Normal Curve Standard Normal Curve

Normal Distribution and Normal
Curve
Dr. Nilesh Fichadiya

M.D.(Community Medicine), D.P.H.
Table 1. Height of 1000 subjects
Height (Cm) Number of subjects
142.5-145.0 03
145.0 08
147.5 15
150.0 45
152.5 90
155.0 155 Mean = 160 cm
157.5 194 SD = 5 cm
160.0 195
162.5 136
165.0 93
167.5 42
170.0 16
172.5 06
175.0-177.5 02
Mean = 160 cm
SD = 5 cm
When a large number of observations of any variable
characteristics such as height, blood pressure and pulse rate
are taken at random and frequency distribution table is
prepared by keeping group interval small, than it will be
seen that:
a). Some observations are above the mean and others are
below the mean
b). If they are arranged in order, maximum number of
frequencies will be seen in the middle around the mean
and fewer at the extremes, decreasing smoothly on both
sides
c). Normally, half of observations lie above and half below
the mean and all observations are symmetrically
distributed on each side of the mean.
Normal Curve: When the observations of a large distribution are
collected and the frequency distribution with narrow class interval
is made, a smooth symmetric curve is obtained called “Normal
Curve”. It is also called “Gaussian” after the German Scientist
‘Johann Gauss’ who first described it in then 19th century.
• Normal distribution of observations is a virtue of a
large random sample.
• It is one of the standard distribution in nature.
• It can be arithmetically expressed as follows in terms

of mean and SD if they are known
Normal Curve
• Histogram of the frequency distribution of heights, with
large number of observations and small class interval,
gives a frequency curve which is known as Normal
curve
• The frequency distribution is symmetrical around a

single peak,
• The Mean, Median and Mode will coincide.
• It build up gradually from the smallest frequencies at

the extremes of classification to the highest frequencies
at the peak in the middle.
Characteristics of normal curve:
• It is bell shaped (smooth)

• It is symmetrically distributed
• Maximum height is at mean
• Mean, Median Mode coincides
• It has two inflections. Central part is convex, when
come down, it becomes concave both sides.
a). Mean ± 1 SD limits, includes 68.27% or roughly 2/3 of all
observations.
b). Mean ± 2 SD limits, includes 95.45% of observations.
Mean ± 1.96 SD limits, includes 95% of all observations.
c). Mean ± 3 SD limit includes 99.73% of observations. Mean ± 2.58
SD limits include 99% observations.
In other words in any normal distribution if is found that:

a). Values that differ from the mean by more than twice the SD are
rare, being only 4.55%. their chance of being normal is only
4.55%.
b). Values higher or lower than mean ± 3 SD are 0.27%. Their chance
of being normal is 0.27 in 100. It can be abnormal or pathogenic.
Height (cm) f
142.5 – 145.0 3
145.0 – 147.5 8
147.5 – 150.0 15 995
150.0 – 152.5 45
152.5 – 155.0 90 950
155.0 – 157.5 155
157.5 – 160.0 194
160.0 – 162.5 195 680
162.5 – 165.0 136
165.0 – 167.5 93
167.5 – 170.0 42
170.0 – 172.5 16
172.5 – 175.0 6
175.0 – 177.5 2
Total 1000
• The mean specifies the location and the SD specifies the
spread of the distribution
• Hence, for different values of mean or SD or both, we get

different Normal distributions
The distance of a value (x) from the mean (X )
of the curve in units of standard deviation is called
“relative deviate or Standard Normal Deviate” and
usually denoted by Z.
Z = Observation – Mean
Standard Deviation
A random variable (x) is said to have been standardized when it has been
adjusted so that its mean is zero and its standard deviation is 1.
Thus, Z is standardized variable. The new variate “z” like the variate
“x” also follows a normal distribution. The mean of the transformed
distribution is zero and the standard deviation (SD) is 1.
Standard Normal Curve
There are number of normal curves depending upon
the mean and standard deviation, but there is only one
standardized normal curve.
It was devised by statistician to estimate easily the
area under the normal curve, between any two
observations.
Standard normal curve is a smooth, bell-shaped
perfectly symmetrical curve, based on an infinitely large
number of observations.
The total area of the curve is 1; its mean is zero, and
its standard deviation is 1. The mean, median and mode
coincide.
Estimation of probability:
Example: Mean pulse rate is 72 and standard deviation is 8.

What is the probability of a persons having pulse rate of 96 or
more?
Mean= 72, SD= 8

Z = Observation –Mean
Standard Deviation
= 96-72 = 3
8
The value from Z table corresponding to 3=0.0013.
Therefore, the probability is 13 out of 10,000 individuals (or
0.13%) would likely have a pulse rate or 96 or higher.
Examples
Average weight of baby at birth is 3.05 kg with SD of 0.39kg. If the birth
weights are normally distributed:
What are the chances of weight > 3.5 kg and <2.75 kg?
USE OF NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
Example :
Mean height = X = 65"

Standard deviation = SD = 2"
a) Proportion of persons whose height

exceeds 68"
X- X 68-65
Normal deviate = Z = = = 1.5
SD 2
Area Under Curve (AUC) Normal
from Z = 1.5 } = 6.68%
= 0.06681
(height exceeds 68")

b) Proportion of persons whose height is less than 60"
X- X
Normal deviate = Z=
SD
= (60 - 65 ) / 2
= - 2.5
(height less than 60") = 0.00621

= 0.6 %
c) Proportion of persons whose height is in between 64" & 67"
64 - 65
Normal deviate ( X=64") = Z1 = ----------- = - 0.5
2
(height less than 64”) = 0.30854
67 - 65
Normal deviate ( X=67") = Z2 = ----------- = 1
2
(height more than 67“) = 0.15866
Now,
(heights between 64" & 67’’)
= 1 - 0.30854 - 0.15866 = 0.5328 = 53.28%
Example :
Mean cholesterol = 242 mg%; S.D. = 45 mg%

What is the cholesterol level from which 10% subjects will
have higher cholesterol value ?
Example : Mean cholesterol = 242 mg%; S.D. = 45 mg%
We have to find the Z corresponding to an area of 10% (0.1)

on the right. The approximate Z value from the table is 1.3
X -X
 ------- = Z
SD
X - 242
------------ = 1.3
45
X - 242 = 1.3 x 45 = 58.5
X = 58.5 + 242 = 300.5 mg%

• The weight of a population of females are
normally distributed with mean of 55 kg and SD
of 10 kg.
• What is the probability of a female selected at
random:
a) Having weight more than 70 kg
b) Having weight less than 45 kg
c) Between 48 and 65 kg
D. 5% of females are below what weight?
E. 10% of females are above what weight
Ans: a. 0.668 b. 0.1587 c. 0.5994

D. 38.55 kg E. 67.8 kg
• A large group of physiotherapy students
took test in biostatistics. The mean final
score is 70 marks with SD of 10.
• If the marks are normally distributed, what
% of students:
A. Score higher than 80?
B. Should pass the test (grade ≥ 60)
C. Should fail the test (grade < 60)
A. 15.78% B. 84.13% C. 15.87%

Example:
Mean height of 500 students is 160cm and the SD is 5 cm.
a).What are the chances of height above 175cm being
normal if height follows normal distribution?
b).What percentage of boys will have height above 168 cm.
c).How many of the boys will have height between 168 and
175 cm?
Example:
The pulse rate of healthy males follows a normal distribution
with a mean of 72/min and a SD of 3.5/min. In what percentage of
individuals, pulse rate will differ by 2 beats from the mean?
Example: In a survey, Mean cholesterol among >45 year subjects
was 158mg% and SD was 26mg%. Find the cholesterol level
among 2.5% subjects will have equal or more than this level ? How
many subjects will have cholesterol equal to this level or more
among 20 crore Indian population aged >45 years?
Any questions ?
Thanks

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Normal Distribution and Normal

Dr. Nilesh Fichadiya

• It is one of the standard distribution in nature.

• It can be arithmetically expressed as follows in terms

• The frequency distribution is symmetrical around a

• The Mean, Median and Mode will coincide.

• It build up gradually from the smallest frequencies at

• It is bell shaped (smooth)

In other words in any normal distribution if is found that:

• Hence, for different values of mean or SD or both, we get

Example: Mean pulse rate is 72 and standard deviation is 8.

Mean= 72, SD= 8

Mean height = X = 65"

a) Proportion of persons whose height

(height exceeds 68")

(height less than 60") = 0.00621

(height more than 67“) = 0.15866

Mean cholesterol = 242 mg%; S.D. = 45 mg%

We have to find the Z corresponding to an area of 10% (0.1)

X - 242 = 1.3 x 45 = 58.5

X = 58.5 + 242 = 300.5 mg%

Ans: a. 0.668 b. 0.1587 c. 0.5994

A. 15.78% B. 84.13% C. 15.87%

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