for a flowing fluid.

𝑷𝒗 + 𝒖 = 𝒉

(W)

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Conservation of Energy (1st Law): Open System

(W)

(W)
State: 1
Uniform flow process:
Fluid properties do not
change with time or
In Joule terms: position over the cross
section of an inlet or exit

(J)

where and

State: 2

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Steady Flow System (Open System)

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Steady Flow System and Steady Flow Process

Steady: No change with time
• fluid properties at any point within the CV remain do not change with time. (can
change from point to point within CV)
• fluid properties at an inlet or exit remain constant with time
• heat and work interactions between a steady-flow system and its surroundings do not
change with time.
• 𝑚 = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡
• 𝐸 = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡

Note: A large number of engineering devices such as turbines, compressors, and

nozzles operate for long periods of time under the same conditions once the
transient start-up period is completed and steady operation is established, and
they are classified as steady-flow devices. Processes involving such devices called
the steady-flow process.

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…..Steady Flow System and Steady Flow Process

Mass balance:

Energy balance:

(Steady Flow Energy Equation)

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