Lcture 4

MOOD
• The simplest use of a verb is to make a statement or

ask a question.
I write to my brother every week.

Who wrote the letter?
• But a verb may also be used to express a command,

a supposition.
Write neatly.
If I were you, I would not do it.
• These different modes or manners in which a
verb may be used to express an action are called
Moods. There are three moods….
•1. INDICATIVE
•(making a statement + question)
•2. IMPERATIVE
•(command, advice, prayer)
•3. SUBJUNCTIVE
•(present+ past wish or hope)
•The child is alive.
INDICATIVE •Have you found
your book?
•Wait there.
IMPERATIVE
•Try to do better.
•Have mercy upon
us.
•Heaven help us!
•I wish I were a
millionaire.
SUBJUNCTIVE
•If/as if/as though/it
is time/would
rather
Form vs. function
• Form— the physical characteristics of a thing-> in
language use, a linguistic form is like the
imperative
• Function— a linguistic form can perform a variety

of different functions:
Come here for a drink-> invitation
Watch out-> warning
Turn left at the corner-> direction
Pass the salt-> request
8
Synthesis of Sentences
Synthesis is the opposite of Analysis and means the
combination of a number of simple sentences into one new
sentence – simple, complex or compound. Some chief ways
of combining sentences are:
Making simple sentence
• 1. By using a Participle
•
• He jumped up. He ran away.
• Jumping up, he ran away.
• He was tired of play. He sat down to rest.

• Being tired of play, he sat down to rest.
• He finished the work. He went home.

• Having finished the work, he went home.
• She approached this process. It has neutrality.

• Given the view of neutrality, she approached this process.
Continued
…
2. By using a Noun or a Phrase in Apposition
This is my son. His name is Nameer.

This is my son, Nameer.
I spent two days in Cox’s bazar. It is one of the most attractive spots in
Bangladesh.
I spent two days in Cox’s bazar, one of the most attractive spots in
Bangladesh.
Md. MoshiulHoque is a doctorate. He is a professor. He is a provost of

Bangbondhu Hall, CUET. He is brilliant researcher.
Prof. Dr.Md.MoshiulHoque, provost, Bangbondhu Hall, CUET is a
brilliant researcher.
Continued
… with a Noun or Gerund
3. By using a Preposition
The moon rose. Their journey was not ended.
The moon rose before the end of their journey.
He has failed many times. He still hopes to succeed.

In spite of many failures he hopes to succeed.
Her father died. She heard the news. She fainted.

On hearing the news of her father’s death, she fainted.
4. By using an Infinitive
I have some duties. I must perform them.
I have some duties to perform.
He wanted to educate his son. He sent him to Europe.

He sent his son to Europe to be educated.
5. By using an Adverb or Adverbial phrase Continued
…
He deserved to succeed. He failed.
He failed undeservedly.
The sun set. The boys had not finished the game.
The boys had not finished the game by sun set.
6. By using the Nominative Absolute Construction
The soldiers arrived. The mob dispersed.

The soldiers having arrived, the mob dispersed.
The town was enclosed by a strong wall. The enemy was unable to
capture it.
The town having been enclosed by a strong wall, the enemy was
unable to capture it.
Continued
…
Several methods can be combined together
The sun rose. The fog dispersed. The general determined

to delay no longer. He gave the order in advance.
At sun rise, the fog having dispersed, the general,

determined to delay no longer, gave the order in advance.
Compound sentence
Simple sentences may be combined to form compound sentences
by the use of coordinative conjunctions. These are of four kinds:
Cumulative, Adversative, Alternative and illative (Inference).
1. Cumulative
Night came on. The room grew dark.
Night came on and the room grew dark.
He is a fool. He is a knave.
He is a fool and a knave.
Or, He is both a fool and a knave.
Or, He is not only a fool but also a knave.
Or, He is a fool as well as knave.
Continued
…
2. Adversative
He is slow. He is sure.
He is slow but he is sure.
I was annoyed. I kept quiet.

I was annoyed, still I kept quiet.
He failed. He persevered.
He failed, nevertheless he persevered.
This not a good design. It makes sense.

This is not a good design, howeverit makes sense.
Continued
…3. Alternative
Come in. Go out.
Come in or go out.
Either come in or go out.
Do not be a borrower. Do not be a lender.

Do not be a borrower or a lender
Be neither a borrower nor a lender.
4. Illative (Inference)
It is raining heavily. I will take an umbrella with me.

It is raining heavily, so I will take an umbrella with me.
He was obstinate. He was punished.

He was obstinate, therefore he was punished.
Abdul is ill. He cannot study. He still attends school.

Abdul is ill and cannot study, yet he attends school.
Complex sentences
Complex sentence can be formed by adding subordinate clause with the main or
independent clause. Subordinate clause can be of three types: noun, adjective
and adverb.
Use of Noun Clause
He will be late. It is certain.
It is certain that he will be late (sc).
He may be innocent. I do not know.

I do not know whether he is innocent.
The game was lost. It was the consequence of his carelessness.

The consequence of his carelessness was that the game was lost.
He is short-sighted. He is fit for the post.

Expect that he is short-sighted he is fit for the post.
You are repentant. I will not forget it.

I will not forget that you are repentant.
Continued
…of Adjective Clause
Use
The books are consulted for lecture preparing. These can be useful for the students
as well.
The books that are consulted for lecture preparing can be useful for the students as
well.
The methods are innovative in nature. These are used in research

The methods which are used in research are innovative in nature.
A fox once met a lion. The fox had never seen a lion before.
A fox who had never seen a lion before met him.
A cottager and his wife had a hen. The hen laid an egg everyday. The egg was
golden.
A cottager and his wife had a hen which laid an egg everyday.
Continued
…
Use of Adverb Clause
We wish to live. We eat for that purpose.

We eat so that we may live.
Let men sow anything. They will reap its fruits.

As men sow, so shall they reap.
You are strong. I am equally strong.

I am as strong as you are.
I waited for my friend. I waited till his arrival.

I waited for my friend until he came.
Don’t eat too much. You will be ill.

If you eat too much you will be ill.
Transformation
A phrase can be expanded into clause and a clause can be contracted into a
phrase; that is, the form of a sentence can be changed without changing the
meaning. In this discussion, some other ways of changing the form of sentences
will be demonstrated. The conversion or transformation of sentences is an
excellent exercise as it teaches variety of expression in writing English.
Sentence containing the adverb ‘too’:
The news is too good to be true.

The news is so good that it cannot be true.
She is too clever not to see through your tricks.

She is so clever that she will see through your tricks.
The house is too large not to be able to accommodate everybody.

The house is so large that it will be able to accommodate
everybody.
Interchange of the Degrees of Comparison
Positive: I am as strong as he.
Comparative: He is not stronger than I.
Positive: No other metal is as useful as iron.

Comparative: Iron is more useful any other metal.
Superlative: Iron is the most useful of all metals.
Superlative: Alveena is not one of the cleverest girls in the class.

Comparative: Some girls of the class are cleverer than Alveena.
Or, Alveena is less clever than some other girls of the class.
Positive: Alveena is not so clever as some other girls of the class.
Superlative: Chittagong is one of the richest cities in Bangladesh.

Comparative: Chittagong is richer than most other cities in Bangladesh.
Positive: Very few cities in Bangladesh are as rich as Chittagong.
Superlative: Dhaka is the largest city in Bangladesh.

Comparative: Dhaka is larger than any other cities in Bangladesh.
Positive: No other city in Bangladesh is as large as Dhaka.
Interchange of Active and Passive Voice
The Active Voice is used when the agent, or actor, is to be made prominent; the Passive,
when the thing acted upon is to be made prominent. Hence the Passive Voice may be
used when the agent is unknown, or we do not care to name the agent; as, ‘The ship
was wrecked’.
Active: Who taught you grammar?

Passive: By whom were you taught grammar?
Or, By whom was grammar taught you.
Active: One should keep one’s promises.

Passive: Promises should be kept.
Active: Give the order

Passive: Let the order be given.
Active: It is time to shut up the shop.

Passive: It is time for the shop to be shut up.
Active: The audience loudly cheered the Mayor’s speech.

Passive: The Mayor’s speech was loudly cheered.
Continued
…
Passive: I shall be obliged to go.
Active: Circumstances will oblige me to go.
Passive: My pocket has been picked.

Active: Someone has picked my pocket.
Active: The Romans expected to conquer Carthage.

Passive: It was expected by the Romans that they would conquer Carthage.
Active: My captors were taking me to prison

Passive: I was being taken to prison by my captors.
Active: His behaviour vexes me sometimes.

Passive: I am sometimes vexed at his behaviour.
Active: Brutus stabbed Caesar

Passive: Caesar was stabbed by Brutus
Interchange of Affirmative and Negative Sentence
Brutus loved Caesar
Brutus was not without love for Caesar.
I was doubtful whether it was you.

I was not sure that It was you.
Old fools surpass all other fools in folly.

There is no fool like an old fool.
He is greater than I
I am not so great as he.
He is sometimes foolish.
He is not always foolish.
Everybody will admit that he did his best.

Nobody will deny that he did his best.
I care very little what he says about me.

I hardly care what he says about me.
Negative to Affirmative
There is nobody but believes in his honesty.
Everybody believes in his honesty.
No one could deny that she was pretty.

Everybody could admit that she was pretty.
He did not live many years in England.

He lived few years in England.
The two brothers are not unlike each other.

The two brothers are resemble each other.
He did not find the road very bad.

He found the road very good.
There is no smoke without fire.

Where there is fire, there is smoke.
God will not forget the cry of the humble.

God will accept the cry of the humble.
Interchange of Interrogative and Assertive Sentence
What though we happen to be late?
It does not much matter though we happen to be late.
Why waste time in reading trash?

It is extremely foolish to waste time in reading trash.
Were we sent into the world simply to make money?

We were not sent into the world simply to make money.
When can their glory fade?

Their glory can never fade.
Was he not a villain to do such a deed?

He was a villain to do such a deed.
Who does not know the owl?

Everybody knows the owl.
Who can touch pitch without being defiled?

No one can touch pitch without being defiled.
Thank you so much

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MOOD

• The simplest use of a verb is to make a statement or

I write to my brother every week.

• But a verb may also be used to express a command,

• Function— a linguistic form can perform a variety

• He was tired of play. He sat down to rest.

• He finished the work. He went home.

• She approached this process. It has neutrality.

This is my son. His name is Nameer.

Md. MoshiulHoque is a doctorate. He is a professor. He is a provost of

He has failed many times. He still hopes to succeed.

Her father died. She heard the news. She fainted.

He wanted to educate his son. He sent him to Europe.

6. By using the Nominative Absolute Construction

The soldiers arrived. The mob dispersed.

The sun rose. The fog dispersed. The general determined

At sun rise, the fog having dispersed, the general,

I was annoyed. I kept quiet.

This not a good design. It makes sense.

Do not be a borrower. Do not be a lender.

It is raining heavily. I will take an umbrella with me.

He was obstinate. He was punished.

Abdul is ill. He cannot study. He still attends school.

He may be innocent. I do not know.

The game was lost. It was the consequence of his carelessness.

He is short-sighted. He is fit for the post.

You are repentant. I will not forget it.

The methods are innovative in nature. These are used in research

We wish to live. We eat for that purpose.

Let men sow anything. They will reap its fruits.

You are strong. I am equally strong.

I waited for my friend. I waited till his arrival.

Don’t eat too much. You will be ill.

Sentence containing the adverb ‘too’:

The news is too good to be true.

She is too clever not to see through your tricks.

The house is too large not to be able to accommodate everybody.

Positive: No other metal is as useful as iron.

Superlative: Alveena is not one of the cleverest girls in the class.

Superlative: Chittagong is one of the richest cities in Bangladesh.

Superlative: Dhaka is the largest city in Bangladesh.

Active: Who taught you grammar?

Active: One should keep one’s promises.

Active: Give the order

Active: It is time to shut up the shop.

Active: The audience loudly cheered the Mayor’s speech.

Passive: My pocket has been picked.

Active: The Romans expected to conquer Carthage.

Active: My captors were taking me to prison

Active: His behaviour vexes me sometimes.

Active: Brutus stabbed Caesar

I was doubtful whether it was you.

Old fools surpass all other fools in folly.

Everybody will admit that he did his best.

I care very little what he says about me.

No one could deny that she was pretty.

He did not live many years in England.

The two brothers are not unlike each other.

He did not find the road very bad.