University of Panama

Western Panama

Faculty of Humanities

Student:

Linett Sanjur

ID:

4-791-2241

Professor:

Olga Ruíz

Date:

July 17th, 2018

Topic:

Grammar Section
 Didderent tenses

-Look at the photocopies

-Write sentences then change them into

a) Negative

b) Yes / No questions

c) Short Answers

d) Information Question

e) Full Answers

Development

1. PAST PERFECT
a. Linett had walked to work.
b. Linett had not walked to work.
c. Had Linett walked to work?
d. Yes, she had.
e. No, she had’nt.
f. Where had Linett walked to?
g. She had walked to work.

2. FUTURE WITH BE GOING TO

a. Linett is going to eat a cookie.
b. Linett is not going to eat a cookie.
c. Is Linett going to eat a cookie?
d. Yes, she is.
e. No, she isn’t
f. What is Linett going to eat?
g. She is going to eat a cookie.

3. PRESENT PERFECT
a. Linett has talked with her mom.
b. Linett has not talked with her mom.
c. Has Linett talked with her mom?
d. Yes, she has.
e. No, she hasn’t.
f. When has Linett talked with her mom?
g. She has talked with her mom.
4. PAST PROGRESSIVE
a. Linett was eating rice.
b. Linett wasn’t eating rice
c. Was Linett eating rice?
d. Yes, she was.
e. No, she wasn’t.
f. What was Linett eating?
g. She was eating rice.

5. PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
a. Linett is eating vegetables.
b. Linett isn’t eating vegetables.
c. Is Linett eating vegetables?
d. Yes, she is.
e. No, she isn’t.
f. What is Linett eating?
g. She is eating vegetables.
 Vocabulary System

Make a list of:

1. Synonyms

Lazy: Idle, Lackadaisical, Lethargic, Indolent

Mean: Unfriendly, Unpleasant, Bad-tempered, Difficult

Outgoing: Friendly, Sociable, Warm, Extroverted

Rich: Affluent, Wealthy, Well-off, Well-to-do

Strong: Stable, Secure, Solid, Tough

2. Antonyms:
Individual: Group
Shame: Honor
Arrive: Depart
Innocent: Guilty
Simple: Complicated

3. Collocations:
Have a bath.
Do business.
Make a difference.
Take a look.
Break a promise.

4. Phrasal Verbs:
Allow for - We need to allow for unexpected charges along the way.
Back down - Jenna fell in the parking lot and blacked out.
Check out - Donna checked out of the hotel this morning.
Drag On - The suspect’s trial dragged on longer than we had expected!
Figure out - He’s trying to figure out how to earn enough money to go on the trip
to Spain.

5. Idioms:
A hot potato - Speak of an issue (mostly current) which many people are talking
about and which is usually disputed
Blessing in disguise - Something good that isn't recognized at first.
Curiosity killed the cat - Being Inquisitive can lead you into an unpleasant situation.
See eye to eye - This idiom is used to say that two (or more people) agree on
something.
6. Homophones:
Ad – Add
Ascent – Assent
Be – Bee
Board – Bored
Cheap – Cheep

7. Useful words and phrases related to my field of study:

I do not understand.

What is the meaning of:

Can you translate this for me?

Can you speak slowly?

Thank you for your pacient.

 Gerunds

What are gerunds?

Although the term might sound foreign, the gerund is a common part of speech that most of us
use every day, whether we know it or not. Here, we’ll take an in-depth look at gerunds and
provide you with several examples of gerunds so you’ll feel comfortable using them in your
writing, and so that you will be able to recognize them when you see them.

Gerunds: The Basics

Gerunds are words that are formed with verbs but act as nouns. They’re very easy to spot, since
every gerund is a verb with ing tacked to its tail. There are no exceptions to this rule.

Like all things grammar, gerunds do take a tiny bit of detective work to spot. The problem here is
that present participles also end with the letters ing. Besides being able to spot gerunds, you
should be able to tell the difference between a gerund and a present participle.

Let’s go back to the definition of a gerund for a moment. Remember that gerunds are words that
are formed with verbs but act as nouns. Present participles do not act as nouns. Instead, they act
as modifiers or complete progressive verbs. To find gerunds in sentences, just look for a verb + ing
that is used as a noun. It’s that simple.

Examples of Gerunds

As you read these examples of gerunds, notice the verbs they contain, and notice that every single
one of them ends in -ing. By the end of this quick lesson, you’ll have no problem recognizing
gerunds when you see them.

1. Swimming in the ocean has been Sharon’s passion since she was five years old.
2. Let’s go dancing at the club tonight.
3. I’ve been dreaming of summer all winter long.
4. Holly decided that flying above the clouds was the most incredible experience she’d ever
had.
5. Bill avoided doing his math assignment because the World Series was on.
 Compound Sentences

Compound sentences can make your writing rich and colorful. While beginning writers learn to put
together simple sentences first, they will soon find that compound sentences provide added detail
and tend to make paragraphs more engaging.

When writing compound sentences, it’s important to understand their components and the
proper punctuation needed. Essentially, you’ll be joining at least two independent clauses that
have related ideas. Let’s take a closer look at these exciting complexities.

Defining a Compound Sentence

A compound sentence joins two or more independent clauses with a coordinator such as for, and,
or but, or a semi-colon.

Independent clauses are two phrases that can stand alone as a complete thought. They’re not
dependent upon one another to express a complete thought, but they tie together similar ideas.

This makes compound sentences distinct from complex sentences, which contain an independent
clause joined by at least one dependent clause. A dependent clause does not form a complete
thought and cannot stand alone.

Independent Clause

An independent clause contains three things:

 A subject (something or someone that the sentence is about)

 An action (a verb - something that is being done)
 A complete thought (there are no questions as to meaning at the end of the sentence)

Coordinator

There are seven coordinating conjunctions in the English Language, which are used to link the
independent clauses: For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So.

Semi-colon

Compound sentences and semi-colons work hand in hand. After all, they both join independent
clauses. The trick with semi-colons is to use them when the two independent clauses are related
ideas, as in the example below.

 I’m looking forward to our dinner tonight; you’re going to love dining on the water.
Examples of Compound Sentences

 Alex likes to fish, and he is going fishing on Friday.

“Alex likes to fish” is an independent clause where "Alex" is the subject, "likes" is
the action, and a complete thought is expressed.

“He is going fishing on Friday” is an independent clause where "He" is the subject,
"is going" is the action, and a complete thought is expressed.

The coordinator "and" is used, and a comma is correctly placed before "and."

 Becky wishes she could be younger, for everyone else in the program is half her age.

“Becky wishes she could be younger” is an independent clause where "Becky" is

the subject, "wishes" is the action, and a complete thought is expressed.

“Everyone else in the program is half her age” is an independent clause where
"Everyone else in the program" is the subject, "is" is the action, and a complete
thought is expressed.

The coordinator "for" is used, and a comma is correctly placed before "for."

 She is going to the movies, or she is going to the mall.

“She is going to the movies” is an independent clause where "She" is the subject,
"is going" is the action, and a complete thought is expressed.

“She is going to the mall” is an independent clause where "She" is the subject, "is
going" is the action, and a complete thought is expressed.

The coordinator "or" is used, and a comma is placed before "or."

Compound vs. Complex Sentences

Only independent clauses joined by one of the above coordinating conjunctions can be considered
a compound sentence.

If you ever see an independent clause joined by a dependent clause, you’re looking at a complex
sentence. For example:

 When I visit my mother, I eat cookies.

This is not a compound sentence. "When I visit my mother" is a dependent clause

(doesn’t express a complete thought) and a coordinator is not used.

 I like to fish because fishing is fun.

This is not a compound sentence. Although "I like to fish" is an independent clause
and "fishing is fun" is an independent clause, “because” is not a coordinating
conjunction. Therefore, “because fishing is fun” is a dependent clause (it doesn’t
express a complete thought).
 Conditional Sentences

Conditional sentences are statements discussing known factors or hypothetical situations and
their consequences. Complete conditional sentences contain a conditional clause (often referred
to as the if-clause) and the consequence. Consider the following sentences:

 If a certain condition is true, then a particular result happens.

 I would travel around the world if I won the lottery.
 When water reaches 100 degrees, it boils.

What Are the Different Types of Conditional Sentences? There are four different types of
conditional sentences in English. Each expresses a different degree of probability that a situation
will occur or would have occurred under certain circumstances.

 Zero Conditional Sentences

 First Conditional Sentences
 Second Conditional Sentences
 Third Conditional Sentences

How to Use Zero Conditional Sentences

Zero conditional sentences express general truths—situations in which one thing always causes
another. When you use a zero conditional, you’re talking about a general truth rather than a
specific instance of something. Consider the following examples:

 If you don’t brush your teeth, you get cavities.

 When people smoke cigarettes, their health suffers.

There are a couple of things to take note of in the above sentences in which the zero conditional is
used. First, when using the zero conditional, the correct tense to use in both clauses is the simple
present tense. A common mistake is to use the simple future tense.

How to Use First Conditional Sentences

First conditional sentences are used to express situations in which the outcome is likely (but not
guaranteed) to happen in the future. Look at the examples below:

 If you rest, you will feel better.

 If you set your mind to a goal, you’ll eventually achieve it.

Note that we use the simple present tense in the if-clause and simple future tense in the main
clause—that is, the clause that expresses the likely outcome. This is how we indicate that under a
certain condition (as expressed in the if-clause), a specific result will likely happen in the future.
How to Use Second Conditional Sentences

Second conditional sentences are useful for expressing outcomes that are completely unrealistic
or will not likely happen in the future. Consider the examples below:

 If I inherited a billion dollars, I would travel to the moon.

 If I owned a zoo, I might let people interact with the animals more.

Notice the correct way to structure second conditional sentences is to use the simple past tense in
the if-clause and an auxiliary modal verb (e.g., could, should, would, might) in the main clause (the
one that expresses the unrealistic or unlikely outcome).

How to Use Third Conditional Sentences

Third conditional sentences are used to explain that present circumstances would be different if
something different had happened in the past. Look at the following examples:

 If you had told me you needed a ride, I would have left earlier.
 If I had cleaned the house, I could have gone to the movies.

These sentences express a condition that was likely enough, but did not actually happen in the
past. The speaker in the first sentence was capable of leaving early, but did not. Along these same
lines, the speaker in the second sentence was capable of cleaning the house, but did not. These
are all conditions that were likely, but regrettably did not happen.

Note that when using the third conditional, we use the past perfect (i.e., had + past participle) in
the if-clause. The modal auxiliary (would, could, shoud, etc.) + have + past participle in the main
clause expresses the theoretical situation that could have happened.

Exceptions and Special Cases When Using Conditional Sentences

As with most topics in the English language, conditional sentences often present special cases in
which unique rules must be applied.

Use of the Simple Future in the If-Clause

Generally speaking, the simple future should be used only in the main clause. One exception is
when the action in the if-clause will take place after the action in the main clause. For example,
consider the following sentence:

 If aspirin will ease my headache, I will take a couple tonight.

The action in the if-clause is the aspirin easing the headache, which will take place only after the
speaker takes them later that night.

“Were to” in the If-Clause

The verb phrase were to is sometimes used in conditional sentences when the likely or unlikely
result is particularly awful or unthinkable. In this case, were to is used to place emphasis on this
potential outcome. Consider these sentences:

 If I were to be sick, I would miss another day of work.

 If she were to be late again, she would have to have a conference with the manager.
 If the rent were to have been a penny more, they would not have been able to pay it.

Note that the emphatic “were to” can be used to describe hypothetical scenarios in the present,
future, and past.

Punctuating Conditional Sentences

Despite the complex nature of conditional sentences, punctuating them properly is really simple!

Here’s the skinny:

Use a comma after the if-clause when the if-clause precedes the main clause.

 If I’d had time, I would have cleaned the house.

If the main clause precedes the if-clause, no punctuation is necessary.

 I would have cleaned the house if I’d had time.