PWM Manual English InnerPages
PWM Manual English InnerPages
PWM Manual English InnerPages
Management
July 2021
Manual: Plastic Waste
Management
i
ii
CONTENTS
Preface ............................................................................................................ v
iii
Chapter - 9: How to Maintain PWMU ............................................................... 58
Func onality of the Plas c Waste Management Unit ........................................................58
Grievance Redressal Mechanism ......................................................................................59
Record Maintenance ...........................................................................................................59
Case Study: Working Model of Plas c Waste Management in Kerala ................................61
iv
Preface
The Government of India, in February 2020, approved Phase-II of the Swachh Bharat Mission (Grameen)
(SBM [G]) with a total outlay of Rs. 1,40,881 crores to focus on the sustainability of Open Defeca on
Free (ODF) status and Solid and Liquid Waste Management (SLWM). SBM (G) Phase-II is planned to
be a novel model of convergence between different ver cals of financing and various schemes of
Central and State Governments. Apart from budgetary alloca ons from Department of Drinking Water
and Sanita on (DDWS) and the corresponding state share, remaining funds will be dovetailed from
15th Finance Commission (FC) grants to rural local bodies, Mahatma Gandhi Na onal Rural Employment
Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS), Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) funds, and revenue genera on
models, etc., par cularly for SLWM.
SBM (G) Phase-II has been uniquely designed to leverage the capacity of individuals and communi es
in rural India to create a people’s movement to ensure that the ODF status of rural areas is sustained,
people con nue to prac ce safe hygienic behaviour and that all villages have solid and liquid waste
management arrangements.
This manual has been developed to support rural local bodies implement ODF Plus ini a ves effec vely
and efficiently in their se ngs. It provides detailed informa on on various technologies, es mated
cost, Opera on and Maintenance (O&M) arrangements, etc. This manual should be able to provide
comprehensive guidance to achieve effec ve solid and liquid waste management in rural areas.
It is hoped that all implementers of Swachh Bharat Mission (Grameen) Phase-II would find this manual
useful and a good guide for achieving ODF Plus objec ves in their villages.
v
This manual has been developed to support Plas c Waste
Management (PWM) in rural areas of India. It is advisory in
nature and should be used as a support document. District
shall take into account the local condi on and requirements
to implement plas c waste management.
vi
CHAPTER - 1
Background
Plas c products have become an integral part of our daily life which has resulted into increased plas c
consump on even in rural areas. Plas c waste has emerged as an important environmental challenge
which needs to be addressed on priority. SBM (G) Phase-II strives to improve rural cleanliness through
solid and liquid waste management ac vi es, plas c waste management is a cri cal criterion for
declaring villages as ODF Plus.
1
2
CHAPTER - 2
3
Environmental impacts of plas c waste
• Release of harmful gases such as carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, etc. during product
manufacturing
• Leaching of toxic metals into underground water such as lead and cadmium pigments due to
indiscriminate dumping of plas c waste on land
• Sub-standard plas c carry bags, thin packaging films, etc. pose problem in collec on,
recycling and reuse.
4
Principles of Plastic Waste Management: Refuse,
Reduce, Reuse and Recycle (4 Rs)
To reduce the harmful impacts of plas c waste on the environment and human health, effec ve
management of plas c waste is necessary. Ac ons need to be taken at the district, block and village
level for plas c waste management. Four Rs are proposed for plas c waste management which is
presented in the following schema c:
Refuse Reduce
We will refuse disposable and We will reduce plas c
single-use plas cs like plas c wastes by making greener
strows and plas c bags as purchasing decisions and
much as we can consider the lifecycle
of the plas cs which
we bring into our lives
Re-use Recycle
We will reuse old plas cs We will recycle and dispose
instead of buying new the plas c responsibly. Use
ones recycle bins and encourage
those we know to do so too
The first three Rs – Refuse, Reduce and Reuse – are responsibili es of the households. The GPs are
responsible for door-to-door and street collec on of waste and construc on of sheds at village for
segrega on. For the fourth R – Recycle – the recyclable plas c will be handed over to scrap dealers for
further recycling and non-recyclable waste having shredded/separated combus ble frac on will be
recovered at cement industry or used for road construc on or any other recovery method.
5
Most of the plas c used in day-to-day lives is non-recyclable and creates environmental issues.
Recycling, reusing, or alterna vely using plas c waste can help reduce the amount of virgin plas c
produced. GP can play an important role in mo va ng people to refuse, reduce or reuse plas cs to
control the entry of virgin plas c in the environment.
Refuse and reduce: The villagers can choose to refuse plas c products and shi to environmentally
friendly alterna ves. Following are how one can refuse and reduce plas c use:
Reuse of plas c: Rather than throwing out items, consumers can find new uses for them and thereby
reduce the consump on of new resources, for eg., use of plas c bags repeatedly, refilling plas c bo les
for repeated uses, reuse of plas c containers at household level, etc.
Single-Use Plas cs
6
7
8
CHAPTER - 3
The proposed district/block level roll out of plas c waste management is therefore divided in five
phases:
Roll out of
plas c waste
management How to maintain PWMU
Monitoring of PWM
9
CHAPTER - 4
•Assessment of waste (type and quan ty) generated at various levels viz. household
level, ins tu ons, health care centres, commercial areas and market areas
• Iden fica on of persons for door-to-door collec on for solid waste (plas c)
• Demarca on of place in a common village shed where collected plas c waste shall
be stored
• Segrega on of waste in every household, commercial centres, ins tu ons, etc.
• To encourage individual household for aggrega on of their plas c waste and sell it
directly to the Kabadiwalas
• IEC ac vi es to raise awareness regarding harmful impact of plas c waste and
regarding roles and responsibili es of the stakeholders involved
• Iden fica on of Kabadiwalas/plas c scrap dealers/recyclers
• Contact details of all Kabadiwalas should be pasted in a prominent loca on for
.g., all village
easy access to all households and ins tu ons, for e.g.,
panchayat offices, village shed schools, anganwadi centres,
ntres, health
centres, market places, etc.
• All forward linkages to be established for plas c recycling
ing
This plan shall be presented and adopted in Gram
Sabha mee ng and for integra on in GPDP
10
Block level plan for plas c waste management needs to
include the following:
11
District level plan for plas c waste management needs to
include the following:
• IEC/IPC plan
12
13
CHAPTER - 5
Implementation Strategy
Phase-wise planning
The districts can take up plas c waste management in phases based on the status, size and topography
of villages such as socio-economic status and availability of resources. Following are the probable
op ons of phase wise planning which can be considered by the districts:
Block satura on approach – The district may consider satura on of one block at a me. In this
approach, one block is targeted in one phase where plas c waste management ac vi es are done in
all GPs of the block and a cluster/block level management unit is set up and opera onalized. This block
will set an example for other blocks and the processes and ac vi es will be up scaled in other blocks
in phased manner.
Low hanging fruits – The district may consider targe ng the low hanging fruits first. The GPs having
collec on vehicles, higher GP funds, progressive villages, etc. may be targeted first which may also set
an example for other villages.
Need based planning- The GPs, where the need for plas c waste management is highest (e.g., LDVS,
peri-urban GPs, census towns, etc.), may be targeted on priority.
Involvement of BDOs – All BDOs should organise a mee ng with the sarpanches of all GPs to understand
the challenges of plas c waste management. The BDO shall inform all GPs on the ac vi es to be
conducted at GP levels and financial provisions under SBM (G) and other sources. The BDO shall also
orient GPs on developing their village plans and integra on in the GPDP.
14
The GPs will lead the implementa on of PWM at the village level. GPs shall be responsible for developing
a village ac on plan on plas c waste management in consulta on with community and integrate that
with GPDP. Following specific ac vi es shall be undertaken for PWM in the GP:
Create awareness
on PWM
Block and district will support GPs in a ainment of the above tasks.
15
Figure 3: Implementa on of plas c waste management
NOTE- The
states shall
Handing over non-recyclable explore other
waste for recovery at cement appropriate
industries/road construc on technologies
for recovery
as well as per
the proposed
norms
Handing over recyclable waste
to scrap dealers for future
recycling of plas c waste
Processing
(shredding/
Transporta on baling) of
to plas c waste non-recyclable
Se ng up
management plas c waste
village level
Door-to-door unit at block/
shed for
collec on at district level
Refuse, sor ng and
village level storage
Reduce,
Reuse
and waste
segrega on at
source
16
Figure 4: Proposed process for plas c waste management
Segregate
waste at
source
Households,
ins tu ons,
businesses in the
village
Segregated waste collected
and transported to the village
segrega on shed
Recyclable
Handing over waste Plas c waste Further sor ng
to recyclers management of various types
for recycling of unit at district/ of plas cs at the
plas c waste block level village shed
17
Case Study on Plastic Smart Aryad GP
Inaugura on of plas c shredding unit by Hon Finance Minister Dr. T.M Isaac
Aryad Gram Panchayat, with a popula on of 30,983 and situated in Alapphuza district of Kerala,
has found smart ways to use its plas c waste (below 50 microns) that were being li ered and
incinerated. The panchayat is all set to introduce recycled value-added products into the market
and use shredded plas cs for laying roads, under Suchitva Mission of Kerala Government.
Plas c from about 7000 homes and 500 mercan le ins tu ons are collected by Green Force
Volunteers (GFVs) and transported to plas c shredding unit near plasukulam in 6th ward where it
is being shredded are being sold to clean Kerala company and other private agencies. A total of
36 Green Force Volunteers, are working in the panchayat where they visit the houses twice in a
month and collect the waste. The quan ty of waste material collected by GFV is recorded in the
computer, through which the source of highest quan ty of waste is monitored so that further
steps can be taken.
18
Monitoring system
A key highlight of this system is
that monitoring based on QR code
is done where carry bags are kept
in each household to store plas c
waste. A centralized mobile-web
monitoring system is used for this
purpose.
19
Case Study: Plastic Ban in Sikkim
Sikkim is a state ahead in green polices. Being a tourist place, waste genera on is an
important issue. Hence for the state, managing waste becomes an important task. In 1998,
Sikkim became the first Indian state to ban disposable plas c bags and target single-use
plas c bo les. In 2016 Sikkim banned the use of packaged drinking water in government
offices and government events to reduce unnecessary burdens on dumping grounds. It also
banned the use of styrofoam and thermocol disposable plates and cutlery in the en re state,
in a move to cut down toxic plas c pollu on and tackle its ever-increasing garbage problem.
With massive awareness drives and penal es, this ban has been impac ul. Now the
government is considering banning plas c bo les in the en re state. Various local NGOs
are collabora ng with various na onal and interna onal organiza ons to find appropriate
solu ons for waste management in the Himalaya.
A er Sikkim, 17 other states and union territories have also taken ini a ves for plas c ban.
Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Chandigarh, Chha sgarh, Delhi, Goa, Gujarat,
Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, U ar
Pradesh, U arakhand and West Bengal are states who currently impose plas c ban.
20
5.1 Segregation and Collection
Segregation at source
Segrega on of waste at source and its mely collec on
ensures proper u liza on and cleanliness of the village. The GPs can encourage
However, to ensure source segrega on proper awareness effec ve segrega on
ac vi es, and strict compliance systems on the part of at source in following
the GPs is necessary. ways:
As per the Plas c Waste Management Rules 2016, it • Different coloured bins in
is the responsibility of the GP to ensure segrega on households/commercial
and collec on of plas c waste. However, the block and ins tu ons
district level officials will support and guide the GPs in • IEC/IPC on benefits and
carrying out the segrega on and collec on process. procedure of segrega on
WET DRY
21
Figure 5: Plas c waste being collected from households
Collec on:
The GP/village to look a er the door to door collec on of plas c waste from households, commercial
areas, restaurants, markets, etc. and its transporta on to the village segrega on shed. The collec on
can be done by authorized collectors. Following points may be taken into considera on while collec ng
waste from the source:
• For collec on and transporta on of plas c waste, the exis ng vehicles may be redesigned with a
par on of biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste
• Collectors to be given protec ve equipment such as gloves and appropriate tools for ensuring their
safety while handling waste
Note – Village level waste collectors should not collect those medical plas c waste, generated
in the hospitals, as this needs to be treated as the bio-medical waste as per the norms set by the
Government of India.
22
The district officials play an important role in collec on of plas c waste:
Guidance to the GPs for implementa on of the collec on process and formal
contrac ng
Regular monitoring during review mee ngs and sample field visit
23
5.2 Construction of a Village Level Shed and
Transportation to Block Plastic Waste Management
Unit
Construction of a shed
A common shed for bio degradable and non-biodegradable waste will be constructed in all Villages if
not already exis ng. The village shed can be simple and can be made with locally available materials.
The shed should be well ven lated, can have a roof and space for segrega on. District/Block shall
ensure mely transporta on of the collected plas c waste from the village level shed to the plas c
waste management unit.
24
Table 1: Types of plas cs (Details can be seen in Annexure 12.2)
Not recyclable
Currently only PET, HDPE and PVC plas cs are recycled. Lids and bo le tops are not recyclable.
25
Hazards of burning garbage
Dioxins
Particle pollution * Are highly toxic
* Can aggravate asthma and * Cause reproductive and
bronchitis developmental problems
* Have been associated with * Damage the immune system
heart attacks * Cause cancer
26
5.3 Recycling Plastics
Plas c recycling is one of the most important ac ons currently available to make waste plas c in to a
useful product. Recycling helps to reduces the amount of waste sent to landfills. Plas cs are inexpensive,
lightweight and durable materials, which can readily be moulded into a variety of products that find use
in a wide range of applica ons. The goal of recycling plas c is to reduce high rates of plas c pollu on
while pu ng less pressure on virgin materials to produce brand new plas c products. However, plas cs
have fibres which shorten every me it is recycled. Thus, there is o en a finite number of mes that
plas c is recycled.
27
Role of district in ensuring Benefits of recycling
plas c waste recycling
Reduces the amount of
Ensure enlis ng of scrap waste sent to landfills and
dealers/recycler at all incinerators
appropriate levels
Conserves natural resources
Capacity building of the such as mber, water and
scrap dealers regarding minerals
environment friendly
collec on, transport and Increases economic security
recycling of plas c waste by tapping a domes c
source of materials
Efforts for promo ng new
vendors Prevents pollu on by
reducing the need to collect
Guidance to the GPs for new raw materials
implementa on of the
process Saves energy
Plas c waste like bo les, broken plas c buckets, etc. that can be recycled, can also be sold to the scrap
dealers/recyclers. The village can earn income through this. Same can be done at the block/district
where the scrap dealers will get a maximum quan ty of recyclable materials.
Annexure 12.3 indicates the scrap rates for various types of plas c in India.
28
Case Study: Sirmaur Leads the Way in Plastic
Waste Management
To address disposable plas c products, Mr. R K Pruthi, Deputy Commissioner (DC) of Sirmaur
district in Himachal Pradesh has found novel ways of u lising non-biodegradable waste that is
being accumulated in the district.
(Source: h ps://sbmgramin.wordpress.com)
29
30
CHAPTER - 6
Plas c waste management unit shall ideally be set up at Block level and shall cater to all GPs within the
Block. District/Block shall iden fy an appropriate loca on for se ng up of plas c waste management
unit and shall hire an agency for its O&M. The plas c waste management unit opera ng agency could be
SHG/NGOs/Private enterprises. Plas c waste management unit should have storage facili es of plas c
received from GPs, the unit shall have a dust remover, a shredding machine and a bailing machine,
among other necessary items.
Selec on of appropriate site: Site that is centrally located, closer to the cement factories if possible,
away from drinking water sources, having uninterrupted electricity supply, etc.
Procurement of appropriate plas c dust remover/baler and shredder: As per the applicable
financial rules Block/District shall procure the appropriate dust remover/baler/shredder of required
capacity based on the quan ty of plas c waste to be processed and quality of processing required
by the recovery units
31
Empanelment of O&M agency/service provider: Empanelment of agency/service provider for
regular O&M of the unit through finaliza on of scope of work, empanelment process, entering into
a formal contract, etc.
Functions
Transporta on – PWMU will ensure transporta on of collected plas c Waste from all GPs
Baling – The baling technology can ‘press’ material such as a plas c films or PET bo les into neat
cube-like bundles – with ease – so that they can then be sent for recycling/recovery. With the help
of this technology, waste is compacted and stored in a safe and clean manner. Research has also
shown that compacted bales pose less of a fire risk
32
Shredding – It is an efficient and effec ve solu on for turning scrap materials into valuable resources
no ma er the size and shape of plas c. Shredders are extremely useful when working with plas c
products, vinyl materials and PVC pipes. Plas c in any unwanted form can be transformed into
manageable and useful material that can be used for making various products
Forward linkage – Establishing linkage with recyclers, scrap dealers and for recovery at cement
factories, road construc ons and other
33
2. Plastic shredder
A plas c shredder is a machine used for cu ng the plas c in small pieces to make waste
management easier. Shredded plas c can be used in road construc on.
The internal mechanical process of shredders includes, grinding, cu ng, hammering, compression and
more. There are also shredders incorpora ng sor ng and shaking mechanisms. Plas c shredders are
designed for shredding a wide variety of plas cs and so, they vary from low speed to moderate speed
with high torque and come in varying specifica ons and blade sizes. Output plas c can be designed as
per the final processing unit it can range from 1 inch up to 3 mm.
Available in different makes and models, plas c shredders typically range from single sha machines
to an advanced four-sha mechanism that includes grinders, granulators, hammers and cu ers along
with sor ng and shaking func onality.
Depending on the size and type of plas c scrap to be processed, different industrial shredders are
available for plas c shredding. The internal mechanism of a plas c shredder typically travels in lateral,
ver cal or rotary direc ons and the speed also varies depending on the material.
34
Key considera ons while selec ng the appropriate shredding machine
Quan ty and characteris cs of plas c waste to be processed
Desired par cle size and output requirement by the recovery facility
Manpower requirement
3. Plastic baler
Balers are primarily used for compressing plas c materials into small and manageable blocks (bales)
thereby reducing transporta on and expenses incurred in storage of waste material. There are two
major types of baler based on their mo on – ver cal and horizontal balers.
In the horizontal baling machine, the balers are larger machines loaded from the top of the conveyor
belt, allowing large quan es of junk to be crushed. It can reach an output ranging 1 ton to 15 tons
per hour. This automa c horizontal baling machine helps in dealing more efficiently from packing to
transpor ng.
35
Figure 10: (From le to right) Plas c baler; plas c waste being baled, ready bales of
plas c stacked
The ver cal baler machines use the compressing force of the hydraulic cylinder to reduce the size of
various waste materials and turn them into regular shape dense bales. The ver cal baler machine can
be loaded from the front. They are smaller and manually strapped and compressors from top to down.
36
Key considera ons while selec ng the appropriate baler machine
Quan ty and characteris cs of plas c waste which needs to be baled. It is o en
recommended to plan on a minimum of 25 per cent growth when sizing the proper
baler
Manpower requirement
37
38
CHAPTER - 7
Running of PWMU
The collected plas c waste has its value which is well known to all. Collected plas c can be sold to
the scrap dealers/recyclers at all levels. Linking private business en es/SHGs/NGOs can be a viable
op on in the en re value chain of plas c waste management (Segrega on, collec on, transporta on
and processing). In addi on, this will result in revenue genera on opportuni es for community
organiza ons. Cost recovery and revenue genera on may be promoted.
Establishing partnerships
Infrastructure crea on: Technical assistance can be sought for construc on and opera ons of district/
block level plas c management units
39
Opera on and maintenance: Private organiza ons/waste collectors
Benefits of
can be engaged in collec on and transporta on of waste. Also, service
engaging with the
providers can be involved for O&M of the plas c waste management
private sector
units for sor ng waste
I. Exper se in
Establishing linkages: District/block level officers may establish service delivery
linkages with registered local recyclers/aggregators to collect the dry
waste from plas c waste management units periodically. District/ II. On- me services
block officials would facilitate the buy-back arrangements with road III. Transfer of
contractors for u lizing plas cs in ongoing road construc on projects technology
in their district. DWSM/DWSC may also e-up with cement companies
present near their district for u lizing plas c in cement kilns. IV. Innova ve
prac ces
En re GP level plas c waste management including village level waste collec on,
transporta on to the village level shed and its further sor ng at the shed may be
outsourced to a single private operator
Involvement of Self Help Groups (SHGs), NGOs, etc. wherever feasible in O&M of PWMU
along with the collec on of plas c waste from the village shed. Also establishing forward
linkages in a revenue genera on model
40
7.1 Establishing Forward Linkages for Recovery
One of the important parts of the en re value chain of plas c waste management is to establish a proper
forward linkage of the non-recyclable plas c collected baled and shredded plas cs. As per the SBM (G)
Phase-II guideline, the non-recyclable plas c which is processed in the Plas c waste management unit
will be further sent for road construc on/co-processing in cement industries or any other appropriate
technology as per the norms.
The integra on of mixed plas c waste for bitumen road is becoming an a rac ve and accessible op on
for authori es owing to the unsegregated nature of waste, improved quality of roads, and pothole
filling. Co-processing of plas c in cement kilns offers a sound, environmentally viable mechanism
to process non-recyclable, combus ble plas c waste and simultaneously addresses the perennial
challenge of waste management.
Collec on and mixing: Plas c waste of size 2.36 mm is used for this
process. This shredded plas c waste is added in equal propor on to
the aggregate mix which forms a coat over the aggregate par cles.
A er which bitumen is added to this mixture and this can be used
for road laying process (Vasudevan, 2018)
41
The details of the process are given below:
Road construc on Bitumen added to the coated Shredded plas c mixed with
aggregate hot aggregates
This innova ve technology has not only strengthened the road construc on but also increased
the strength and performance of the road. It has also reduced the need for bitumen making it an
eco-friendly process.
42
Government order for the Use of Plas cs in Road construc on
The Ministry of Road Transport & Highways, Government of India has made it
mandatory for road developers to use waste plas c along with bituminous mixes
for road construc on to overcome the problem of disposal of plas c waste.
Usually, plas c wastes, that are contaminated with toxic components such as pes cides, etc., should be
fed to the main burner to ensure its complete combus on in the high temperature and long reten on
me. For this, the plas cs may need to be shredded to less than 20 mm size. The non-recyclable plas c
wastes, that is not contaminated with toxic components, can be fed at the other feed points such as
calciner, kiln inlet or mid kiln depending upon its size (CPCB, 2017).
Process flow diagram for co-processing of plas c waste in cement kilns along with the points of feeding
of plas c waste is shown in the figure given below.
43
Figure 13: Coprocessing of plas c in cement industry
Alternative fuels
Pre-heater
Alternative
raw materials FBC ash
(Powder)
Clinker
Additive
Gypsum
To get rid of plas c waste disposal problems, Central Pollu on Control Board (CPCB) in associa on with
MP Pollu on Control Board has taken ini a ve to use the plas c waste in cement plant at ACC Kymore
(Katni, MP). The stack monitoring result revealed that emission values are found below the standard
set for Common Hazardous Waste Incinerators. A er ge ng encouraging results CPCB has granted
permission to many cement plants to co-process the hazardous and non-hazardous (including plas c)
waste in their kilns a er trial burns.
44
Figure 14: Tiles made from recycled plas c
The states/districts can explore appropriate technologies for recovery apart from
road and cement industries as well, as per the proposed norms. Indica ve list of
technologies is provided below:
1. Technology op ons for plas c waste recovery:
Tiles (Re- les): Conversion of discarded plas c waste and convert it into les
2. Irriga on pipes and tarpaulins: Figure 15: Traffic cones made of recycled
Ahmedabad Municipal Corpora on (AMC) PVC plas c
plans to manufacture irriga on pipes
and tarpaulins from the used plas c. The
authori es have set up a plant of 50 metric
ton (MT) capacity for shredding of plas c and
paper.
3. Traffic cones:
There are manufacturers that convert used
PVC plas c into traffic cones, thus reducing
the requirement on virgin plas c
45
Best prac ces: Examples of use of plas cs for road construc on in India
46
Review of the quan ty and quality of non-recyclable
plas c waste which can go for recovery
Steps for
establishing Communica on with the concerned companies/industries
for plas c use and finaliza on of the modali es like amount
forward
of waste, transporta on frequency, rates, etc.
linkages for
recovery
Entering into an agreement with the companies/industries
47
01 Use a reusable produce bag. ...
Give up gum. ...
02 Buy boxes instead of bottles. ...
03 Purchase food, like cereal, pasta,
and rice from bulk bins and fill a
reusable bag or container. ...
04 Reuse containers for storing leftovers
or shopping in bulk
48
CHAPTER - 8
IEC
Along with the crea on of infrastructure for ODF Plus villages, SBM (G) Phase-II aims at behaviour
change of the masses to adopt be er sanita on and hygiene prac ces. Developing (IEC) strategies,
planning and effec ve implementa on is the key to the success of the Mission. In the case of plas c
waste management, IEC is extremely crucial to achieve the first three Rs of the plas c management
chain- refuse, reduce and reuse. IEC ac vi es will be targeted at ensuring that the village has a minimal
plas c li er and household adopts segrega on of waste. Crea ng awareness among the villagers, their
orienta on and behaviour change is necessary.
49
Figure 16: IEC messages
50
Figure 17: Segrega on at village level
51
8.1 Capacity Building
Building capacity of key stakeholders is necessary to plan, implement and monitor ODF Plus ac vi es.
The key stakeholders need to be trained on different aspects including promo ng behavioural change
through IEC, construc on ac vi es, quality supervision, opera on and maintenance, retrofi ng, etc.
Apart from the district/block and PRI officials, capacity building of swachhagrahis – who will be the
frontline human resource for taking forward the ODF Plus ini a ves – is also crucial, which was evident
in SBM (G) Phase-I
52
Figure 19: CB topics for PRIs and swachhagrahis
53
Figure 20: Do’s and Don’ts of plas c waste management
54
Steps for capacity building of stakeholders
Schema c below provides the steps that should be taken up by the district to deliver
trainings on plas c waste management to various stakeholders
55
Case Study: Plastic Waste Management – A Focus
Area in East Khasi Hills
East Khasi Hills is the first district in Meghalaya to take up ini a ves for plas c waste management
as a part of its ODF Plus ac vi es commenced on a trial basis in a few villages on 12th July 2019.
Following the iden fica on of cluster villages in 11 blocks as well as pickup and exit points for
movement of plas c waste; segrega on of waste at source, collec on and transporta on of
waste to designated centres began in earnest.
While the collected waste was transported to a common stock yard at the district headquarters
and rest given to a scrap dealer for onward transporta on to cement companies to be used as
fuel and also to other sites for use in construc on of roads.
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57
CHAPTER - 9
• Daily maintenance like disinfec on, lubrica on, cleaning of the screens and the shredding/grinding
surfaces, checking air filters, etc.
• Sharpening, adjus ng, or eventually replacing of shredding/grinding surfaces (cu ers, blades, or
hammers)
• Ensuring safety procedures and use of safety gears to protect against sharp surfaces and edges and
poten ally infec ous waste
The list of service providers for repairing needs to be maintained at the unit to ensure mely repairs
and maintenance of the parts.
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Grievance Redressal Mechanism
A mechanism needs to be set up through which the consumers can raise their complaints or grievances
regarding plas c waste management services. The maximum me within which the complaint needs to
be addressed has to be pre-decided. Following op ons can be considered by the district for grievance
redressal:
• Establishing a helpline number where the consumers can register their complaints
• Use of online pla orms like the crea on of social media groups, se ng up dedicated email ids,
establishing portals, etc. where complaints can be registered
• Complaints regarding door to door collec on, transporta on and opera on of the village level shed:
Village secretary, GP members
• Complaints regarding district/block level plas c waste management units: Concerned operators;
monitored by the block and district
Record Maintenance
The records that need to be periodically maintained by the concerned operators are given in Table 2.
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Table 2: Records needed for plas c waste management
Amount of waste collected
Door-to-door Frequency of collec on
collec on,
Mode of collec on GP level official
transporta on
of plas c waste Status of segrega on at source transporta on of the waste
to the village shed
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Case Study: Working Model of Plastic Waste
Management in Kerala
About the state
Kerala has 14 administra ve districts, 6 Municipal corpora ons, 87 Municipali es 941 Gram
Panchayats. Total waste produc on is 10044 MT/day. About 402 TPD of plas c gets generated
in Kerala.
Material Resource
D2D collec ons
recovery facility recovery facility
Non-
biodegradables
including plas cs
Recycling Road forma on
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Infrastructure development
Step 1: Construc on of a Material Collec on Facility
This facility helps implement secondary segrega on and also acts as a storage unit.
Currently, 354 MCF Opera onal with a storage capacity of 620 TPD and about 107 MCF under
construc on. The storage capacity will increase to 770 TPD
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Step 2: Construc on of a Resource recovery facility
This facility helps in segrega on, storage and recycling of non-biodegradable waste brought from
Material Recovery Facility (MRF). One RRF for one Block Panchayat (with a popula on size of
1.4 lakh) have been constructed. The facility has been provided with shredding machine, bailing
machine and dust remover. Currently 81 RRF are opera onal and 62 are under construc on.
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Understanding the expenses
MCF & RRF — Capital expenses & O&M
Selling price for slu-edded plas cs (Rs. 181- per kg) Rs. 6,04,800/-
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Establishing forward linkages
The forward linking of non-bio waste is undertaken through Clean Kerala Company Ltd, a company
formed under Local Self Government Department, Govt. of Kerala. The details are given below.
During 2018–19, the state supplied 395 ton of shredded plas cs for mixing with bitumen to PWD
for road construc on
Currently, 215 state level offices out of 399, 756 district level
offices out of 1114 and 190 block level offices out of 358 have
completed first level ac vi es in green office campaign
17 major fes vals and all the state level func ons by Govt
departments observe green protocol thereby waste genera on is
reduced
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Welcome to ODF community toilets
PAPER PLASTIC
66
CHAPTER - 10
What to monitor?
Process and protocol of ODF Plus verifica on and declara on
No. of villages with regular door-to-door collec on of waste
No. of villages with village-level sheds for sor ng waste
No. of district/blocks with plas c waste management units
Timely collec on of plas c waste from village sheds
Amount of plas c waste sold to scrap dealers/recyclers, amount of plas c waste handed over for
recovery in road and cement industries, etc.
O&M of the district/block level plas c waste management units
01 02 03 04 05
Funding Provision
For successful implementa on of SBM (G) Phase-II, robust financial planning, mely funding,
mobiliza on of adequate resources and prudent u liza on of funds are extremely important. The
possible funding resources for plas c waste management ac vi es are:
Available financial assistance for SWM under SBM (G) is as men oned below:
Upto 5000 popula on Solid waste management upto Rs. 60 per capita
Above 5000 popula on Solid waste management upto Rs. 45 per capita
Note:
• 30 per cent of this amount will be borne by the GPs from their 15th FC grants. Each village can
u lise a minimum of total Rs. 1 Lakh based on their requirements for both solid waste and
greywater management
GPs can source addi onal fund from other sources besides SBM (G) Phase-II such as 15th
FC grants MPLAD/MLALAD/CSR funds or through convergence with MGNREGS or other
schemes of the state or Central Government, etc.
Wages, where needed to be paid for collec on of waste from the household, can be sourced
from 15th FC and construc on of shed from SBM (G), 15th FC, SFC or other sources.
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CHAPTER - 12
Annexures
Aim
The Plas c Waste Management Rules, 2016 aim to:
Increase minimum thickness of plas c carry bags from 40 to 50 microns and s pulate minimum
thickness of 50 micron for plas c sheets also to facilitate collec on and recycle of plas c waste
Expand the jurisdic on of applicability from the municipal area to rural areas, because plas c has
reached rural areas also
To bring in the responsibili es of producers and generators, both in plas c waste management
system and to introduce collect back system of plas c waste by the producers/brand owners, as per
extended producers responsibility
Introduce collec on of plas c waste management fee through pre-registra on of the producers,
importers of plas c carry bags/mul layered packaging and vendors selling the same for establishing
the waste management system
71
Promote use of plas c waste for road construc on as per Indian Road Congress guidelines or energy
recovery, or waste to oil, etc. for gainful u liza on of waste and also address the waste disposal issue;
to entrust more responsibility on waste generators, namely payment of user charge as prescribed by
local authority, collec on and handing over of waste by the ins tu onal generator, event organizers
An eco-friendly product, which is a complete subs tute of the plas c in all uses, has not been
found ll date. In the absence of a suitable alterna ve, it is imprac cal and undesirable to impose a
blanket ban on the use of plas c all over the country. The real challenge is to improve plas c waste
management systems
For the first me, responsibility of waste generators is being introduced. Individual and bulk
generators like offices, commercial establishments, industries are to segregate the plas c waste at
source, handover segregated waste, pay user fee as per bye-laws of the local bodies
Plas c products are le li ered a er the public events (marriage func ons, religious gatherings,
public mee ngs, etc.) held in open spaces. First me, persons organising such events have been
made responsible for management of waste generated from these events
Use of plas c sheet for packaging, wrapping the commodity except those plas c sheet’s thickness,
which will impair the func onality of the product are brought under the ambit of these rules. A large
number of commodi es are being packed/wrapped in to plas c sheets and therea er such sheets
are le for li ered. Provisions have been introduced to ensure their collec on and channeliza on to
authorised recycling facili es
Extended Producer’s Responsibility (ERF): Earlier, EPR was le to the discre on of the local bodies.
First me, the producers (i.e. persons engaged in manufacture, or import of carry bags, mul -
layered packaging and sheets or like and the persons using these for packaging or wrapping their
products) and brand owners have been made responsible for collec ng waste generated from their
products. They have to approach local bodies for formula on of plan/system for the plas c waste
management within the prescribed meframe
State Pollu on Control Board (SPCBs) will not grant/renew registra on of plas c bags, or mul -
layered packaging unless the producer proposes the ac on plan endorsed by the concerned State
Development Department
Producers to keep a record of their vendors to whom they have supplied raw materials for
manufacturing carry bags, plas c sheets, and mul -layered packaging. This is to curb manufacturing
of these products in unorganised sector
The entry points of plas c bags/plas c sheets/mul -layered packaging in to commodity supply
chain are primarily the retailers and street vendors. They have been assigned the responsibility of
not to provide the commodi es in plas c bags/plas c sheets/mul -layered packaging which do not
conform to these rules. Otherwise, they will have to pay the fine
72
Plas c carry bag will be available only with shopkeepers/street vendors pre-registered with local
bodies on payment of certain registra on fee. The amount collected as registra on fee by local
bodies is to be used for waste management
CPCB has been mandated to formulate the guidelines for thermoset plas c (plas c difficult to
recycle). In the earlier Rules, there was no specific provision for such type of plas c
Manufacturing and use of non-recyclable mul -layered plas c to be phased in two years
The amended Rules lay down that the phasing out of Mul layered Plas c (MLP) is now applicable
to MLP, which are “non-recyclable, or non-energy recoverable, or with no alternate use.”
The amended Rules also prescribe a central registra on system for the registra on of the producer/
importer/brand owner. The Rules also lay down that any mechanism for the registra on should
be automated and should take into account ease of doing business for producers, recyclers and
manufacturers. The centralised registra on system will be evolved by Central Pollu on Control
Board (CPCB) for the registra on of the producer/importer/brand owner. While a na onal registry
has been prescribed for producers with presence in more than two states, a state-level registra on
has been prescribed for smaller producers/brand owners opera ng within one or two states
In addi on, Rule 15 of the Plas c Waste Management (Amendment) Rules 2018 on “explicit pricing
of carry bags” has been omi ed
Responsibili es of GP
Every Gram Panchayat either on its own or by engaging an agency shall set up, opera onalize and co-
ordinate for waste management in the rural area under their control and for performing the associated
func ons, namely:
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12.2 Type of Plastic
Water bo les, so
drink bo les, food
Polyethylene Converted back to polymer and
1 Yes jars, films, sheets,
terephthalate used for making apparel
furniture, carpets,
panelling
Maybe
Plas c bags,
Low-density recycled
various containers, Converted to pellets and used to
polyethylene 4 (depends
dispensing bo les, produce new LDPE
(LDPE) upon
wash bo les
recycler)
Maybe
Disposable cups,
recycled
Polypropylene bo le caps, Converted to pellets and used to
5 (depends
(PP) straws, auto parts, produce new pp
upon
industrial fibres
recycler)
74
Pictorial Recyclable or
Name of plas c Code Few applica ons Type of recycling
Representa on not
Disposable cups,
glasses, plates,
Polystyrene
6 No spoons, trays, CD Not recyclable
(PS)
covers, casse e
boxes, foams
Note: These are indica ve rates and may vary from place to place
Sources : h p://www.scrapregister.com/scrap-prices/india/13 and h ps://www.recycleinme.com/scrapresources/india_scrap_prices
75
12.4 Notification by Ministry of Road Transport
and Highways (MORTH) for Using Plastic in Road
Construction
76
12.5 Extended Producer’s Responsibility
2. Offset the plas c waste generated through credit system which would be established; or
3. Par cipate in and pay for establishing producer responsibility organisa ons (PROs) to collect and
manage plas c waste generated by consumers
12.6 References
1. Ac on Plan for Plas c Waste Management in the State; 29th April, 2019; Directorate of Environment
and Climate Change, Department of Science, Technology and Environment, Government of Punjab
2. Annual Report for the year 2018-19 on Implementa on of Plas c Waste Management Rules, Central
Pollu on Control Board
3. Challenges and Opportuni es: Plas c Waste Management in India; The Energy and Resources
Ins tute
4. Material on Plas c Waste Management, Central Pollu on Control Board, June 2012
5. Model Framework for Segrega on: Guidelines for managing municipal solid waste through
segrega on, reuse and recycling; Bread for the World—Protestant Development Service
6. Plas c waste management rules 2016, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
7. Plas c Waste Management: Issues, Solu ons & Case Studies; Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs,
Government of India; March 2019
8. PPT on Establishing sustainable EPR mechanisms for collec on of low value plas cs through the
Informal Sector in Pune City- Swachh, Pune
9. Solid and Liquid Resource Management: Plas c waste management; Dra Implementa on
Framework
10. Swachh Bharat Mission (Grameen) Phase II Opera onal Guidelines’ 2020; Ministry of Jal Shak ,
Government of India
77
11. Tool Kit on Plas c Waste Management Rules 2016; Central Pollu on Control Board and Na onal
Produc vity Council, June 2019
12. Waste: An approach paper for sustainable management of waste; Suchitwa Mission; Local Self
Government Department, Government of Kerala
14. Use of Plas cs in Road Construc on by CENTRE FOR INNOVATIONS IN PUBLIC SYSTEMS, An
Autonomous body of the Government of India.h ps://www.tce.edu/sites/default/files/PDF/CIPS-
Plas cRoad.pdf
16. Use of plas c waste in bituminous mixes in construc on of Na onal Highways - Government order,
Ministry of Road Transport & Highways, 2015
78
Plas c waste management at GP level
79
Plas c waste management at district level
nt u n i t a t d
na geme i st r
ma ict
/b
te lo
as c
cw
k
l ev
st i
el
Pl a
80