Detailed Design Review Karagita

KENYA INFORMAL SETTLEMENT IMPROVEMENT PROJECT II (KISIP II) | 4 NO.
SETTLEMENTS THE COUNTIES OF

NAIROBI AND NAKURU [CONTRACT. NO.: KE-MOTI-214833-CS-QCBS]
NAKURU COUNTY DETAILED DESIGN REVIEW REPORT – DELIVERABLE NO. 2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
MINISTRY OF LANDS, PUBLIC WORKS, HOUSING AND URBAN

DEVELOPMENT
State Department for Housing and Urban Development
KENYA INFORMAL SETTLEMENT IMPROVEMENT PROJECT

(KISIP 2)
CONSULTANCY SERVICES FOR ENGINEERING DESIGN REVIEW, REPACKAGING OF DETAILED

ENGINEERING DESIGN AND PREPARATION OF PROCUREMENT DOCUMENTS: UPDATING OF RAP AND
ESIA REPORTS; AND SUPERVISION OF THE PROPOSED INFRASTRUCTURES IMPROVEMENT WORKS IN
SELECTED INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS IN THE COUNTIES OF NAIROBI AND NAKURU. (8 NO. SETTLEMENTS):
CONTRACT NO. KE-MOTI-214833-CS-QCBS
DETAILED DESIGN REVIEW REPORT

TCE – GA JOINT VENTURE Page i
In JV with
APRIL 2023
KENYA INFORMAL SETTLEMENT IMPROVEMENT PROJECT II (KISIP II) | 4 NO. SETTLEMENTS THE COUNTIES OF
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Detailed Design Review Report (Deliverable No. 2)

NAKURU COUNTY
Eng Dr E Akech, PhD

Team Leader,
TCE - G A Joint Venture
KISIP - 2: Nairobi- Nakuru (8 No.) Settlements Study
Submitted by:
TERTIARY CONSULTING ENGINEERS LIMITED (TCE)

Mwingi Court, No.34, Mwingi Road, Kileleshwa Nairobi
P. O. Box 46439 – 00100, Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 20 2169864 / +254 725369358
E-mail: [email protected]
In JV with
GA CONSULTANTS LIMITED (GA)

NHC Lang’ata Commercial Centre,
Junction of Kungu Karumba/Southern
Bypass, Nairobi
P. O. Box 2670 – 00100, Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 20 312931 / +254 733 721855
E-mail: [email protected]
Copyright March 2023. © Tertiary Consulting Engineers Ltd in JV with GA Consultants, 2023. This report has been prepared by
Tertiary Consulting Engineers Ltd. (TCE) in Joint Venture with GA Consultants Limited (G A) for the Ministry of Lands, Public
Works, Housing and Urban Development, Government of Kenya (the “Client”). No representation or warranty is made by Tertiary
Consulting Engineers Ltd. (TCE) and GA Consultants Limited (GA) as to the accuracy and completeness of any of the information
contained in the report, and nothing in the report is or shall be relied upon as a promise or representation as to the future. All
information contained in this report is of confidential nature and intended for the exclusive use of the Client. The Client may
transmit the information in the report to its directors, officers, employees or professional advisers, provided that the recipient
informs them of its confidential nature. All rights are reserved. No part of this report may be reproduced in any form or by any
means without permission in writing from Tertiary Consulting Engineers Ltd. (TCE) and GA Consultants Limited (GA).
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The Consultant’s team is grateful to the client for the support extended towards preparing this
report. Equally, the entire team’s commitment to delivering this report is also appreciated.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This KISIP 2 consultancy service study contract is being undertaken by a Joint Venture
between TCE and G A Consultants Ltd. The study goals include; engineering design review
of roadworks, water supply, sewer system and high mast lighting that were previously
designed; repackaging of the works contracts arising from the review studies, and preparation
of procurement / bid documents; updating of RAP and the accompanying Environmental and
Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) reports; assisting the two respective counties in procuring
works contractors, and supervision of the proposed infrastructures improvement works in the
selected informal settlements that include Kwa Murogi, Lake View, London/Hilton and Karagita
in Nakuru County. The contract is under the KISIP Phase II framework, specifically component
1.2, funded by credit from the World Bank through International Development Association
(IDA).
A mixed method has been used during the engineering design review exercise that ranged
from desktop studies, participatory stakeholder engagements, consultative design process
and technical investigations/onsite validation studies and workshops with the respective
counties technical/safeguard teams.
The socio-economic study report is presented in a brief summary to show the expected socio-
economic benefits, administrative governance, land use, demographic profile and population
growth for Nakuru county.
The Detailed Engineering design reviews of roadworks (road alignment design, pavement
design, storm water drains and footpaths), water supply, sewer system and high mast lighting
sections cover design philosophy / concepts and design narratives and outputs that include
engineers cost estimate together with unit rate analysis.
Detailed review and updating of engineering drawings and setting out data has been done for
the roads and storm water drains engineering drawings, water supply engineering drawings,
sanitary sewer engineering drawings and electrical engineering drawings. The detailed report
has been presented in a separate cover as Volume III (Book of drawings)
A review of the Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) and Environmental and Social Impact
Assessment (ESIA) has been carried out with an endeavour to identify all people affected by
the project and the adverse impacts on their livelihoods associated with the process of land
acquisition and the consultant has prepared an Environmental and Social Management Plan
(ESMP) containing a description of mitigation measures for adverse impacts and measures
for enhancing the beneficial effects. A summary of the EIA and RAP reports are presented in
this detailed design review report. Detailed reports for RAP and ESIA are submitted in
separate covers.
The engineering design review team has proposed ways by which inclusivity and diversity can
be achieved through the implementation of the infrastructural elements, which have the
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
potential to drive sustainable, transformative and inclusive economic growth, through fostering
gender equality, empowering marginalized groups, and increasing social inclusion for people
living with disabilities.
In addition, climate change resilience has been entrenched into the proposed works through
sustainable neighborhood mobility planning, in which active mobility has been prioritized to
reduce on carbon emissions in the intra-neighborhood commute. For inter-neighborhood
mobility, the Nakuru County KISIP team has assured the consultant, they are considering
introducing electric buses. For construction phase, local materials use has been proposed to
reduce on their transport carbon emission. Green spaces have been proposed through tree
planting, grassing and coloring of hard surfaces in green to reduce on urban heat island effects
in the settlements.
The repackaged and prepared works as discussed with the Client and Stakeholders comprise
of: Bidding Documents, Technical Specifications, Book of Drawings, Engineer’s Cost
Estimate, RAP and ESIA reports. These have been presented in separate covers from this
report.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...................................................................................................... iii

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..................................................................................................... iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................................... vi
LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................................................. xiv
LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................ xvi
LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS................................................................ xvii
Project Description..................................................................................................... xviii
Situational Analysis Summary .................................................................................. xviii
Lake View Settlement, Nakuru County ....................................................................... xviii
London/Hilton Settlement, Nakuru County ................................................................. xviii
Kwa Murogi Settlement, Nakuru County ...................................................................... xix
Karagita Settlement, Nakuru County ............................................................................ xix
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................... 1
1.1. Project Overview ................................................................................................... 1
1.2. Contract details ..................................................................................................... 2
1.3. Terms of reference................................................................................................ 3
1.4. Background information on the KISIP programs ............................................... 7
1.4.1. Contract background information ..................................................................... 7
1.4.2. Project Benefits................................................................................................ 8
1.4.3. Key stakeholders ............................................................................................. 9
1.5. Context of the project ........................................................................................... 9
1.5.1. Situational analysis .......................................................................................... 9
1.5.2. Problem statement ......................................................................................... 10
1.6. Project risks, principles, and theoretical approach .......................................... 10
1.6.1. Project risks ................................................................................................... 10
1.6.2. Study rollout strategy ..................................................................................... 11
1.6.3. Approvals....................................................................................................... 12
CHAPTER 2: OBJECTIVES AND STUDY INFORMAL SETTLEMENT LOCATIONS ..... 13
2.1. Main Objective .................................................................................................... 13
2.2. Specific objectives.............................................................................................. 13
2.3. Informal Settlements Location and Descriptions ............................................. 14
2.3.1. Hilton / London Settlement ............................................................................. 14
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
2.3.2. Lake View Settlement .................................................................................... 16

2.3.3. Kwa Murogi Settlement .................................................................................. 18
2.3.4. Karagita Settlement ....................................................................................... 20
CHAPTER 3: SUMMARY OF DETAILED METHODOLOGY ........................................... 21
3.1. Introduction ......................................................................................................... 21
3.1.1. General Approach .......................................................................................... 21
3.1.2. Quality Assurance Management .................................................................... 21
Equipment and Facilities Available for use by the Consultant....................................... 22
3.1.3. Summary of Methodology .............................................................................. 23
3.2. Part 1A: Engineering Design Review of Roadworks ........................................ 25
3.2.1. Topographical Surveys Reviews .................................................................... 25
3.2.2. Road geometric alignment design review....................................................... 27
3.2.3. Soils and materials investigations .................................................................. 29
3.2.4. Hydrological studies review............................................................................ 30
3.2.5. Pavement design review ................................................................................ 32
3.3. Part 1B: Engineering Design Review of Water Supply ..................................... 34
3.3.1. Population, demographic data and planning horizons .................................... 34
3.3.2. Service Type – individual (IC) and non-individual (NC) connections .............. 34
3.3.3. Demand computations ................................................................................... 34
3.3.4. Supply sources and their capacities ............................................................... 35
3.3.5. Augmentation needs ...................................................................................... 36
3.3.6. Supply system design .................................................................................... 36
3.3.7. Sustainability considerations .......................................................................... 37
3.4. Part 1C: Engineering Design Review of Sanitary Sewer System..................... 38
3.4.1. Sources of waste water.................................................................................. 38
3.4.2. Peak demand................................................................................................. 38
3.4.3. Average Peak Factor ..................................................................................... 39
3.4.4. General Sewer Lines ..................................................................................... 39
3.4.5. Minimum Sewer Gradient............................................................................... 39
3.4.6. Sewer line particulars..................................................................................... 39
3.4.7. Outfall ............................................................................................................ 41
3.4.8. Maintenance and sustainability considerations .............................................. 41
3.5. Part 1D: Engineering Design Review of High Mast Lighting............................ 42
3.5.1. Design Considerations ................................................................................... 42
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3.5.2. Design Standards and Specifications ............................................................. 42

3.5.3. Street illumination level in Lux ........................................................................ 42
3.5.4. Light distribution angle ................................................................................... 43
3.5.5. Lighting technology – LED, colour temperature.............................................. 43
3.5.6. Source of power............................................................................................. 43
3.5.7. Power supply design ...................................................................................... 43
3.5.8. Structural engineering design ........................................................................ 43
3.5.9. Maintenance and sustainability considerations .............................................. 43
3.6. Part 1E: Review of Engineering Drawings and Set out Data............................ 44
3.7. Part 2: Repackaging and Preparation of Procurement Documents ................ 45
3.7.1. Tender Documentation .................................................................................. 45
3.7.2. Contractor selection ....................................................................................... 45
3.8. Part 3: Updating ESIA and RAP ......................................................................... 46
3.9. Part 4: Works Supervision ................................................................................. 47
3.9.1. Personnel – Key and Support ........................................................................ 48
3.9.2. Contractor Mobilization and Start-Up Issues .................................................. 48
3.9.3. Survey Controls and Setting Out of Works ..................................................... 49
3.9.4. Quality controls .............................................................................................. 51
3.9.5. Overall Contract Management and Records .................................................. 56
3.9.6. Disputes management plan ........................................................................... 59
3.9.7. Environmental Management, Health and Safety Plans .................................. 60
3.9.8. Cost control ................................................................................................... 63
3.9.9. Time control ................................................................................................... 64
3.9.10. Substantial completion ................................................................................... 67
3.9.11. Performance monitoring in the DLP ............................................................... 70
3.9.12. Handing over ................................................................................................. 70
CHAPTER 4: SUMMARY OF ENGINEERING DETAILED DESIGN ................................ 71
4.1. Situational Analysis ............................................................................................ 71
4.1.1. Summary of Cost Caps and Net Budget – Nakuru County ............................. 71
4.2. Community Consultation meeting ..................................................................... 72
CHAPTER 5: ENGINEERING DESIGN REVIEW OF ROADWORKS .............................. 73
5.1. Topographical Surveys Reviews ....................................................................... 73
5.1.1. Topographical Surveys Reviews .................................................................... 73
5.1.2. Settlements Surveyed. ................................................................................... 73
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5.1.3. Settlements Infrastructure Surveyed .............................................................. 75

5.1.4. SURVEYING METHODOLOGY. .................................................................... 75
5.3.4. Detailed Topographic Survey ......................................................................... 76
5.2. Road geometric alignment design review ......................................................... 78
5.2.1. Introduction .................................................................................................... 78
5.2.2. Design parameters and standards ................................................................. 81
5.3. Soils and materials investigations .................................................................... 84
5.3.1. Alignment Soils .............................................................................................. 84
5.3.2. Materials Investigations. ................................................................................ 89
5.4. Hydrological studies review ............................................................................... 91
5.4.1. Hydrological studies review............................................................................ 91
5.4.2. Hydrological analysis criteria assessment review ........................................... 91
5.4.3. Catchment area delineation ........................................................................... 91
5.4.4. Catchment characteristics .............................................................................. 91
5.4.5. Choice of return period .................................................................................. 92
5.4.6. Drainage structures review – minor and major structures, culverts, side ditches,
box culverts, bridges .................................................................................................... 92
5.4.7. Drainage Design and Protective works .......................................................... 92
5.4.8. Design Principles ........................................................................................... 92
5.4.9. Hydrologic Analysis for Drains ....................................................................... 93
5.4.10. Maintenance of Drainage System ................................................................ 102
5.5. Pavement design review .................................................................................. 103
5.5.1. General Considerations ............................................................................... 103
5.5.2. Traffic .......................................................................................................... 103
5.5.3. Environmental Considerations ..................................................................... 103
5.5.4. Design Standards ........................................................................................ 103
5.5.5. Locally Available Construction Materials. ..................................................... 103
5.5.6. Subgrade Strength Class ............................................................................. 104
5.5.7. Pavement structure ...................................................................................... 106
5.5.8. Recommended Pavements (All Sections) .................................................... 107
5.5.9. Maintenance and Sustainability Considerations ........................................... 108
CHAPTER 6: ENGINEERING DESIGN REVIEW OF WATER SUPPLY ........................ 109
6.1. Design Criteria for Water Supply ..................................................................... 109
6.1.1. Scope of Design .......................................................................................... 109
6.1.2. Design Considerations ................................................................................. 109
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
6.1.3. System Pressures ........................................................................................ 109

6.1.4. Flow velocities ............................................................................................. 110
6.1.5. Pipe Material ................................................................................................ 110
6.1.6. Pipe Cover and Slope .................................................................................. 110
6.1.7. Consumer Connections ............................................................................... 110
6.1.8. Section Valves ............................................................................................. 110
6.1.9. Marker Posts................................................................................................ 111
6.1.10. Valve Chambers .......................................................................................... 111
6.1.11. Anchor and Thrust Blocks ............................................................................ 111
6.1.12. Water quality standards ............................................................................... 111
6.2. Population, demographic data and planning horizons .................................. 111
6.2.1. Human Population ....................................................................................... 112
6.3. Demand computations ..................................................................................... 112
6.3.1. Human/ Domestic Demand .......................................................................... 112
6.4. Supply sources and their capacities ............................................................... 112
6.5. Augmentation needs ........................................................................................ 113
6.6. Supply system design ...................................................................................... 113
6.6.1. Hydraulic Design of the Police line-Karagita Pipeline ................................... 113
6.6.2. Hydraulic Analysis of Karagita Pipeline ........................................................ 115
6.6.3. Valves .......................................................................................................... 118
6.6.4. Appurtenances............................................................................................. 118
6.6.5. Storage facilities .......................................................................................... 118
6.6.6. Treatment facilities ....................................................................................... 118
6.6.7. Distribution outlets (kiosks, standpipes and institutional connections) .......... 119
6.7. Sustainability considerations .......................................................................... 119
7. ENGINEERING DESIGN REVIEW OF SEWER SYSTEMS ..................... 120
7.1. Design Criteria for Sewer Systems .................................................................. 120
7.2. Sources of waste water .................................................................................... 120
7.3. Peak demand..................................................................................................... 120
7.4. General Sewer Lines......................................................................................... 122
7.4.1. Sewer Line Materials ................................................................................... 122
7.4.2. Sewer Manholes .......................................................................................... 123
7.5. Hydraulic Design of Gravity Sewers ................................................................ 125
7.5.1. Discharge Capacity ...................................................................................... 125
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
7.5.2. Sewer Diameter ........................................................................................... 125

7.5.3. Flow Velocity................................................................................................ 125
7.5.4. Minimum sewer gradients ............................................................................ 126
7.5.5. Cover to sewers ........................................................................................... 127
7.5.6. Head Losses and Hydraulic Grade Line ....................................................... 127
7.6. Civil / Structural Design.................................................................................... 129
7.6.1. Sewer Construction by Open-Cut Trenching ................................................ 129
7.6.2. Sewer Construction by Pipe Jacking ............................................................ 130
7.6.3. Design Loads on Sewer Pipes ..................................................................... 130
7.6.4. Safe Working Strength of Sewer Pipe .......................................................... 132
7.6.5. Field Supporting Strength ............................................................................ 132
7.6.6. Manhole Structures ...................................................................................... 132
7.7. Sewer line Design particulars .......................................................................... 133
7.7.1. Population and waste generation design...................................................... 133
7.7.2. The design of the line................................................................................... 135
7.7.3. Hydraulic Design of the pipeline ................................................................... 136
7.7.4. Wastewater Flow Calculations ..................................................................... 136
7.8. Outfall ................................................................................................................ 138
7.9. Maintenance and sustainability considerations ............................................. 138
8. ENGINEERING DESIGN REVIEW OF HIGH MAST LIGHTING .............. 139
8.1. Mono Pole Structure and Lighting ................................................................... 139
8.1.1. CONTROL GEAR ........................................................................................ 139
8.1.2. LAMPS ........................................................................................................ 140
8.1.3. OBSTACLE LAMPS..................................................................................... 140
8.1.4. BASE COMPARTMENT .............................................................................. 140
8.1.5. HEAD FRAME ASSEMBLY ......................................................................... 140
8.1.6. LUMINAIRE CARRIAGE .............................................................................. 141
8.1.7. MAST WIRE ................................................................................................ 141
8.1.8. MAST POWER CABLE................................................................................ 141
8.1.9. ELECTRICAL WIRING ................................................................................ 142
8.1.10. ELECTRICAL POWER TOOLS ................................................................... 142
8.1.11. FOUNDATION ............................................................................................. 142
8.2. Standards .......................................................................................................... 142
8.3. Basic Design Wind Speeds .............................................................................. 143
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8.4. HIGH MAST LIGHTING WORKS ....................................................................... 143

8.5. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR 30 M MONOPOLE HIGH MAST LIGHTING
143
8.5.1. Construction ................................................................................................ 144
8.5.2. Control Gear ................................................................................................ 144
8.5.3. Lamps .......................................................................................................... 144
8.5.4. Specifications............................................................................................... 145
8.6. Flood mast calculations ................................................................................... 145
9. ENGINEERING DESIGN REVIEW OF DRAWINGS & SET OUT DATA .. 155
10. REPACKAGING & PREPARATION OF PROCUREMENT DOCUMENTS
157
10.1. Repackaged Works ........................................................................................... 157
10.2. Volume I – Bidding Document ......................................................................... 157
10.3. Volume II – Technical Specifications............................................................... 157
10.4. Volume III – Book of Drawings ......................................................................... 157
10.5. Volume IV – Engineers Cost Estimate ............................................................. 157
11. UPDATING ESIA AND RAP .................................................................... 158
11.1. RAP REPORT .................................................................................................... 158
11.1.1. Statement of the Problem and Need for RAP ............................................... 158
11.1.2. Objectives of RAP ........................................................................................ 158
11.1.3. Scope of the RAP ........................................................................................ 159
11.1.4. Minimizing Impacts of Resettlement............................................................. 159
11.1.5. THE RAP PROCESS ................................................................................... 160
11.2. Environment and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) Report: Nakuru town
informal settlements. .................................................................................................. 174
11.2.1. Scope of the ESIA Study ............................................................................. 174
11.2.2. Objectives of the EIA study .......................................................................... 174
11.2.3. ESIA Assessment Methodology ................................................................... 174
11.2.4. Legal Framework and Policy Provisions....................................................... 176
11.2.5. Public and Institutional Participation............................................................. 176
11.2.6. Positive Impacts during Construction Stage ................................................. 178
11.2.7. General Negative Impacts and Mitigation Measures during Project Construction
Period 179
11.2.8. Environment and Social Assessment Finding .............................................. 187
11.3. Conclusion ................................................................................................... 188
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
12. MAINSTREAMING OF INCLUSIVITY AND DIVERSITY IN

INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT ............................................................................. 189
12.1. Mainstreaming inclusivity ............................................................................. 189
12.2. Neighborhood way finding............................................................................ 190
12.3. Sexual Harassment...................................................................................... 190
12.4. Safety of road users. .................................................................................... 190
13. CLIMATE CHANGE RESILIENCE AND ADAPTATION APPROACHES 191
13.1. Introduction ....................................................................................................... 191
13.2. Design interventions to counter climate change influence ........................... 194
14. DETAILED COST ESTIMATES ............................................................... 196
14.1. Introduction. ...................................................................................................... 196
14.2. Unit Rate Analysis ............................................................................................ 196
14.2.1. Cost Analysis for storm water drains ............................................................ 197
14.2.2. Cost Analysis for O&M Manual .................................................................... 198
14.2.3. Cost Analysis for OD 225mm PN 12.5 HDPE Pipes..................................... 199
14.2.4. Cost Analysis for the Project Vehicles .......................................................... 199
14.2.5. Cost Analysis for the Reinforcement bars .................................................... 199
14.2.6. Cost Analysis for the Handpacked stones .................................................... 200
14.2.7. Cost Analysis for Concrete........................................................................... 201
14.2.8. Cost Analysis for Paving Blocks ................................................................... 202
14.3. Computation of quantities................................................................................ 203
14.4. Building the Bills of Quantises and Bill Pricing.............................................. 203
15. RECOMMENDATIONS & CONCLUSIONS ............................................. 205
15.1. Recommendations ............................................................................................ 205
15.2. Conclusions ...................................................................................................... 205
APPENDICES 206
Appendix 1: Topographical Survey Control Points – Roads and Drainage ............ 207
Appendix 2: Water and Networks Setting Out Data ................................................. 208
Appendix 3: Material Investigations and Pavement .................................................. 220
Appendix 4: Hydrology and Drainage ........................................................................ 234
Appendix 5: Community Consultations and stakeholders meeting ........................ 236
APPENDIX 6: COST ANALYSIS ................................................................................. 293
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LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1-1: Components of Phase II of KISIP ......................................................................... 1

Table 1-2: Contract Particulars.............................................................................................. 2
Table 1-3: Deliverable Particulars ......................................................................................... 3
Table 1-4: Infrastructure Upgrading Components applicable under this contract ................... 3
Table 3-1: Summary of Subgrade strength class................................................................. 32
Table 3-2: Alternative 1 – Type – LVII (LVSR)..................................................................... 33
Table 3-3: Alternative 2 – Type 7 (RDM Part III).................................................................. 33
Table 3-4: Water supply service type .................................................................................. 34
Table 3-5: Table of water consumption rates ...................................................................... 35
Table 3-6: Sewerage Factors .............................................................................................. 38
Table 4-1: Nakuru County Cost Cap ................................................................................... 71
Table 5-1: Settlements Infrastructures ................................................................................ 75
Table 5-2: personnel ........................................................................................................... 76
Table 5-3: List of Control Points .......................................................................................... 78
Table 5-4: Proposed Roads to be built ................................................................................ 79
Table 5-5: Horizontal alignment standards. ......................................................................... 82
Table 5-6: Vertical alignment design Standards .................................................................. 83
Table 5-7: Nakuru Settlements Roads - Results of Alignment Soils Trial Pits ...................... 86
Table 5-8: Nakuru Settlements Roads – Hardstone Products Assessment Criteria RDM Part
III......................................................................................................................................... 90
Table 5-9: Runoff Coefficients for rational formula .............................................................. 95
Table 5-10: Reference tables for Manning's n values for Channels ..................................... 99
Table 5-11: Nakuru Settlements Roads – Improved Sub grade......................................... 105
Table 5-12: Alternative 1 – Type – LVII (LVSR)................................................................. 106
Table 5-13: Alternative 2 – Type 7 (RDM Part III).............................................................. 106
Table 6-1: Population Projection for Karagita Settlement .................................................. 112
Table 6-2: Water Consumption Rates ............................................................................... 112
Table 6-3: Water Demand Projection for Karagita Settlement ........................................... 112
Table 6-4: Pipe Sizing Calculation Table ........................................................................... 114
Table 7-1: Standard sizes of uPVC pipes Class C (12 bars) to BS 3505 ........................... 123
Table 7-2: Minimum Internal Dimensions of Sewer Manholes ........................................... 124
Table 7-3: Minimum Invert Drops through Manholes ......................................................... 125
Table 7-4: Pipe Diameter versus Minimum Gradient ......................................................... 126
Table 7-5: Manhole head loss correction factors for benching, CB .................................... 129
Table 7-6: Recommended sewer trench dimensions ......................................................... 129
Table 7-7: Values of k*f for different backfill types ............................................................. 131
Table 7-8: Unit load of common trench fill materials .......................................................... 131
Table 7-9: Design backfill loads on buried sewer pipes, kN/m ........................................... 131
Table 7-10: Population and Waste Generation for London- Nakuru .................................. 134
Table 7-11: Design of London Nakuru Sewer .................................................................... 135
Table 7-12: Summary of Sewer Line Wastewater Flow Calculation................................... 137
Table 8-1: Flood Mast Calculations ................................................................................... 145
Table 11-1: Public Meeting held within the Settlements .................................................... 163
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 11-2: Outcome of Institutional Consultations ........................................................... 164

Table 11-3: Type and Numbers of Structures .................................................................... 166
Table 11-4: Project Affected Persons per Settlement ........................................................ 167
Table 11-5: Statutory Institutions with Roles in the RAP process ...................................... 169
Table 11-6 :Table 9-2: RAP Implementation Schedule ...................................................... 171
Table 11-7: RAP Estimate Budget..................................................................................... 172
Table 11-8: Kenya Railways Corporation Wayleave charges ............................................ 172
Table 11-9: Easement charges by Kenya Pipeline Corporation (KPC) .............................. 172
Table 11-10: Easement charges by KenHa and KURA ..................................................... 172
Table 11-11: Easement charges by Kerra ......................................................................... 173
Table 11-12: Schedule of Public Consultation ................................................................... 176
Table 11-13: Negative Impacts on Biophysical Environment ......................................... 179
Table 11-14: Anticipated Negative Impacts on Social Environment ................................... 182
Table 11-15: Anticipated Negative Impacts on Health and Safety Setting ..................... 183
Table E- 11-16 Negative Impacts Of Water and Sewerage Projects during Operation ...... 184
Table E- 11-17 Negative Impacts of Roads and Drainage Projects during Operation ........ 185
Table E- 11-18 Negative impacts of floodlights during Operation ...................................... 186
Table E- 11-19: RAP Breakdown per settlement ............................................................... 187
Table 14-1: Unit rate analysis for 1 m of reinforced rectangular U drains with reinforced cover
slabs ................................................................................................................................. 197
Table 14-2: Costs of drains for various roads in Nakuru Settlements ................................ 198
Table 14-3: Cost Analysis for the Preparation of Operations and Maintenance (O & M) Manual
......................................................................................................................................... 198
Table 14-4: OD 225mm PN 16 HDPE Pipe (Quotation from Danco Pipes is annexed to the
report) ............................................................................................................................... 199
Table 14-5: Project Vehicles (Quotation from Toyota Kenya attached) ............................. 199
Table 14-6: Reinforcement Bars ....................................................................................... 199
Table 14-7: Handpacked Stones ....................................................................................... 200
Table 14-8: Cost Analysis for Concrete ............................................................................. 201
Table 14-9: Cost Analysis for Paving Blocks .................................................................... 202
TCE – GA JOINT VENTURE Page xv

LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1-1: Risk Management Approach ............................................................................. 11

Figure 2-1: London/Hilton Settlement Location map ............................................................ 14
Figure 2-2: Hilton/London Roads to be built ................................................................... 15
Figure 2-3: Lake View Settlement Location Map ................................................................. 16
Figure 2-4: Lake View Settlement Roads to be built ............................................................ 17
Figure 2-5: Kwa Murogi Settlement Location Map ............................................................... 18
Figure 2-6: Kwa Murogi Roads to be built ........................................................................... 19
Figure 2-7: Karagita Settlement Location map .................................................................... 20
Figure 3-1: Quality Management Approach ......................................................................... 22
Figure 3-2: Key Elements in Construction Supervision Works ............................................. 47
Figure 3-3: Dispute Management Plan under FIDIC Contracts............................................ 60
Figure 5-1: Kwa Murogi Settlement. .................................................................................... 73
Figure 5-2: Lake View Settlement. ...................................................................................... 74
Figure 5-3: London/ Hilton Settlement ................................................................................. 74
Figure 5-4: Karagita Settlement .......................................................................................... 75
Figure 5-5: Typical cross section of the Vehicular roads in the 3 settlements of Nakuru...... 81
Figure 5-6: Typical cross section of NMT Services.............................................................. 81
Figure 5-7: Geometric Elements of Channel Sections ......................................................... 94
Figure 5-8: Typical storm water drain .................................................................................. 97
Figure 5-9: Outfalls for Lake View Settlement roads ......................................................... 100
Figure 5-10: Outfall for London/Hilton Settlement roads .................................................... 101
Figure 5-11: Outfall for Kwa Murogi Settlement roads ....................................................... 101
Figure 6-1: Hydraulic Model of Karagita Pipeline (Using EPANET) ................................... 116
Figure 6-2: Hydraulic Model Results (Page 1 of 2) ............................................................ 117
Figure 6-3: Hydraulic Model Results (Page 2 of 2) ............................................................ 118
Figure 7-1: Sample Precast Manhole Rings ...................................................................... 124
Figure 11-1: Fossil Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emissions of Kenya ......................................... 191
Figure 11-2: Kenya CO2 Emissions by year (tons)............................................................ 192
Figure 11-3: Fossil CO2 emission by sector ...................................................................... 193
Figure 14-1: Reinforced Rectangular U Drains Cross Section ........................................... 197
Figure 0-1: Joint working session of key stakeholders during review of the dratf design report
and procurement documents............................................................................................. 292
TCE – GA JOINT VENTURE Page xvi

LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
CBO Community-based Organization

CDF Constituencies Development Fund
CEMP Community Environmental Management Plan
EA Enumeration Areas
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
EMP Environmental Management Plan
ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment
FBO Faith-based Organization
FGD Focus Group Discussion
GoK Government of Kenya
KeNHA Kenya National Highways Authority
KISIP Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Program
KMP Kenya Municipal Program
KNBS Kenya National Bureau of Statistics
KURA Kenya Urban Roads Authority
KWFT Kenya Women’s Finance Trust
MM Man Month
MoLHUD Ministry of Lands, Housing and Urban Development
NCG/ CGN Nairobi County Government/ County Government of Nairobi
NACHU National Cooperative Housing Union
NEMA National Environmental Management Authority
PAD Project Appraisal Document
PAP Project Affected Person
PDP Part Development Plan
RAP Resettlement Action Plan
SIDA Swedish International Development Agency
SPA Special Planning Area
SRS Simple random sampling
SDTM Social Tenure Domain Model
SUP Settlement Upgrading Plan
ToR Terms of Reference
TCE – GA JOINT VENTURE Page xvii

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Project Description
KISIP - Infrastructure and Service Delivery for Nakuru Town is a project spearheaded
by World Bank (WB) in collaboration with the Kenya Government (GK) through the
Ministry of Land, Housing and Urban Development (MoLHUD) to improve the civil
works infrastructure within the three settlements of Kwa Murogi, Lakeview and
London/Hilton in Nakuru town and Karagita settlement in Naivasha. It is driven through an all
people participatory project formulation model where through social interaction platform
incorporating multi-disciplinary expert contribution to guide the expectation of the residents
mostly by public forum workshops where the client and financier (WB) are heavily represented.
The stages are socio-survey, conceptual design report discussions, feasibility report
discussions and final detailed engineering designs. The outcomes of these are compiled
into a tender document to be rolled out to construction.
Situational Analysis Summary

Lake View Settlement, Nakuru County
Proposed: - Upgrading of 950 m of R2 (R2 302) –Machakos Road, together with the
accompanying storm water drainage systems, and 3 No. High Mast Lights.
Current situation: - Currently, the entire length of R1 301 (Eldoret Road) has been
implemented to completion, while R2 302 (Machakos Road) and all the High Mast Lights are
yet to be implemented.
Community Observations: - The community highlighted that their current pressing needs
include (1) Sewer, (2) Roads, and (3) High Mast Lights, ranked in that order. They prioritized
the implementation of Machakos and Maragoli Roads, preferably together with a sewer line
and storm water drainage system along the road corridors. Sewer works and Maragoli Roads
however were not there in the proposed SUP’s set for design review.
The community were also of the opinion that security lighting has since improved considerably,
and is no longer a priority.
London/Hilton Settlement, Nakuru County
Proposed: - Upgrading of 1,292 m; 453 m R2 (R2 201)-Ghuba Road, 419 m R2 (R2 202)-
Geko Road, and 420 m of R2 (R2 203)-Roho Safi Road, together with the accompanying
storm water drainage systems, 4 No. High Mast Lights, and 279 m long ø300 mm sewer lines
along Ghuba Road.
Current situation: - Currently, the entire length of R1 201 (Siaya Road), sections of R2 201
(Ghuba Road) totalling to 558 m, and the entire length of the sewer line along R1 201 has
been implemented to completion. Section of R2 201 (Ghuba Road) totalling to 460 m, all the
High Mast Lights, and the sewer line along R2 201 are yet to be implemented.
include (1) Roads, (2) Sewer system, and (3) High Mast Lights, ranked in that order. They
prioritized completion of implementation of Ghuba Road (R2 201), and implementation of
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Geko (R2 202) and Roho Safi (R2 203) Roads to completion. They also prioritized the
implementation of sewer lines along R2 202 and R2 203 Road corridors. The proposed sewer
works were however not there in the proposed SUP’s set for design review.
The community were also of the opinion that security lighting has since improved considerably,
and is no longer a priority.
Kwa Murogi Settlement, Nakuru County

Proposed: - Upgrading of 496 m, R2 (R2 102)-St. Augustine and 549 m of R2 (R2 103)-
Mpeketoni Road, together with the accompanying storm water drainage systems, 4 No. High
Mast Lights.
Current situation: - Currently, the entire length of R1 101 (Oginga Odinga Road) has been
implemented to completion. All other proposed works are yet to be implemented.
include (1) Roads, (2) Sewer system, and (3) High Mast Lights, ranked in that order. They
prioritized implementation to completion of all the proposed works, as well as additional 2,159
m long roads (Ghorofa to Mpeketoni Rd – 759 m, Murogi Market Rd – 500 m, and Lion Hill to
Full Gospel Rd - 900 m). The proposed road works were however not there in the proposed
SUPs set for design review.
This community as well were also of the opinion that security lighting has improved
considerably, and is no longer a priority.
Karagita Settlement, Nakuru County

Proposed: - Defluoridation of the borehole water and Laying of 7,800 m long of Ø200mm
HDPE gravity main pipe from Police Line Tank to the newly installed Karagita Elevated Steel
Tank.
Current situation: - Currently, the pipeline is yet to be implemented.
include (1) Roads, (2) Sewer system, (3) High Mast Lights, and (4) Water, ranked in that order.
They prioritized partial implementation of Musaka Road (1,941 m out of the 4,300 m), and a
High Mast Light next to the adjacent railway line. The proposed road works and the light mast
were however not there in the proposed SUPs set for design review.
The community were of the opinion that water supply situation in the settlement has improved
considerably, and is no longer a priority. However, the Consultant established that the current
water is being supplied through a temporary measure undertaken by NAIVAWASCO from the
Naivasha Industrial Part (NIP) booster station, which is anticipated to be fully directed to the
NIP once it’s operational.
From the situation currently, The Naivasha Industrial Park(NIP) booster station will not be able
to supply water to the Karagita settlement due to increasing Demand for water from the
TCE – GA JOINT VENTURE Page xix

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
developing industries. It was agreed that a direct line from the police line of diameter 200mm
HDPE of length 7,800 m be laid to convey water to Karagita Tanks. Also two Defluoridation
systems one with capacity of 37 m3/hr and the other with 27 m3/hr have been proposed, one
in police line and another in Kihoto Borehole.
TCE – GA JOINT VENTURE Page xx

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1. Project Overview

The contract for the consultancy services for engineering design review, repackaging of
detailed engineering designs, and preparation of procurement documents; updating of rap and
ESIA reports; and supervision of the proposed infrastructures improvement works in selected
informal settlements in Nakuru County falls within the renewed KISIP Phase II framework,
funded by credit from the World Bank through International Development Association (IDA).
The widened KISIP Phase II is an extension of the initial KISIP Phase I project which as per
the world bank assessments established immense success based on the performance
indicators.
Summary of the widened scope of KISIP II implementation components are as below:
Table 1-1: Components of Phase II of KISIP

Component Objectives Activities
Component 1: Integrated Settlement Upgrading
 Settlement physical planning
Coordinating regularisation  Surveying and plots demarcations
Sub-component 1.1:
of tenure for people living  Preparation and issuance of letters of
Tenure regularisation
on uncontested lands allotments
 Issuance of titles
 Upgrading roads, bicycle paths,

pedestrian walkways, street and security
lighting,
Sub-component 1.2:
Coordinating infrastructure  Upgrading of vending platforms, solid
Infrastructure
investment portfolio waste collection and sorting, storm water
Upgrading
drainage, water and sanitation systems,
public parks, and green spaces.
 Introducing social halls
Component 2: Socioeconomic Inclusion Planning

 Identify suitable beneficiaries for
government programs
Supporting community
Component 2:  support participatory crime and violence
development plans to
Socioeconomic mapping
enhance social and
Inclusion Planning  monitor the employment of local labour
economic inclusion
 carry out community capacity building
and awareness campaigns
Component 3: Institutional Capacity Development for Slum Upgrading
 develop capacity building plan for
Component 3: Supporting institutional and national and county levels in strategic
Institutional Capacity policy development at implementation of slum upgrading
Development for national and county levels processes
Slum Upgrading  support technical assistance, training,
workshops and learning events,
TCE – GA JOINT VENTURE Page 1

Component Objectives Activities

experience sharing and peer-learning
activities with other counties, and other
capacity building activities
Component 4: Program Management and Coordination
Supporting activities of the
 planning, surveying, engineering,
NPCT and the County
Component 4: fiduciary (financial management and
Project Coordinating Team
Program procurement), safeguards compliance
(CPCT) related to national
Management and and monitoring, monitoring and
and county- level project
Coordination evaluation (M&E), communication and
management and
community development
coordination
This contract, whose objective is centred around Component 1.2 (Infrastructure Upgrading)
seeks to review and supervise the implementation of the infrastructure upgrading plans
for kwa Murogi, Karagita, London, and Lake View settlements in Nakuru County. The
infrastructure upgrading plans earmarked for review had been designed in the closing stages
of the Phase I programs. The contract runs up to July 2025 upon completion of the works,
with the scope covering upgrading of roads, storm water drains, water supply, sanitary sewer
systems, lighting masts, the ESIA and RAP issues.
1.2. Contract details
Table 1-2: Contract Particulars

Contract Particulars
Consultancy services for engineering design review, repackaging of
detailed engineering designs, and preparation of procurement
Contract Name: documents; updating of rap and ESIA reports; and supervision of the
proposed infrastructures improvement works in selected informal
settlements in the counties of Nairobi and Nakuru
Contract Number KE-MOTI-214833-CS-QCBS
Contract Signing Date 18th November 2022
Commencement Date 2nd December 2022
Office of the Principal Secretary,
Employer Ministry of Lands, Public Works, Housing and Urban Development,
State Department of Housing & Urban Development
Consultant Tertiary Consulting Engineers in joint venture with G A Consultants Ltd
Financing Partner(s) The World Bank

Table 1-3: Deliverable Particulars

Deliverables
Deliverable 1 (D-1): Within 2 weeks after contract commencement date

Inception Report – 16th December 2022
Deliverable 2 (D-2):
Within 4 months after contract commencement date
Detailed Design Documents Review,
- 4th April 2023
Updated RAP and ESIA Reports
Within 2 Weeks of Substantial Completion of the
whole of the works and agreement of the Contractor’s
Project Completion Report (PCR)
Final Account – 21st June 2024
Deliverable 4 (D-4): Within 2 Weeks at the end of Defects Notification
As – Built drawing Period - 10th July 2025
Within 2 Weeks after completion and acceptance of
Operations and Maintenance (O&M)
the whole Works/section of the Works - 10th July 2025
Manuals
Deliverable 6 (D-6): Within 1 Week of end of Defects Liability Period of
Final Completion Report (FCR) the whole of the Works – 3rd July 2025
Construction Monthly Progress Within 1 Week of the end of the reporting Month after
Reports construction works commencement
Within 1 Week of the end of the reporting Quarter after

Quarterly Financial Appraisal Reports
construction works commencement
1.3. Terms of reference

The consultancy services for this contract are enshrined in the KISIP 2 Project Sub-
Component 1.2 which entails infrastructure upgrading as highlighted in the below table with
the review scope in this contract centred around the previous designs of various infrastructure
facilities applicable as ticked.
Table 1-4: Infrastructure Upgrading Components applicable under this contract

Category of Infrastructure Applicability in this Contract
Roads and bicycle paths 
Pedestrian walkways 
Street and security lighting 
Vending platforms 
Solid wastes collection and sorting 
Storm water drainage 
Water and sanitation systems 
Public parks 
Green spaces 
Community centres 

With the main objective of ensuring that the proposed infrastructure improvement works are
implemented to the required specifications in the selected informal settlements in Nakuru
County, the scope of services for this assignment is broadly categorised into four parts as:
PART-1. Design review;

PART-2. Preparation and repackaging of the infrastructure upgrading works tender
documents;
PART-3. Updating of ESIA and RAP reports; and
PART-4. Pre-contract award and coordination, and supervision of infrastructure
upgrading works.
The detailed scope of services for Part 1 (design review) entails the following:
a) Review of the existing infrastructure designs, including detailed designs;

b) Review of the topographical survey data and maps as well as the temporary
benchmarks;
c) Design calculations review;
d) Preparation of new designs where the existing designs may not be applicable,
including surveying, site investigations and RAPs as appropriate, for the affected
settlements (no additional cost to the Client will be levied on this);
e) Review of the practicability of the proposed infrastructure facilities implementation
feasibility in settlements and advising the client with a view to dropping those whose
designs are not feasible;
f) Review of the engineering drawings and updating of the setting out data for the
proposed facilities;
g) Preparation of cost estimates
h) Repackaging and updating of the infrastructure designs to fit within provided budgets
per settlement, in consultation with respective counties and settlement committees;
and
i) Updating of the design reports detailing the design philosophy, calculations, and
drawings.
The detailed scope of services for Part 2 (repackaging of tender documents) entails the
following:
a) Preparation of procurement documents, that is, the bidding document, technical

specifications documents and the compiled book of engineering drawings, in readiness
for the bidding process; and
b) Review of the specific procurement notice, general and specific conditions of contract,
instructions to bidders, bills of quantities, and the standard procurement forms;

The detailed scope of services for Part 3 (updating of ESIA and RAP reports) entails the
following:
a) Review and update existing RAP and ESIA Reports;

b) Review of the stakeholder engagement plan;
c) Gender and youth mainstreaming plans review;
d) Review of the ESMP and health and safety management recommendations;
e) Climate risks review;
f) Review of the social safeguards monitoring and evaluations plans; and
g) Review of the RAP and services relocation assessments.
The detailed scope of services for Part 4, Item (i) - pre-contract award and coordination
entails:
a) Assisting the Client in the tendering process, which encompasses pre-bid site visits
and conferences, clarifications to bidders, participation in the evaluation of bids
received by the Client, attending of the contract negotiations between the Client and
the Contractor, and assisting the CPCT and the Engineer in the preparation and
handing over the site to the successful Contractor within the specified time framework;
b) Assisting the Engineer in coordination with stakeholders and sectoral agencies
responsible for the regulation and operation of proposed infrastructures;
c) Facilitating and coordinating meetings, with the Contractors and the Engineer and/or
Employer throughout the contract period;
d) Facilitating and coordinating liaison with relevant authorities like the Kenya Power,
Local Water Services Providers among others in the removal or relocation of existing
services, obstacles, or encumbrance;
e) Attending the site handover meeting; and
f) Mobilisation of the site supervision team prior to commencement of the construction
works;
The detailed scope of services for Part 4, Item (ii) supervision of infrastructure
upgrading works entails:
a) Quality control:
 Assist the Engineer in the issuance to the contractor the order to commence
works.
 Preparation and issuance of the necessary notices and instructions to the
contractor
 Developing quality control and assurance system for the works
 Reviewing and approving shop drawings, materials and proposed construction
methods statement submitted by the Contractor to ensure compliance with the
contract requirements
 Reviewing and approving Contractor(s) proposed personnel for positions
nominated in the Contract

 Reviewing and approving the work zone (including work site, plant site and
contractor operated quarry locations) safety plan and ensure compliance
 Inspecting, checking, and conducting and keeping records of quality test on the
works
 Monitoring and tracking of progress of works, identifying causes, or potential
causes, of any delay and advising the Engineer of suitable corrective actions in a
timely manner.
 Developing contract performance plan (system)
 Inspecting the works or any part of the works, on substantial completion
b) Occupational safety, and environmental and social management:
 Review and approve Contractor’s Environmental and Social Management Plan (C-
ESMP) and ensure it is compliant with EIA report and World Bank’s Environmental
and Safety Management Plan Guidelines (ESMP);
 Monitor and enforce implementation of the C-ESMP and recommend remedial
measures to be implemented by the contractor;
 Make periodic reports to the Engineer/ Employer on status of implementation and
compliance with the Contractor’s environmental and social management plan;
 Ensure that the construction methods proposed by the Contractor for carrying out
the works are of sound environmental standards;
 Inspect at regular intervals, the Contractor(s) plant and facilities, to ensure that
they conform to both the conditions of contract and all government regulations;
 Review the Contractor’s occupational health and safety measures, including
labour welfare and notify immediately both the Engineer and the Contractor of any
infringement or violation of Kenyan labour laws;
 Open and maintain complaints and grievances logs for recording of complaints
and grievances including regular updating, as necessary;
 Review and collate, as part of the quarterly reports, grievance logs from
contractors;
 Closely coordinate with the contractor’s Safety Officers and formulate site safety
guidelines & prepare checklist for safety auditing by field supervision team on day-
to-day basis and carryout routine safety audit during the construction period;
 Review, comment and submit significant incidences reports, notifications, and
reports on Safeguards Corrective Action Plan (SCAP).
c) Time and Cost Control:
 Develop a project time and cost control plan;

 Assist the Engineer in the formulation, review and/or updating and implementation
of the works specific risk management plan;
 Maintain records such as weather, test data, details of variations,
correspondences and diaries in the formats approved/specified by the Engineer;
 Review and approve or otherwise, resourced contractor’s work program including
activity scheduling and resource programming with cash flow schedule including
updates for variances exceeding 10%;

 Carryout comprehensive quarterly project financial appraisal and advice, with

recommendations, to the Engineer accordingly;
 Receive and review applications for payment from the contractor, prepare and
submit Payment Certificate submit to the Engineer with recommendations for
certification;
 Review any Variations and advice the Engineer accordingly;
 Review any Contractor’s time and financial claims and advise the Engineer on the
admissibility and veracity of the claims; and
 Prepare the statements of completion and final accounts at appropriate times.
d) Works commissioning, demobilisation, and construction contract closure:
 Coordinate the acceptance tests and prepare the Certificate of Completion (Taking
Over and Performance Certificates) for issuance by the Engineer;
 Prepare the completion report for the works;
 Oversee and review the preparation of ‘as-built’ drawings and operation and
maintenance manuals;
 Carry out inspections of the works at appropriate intervals during the Defect
Notification Period; and
 Review and approve contractor’s demobilisation plan.
e) Other Services:
 Prepare and submit monthly and quarterly progress reports for the Engineer (a
copy of the report shall be shared DIRECTLY with the National Project
Coordination Team - NPCT)
 Assist the Engineer and the CPCT with responses to oversight bodies such as the
Auditor General and the World Bank amongst others;
 Assist the client during Dispute Board Meetings, Adjudication, Arbitration
Proceedings, and any other hearings called by statutory and legal bodies; and
 Training and capacity building for National or County project engineers seconded
by the Client
1.4. Background information on the KISIP programs

1.4.1. Contract background information
The Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project (KISIP) was initiated by the Government
of Kenya supported by Development Partners, that is the World Bank, the Swedish
International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) and the Agence Française de
Dévelopement (AFD) in 2011. It complements the national Kenya Slum Upgrading Program,
established in 2003, and led by the State Department of Housing and Urban Development.
The project’s key development objective is to improve living conditions and strengthen security
of tenure in informal settlements in selected towns in Kenya.
KISIP I implemented between 2011 and November 2019 was implemented in selected towns
across 14 counties in Kenya. Among the municipalities targeted included Nairobi, Mombasa,

Kisumu, Eldoret, Naivasha, Machakos, Malindi-Kilifi, Kakamega, Nyeri, Thika, Kericho, Kitui,
Garissa and Embu.
In order to consolidate the gains made under KISIP I and enhance the benefits of the project
to more people in informal settlements, the second phase of the KISIP programs, dubbed
KISIP II was initiated by the Government of Kenya in conjunction with the World Bank. KISIP
II has been structured to build on the successes and lessons learnt from KISIP I, and introduce
new interventions to deepen its overall impact. It aims to support the interventions that have
been successful under KISIP I, namely: tenure regularisation, infrastructure upgrading, and
institutional strengthening. Unlike KISIP I, however, the new project also aims to include new
approaches and new activities to strengthen its impact on the participating communities.
KISIP II is open to all Counties participation, based on select criterion. Among its opening
activities include the implementation of the upgrading plans for 39 settlements in six counties
(Nairobi, Kilifi, Kakamega, Kisumu, Nakuru, Mombasa) which had detailed designs and
bidding documents prepared under the Phase I umbrella.
The contract, “Consultancy services for engineering design review, repackaging of

detailed engineering designs, and preparation of procurement documents; updating of
rap and ESIA reports; and supervision of the proposed infrastructures improvement
works in selected informal settlements in the counties of Nairobi and Nakuru” therefore
targets to review and supervise implementation of infrastructure improvement select
settlements in Nairobi and Nakuru Counties that were designed in the Phase I program.
1.4.2. Project Benefits

Benefits of investments in urban roads which are similar to those associated with improved
roads and include:
(a) travel time savings;
(b) travel cost savings;
(c) reductions in vehicle operating costs;
(d) enhanced access to jobs, markets, health facilities, schools, and other services at
lower cost than otherwise available (reflected in enhanced land values); and
(e) promotion of economic growth in the region through enhanced trade, increased
efficiency, and higher productivity.
Benefits of improved drainage systems include:

(a) reduced number of days of work lost due to flooding;
(b) reduced property damage (buildings, roads, furniture, appliances, household goods);
(c) increased property values;
(d) reduced loss of income from businesses whose hours are curtailed and access
reduced;
(e) improved travel times on streets that used to flood;
(f) lower maintenance costs for vehicles; and
(g) reduced costs of illness associated with exposure to polluted and stagnant water.

Benefits of street lighting include:

(a) increased perception of safety,
(b) reduced accidents, and
(c) increased ability to do business after dark.
Benefits of tenure security. Benefits of tenure security include:

(a) increased investments in housing and businesses;
(b) increased labour-force participation; and
(c) improved health due to reduced stress from fear of displacement and expropriation.
1.4.3. Key stakeholders

Key stakeholders for the project are:
 Ministry of Lands, Housing and Urban Development, State Department of Housing &
Urban Development represented by KISIP Project Coordination Team (NPCT) under
the stewardship of the KISIP National Coordinator (the coordinator has the overall
responsibility for project management, on a day-to-day basis);
 The county governments who are the executing agencies of the project, represented
by the established County Project Coordination Teams (CPCTs)
 Beneficiary communities represented by the Settlement Executive Committees (SECs)
which provides an interface between the communities and the project.
1.5. Context of the project

1.5.1. Situational analysis
Municipalities around the country are urbanizing rapidly. This situation is attributed to both
natural growth and rural-urban, with the growth rate stipulated to be beyond the ability of both
national and county governments to provide adequate housing and essential services. The
urban poor are therefore forced to find their shelter in informal structures located in different
places, mostly squatting on unoccupied public land, which results in slum growth. These
informal settlements are synonymous with poor quality housing with unsanitary conditions
which served as places for activities such as crime, drug abuse, social vices and epidemics.
It is therefore imperative that the residents of these areas are recognised and accorded the
opportunity to live in habitable conditions, and that formed the basis for the government of
Kenya to initiate national programs, policy and constitutional reforms aimed at addressing
living conditions within informal settlements. Three main national programs initiated were the
Kenya Local Government Reform Program (KLGRP), Local Authority Transfer Fund (LATF)
and Kenya Slum Upgrading Program (KENSUP), each tasked with the objective of informal
settlements reforms under a unique framework.
In May 2010, the Bank approved the Kenya Municipal Program (KMP) which benefitted about
2.6 million people through upgraded and new access roads and drainage systems, pedestrian
and bicycle pathways, street and High Mast Lights and new markets. The Kenya Informal
Settlements Improvement Project (KISIP) was eventually birthed to focus on tenure security,
participatory planning, regularisation and infrastructure upgrading in a four-component rollout
framework.

Through providing basic infrastructure and services, KISIP contributed to the GoK’s Vision
2030 urban goal of ‘a well-housed population living in an environmentally secure urban
environment’. It provided basic infrastructure and services and enhanced tenure and human
security in informal settlements. It also supported the Kenya Country Partnership Strategy’s
(CPS) three themes of growth, equity and environment through infrastructure investment.
1.5.2. Problem statement

Based on the immense benefits record of the Phase I of the KISIP programs which ran up to
November 2019, the newly inaugurated phase II seeks to enhance the benefits portfolio by
building on the strengths realised in the previous program while addressing the shortcomings
noted. Part of the scheduled phase II programs include the implementation of settlement
upgrading plans that were designed in the closing stages of the Phase I. Owing to the time
lapse between the final infrastructure upgrading plans and the anticipated implementation
commencement, it is projected that a lot of dynamics relative to the initial proposals have since
taken place thereby necessitating design re-evaluations with an aim of eliminating bottlenecks
that would impede smooth implementation.
This project therefore seeks to achieve commensurate value for investment in form of works
quality, adherence to budget and schedule, and proper beneficiary satisfaction, through the
review of the initial engineering designs, ESIA and RAP reports and the tender documents,
and the subsequent works supervision.
1.6. Project risks, principles, and theoretical approach

1.6.1. Project risks
The study team considered risk assessment at this stage of the research study as being very
important. In this, the study identified possible risks, assessed the same through expertise
advise, and proposed plausible interventions. The project team agreed on the methods of risk
identification and analysis utilising the following key tools and approach in the figure below:
 Strategic and Capability Risk Analysis: Focuses on identifying, analysing, and
prioritising risks to achieve strategic goals, objectives, and capabilities.
 Threat Analysis: Focuses on identifying, analysing, and prioritising threats to
minimise their impact on national security.
 Investment and Portfolio Risk Analysis: Focuses on identifying, analysing, and
prioritising investments and possible alternatives based on risk.
 Program Risk Management: Focuses on identifying, analysing, prioritising, and
managing risks to eliminate or minimise their impact on a program's objectives and
probability of success.
 Cost Risk Analysis: Focuses on quantifying how technological and economic risks
may affect a system's cost. Applies probability methods to model, measure, and
manage risk in the cost of engineering advanced systems.

Figure 1-1: Risk Management Approach
From the onset, the study considers the following as some risks that have the potential to
impede the project's progress. Political risks, financial risks, stakeholder competing interests,
material availability and price fluctuation. Viability checks: politically, environmentally,
economically, and financially.
1.6.2. Study rollout strategy

The review strategy focused on:
 Participation: program and project design involved the full participation of all
stakeholders;
 Sustainability: program intervention needed to be sustainable financially,
organizationally and environmentally;
 Transparency: decision-making, planning and implementation processes allowed all
stakeholders to follow what was being done;
 Integration: improvements were not sectoral but comprehensive;
 Target group: benefits were targeted to include marginalised and vulnerable groups
such as women, children and youth, older women and men and women and men with
disabilities;
 Regulations: program and project regulations and procedures facilitated men and
women residents’ participation;
 Environment: the program was designed and implemented to avoid causing harm to
the environment and, as far as possible, improve it.
Effective strategy was ensured through:
 Clear outline of the objectives, goals, and the broad vision;

 Implementation principles with strict adherent to stakeholder participation, phasing,
upgrading criteria and prioritisation;

 Effective tools of approach options including focus groups, community upgrading

committee brainstorming sessions, and value engineering;
1.6.3. Approvals
Draft infrastructure upgrading plans were submitted to the county government of Nakuru for
ratification before submitting to the Client. The Consultant worked closely with the County
team to ensure timely approvals for service relocations, water connection to newly installed
pipelines and outlets, newly installed sewer lines connections to the mains, as well as power
supply to new light masts.

CHAPTER 2: OBJECTIVES AND STUDY INFORMAL SETTLEMENT LOCATIONS
CHAPTER 2: OBJECTIVES AND STUDY INFORMAL

SETTLEMENT LOCATIONS
2.1. Main Objective

The overall objective of the consultancy is to ensure that the proposed infrastructure
improvement works are implemented to the required specifications so as to improve living
conditions in the selected informal settlements in Nakuru County.
2.2. Specific objectives

The specific objectives of the assignment include:
a) Review the existing infrastructure designs including preparation of detailed designs,

prepare and package infrastructure designs to fit within provided budgets per settlement
in consultation with respective counties and settlement committees. Where the existing
designs may not be applicable, the consultant will be expected to prepare new designs,
including surveying, carrying out site investigations and RAPs as appropriate, for the
affected settlements at no additional cost to the Client. The Consultant will be expected
to have factored such costs after having undertaken site visits and review of the existing
designs and costed appropriately;
b) Advise the client on the design implementation feasibility in settlements with a view to
dropping those whose design are not feasible;
c) Review and update existing RAP and ESIA Reports;
d) To prepare design reports and cost estimates and procurement documents ready for
bidding process. The design reports shall include the design philosophy, calculations,
drawings etc. The drawings and survey data shall be sufficiently detailed for issuance to
the Works contractors; and
e) Prepare all the construction tender documents, which include the conditions of contract,
instructions to bidders, bills of quantities, drawings, and specifications.

2.3. Informal Settlements Location and Descriptions

This study covers 4 No. settlements in Nakuru county viz; Hilton/ London, Lake view, Kwa
Murogi and Karagita settlements.
2.3.1. Hilton / London Settlement

Hilton / London settlement is accessed from Nairobi-Sigor road.
Figure 2-1: London/Hilton Settlement Location map

Figure 2-2: Hilton/London Roads to be built

2.3.2. Lake View Settlement

Lake view settlement is located near the shores of Lake Nakuru and is accessed from Gichua-
Flamingo roads.
Figure 2-3: Lake View Settlement Location Map

Figure 2-4: Lake View Settlement Roads to be built

2.3.3. Kwa Murogi Settlement

Kwa Murogi is accessed from the Old Nairobi road.
Figure 2-5: Kwa Murogi Settlement Location Map

Figure 2-6: Kwa Murogi Roads to be built

2.3.4. Karagita Settlement

Karagita is in the outskirts of Naivasha town and is accessed from Moi South Lake Road.
Figure 2-7: Karagita Settlement Location map

CHAPTER 3: SUMMARY OF DETAILED METHODOLOGY
3.1. Introduction
3.1.1. General Approach
The clear definition of the technical approach is critical to the completion of the assignment in
time. The Consultant used an experienced team of experts to undertake the proposed tasks
outlined in this brief methodology. The Consultant worked towards ensuring that all the
requirements set out in the Client’s Terms of Reference were met.
The Consultant made use of the following approach in executing the assignment:
• Mobilised a team of experienced experts that worked together, enriching each other’s
capabilities to deliver the assignment to the satisfaction of the Client;
• Worked closely with the Client and other key project stakeholders in all stages of the
assignment, in order to achieve a highly consultative and participatory process that met
the expectations and was acceptable by all project stakeholders;
• Ensured collection of adequate, accurate, relevant and up-to-date data and carried out a
comprehensive analysis of the same for use in preparation of relevant reports;
• Through a consultative and participatory execution of the assignment, the consultant
ensured adequate knowledge sharing for the enrichment of the assignment deliverables;
• Assured quality results and documentation through strict adherence to our quality
assurance plan (QAP) that guided the preparation of all project deliverables; and
• Made use of lessons learnt and valuable experience gained through many years of
participation and involvement in similar assignments, to ensure the present assignment
is delivered in a timely, efficient and cost-effective manner.
3.1.2. Quality Assurance Management

The consultant is committed to providing quality services to the Client. Our key mandate is to
ensure that the quality of our services is unsurpassed in accuracy, efficiency, timeliness and
cost effectiveness. Throughout the execution of these consultancy services, the Consultant
will employ the best management practices and incorporate quality assurance checks to
ensure the assignment is undertaken in the best way possible and to the internationally
recognised standards of practice.
The assignment is coordinated by the Team Leader who is in charge of coordination of the
team of experts on the assignment and the preparation of the project deliverables with quality
and timely inputs from the relevant experts. As is the case with all our consultancy services,
the execution of this assignment is guided by the Quality Assurance Plan based on the FIDIC
Guidelines for Consulting Engineers. The assignment has been executed in strict adherence
with the requirements of the Terms of Reference and any other relevant guidelines and
regulations with respect to an assignment of this nature. The figure below indicates our quality
management approach.

Figure 3-1: Quality Management Approach
Equipment and Facilities Available for use by the Consultant

The Consultants have local offices in Nairobi, and therefore have sufficient space for
accommodating all the Key Experts and Non-Key Experts on this project as well as other
project support staff who were not on the field throughout. Other critical tools and equipment
at the disposal of the experts on this project include:
• Computers (desktops and laptops) equipped with requisite software for the
assignment, including, AutoCAD, Civil 3D, Arc-GIS/QGIS, HDM-4, MS Project,
SPSS, etc.;
• Mobile/Digital Tablet Devices for data collection using data collection toolkits e.g.,
Android Toolbox and Kobo Kollect;
• LED Projectors and other conference facilities;
• Topographical survey equipment;
• Geotechnical investigation equipment;
• Hydrogeological survey equipment;
• Hand-held GPS equipment for mapping out useful spatial information in the project
area; and
• High Resolution Digital Cameras and Video Recording Equipment.

3.1.3. Summary of Methodology

The Consultants' approach was to carry out the assignment following a step-by-step
procedure. For this purpose, the Consultant broke down the works to be performed into
discrete tasks and activities, in-line with the scope of services as outlined in the Terms of
Reference. For each proposed task there is provided a description of the objective of the task,
the activities under each task, the proposed team of experts involved, the outputs
(deliverables) under each task and the constraints envisaged if any. This ensured that all work
items under the assignment got due attention and to the detail required.
The study team deployed a mix of methodology ranging from desktop engineering design
evaluation, participatory stakeholder engagement for co-design process and technical
investigations / onsite validation study to facilitate engineering design review report writing.
The Settlement Executive Committee (SEC) were on boarded into the study team at the
earliest stage to work with each expert / team. Using community workshops, the study team
presented cost-cap budgets for each settlement’s investment menu so that, together with the
community, a rationalised works package was arrived at. This was preceded by a rigorous
validation survey and technical engineering evaluation of every works component. The
consensually agreed packages has been processed in terms of all perquisite documentations;
book of drawings, design reports, tender documents including specifications and notices for
presentation to the respective county teams before submission to national coordinating team.
In the site validation surveys (site case analysis) the study team through discipline-based
coordination conducted confirmatory studies to evaluate the design report contents. This was
done for the entire investment menu.
Part/Task Description of Tasks and Activities

Preamble: Mobilisation and Inception
Part 1: Engineering Design Review
Part 1A: Engineering Design Review of Roadworks
Task 1.1.: Topographical Surveys Reviews
Task 1.2.: Road geometric alignment design review
Task 1.3.: Traffic surveys review
Task 1.4.: Soils and materials investigations
Task 1.5.: Hydrological studies
Task 1.6. Pavement design review
Task 1.7.: Maintenance and sustainability considerations
Part 1B: Engineering Design Review of Water Supply
Part 1C: Engineering Design Review of Sanitary Sewer System
Part 1D: Engineering Design Review of High Mast Lighting
Part 1E: Review of Engineering Drawings and Set out Data
Part 2: Repackaging and Preparation of Procurement Documents
Task 2.1.: Tender Documentation

Part/Task Description of Tasks and Activities

Task 2.2.: Contractor selection
Part 3: Updating ESIA and RAP
Task 3.1.: Stakeholder engagement plan
Task 3.2.: Gender and youth mainstreaming
Task 3.3.: Health and safety
Task 3.4.: Climate risks
Task 3.5.: Road safety monitoring
Task 3.6.: ESIA Review, Updating and Monitoring
Task 3.7.: Social safeguards monitoring and evaluations
Task 3.8.: RAP and relocation of services
Part 4: Works Supervision
Task 4.1.: Personnel – Key and Support
Task 4.2.: Contractor Mobilisation and Start-Up Issues
Task 4.3.: Survey Controls and Setting Out of Works
Task 4.4.: Quality controls
Task 4.5.: Overall Contract Management and Records
Task 4.6.: Disputes management plan
Task 4.7.: Environmental Management, Health and Safety Plans
Task 4.8.: Cost control
Task 4.9.: Time control
Task 4.10.: Substantial completion
Task 4.11.: Performance monitoring in the DLP
Task 4.12.: Handing over

3.2. Part 1A: Engineering Design Review of Roadworks

3.2.1. Topographical Surveys Reviews
Topographic survey and GIS Mapping reviews of the Informal Settlement Areas were carried
out to check on the marked track points in order to establish the existing land area, areas with
housing settlements, and pick coordinates/imaging of waypoints for all major existing
features/infrastructure in the informal settlement areas. The features that were captured
included existing villages, drainage, roads, NMT facilities, street lighting, water supply
systems, solid waste and wastewater facilities and community facilities among others. For
locations with major drainage features a detailed longitudinal and cross-sectional survey was
conducted in order to aid the design of appropriate drainage structures.
The topographic survey captured the existing embankment – for roads and NMT facilities -
and picked out areas that have been deformed, marshy areas, low-lying ground and areas
that require embankment upgrade. The survey also picked all existing and potential borrow pit
locations.
Instruments and software
The Consultant used conventional ground survey methods and modern surveying equipment
including a total station, Real Time Kinematic (RTK) Machine, Hand held GPS and laser
levelling instrument to establish series of reference beacons and to produce a Digital Terrain
Model (DTM) of the project area, and existing and proposed alignments for roads, drainages
and water systems.
References datum
The co-ordinates of all survey points were referenced to the National Survey Grid by a closed
traverse and all levels were related to National Benchmarks.
Projection, grid, unit of measurement

The survey was connected to the National Grid System (U.T.M) by establishing a trigonometric
and polygon network across the site. This network was connected to the Survey of Kenya
data. To this end a secondary network of trigonometrical points (T.P) were established with
side lengths of approximately 150 metres to the primary network.
Ground control and GPS measurements

Ground control included use of beacons driven into the ground to be used as reference points
during construction supervision. Design review of ground control points was done to confirm
that what was designed is what is actually on site/project location.
Temporary Benchmarks and total station measurements

Temporary benchmarks involved use of beacons driven into ground. Each beacon consisted
of a steel reinforced bar + 500 mm in length driven into the ground. The diameter of the steel
bar used was 10 mm. All co-ordinate fixes were taken to these points. All beacons were
encased in concrete approximately 300 mm in depth and 200 mm diameter.

Output presentations – scale, the width of corridors, DTM, survey report

The scale of output presentations was based on the available design which was checked to
establish its adequacy or otherwise; it was adjusted accordingly to make it more legible where
the previous scale did not satisfactorily display all the required details. From the available
design report, road corridors for access roads generally range from 9-12 metres while internal
settlement roads are about 6m wide. During design review, the Consultant attempted to
maintain the existing corridors to mitigate the need for relocation of persons unless it was
unavoidable under the circumstances. A digital terrain model is a detailed representation of
topographical earth’s surface usually by use of regular grids or contour lines. The Consultant
reviewed the design based on the method used in presenting topography of project location,
that is, selected informal settlements. This was the basis for the design review of survey report
available from design stage.

3.2.2. Road geometric alignment design review

Road geometric alignment defines the cross-sectional dimensional of the road; both the
carriageway and related facilities like roadside drainage, footpaths among others.
Introduction
Design review of road geometrics was done on the available design based on the available
corridors and respective design standards. As per the Design the reserve widths of access
roads range from 9 to 12 metres whereas that for internal settlement roads is about 6 metres.
The reserve width of footpaths is about 4 metres. Cases of encroachment are common in
unplanned informal settlements and this was checked during Design review.
Design parameters and standards

Design parameters and standards are factors affecting geometric design and usually restrict
the design not to go beyond specified limits. These include Design speed, cross section,
horizontal alignment, vertical alignment, sight distances, and road safety among others.
Design Speed.
A design speed of 50km/her was recommended during the design review.
Cross-section
Design review of road cross-section was done based on the available road corridor and land
use and respective standards.
The major element of a cross-section is the lane whose width should be able to accommodate
the design vehicle. The project roads in the 3 settlements in Nakuru are designed such that
one lane is a one-way vehicular single carriageway which is 3m wide separated from the other
lane by bollards spaced at 1.5m apart, which is to serve as the path for cycling, skating, etc
activities for the residents.
The other auxiliary lanes occur at bus bays which are 3m wide at the parking 13m long and
18m taper entry and exit tapers. The cross-section choice is basically controlled by function of
the road, nature and volume of the traffic and the expected speed at use.
The other elements of cross-section are; kerbing, shoulder, sidewalks/ footpaths and
drainage.
Vertical alignment
Vertical alignment of a road refers to the longitudinal profile of that road under consideration.
When undertaking vertical alignment design review, the Consultant ensured that the
earthworks will be minimised to save on cost except for road sections prone to flooding or
those sections with high water table while at the same time satisfying safety requirements.
The Consultant checked that sharp vertical curves were avoided as a safety measure in design
review as this will enhance sight distances resulting in safe roads. Radii of vertical curves were
obtained after ensuring that minimum requirements for stopping / passing sight distances have
been addressed.

Sight distances
Sight distance is an essential criterion in design. It determines the ease with which drivers are
able to perceive potential hazards ahead of them so as to take the necessary preventive
action. Among the critical sight distances to be considered in this design review were; stopping
sight distance, passing sight distance, meeting sight distance. Both horizontal and vertical
sight distances will be evaluated during design review.
Road safety features

Road safety features encompasses those on the carriageway and those that are off-
carriageway. On-carriageway features include speed calming measures such as bumps which
are important especially for informal settlements which are highly populated. These were
reviewed in the design to ensure they have been provided for and that they meet the respective
specifications.
Footpaths, bus stops and road furniture

Footpaths are an important component in road design to separate human and vehicular traffic
for safety purposes. Informal settlements are associated with a substantial amount of
pedestrian traffic which is to be accommodated by design of footpaths. Review of designed
footpaths will seek to confirm suitability of aspects such as proposed widths versus the
projected pedestrian traffic, cross falls to ensure they are within the allowable tolerances to
enable pedestrians to walk along them with comfort. The second draft of Road Design
Guidelines for Urban roads gives specifications of minimum width=1.25m which is to be
estimated based on a provision of 0.6m for each 20-30 pedestrians per minute plus 0.5m dead
space. The adequacy of designs was evaluated based on these and other specifications
during design review. Data for the number of pedestrians expected to use these footpaths
were collected during traffic surveys and a projection made based on adopted growth rates of
design study.
Bus stops are also important since they act as pick-up and drop off points for passengers. The
location of bus stops is to be in such a way that they allow passengers to board or alight safely
and conveniently and with minimum disruption to other road users. Designed bus stops were
reviewed to ensure they meet respective design criteria.
Road furniture include items such as road reserve boundary posts, edge marker posts,
permanent rod signs, road marking. Guardrails, rumble strips, kerbs among others. These
were also reviewed to check compliance to specifications or additional furniture be proposed
in cases where they are necessary and have not been provided for in the design

3.2.3. Soils and materials investigations

General
The 1986 Ministry of works “Road Design Manual (Part III) “Materials and Pavement Design
for new roads” is the applicable design standard and pavement design and specifications for
materials to be used in the construction of the pavement will be in accordance with the
requirements of this manual. This report borrows heavily from the 2017 “Low Volume Sealed
Roads (LVSR) - Pavement Design Guidelines” especially on hand packed stone bases (HPS)
guidelines.
The 2015 Design
During the 2015 design review stage, the following confirmatory investigations were carried
out:
1. Alignment soils / Subgrade soils – Test pits excavated at selected locations at the
proposed settlement roads with sampling and laboratory testing.
2. Pavement layers materials – including those of the subbase and base. Though no
sources were listed.
3. Other materials required in construction including aggregates and water for use during
construction – No specific investigations were carried out but testing was
recommended to proof compliance before use
The Current Design Review

Confirmatory test pits as given in table 5.4.1, have been carried out carried at selected
locations along the alignments of the proposed settlement roads. Sampling and laboratory
testing have been carried out to confirm the 2015 design findings and hence select “design
review subgrade strength class”.

3.2.4. Hydrological studies review

Hydrological studies review
Hydrological studies review helped in the determination of catchment runoff which contributes
to the storm water flow for determination of drainage requirements. The hydrological and
hydraulic survey investigation was conducted using hydrographical map for Nakuru Town. The
drainage patterns and catchment were analysed using empirical estimation formulae which
gave to the choice of drainage conduits as either open canals or buried pipes.
Hydrological analysis criteria assessment review

The Consultant undertook hydrological assessment review to assess if the design quantified
the available amount of water available in both space and time. Data necessary for the review
was obtained from the Meteorological Department and other stakeholders. The Consultant
also undertook rainfall-runoff modelling using all the available data from the existing gauging
stations to estimate yield and inflow design floods (2-500-year return period). The Consultant
used tools/models such as the Hydrological Engineering Centre’s – Hydrological Modelling
System (HEC-HMS) Model and the Galway Flood Forecasting Model. These models have
capabilities/strengths in aspects of design flood estimation.
Catchment area delineation

Delineation of catchment improves on the accuracy of the actual area contributing to runoff
towards a specific direction. With the use of topographical maps and other relevant source
materials, catchment delineation review was done for each road within the informal settlement
to confirm whether actual catchment areas were used in determining the amounts of runoff for
drainage design.
Catchment characteristics
Catchment characteristics are catchment features affecting the amount of runoff. These
include soil types, size and shape of drainage area, land use, geology, surface infiltration and
general ground slope among others. Design data was reviewed to ensure all aspects were
considered.
Choice of return period

The Consultant reviewed the design with regards to the chosen return periods to establish
suitability. Road Design Manual for Roads and Bridges- Part 2-Drainage Design, Ministry of
Roads, Kenya or other relevant manuals was used in undertaking this exercise. The 3rd edition
of Road Design Manual for Roads and Bridges- Part 2-Drainage Design gives the basis of
how design return period is to be selected. Table 3.1 page 16 of the manual (applicable design
flow return periods) states that a return period of 5 years is suitable for pipe culverts on small
roads, 10 years for pipe culverts on large roads, 50 years for box culverts and 100 years for
bridges. Similar criteria may be used for roadside and outfall drainages.
Drainage structures review – minor and major structures, culverts, side ditches, box
culverts, bridges
Existing structures, which are both structurally and hydraulically adequate and are within the
revised alignment, may remain in their current state. However, existing structures, which are

structurally inadequate or hydraulically insufficient or not within revised alignment was

designed for reconstruction.
Design return periods of these structures was selected as explained in Choice of return period
section above.
The new drainage structures in the proposed designs was reviewed according to their spans
and sizes. The adequacy of their hydraulic capacity and structural efficiency was established
through hydrological analysis and hydraulic calculations.

3.2.5. Pavement design review

The 2015 pavement design provided pavement type 2 – (RDM Part III) for the various
settlement roads. This was reviewed in terms of the following:
1. Expected traffic loading.
2. Subgrade strength.
3. Available construction materials.
The review was based on provisions of the Kenya “Road Design Manual (RDM) Part III” and
the standard specifications for Road and Bridge Construction.
Expected Traffic Loading

The Consultant reviewed the 2015 designs which had estimated design traffic loading based
on some simplified traffic considerations. The 2015 design had concluded that the traffic
volumes inside the settlements is very low and recommended a design traffic class T5. This
or as may be modified by the current design review traffic report was adopted in the pavement
design review. Provisions of the LVSR (2017) applying to traffic class T5-0 (0.5 – 1.0 million
ESA) are applicable and have been utilised especially on HPS (hand packed stone layers).
Subgrade Strength Class

The soils and materials investigations recommended a design subgrade class S3 for all
settlement roads segments.
Analysis of soaked CBR test results for the road alignment subgrade soil is presented in
summary form as shown below.
Table 3-1: Summary of Subgrade strength class

Settlement Proposed Road Road Code Subgrade Class
Lake View Machakos Road R2 302 S3
Ghuba Road R2 201 S2
Hilton/London Geko Road R2 202 S2
Roho Safi R2 203 S3
Kwa Murogi St. Augustine Road R2 102 S3
Mpeketoni Road R2 103 S2
Locally available Construction Materials

The 2015 designs had not identified locally available materials but had recommended use of
cement improved gravel materials for use in sub-base and base layers. The projects area
being urban will most likely not yield prospective material sources with sufficient yields due to
land use constraints. The current design review will adopt the approach of specifying the
required quality of the main construction materials as well as other construction materials such
as aggregates, sand and construction water.

Pavement structure
On the basis of the projected traffic loading and subgrade strength, the following traffic
structures have been proposed.
Table 3-2: Alternative 1 – Type – LVII (LVSR)

Vehicular Carriage way + Shoulders NMT Carriage way + Shoulders
1 50 mm thick Surfacing - A.C 0/20 60 mm thick paving blocks
150 mm thick Hand Packed Stone base 150 mm thick Hand Packed Stone base
2
course course
125 mm thick sub-base - Cement Improved 125 mm thick sub-base - Cement Improved
3
Gravel Sub-base (4% cement maximum) Gravel Sub-base (4% cement maximum)
4 Improved subgrade to minimum class S3 Improved subgrade to minimum class S3
Table 3-3: Alternative 2 – Type 7 (RDM Part III)

50 mm thick Surfacing - A.C Type II (instead
1 60 mm thick paving blocks
of SD recommended in RDM Part III).
150 mm thick Hand Packed Stone base
2 125 mm GCS class C (0/40)
course
125 mm thick sub-base - Cement
100 mm thick sub-base - Cement Improved
3 Improved Gravel Sub-base (4% cement
Gravel Sub-base (4% cement maximum)
maximum)
Alternative 1 recommended:
 Hand Packed Stone is labour intensive and technology easily mastered by semiskilled
labour and will afford employment to locals.
 Can be trafficked immediately after laying.
 Stone is locally available (Kasan Ramji Quarry in Nakuru was identified).
Maintenance and sustainability considerations.

Pavement design selected the most economical combinations of pavement materials and
layer thickness that will provide sufficient strength and durability to last over the design life of
the pavement with only routine maintenance.

3.3. Part 1B: Engineering Design Review of Water Supply

3.3.1. Population, demographic data and planning horizons
For this review, the 2019 KNBS population and housing census data was used as the Base
Year and projected using geometric progression formula in accordance to the guidelines
provided in the Ministry of Water and Irrigation’s Practice Manual for Water Supply Services
(2005 edition). The Initial Year was set at 2025, Future Year set at 2035 (10 years from the
initial year), and the Ultimate Year set for 2045 (20 years from the initial year). Growth rates
for the applicable wards will be used. Data obtained from the desktop studies will be subject
to confirmation by the Settlement Executive Committees.
𝑷𝑷𝒏𝒏 = 𝑷𝑷𝟎𝟎 (𝟏𝟏 + 𝒓𝒓)𝒏𝒏
Where: 𝑷𝑷𝟎𝟎 = 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃

𝑷𝑷𝒏𝒏 = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝒏𝒏 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
𝒓𝒓 = 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺ℎ 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
3.3.2. Service Type – individual (IC) and non-individual (NC) connections

Level of service for the consumption estimates was based on the Manual’s directive as shown
below. The settlements was classified as Urban Areas Low Class Housing.
Table 3-4: Water supply service type 1

IC% NC%
Initial Future Ultimate Initial Future Ultimate
Urban Areas
High and Medium Class
100 100 100 0 0 0
Housing
Low Class Housing 10 30 50 90 70 50
Rural Areas
High potential 20 40 80 80 60 20
Medium potential 10 20 40 90 80 60
Low potential 5 10 20 95 90 80
3.3.3. Demand computations

Water demand components to be considered included domestic demand, institutional
demand, commercial and industrial demand, and other demands such as firefighting. The
Manual’s rate of consumption table shown below will be used for computations.
1 Ministry of Water and Irrigation Practice Manual for Water Supply

Table 3-5: Table of water consumption rates 2

RURAL AREAS URBAN AREAS
High Medium Low
Consumer Unit High Medium Low
Class Class Class
Potential Potential Potential
Housing Housing Housing
People with
individual 1/head/day 60 50 40 250 150 75
connection
People without
1/head/day 20 15 10 - - 20
connections
Livestock unit 1/head/day 50 -
Boarding
1/head/day 50
schools
Day schools
with WC 1/head/day 25
Without WC 5
Hospitals
Regional 400 + 20 1 per outpatient and day
1/bed/day
District 200 (minimum 5000 1/day)
Other 100
Dispensary
and Health 1/day 5000
Centre
Hotels
High Class 600
1/bed/day
Medium Class 300
Low Class 50
Administrative
1/head/day 25
Offices
Bars 1/day 500
Shops 1/day 100
Unspecified
1/ha/day 20,000
Industry
Coffee pulping 1/kg
25 when re-circulation of water is used)
factories coffee
3.3.4. Supply sources and their capacities

The scope of the review project covered upgrade of water augmentation and distribution
infrastructure only. The consultant therefore did not include assessment for water sources
construction works. The available supply infrastructure system and their adequacy were
assessed. The service providers responsible for water distribution services in the respective
settlements were also mapped out and liaison established throughout the project
implementation period.
2 Ministry of Water and Irrigation Practice Manual for Water Supply

3.3.5. Augmentation needs

Rehabilitation, extension and introduction of additional water supply pipelines, construction
and rehabilitation of water storage facilities, and introduction of pumping stations where
necessary were all considered. Augmentation needs were assessed from community
participations as well as the review of technical engineering parameters, that is the capacity
and quality of supplied water compared to the demand.
3.3.6. Supply system design

Pipelines
Estimated velocity of 2 m/s was adopted for gravity mains while an optimum velocity of 0.8
m/s was adopted for pumping mains for review as recommended by the Ministry of Water’s
practice manual. Pressure ratings incorporated dynamic pressures for all pipelines. Trench
designs were prepared using the method given in National Annex NA to BS EN 1295-1:1998,
using the following limiting deflections: 2% for steel pipes with elastomeric joints or with mortar
linings; and 6% for welded steel pipes with flexible coatings and linings.
The Colebrook-White formula was recommended to be used in the hydraulic calculations to

obtain frictional factor through iteration for pumping mains while Hazen Williams formula excel
spreadsheets will be used in the design of gravity mains.
The selection of pipe material was based on the analysis of steel pipes, glass reinforced
polyester (GRP) unplasticised polyvinyl chloride (uPVC) and high-density polyethylene
(HDPE). Need for corrosion protection, hydraulic characteristics, jointing, ease of handling,
market availability, pressure rating, standards compliance, cost, and hazard classification
were all analysed for prudent selection. Steel pipes used in the project were recommended to
have both internal protections in form of cement coating and external protection in form of
epoxy coating.
The minimum pressure at design flow is be 1 bar (10-metre water head) in pipe sections to
which there may be made consumer connections and 0.4 bar (4m) in other cases. The static
pressure in pipes with consumer connections is not more than 6 bar (60m). Higher pressure
than 6 bars will require pressure relief valves for the consumer connections.
Water pipelines are positioned 3.00m to the right or left of a right of way centreline, or, where
possible, in a dedicated utility corridor. Water pipelines located in a right of way were designed
in the location authorised by a water county council/municipal engineer or planner, unless the
location is precluded by the existence of other extenuating circumstances. Pipelines in road
reserves are designed to be located whenever possible 1.5m from the edge of the road way.
Valves
Single orifice and double orifice Air relief valves will be used to permit release of air which
accumulated at high points and to prevent negative pressures from building up when lines are
drained or to permit air flow into the systems when filling up.
In the design, Washouts are placed only at accentuated low points on raw water and clear
water mains of inside diameter 80mm or larger. In this context, it may be considered that a

low point is accentuated if the succeeding major high point is situated on a 10m higher level.
All dead-end pipelines will have a blow-off valve assembly type flushing device.
Valve chambers are at least 1200 x 1200mm internally (or larger for larger pipes), made of
reinforced concrete. The cover shall be lockable. The chamber shall be drained through the
floor or through a drain pipe.
Appurtenances
Anchor or thrust blocks of appropriate detail as shown on the MoWI, 2005 Water Design
Manual, and shall be provided for horizontal and vertical bends, capped ends, change of size
and tees and for pipes laid in steep slopes.
number 25mm diameter outlet pipes will be used to channel water to the consumers, with
commensurate stop corks used to cut-off flows.
Standpipes will be positioned within secure institutions, fitted on 25mm steel pipe and lockable
taps. The point will be concreted so as to clamp the standpipe and improve on sanitation.
Similar to the kiosks, soak away pit, a soak away trench, or extension to road side drains will
be put in place for drainage improvement.
3.3.7. Sustainability considerations

Operations costs that capture cost of repairs, power costs and wages for staff, were be
computed so as to pre-empt costs of running the system and the projected revenues from the
sale of the utility.

3.4. Part 1C: Engineering Design Review of Sanitary Sewer System

3.4.1. Sources of waste water
The following are projected to be the potential sewer water sources within the study area:
 Water supplied by water authority for domestic usage, after desired use it is discharged
in to sewers as sewage
 The water supplied to the various public places such as, schools, hotels, hospitals, and
commercial complexes. Part of this water after desired use joins the sewers as
wastewater
 Infiltration of groundwater into sewers through leaky joints
 Entrance of rainwater in sewers during rainy season through faulty joints or cracks in
sewers.
3.4.2. Peak demand
Existing practices relate generated waste water to the per capita water consumption. The
amount of wastewater generation is estimated as a factor of water consumption. The
guidelines developed by WHO (1973) and presented in the “Sectoral Study and National
Programming for Community and Rural Water Supply, Sewerage and Water Pollution Control,
Report 9, Selection and Design Criteria for Sewerage Projects for Government of Kenya” gives
the following sewage generation factors.
Table 3-6: Sewerage Factors3

Category of Consumer Units Water Consumption Rate Sewage Factor
Urban Low-Class Housing l/h/d 75 0.80
High Class l/h/d 250 0.80
Medium Class l/h/d 150 0.80
Schools/Institutions l/h/d 50 and 25 0.80
Hospitals l/d 5000 0.80
Commercial (Basis Hotels) l/b/d 300 0.80
Sewerage factor of 0.8 was assumed for the settlement improvement studies. 15% of the total
demand infiltration allowance will be provided for in all sewer lines.
The design standards are as stipulated in the Kenya Draft Practice Manual for Sewerage and
Sanitation Services in Kenya, June 2008. The review scope did not include provision for
construction of waste water treatment systems.
The choice of design period depended on:
 Ease and difficulty in expansion,

 Amount and availability of investment,
3 Ministry of Water and Irrigation Practice Manual for Sewerage and Sanitation Services in Kenya

 Anticipated rate of population growth, including shifts in communities, industries and

commercial investments,
 Hydraulic constraints of the systems designed, and
 Life of the material and equipment.
The following design period was considered and adopted for different components:
 Laterals less than 15 cm diameter: Full development
 Trunk or main sewers: 50 years
 Pumping plant: 10 years
3.4.3. Average Peak Factor

Average Peak Factor obtained from the Legg formula and the Babbit formula for contributing
populations less than 7,000 persons and the use of the Harmon formula for contributing
populations greater than 7,000 persons. The value adopted would be 2.5.
3.4.4. General Sewer Lines

The Manning Equation was used because of its simplicity. The following design parameters
will be adopted in the design:
 Pipe roughness coefficient, n 0.013

 Minimum velocity at peak flow 0.75 m/s
 Minimum velocity in exceptional circumstances = 0.6 m/s
 Maximum velocity 4.0 m/s
 Minimum Sewer size is taken to 225mm
3.4.5. Minimum Sewer Gradient

The minimum sewer gradient, has been derived from the tractive tension equation
Imin =3.4884 x 10-4 q-6/13
Where; ρ = density of wastewater, kg/m3

g = acceleration due to gravity, m/s2
Ƭ = Tractive tension = ρgr sin Ф
q = flow in sewer at d/D, m3/s
n = Ganguillet-Kutter roughness coefficient, dimensionless
r = hydraulic radius at d/D, m
i = sewer gradient, m/m (i.e. dimensionless)
3.4.6. Sewer line particulars

The collector sewer route will be reviewed/designed taking cognizance of the following:
 Ground slope;
 The existing sanitation infrastructure

 Other existing developments

 Future expansion plan
 Location of treatment works
The maximum and minimum trench depths for sewers was calculated using the methods given
in National Annex NA to BS EN 1295-1:1998 and appropriate materials for the intended depth
of installation. The minimum cover will be as below:
 At head of plot sewer - 450mm

 In servitudes - 600mm
 In sidewalks - 1000mm
 In road crossing - 1400mm
Rigid joint Concrete pipes, steel pipes and double walled corrugated HDPE pipes were
considered and suitability evaluated in the review/design.
Cast in situ or precast concrete manholes are proposed for use in the project. Heavy-duty
cast-iron manhole covers are proposed for use in trafficable areas, while medium duty
manhole covers and frames or equivalent are proposed where vehicle access is limited.
Manhole covers on the road are to be imbedded in road bitumen after final inspection if
required. Heavy Duty PVC covers are also proposed in selected areas. The maximum
distance between manholes on straight alignment are proposed to be 60 metres to enable use
of hand-operated rodding equipment. Spacing for manholes on the laterals/collector pipes are
to be maintained at 50 m.
Manholes to be constructed within areas anticipated to be inundated by a flood of 50 years’

occurrence interval was raised so that the covers are above the anticipated flood level. The
following minimum internal dimensions of manhole were adopted for the design:
 Depth less than 300mm – circular manhole diameter =1050 mm

 Depth of between 375 to 600 – circular manhole diameter =1200 mm
 Depth of between 675 to 900 – circular manhole diameter =1500 mm
Other important review/design points were:
 The minimum height from the soffit of the main through pipe to the underside of the
roof slab of a manhole chamber before any reduction in size permitted is proposed to
be 2 metres
 The area of benching in each manhole that would permit a man to stand easily,
comfortably and without danger to him, on such benching while working in the manhole
is provided
 Manholes benching have been designed at grades ranging between 1 in 5 and 1 in 25
and will be battered back equally from each-side of the manhole channels such that
the opening at the level of the soffit of the pipes will have a width of 1.2 d where d is
the nominal pipe diameter.

3.4.7. Outfall
Outfall level and the newly proposed lines were all confirmed for flow feasibility.
3.4.8. Maintenance and sustainability considerations

Maintenance mechanisms such as intervals of manholes, gradient and self-cleansing
mechanisms were taken into consideration so as to ensure efficient maintenance.

3.5. Part 1D: Engineering Design Review of High Mast Lighting

3.5.1. Design Considerations
The Consultant took the following design factors into consideration when reviewing the
designs for the High Mast Lighting:
 Wattage and light levels;
 Type of lighting;
 Lamps used;
 Street illumination level;
 Spacing between poles – for multiple lighting poles;
 Lighting luminaire calculations;
 Cable sizing;
 Power requirement estimation;
 Energy cost calculations;
 Pole arrangements – for multiple lighting poles
 Lighting bills of quantities;
 Wind design considerations
3.5.2. Design Standards and Specifications

The Consultant reviewed the following standards and specifications, and assessed whether
they meet the requirements:
 Height of mast;
 No of sections;
 Materials proposed for construction;
 Cross-section of mast;
 Lighting protection;
 Control gear
 Lamps
 Power consumption
3.5.3. Street illumination level in Lux

The street illumination level was calculated using the formula below:
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 × 𝑈𝑈. 𝐹𝐹 × 𝑀𝑀. 𝐹𝐹

𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿(𝐸𝐸) =
𝑤𝑤 × 𝑑𝑑
where: 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 − 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙

𝐸𝐸 = 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
𝑤𝑤 = 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊ℎ 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
𝑑𝑑 = 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈 = 𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓

3.5.4. Light distribution angle

The light distribution angle and distribution were reviewed, to examine complete coverage of
the study areas. This was done by calculating the circles of radius of the existing and proposed
high mast flood lights, to determine any spots which aren’t covered that may need additional
High Mast Lights or review of the design of the proposed lighting. A design review of the
following key items was done:
 Review of choice of light fitting;
 Review of Lumens calculation;
 Review of light fitting mounting height;
 Review of Charge controller size.
3.5.5. Lighting technology – LED, colour temperature

Various light technologies were reviewed to assess that the proposed design is the most
efficient and cost-effective design. Some of the lamps that were reviewed include LED, CFL
lamps which are recommended for High Mast Lighting.
3.5.6. Source of power

The Consultant reviewed the sources of power proposed. These included the following
considerations:
 Ordinary grid fed power supply;
 Standalone solar power supply;
 Hybrid (solar and grid fed) power supply.
3.5.7. Power supply design

Detailed review of the power supply design was undertaken; the following aspects of the
design were done:
 Design review of cable sizing and connection to grid – for Grid fed/Hybrid;
 Design review of inverter sizing – for solar/hybrid;
 Design review of battery bank sizing – for solar/hybrid;
 Design review of solar array sizing – for solar/hybrid;
 Design review of solar panels area size – for solar/hybrid;
3.5.8. Structural engineering design

The structural design of the high mast structure and civil works was done using the relevant
Structural Concrete and Steel design codes and standards. The key areas that were examined
included material selection, steel connections, concrete sub-structure, steel member design.
3.5.9. Maintenance and sustainability considerations

The review assessed if maintenance and sustainability was considered in the proposed design
and if not, maintenance and sustainability considerations will be incorporated. This included
ease of maintenance, durability and cost effectiveness of the lighting among other factors.

3.6. Part 1E: Review of Engineering Drawings and Set out Data
The Consultant undertook the following under this section:
• Check and review the engineering drawings;
• Prepare the construction drawings incorporating any additional design changes that
may be required/as undertaken in previous design review tasks;
• Review the longitudinal sections and set out data in accordance with the detailed
topographical survey;
• Prepare the reviewed Drawings in A3 sizes.
Detailed Review and Updating was done for the following key sections:
 Roads and storm water drains engineering drawings

 Water supply engineering drawings
 Sanitary sewer engineering drawings
 Electrical engineering book of drawings

3.7. Part 2: Repackaging and Preparation of Procurement Documents

3.7.1. Tender Documentation
The Consultants prepared the tender documents based on international standard tender
documents accepted by the Client and in accordance with the procurement plan that has been
prepared after detailed design and has been approved by the Client.
The works that are included for tender have been repackaged works under the budget as
discussed with the Client and Stakeholders.
The preparation of bidding documents is as the per guidelines provided where by the complete
tender documents comprise of the following;
 VOLUME I (Bidding Document)

 VOLUME II (Technical Specifications)
 VOLUME III (Book of drawings)
 VOLUME IV (Engineer’s cost Estimate)
3.7.2. Contractor selection

The Consultants, will assist the Client’s Project Team in undertaking the following key tasks
in the Bidding Process through the pre-bid site visits, pre-bid conferences and preparation of
clarification and addendums
The Consultant will assist the Client in undertaking the tender evaluation as per the Public
Procurement and Asset Disposal Act (PPDA), using the evaluation criteria as set out in the
tender documentation. The Consultant will be on hand to assist the Client’s Evaluation
Committee in assessing/evaluating the bids.
The Consultant will assist the Client in verifying the evaluations and preparation of the tender
evaluation report, according to the PPDA in force at the time.
The Consultant will also assist the Client in undertaking Contract Negotiation with the best
evaluated contractor. The Consultant will advise the Client to develop a checklist to assist the
Client during the negotiation, so that all aspects of the project are covered, leaving little room
for unnecessary variations during the implementation of the project construction.

3.8. Part 3: Updating ESIA and RAP

A review of the Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) was carried out with an endeavour to identify
all people affected by the project and the adverse impacts on their livelihoods associated with
the process of land acquisition. The Consultant Team intended to identify the affected
population and impacts in a consultative process through a series of systematic steps that are
interrelated as follows:
The objective of the environmental study was to undertake an Environmental and Social
Impact Assessment (ESIA) in accordance with Kenyan law. As a result, the Environmental
(Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulations of 2003, contained in Kenya Gazette Supplement
No. 56, Legal Notice 101, was be used to prepare the report format and contents of the ESIA
Report
The consultant has prepared an ESMP containing a description of mitigation measures for
adverse impacts and measures for enhancing the beneficial effects. The plan recommends
the set of mitigation, monitoring and institutional measures to eliminate, minimise or reduce to
acceptable levels the adverse environmental impacts and / or maximise socio-economic
benefits identified in the project.

3.9. Part 4: Works Supervision

Generally, Construction Supervision revolves around three building blocks; namely quality,
time, and cost controls. Environmental and safety aspects are very important for the success
and sustainability of any infrastructure project. The figure below shows the key elements in
the Construction Supervision works.
Figure 3-2: Key Elements in Construction Supervision Works
The Consultant will be acting in the capacity of the Engineers Representative as defined in
contract conditions and will perform the overarching function of Contract Administration (as
shall be delegated to him by the Engineer). The objective is to ensure that the works are
carried out in a safe and orderly manner and completed within the agreed time frame, quality
specifications and cost. The key operation in this is the submission of request by Contractor
to carry out the next operation on standardised forms that have a number of check-off points
e.g., quality of compaction of previous layer or inspection of shuttering and reinforcement
before pouring concrete. The Contractor has to have a copy of this form to allow work to
proceed. The Engineer retains a copy for records in case of dispute and another copy is used
in measurement processes.
The Resident Engineers will be the Engineer’s Representative at site and will ensure that the
Employer receives value for money for the works. He will be responsible on day-to-day basis
to ensure that the Contractor is meeting the specifications, the programme of works is being
followed and that the works are in accordance with the design.

3.9.1. Personnel – Key and Support

The Consultant personnel who will be involved in the Works Supervision include the experts
listed below. The Consultant will only utilise the experts as presented on award of the project.
 Team Leader,
 Resident Engineers;
 Roads Engineers,
 Water & Sanitation Engineers,
 Materials Engineer,
 Electrical Engineer,
 Surveyors,
 Environmental Experts,
 Sociologist/Community/Resettlement Experts;
 Work Inspectors;
 AutoCAD Operators;
 Laboratory Technicians;
 Office Administrators;
 Chainmen and
 Other Support Staff.
The Consultant will ensure the personnel are well organised and have a clearly elaborated
site organization structure to ensure the works are supervised in an efficient manner to provide
maximum quality to the Client.
3.9.2. Contractor Mobilization and Start-Up Issues

The Consultant understands that, as the Engineer’s Representative, his duty is to coordinate
all the start-up matters on behalf of the Engineer. The following functions will form the core
activities of the Consultant under this sub-task. The Consultant will then prepare for the Client
review and approval a management plan including, but not limited to, the following information:
• Coordinate with the Employer on timely possession of site and Contractors establishment;
• Review Contractor’s proposals and ensure provision of the Engineer’s field office and
facilities;
• Checking and establishing that the Contractor mobilises and brings to site all necessary
personnel, plant, equipment and machinery that have been committed in the tender and
ensure that all such items of plant remain on the contract until their release has been
authorised;
• Identify all the survey ground control stations (beacons and bench marks), which have
been established during design stage; verify the accuracy of the secondary survey stations
established by the contractor.
• Notify through the employer all third parties involved in the project about the proposed
works, Contractor mobilisation plans and commencement of works. Specific attention will
be drawn to matters related to:
o Relocation and/or interruption of public utilities;
o Environmental Management Plan (EMP)

o Traffic management plans;

o Public/occupational health measures incorporated into the project including
HIV/AIDS program under the project;
o Procedures for land acquisition for borrow-pits, quarry and other facilities for the
Contractor; and;
o General security and public relations issues.
• Checking that all contract and project documents are complete and accurate before issued
to the Contractor;
• Reviewing contractual responsibilities and making sure these are clearly defined for all
aspects of the work;
• Preparing a list of actions required for a smooth project start on site;
The Consultant will receive, review and approve the following:
• Performance Bond, Advance Payment Guarantee, Insurance of the Works, Parties to the
Project Commencement Order;
• Contractors’ mobilization Plan;
• Contractor’s detailed work program and work Methodology;
• Contractor’s initial method statements for undertaking critical components of the works;
• Proposed resource schedules for the Contractor;
• Description of the Management Systems and Standard forms to be used; and
• Contractor’s traffic management plan, environment management plan, HIV/AIDs and
Gender sensitization plan.
3.9.3. Survey Controls and Setting Out of Works

Verification will be made as per the staked-out centre line and all traverse points, control points
and bench marks as set out in the Design. This will include identification of discrepancies,
deficiencies and omissions in the survey works and re-establish damaged or missing stations.
It will be checked that the GPS stations and Traverse vertexes have been materialised during
design stage on existing bridge or box culvert parapets or on appropriate concrete
benchmarks (BM) protected against impact to guarantee their stability and durability; and
check that the benchmarks have been established; and if not already established, the BM will
be re-set on the ground using concrete post. Every BM shall be checked, levelled by a forward
run and a subsequent run forming a closed “loop”.
The Consultant shall check for the existence of original marks, lines and levels of reference
prior to commencing works in any section, to allow sufficient time for reinstatement of
markings, and checking of lines and levels. Any discrepancies encountered will be corrected
and re-established.
In addition, special care will be exercised during construction not to damage, displace or
disturb property and trigonometrically survey monuments.” The checking of the survey will
include a traverse survey and re-establishment of beacons and a level survey (including

longitudinal profile and cross sections of sufficient width, to cover the construction works to be
carried out) based on an acceptable method to be approved by the Engineer.
The Consultant will check the setting out of the line and level of the Works as are required to
construct the Works. Reference pegs and batter rails, clearly and indelibly marked with all
relevant information, will be provided clear of the road and perpendicular to it such that the
centreline, batter of cut and fill slopes and pavement layer levels can be directly established
at any time. After setting out of the marks, interpretation and comparison with the design of
the Works, and the actual conditions encountered on the Site during the course of the Works.
Therefore, immediately on the checking of the survey monuments, the Consultant shall
examine the adequacy of the designs for the project in terms of the revised setting out marks
revised drawings and Bills of Quantities will be issued in advance of actual construction.
Within the specified time in the conditions of contract, the Consultant shall recommend to the
Client to issue any clarification or revision of the designs for the project that is required in order
to rectify inconsistencies or discrepancies between the original topographical surveys and
setting out marks, and their interpretation that were used in the design of the Works, and the
actual conditions encountered during the said examination of the original designs or during
the course of the Works.
The Consultant will recommend to the Engineer to approve the setting out the Works by the
Contractor before commencing to construct the works. The Resident Engineer and the Project
Engineer with the assistance of the Inspector of Works will check that the Contractor’s setting
out is correct.
Before the Contractor starts any aspect of the Works, the Consultant will make sure that
reference stations are well established and will check that they have not been damaged. If
there is suspected damage, the reference stations will be re-set on the ground using concrete
post as per the Client’s description. Always check that you and the Contractor are working to
the latest edition of the Drawings.
The Consultant will ensure that the Contractor shall set out the line and level of the Works at
intervals of not more than the minimum intervals and tolerances specified in the Technical
Specifications of this project. Reference pegs and batter rails, clearly and indelibly marked
with all relevant information, will be provided clear of the road and perpendicular to it such that
the centreline, batter of cut and fill slopes and pavement layer levels can be directly
established at any time. These will be maintained by the Contractor for as long as they are
needed to check and monitor the Works.
After completion of the setting out, the Consultant will ensure that the Contractor will take a
longitudinal section and cross-sections of the cleared ground level at intervals specified in the
technical specification along the proposed road centreline over the full road reserve width.
Similarly, it will be ensured that the Contractor will take a longitudinal section and cross-
sections along the centrelines of all existing and proposed culverts and structures. Cross-
sections and longitudinal sections will be plotted in drawings to intervals specified in the

Technical Specifications. The Consultant will ensure that both the cross section and long
section will be submitted in hard and soft copy for examination and agreement.
On receipt of the final road, culvert and structure levels, the Consultant will ensure that the
Contractor enters the revised data in the program and the revised cross- sections. An original
plot and one copy of those cross-sections will be provided by the Contractor.
Formation level is defined as the level of the interface between the top of subgrade layers and
the bottom of the pavement layers and shoulders. Before the finishing of the formation layer
and prior to the construction of pavement layers, the Consultant will ensure that the Contractor
establish steel pins at a constant offset to the edges of the carriageway and shoulders within
the offsets and markings as specified in the Technical Specifications of the project.
3.9.4. Quality controls

The Consultant will evaluate and approve the Contractor’s Quality Assurance System and
Manual to ascertain the desired quality standards at all stages of the service. The standard
construction supervision manual, which will be provided to each member of the team as
required, will address:
a) Organization, staffing levels and responsibilities;

b) Scope of services;
c) Schedule of submittals of reports, daily records, etc.;
d) Standard of practice to be met and general technical requirements;
e) Type of sampling and testing to be made (random, even or selective);
f) Minimum and recommended intervals (spacing) of testing based on sound;
g) Engineering and statistical practices Minimum and recommended intervals (spacing)
of taking survey;
h) Measurements and acceptance tolerances based on sound engineering and statistical
practices;
i) Acceptance requirements of all sorts of materials and workmanships;
j) Requirements of the Technical Specification about the geometry, materials and
structures;
k) Inspection procedures of the different activities (i.e., which activity is the Pre- requisite
for the other);
l) Standard reporting forms with suitable formats;
m) General requirements of service road, safety and environment;
n) Important points of testing, levelling or inspection that will be of technical or contractual
interest;
o) Other quality related review procedures;
Material Testing
Laboratory testing will be the main means of control available for the Consultant to control the
quality of the work. The Resident Engineer will order special tests on materials or completed
works, or order removal and substitution of improper materials and/or works as required. Any

work performed that fails the inspection/testing requirements, will be instructed in writing to
correct and/or remove from the site.
The Consultant will manage the laboratory (as provided by the Contractor for sole use of the
Engineer) and ensure testing is carried out in strict accordance with the specifications. The
Consultant will also:
• Request the Contractor to carry out all tests of materials including verifying
Manufacturer’s test Certificates to be used for the works prior to incorporating them in the
works. The Consultant will verify the quality of these materials and ensure that the quality
of these materials comply with specification requirements. The Consultant will ensure that
samples provided for testing truly represent the materials brought to the site for the works;
• Carry out tests on materials in field laboratory to be supplied through the works contract.
Tests deemed necessary and for which the field laboratory does not have the appropriate
equipment will be carried out outside the project and under the supervision of the
Consultant and shall be paid by the Contractor.
The Consultant will ensure all calibration of the equipment is carried out by the Contractor as
required and all tests are carried out in line with the appropriate standard. To comply with this,
the Consultant will develop a manual of procedures to manage the testing laboratory. Split
samples will be tested off site in order to provide a cross check.
Existing Sub-Grade Soils and Road Bed Preparation

The Consultant has reviewed and and revised all original ground levels and cross sections as
required. The Consultant will be responsible for the checking of the suitability of the existing
sub-grade soil for maximum swelling, maximum plasticity and strength (minimum CBR
requirements) properties for possible Road bed preparation and also the suitability of materials
to be used for embankment.
The Consultant will also monitor construction of the road bed preparation with due
consideration to compaction procedures such as uniformity of mixing by grader, lift thickness,
water content and degree of compaction.
Excavation
In areas of excavation the Consultant will inspect the Contractor whether appropriate slope
stake positions are kept for cut slopes, whether benches are provided at their appropriate
position stipulated on the contract document and typical x-section and signs of instability are
observed or not.
The Consultant will decide the angle of the cut slope as the work proceeds on the basis of
evaluation of the soil characteristics. The actual lines of cuts will be measured and recorded
by the Contractor and checked and approved by the Consultant.
All materials removed from excavation will be checked for suitability to utilise it in the formation
of embankment/ sub-grade, backfill for structures and/ or any other construction material as
per the technical specification. The Consultant will not allow the Contractor to waste any
excavated material unless order by written instruction.

All slopes shall be trimmed precisely as per cross- sections, and care must be exercised that
no material shall be loosened beyond the required slope. The Consultant shall also decide
types of excavation as per the Contractor document.
Embankment Placement
In order for embankments to perform their function, they must be constructed to the proper
line and grade with the proper materials. The approved materials must be placed and
compacted to the specified densities under the Employer requirement. It will be the role of the
Consultant to continually monitor and inspect the Contractors’ activities and to participate in
the testing operations that will guarantee that the embankment sections as constructed meet
or surpass the requirements of the contract documents and Employer requirements. The
Consultant will prepare a comprehensive guideline to monitor and ensure the implementation
in coordinated manner.
A critical element of the testing procedure for embankments is an accurate determination of

embankment strength. The actual strength of the embankment is a variable dependent upon
the materials incorporated into the facility and the methods and equipment employed to
construct the works. It is the responsibility of the Consultant to review and satisfy himself with
the actual strength of the embankment as it is built. From this determination, the Consultant
can determine the required strengths of the overlaying subgrade course needed to provide
the total structural strength required for the roadway.
Sub-Grade Construction
The structural strength of the subgrade is important to ensure the proper functioning and
assuring design life of the overlaying wearing course. As in the case of the embankment, the
Consultant will be responsible for monitoring, inspecting and initiating testing the material and
the placement of the subgrade material to ensure that a proper strength of the pavement
layer is achieved.
The Consultant will check the suitability of the materials identified or proposed by the
Contractor to be used the level lines, cross falls and slopes of the underlying layers for the
pavement construction and if they are within the geometric tolerance. The compaction water
content and degree of compaction shall also be checked. The Consultant will monitor the
stockpiles of the respective material, placing, watering and compaction procedures of the
works.
Wearing Course
The Consultant shall check the suitability of the materials identified or proposed by the
Contractor the level, lines, cross-falls and slopes of the underlying layers for the wearing
course construction and if they are within the geometric tolerance. The compaction water
content and degree of compaction shall also be checked. The Consultant will monitor the
stockpiling of the respective material, placing and watering and compaction procedure of the
work.

The Consultant will evaluate if adequate representative samples are submitted for testing the
quality of the source as per the specification given in the contract document. In all practical
situations the material samples shall be sampled in the presence of the Consultant’s
appropriate staff. Any material found not to conform to the requirement would be subjected to
rejection. The Consultant will make sure all rejected materials are removed immediately from
site and replaced with the material meeting the requirements. Minimum sampling frequency
shall be adopted as may be given in the contract document for proper control of each work.
Installation of Drainage Structures

The proper placement, design and construction of drainage installations along the project’s
alignment by the Contractor and timely review and approval by the Consultant are the initial
step in the construction of the embankment. Each installation will be checked and positioned
in the field to allow surface cross flow to pass through the future embankment of the roadway.
The Consultant will monitor the construction of structures. The Consultant will ensure that all
materials for use in the structural works comply with the specification and that the methods of
construction comply with the contract requirements. Particular attention will be paid to the
concrete works; this will cover:
• Cement and steel reinforcement including inspection of the required test certificates;
• Ensuring that cement storage facilities are adequate to protect material;
• Checking aggregate supplies both stone and sand for grading and absence of
contamination;
• Checking quality of water for use in cement concrete works;
• Provision of adequate curing materials / arrangements; and
• Quality and type of shuttering / scaffolding materials and its arrangements.
Design mixes for the concrete works as prepared by the Contractor will be verified and
approved by the Consultant who will ensure that deviation from the approved mix is not made
without his agreement. Periodic spot sampling of concrete will be carried out throughout the
contract to ensure consistency and quality. In particular, the spot checks will cover slump tests
and concrete cube crushing tests.
Backfill to Structures, Abutments and Approach Embankments

Backfill to the abutments is a critical aspect of the works and good quality control must be
maintained if future settlements are to be avoided. The Consultant will ensure that all materials
used in the backfill comply with the specifications that free draining material. Layers are placed
as required by the drawings and that the thicknesses of layers placed do not exceed the
maximum allowable. Compaction shall be closely supervised and each layer will be rigorously
checked for density prior to allowing further layer to be placed. Particularly attention will be
paid to approaches to bridge abutments which are prone to post construction settlements.

Placing of Concrete
Prior to placing of any concrete, the Consultant will make an inspection of the site and observe
that:
• All reinforcement is placed as required by the drawings, that adequate ties are in place,
that chairs provided are sufficient to maintain the spacing of reinforcing bars during the
pour, and that sufficient and correctly sized spacer blocks are used;
• Cold joints in vertical construction are property chiselled to expose aggregate and that all
loose and foreign material is removed;
• The false work used by the Contractor is structurally sound and able to support the wet
concrete;
• That the formwork is adequate and correctly dimensioned and at correct levels that all
champers, weep holes and service duct are in place as required and that the quality of
form work is adequate to give the level of finish quality required by the contract:
• The concrete mixing equipment is in good operating order and that back up is available
in case a mixer should breakdown during mix-pour,
• Sufficient quantities of cement, aggregates, and water supplies are available and that the
materials are stored properly,
• Equipment to facilitate the correct pouring of the concrete mix is available so the quality
may be consistent and required rates can be maintained;
• Vibrating equipment is available with sufficient back up in case of breakdowns;
• Tamping boards are available (in the case of deck pours):
• Grades for the finished concrete are clearly marked:
• Slump cone and cubes (or cylinders) of testing quality are available
• Expansion joint materials are available, cut to size and ready for placement
• Bridge bearings are readily available in advance for placement;
Approve or Issue of Working Drawings:

The Consultant shall ensure that the Contractor is issued with a complete set of approved
working drawings and specifications before commencement date. Thereafter the Contractor
will be issued with revisions to working drawings in a timely manner. The Consultant will also
provide any supplementary information requested by the contractor necessary for the
Contractor to carry out the works, in Consultation with the Engineer.
Improvement of design or specification:

Where appropriate and where it suits site conditions, the Consultant will propose design
changes to the Employer that would improve design or specification for works and if approved
will effect such changes provided the changes will not increase the contract time nor will it
increase the contract sum beyond that approved by the Employer.
More often design changes are made to suit local site conditions following a closer
examination of the site or judgement resulting from the benefit of having stayed on site for a
long time.

Technical Meetings:
Regular technical meetings will be held with the Contractor's senior staff to anticipate,
discuss and resolve technical issues. The meetings will be attended by the Project
Engineer, Consultant’s Resident Engineer and the Contractor’s Project Manager
supported by other staff who may be involved in any particular subject. These meetings will
be held on a regular basis and the meeting records will be prepared and distributed for future
reference.
3.9.5. Overall Contract Management and Records

Contractor Compliance with Contract
Effective contract administration requires the Consultant to collect and maintain records of the
project, make regular consultations with the parties to the contract, and prepare regular
reports.
The Consultant will maintain continuous monitoring of the Contractor to ensure he complies
with all requirements of the Contract. The works executed are in accordance with sound
technical administration, financial and economic practices. The Consultant will perform all
duties associated with such tasks to ensure that only the best construction practice is followed
and that the final product is in all respects equal to or better than that specified, at the most
economic costs and is executed in full compliance with the specifications. Results of this
monitoring will be set out in Monthly Progress Reports and Quarterly Summary Reports.
Detailed Site Monitoring

The Resident Engineer and key members of his staff especially Assistant Resident Engineers
and inspectors will maintain a daily site diary to record the events on site, and will include all
contractual correspondence and data; all work stoppages or delays; accidents on Site; official
visitors to Site; weather records; all activities in progress at any time on site showing the start
and end time and full details of the resources employed per activity and any other aspects that
might affect the progress of works. These records will be used as reference and for support
or otherwise of claims made by the Contractor. The entire daily site diary will be available for
inspection by the employer or his representative when requested to do so.
Formats for Inspection Requests will be agreed upon (in consultation with the Engineer and
Project Engineer). Ideally the inspection request format should be given to the Contractor at
the during mobilisation.
The Senior Consultant Staff such as Materials Engineer, Structural Engineer, Highway
Engineer, D/Resident Engineer will participate in developing formats along with the Resident
Engineer and the Engineer which helps to control the construction works. The formats will be
distributed to the staff, for the proper recording of the day-to-day activity of each work.
Frequency of testing by approved independent labs and Contractor’s own technicians will also
be finalised. Inspection hold points shall be established for every type of work to decide the
stages from which the Contractor shall precede further only after all the preceding stages have
been inspected / tested and approved.

The Contractor’s program of work will be examined and commented even after approval. The
Consultant will, at all times, monitor and supervise the execution of works, the resources
loaded, the sequence of operations, the procurement of materials, the submission of shop
drawings and the cash flow charts, all in such a way that will keep the project under total
control.
The Contractor should table at each progress meeting a progress report showing the targets
and actual production achieved during the preceding fortnight, targets for the coming two
weeks, and overall completion figures for all main items of work. Difficulties, if any,
experienced during the construction can be discussed in the progress meetings. Minutes of
the meetings will be recorded, and distributed to the participants, as well as to various
departments and the Client in a timely manner. Daily reports shall be submitted by the
Contractor, showing daily-anticipated activities, materials delivered to site, equipment and
manpower allocated in addition to information regarding the climate.
The Consultant will keep and maintain up-to-date detailed Daily site diary and detailed records
(making them available for inspection by the Employer or his representatives when requested
to do so) of all contractual correspondences and data; all work stoppages or delays, accidents
on site; official visitors to site and their comments, weather records, all activities in progress
at any time on site showing the start and end time and full details of the resource’s employer
per activity. A construction diary compiled by the Resident Engineer from the daily logs
prepared and submitted each day by inspectors will include:
• Contractor personnel on the job, listed by classification and number on each jobsite
• Location of the Contractor’s crews within the projects
• Equipment type, location and condition
• Summary of work performed by Contractor’s crews at various locations
• Materials delivered to installation site
• Materials removed from storage and materials incorporated into construction
• Test samples, including location
• Quantity of work performed by the respective Contractor’s crews eligible for payment
• Site instruction received or delivered
• Idle hours and reason
• Comments on the performance
• Problems encountered and how they were or might be resolved
• Weather and social conditions
• Official visits and inspections
• Anticipated work for the next day, etc.
To ensure uniformity in reporting procedures by all personnel, the Engineer will utilise the
forms and reports approved earlier. These will include formats for Daily Reports, Monthly
Reports Quarterly Reports, and Special Reports as required. Daily record keeping will help
the Consultant to constantly monitor all site activities related to the works. Such monitoring
will be enhanced by: Maintaining a continuous dialogue with the Contractor; and maintaining
a record of the progress of the Works on site on a daily basis.

The above will be realised by providing the following services:

• Arranging an initial site meeting for all relevant parties to discuss and agree on process
and protocols necessary for the effective and efficient control and supervision of the
construction phase of the project.
• Arranging regular site meetings to monitor performance and progress based on the
Contractor's Program Maintaining a daily diary of the progress of the Works on site,
• Maintaining up-to-date information relevant to progress, performance, quality,
quantities, resources and cost.
• Maintaining projects records in a classified and retrievable form covering the various
aspects of the works and contract.
The Consultant will continuously update the Monitoring and Evaluation Framework (as
developed in Consultation with the Engineer) by updating the indicators (which will have been
arrived upon in consultation with the Engineer) through the rigorous supervision,
measurement of the Contractors performance in the construction of the project road. The
framework will be reported in the Monthly Progress Reports, and the Quarterly Progress
Reports. It will also be summarised in the Provisional Completion Report and the Final
Completion Report.
Records of Contractor’s Equipment on Site

The Consultant will instruct the Contractor to follow the work procedure for supply or removal
of equipment on site. All the Inspection Plan (IP) and Work Procedure (WP) will be prepared
by the Contractor during mobilisation period for approval by the Consultant. The Contractor
will be required to follow these Work Procedure (WP) and Inspection Plan (IP) for supply or
removal of equipment on site.
The Consultant will be informed by the Contractor in writing upon arrival or removal of any
equipment for the Consultant to inspect and take records. The records will be kept by the
Resident Engineer and will be compared by the records submitted by the Contractor during
monthly meeting. Any difference will be communicated to the Contractor for correction. Items
to be recorded on each category of equipment will include type of equipment its precise date
of arrival or removal from Site, its date of manufacture, previous hours worked and condition,
the date commissioned to commence work, its availability, and utilisation. The Consultant will
establish equipment availability figures for each category of equipment. Based on a complete
equipment serviceability list submitted by the Contractor for inclusion in the Monthly Progress
Report and Quarterly Summary Report showing the condition of each piece of Equipment on
every day of the month
The Consultant will check that the Contractor submits to the Engineer every month a statement
showing the amount of Plant and Contractor’s Equipment, which has been brought to the Site.
Such records of equipment shall be recorded in a form approved by the Engineer, and such
records will be available for inspection by the Consultant; and it will be checked that the
amount and type of equipment provided is as per the approved work program. Such records
will include:
• Date of arrival and removal from site;
• Date of manufacture, previous hours worked and condition;

• The date commissioned to commence work; On‐the‐job training

• It’s availability and utilisation;
Equipment availability figures will also be established for each category of equipment arriving
to site. The Consultant shall also ensure that all equipment, tools and other items used in
accomplishing the Works, whether purchased, rented or otherwise provided by the Contractor
are in safe, sound and good condition for performing the intending function. It will also be
checked that all the insurance has been furnished for each of the Contractor’s equipment on
site.
Photographic Records of Construction Activities

The Consultant will take colour progress photographs throughout the duration of the Contract
with digital camera for each major activity as well as some of the minor activities throughout
the construction activity, with representative photos of the main activities will be shown in the
monthly progress report.
Official photographic records (available for inspection) of monthly progress at set locations
and of any construction activity of technical or contractual interest will be taken at any time.
Each photograph will be captioned with reference number, time, date, precise location, subject
and points of particular note. The Consultant will provide to the Client the record of all essential
photographs as an annex in the completion reports.
Site Meetings
Regular site meetings will be held with the parties to the contract i.e., the Employer and the
Contractor to review progress and discuss and resolve any areas of conflict or dispute, and
for the dissemination of information.
The meetings will discuss progress and planned future action. The meetings will be chaired
by the Resident Engineer who will also record minutes of the meetings and ensure that they
are signed by those present as being a true record of the meeting.
Reports Submission
The Consultant will prepare monthly progress reports in the form to be agreed with the
Employer; the reports will be prepared and submitted to the Employer in the prescribed
number of copies. The report shall include all relevant information on the project data,
achievements during the reporting month, overall progress status, highlight of issues affecting
the progress, general information on weather, staff deployment, equipment and material
mobilised, Consultant’s staff, payment status, visitors to site and summary of instructions
issued to the Contractor indicating time and cost implications.
3.9.6. Disputes management plan

The Consultant will utilise the dispute management plan as detailed in the Contract and as
recommended in the FIDIC Dispute Resolution Mechanism. The Consultant will utilise the
three mandatory tiers recommended prior to resorting to arbitration:
a) The Engineer’s Determination;

b) Dispute Avoidance/Adjudication Board (DAAB);

c) Arbitration.
Figure 3-3: Dispute Management Plan under FIDIC Contracts
3.9.7. Environmental Management, Health and Safety Plans

EMP
During the implementation of the project, The Environmental and Social management plan
developed shall be implemented to the latter that will be geared toward environmental and
social protection. The ESMP will be implemented jointly with the Consultant team, the
contractor, the County governments and the Client together with other interested parties for it
to be a success. The project needs to be environmentally friendly that will be pinned on the
sustainable development in anticipation that the future generation will benefit from the current
environment.
During the implementation of the project the consultant will monitor the following
recommendations for environmental protection (including those that were recommended in
the Environmental Monitoring Plan):
• Minimize water and soil pollution by directing runoff waters into tailing ponds
• Minimize noise and dust levels
• Ensure safety during construction by ensuring the contractor installs appropriate
temporary road signs for traffic control and safety, and enforce the wearing of appropriate

safety clothing and accessories in high-risk areas.

• Enforce installation of fire extinguishers and first aid kits on site.
• Shape and landscape all borrow pits and quarries on completion of works.
• Minimize the risk of soil erosion by grassing the embankments, stabilize bridge sites and
the inlets and outlets of culverts on sandy soil with gabions or stone pitching.
• Locate camp sites to an area which minimizes disruption to local population, fauna and
flora and water courses; provide adequate drainage facilities and treatment of sewage and
waste disposals. Camp areas should be dismantled and rehabilitated once construction in
completed.
• Avoid spillage of oil, fuel, and lubricants. If spilt, they shall be collected and disposed of in
such a way that it will not affect the natural environment.
• Ensure planting of trees along the road and on landscapes as per the contract.
Waste management
The development of the KISIP 2 project ranges from roads, water facilities, waste
management facilities and flood lights just to mention. They will generate different wastes
including cutaway soils, domestic wastes, liquid wastes, pipe cuttings, demolition materials
among others. The waste shall be collected well under guidance of a waste management plan
by contractors. The waste shall be managed under the waste management guidelines where
they will be collected in covered waste bins, transported with licensed vehicles well covered
and disposed at a designated place within used by the respective counties. Utilisation of soils
in reclaiming quarries shall be utilised in the project. Reuse and recycling options shall be
taken into consideration.
Air and water pollution prevention

The implementation of the project especially roads will generate dust leading to air pollution.
Frequent watering of roads by water boozers shall be used and vehicles shall maintain low
speed in project areas to prevent dust. In terms of vehicles emitting gaseous products, they
will be maintained properly and engines that shall not be working they shall be switched of.
In terms of water pollution, the waste generated by the contractor’s camp shall be connected
to the sewer line of onsite treatment shall be explored.
Occupational Health and Safety

At the construction workplaces the workers are exposed to hazards of occupational diseases
and injuries and the adverse effects of excessively long hours of work. Machines, plants and
other sophisticated construction equipment pose a danger to the operators of such machines
or plants. Occupational health and safety services therefore deal with the preventive measures
laid down to guide the employers and the workers and their representatives on the
requirements for a safe healthy working environment.
The Consultant’s supervision team at site will ensure that the Contractor is complying with
health and safety requirements specified under the contract as well as those provided under
the Laws of Kenya. Safety of workers and other persons within the Contractor’s working area
will be of paramount importance to the Consultant. All persons working on the site will require

to be insured under Contractor’s All Risks Insurance Policy. Immediately upon mobilisation,
the Contractor will be required to provide a Safety Plan that will include establishment of a
safety committee at site. The provisions of relevant clauses in the FIDIC General and Special
Conditions of contract and related provisions of the Occupational Health and Safety Act will
apply. Care will be taken to ensure that the Contractor is in compliance with Occupational
Safety Rules for Works of Engineering nature in accordance with the laws of Kenya including:
• Provision of adequate safety gear to his workmen;

• Protection of passing traffic from excavations
• Provision of appropriate direction traffic signs and signals at and around construction sites;
• Organisation of regular safety seminars for workmen;
• Employing well trained and experience operators for plant and equipment;
• Provision of adequate First Aid Kits at all work sites and record all injuries;
• Provide safety training during recruitment of workers and before they start any work;
• Suppress dust pollution by watering all detours;
• Working within the specified limits for daily and weekly hours per workman;
• Provision of Clean drinking water for workmen
• Using appropriate materials and technique in the erection of scaffoldings, formwork and
other temporary works; and
• Provision of appropriate hoarding for the building construction sites.
Traffic Safety during Construction Works

The Consultant will ensure that the Contractor establishes traffic control devices to control the
safe movement of traffic during on-going construction works. The Consultant will ensure that
traffic-control facilities such as STOP and GO signs have been established and establishment
of two-way radios at both ends of those sections of the Works where the road is barricaded
and only one-way traffic is accommodated.
The Consultant will check that the following measures will be taken while construction is
carried out around towns:
• Institute traffic awareness programs, specifically at schools and churches.

• Pay particular attention to child safety, during construction and operation.
• Reduce traffic speed through towns and villages,
• Introduce and maintain clear, understandable signage.
• Limit construction hours to reasonable daylight hours near to towns/villages and near
to churches and schools.
• Divert traffic wherever possible away from construction areas.
• Pay special attention to level differences between roadway edge and doorways/
accesses.
• Limit construction period in town section to minimal time.
• Special attention to storm water longitudinal drainage in town sections are required
• Bus-bays are to be provided at conveniently located positions, i.e., at cross roads or
near the markets.

Some of the traffic control devices that the Consultant will recommend to the Contractor
include:
• Reflective traffic signs and pavement markings - The Consultant will check that the
Contractor has established reflective traffic signs and pavement markings at places
required according to the design and the criteria stipulated in approved Design
Manuals. Hence, reflective traffic signs will be provided ahead of sharp curves, winding
alignments, cross road, road intersections, steep grades, pedestrian crossings, animal
crossing areas, villages and town entry, for speed limit, etc.
Detailed signing and marking drawings will be implemented in accordance with

international standards. This will include: Different signs (warning, mandatory,
regulatory and informative), marking and paint locations; Signing and marking plan of
each road junction; The informative signs showing their dimensions, configuration,
type and colour with their supports, foundation and erection details; Retro-reflective
material will be used to make road signing and marking effective during night time as
well as day time.
• Guideposts and Guardrails - The Consultant will also ensure that proper guideposts
and guard rails have been designed; and at points of traffic hazard such as fixed
objects along the edge of the road, high fills, steep side slopes at escarpments or along
water courses, etc.
Noise and vibrations control

In terms of noise and vibration, vehicles shall be maintained to minimise noise. At the same
time, the working hours of project implementation need to be adhered to be from 8 AM to 5
PM to prevent the disturbance by noise. In case of any abnormal noise, the public will be
informed prior to the time of noise generation. On the project, Blasting shall not be practiced
to protect the people from the impacts of Noise.
3.9.8. Cost control

Measurement of Quantities and Interim Payments
Construction cost which is initially set in the Contract is susceptible to variations emanating
from natural causes like ground conditions, weather, force majeure, etc. Other causes of
variation are those related to poor or lack of decision in contract administration. These can be
mitigated by proper management of the contract. The Consultant will employ state-of-the-art
contract management approach in the design review and construction supervision for the
project road to ensure that the project costs are not unduly exceeded. The Consultant will
advise the employer about the estimated total cost to completion of works and expected
completion time routinely and at not more than quarterly intervals (as part of the Quarterly
Summary Reports).
During the Construction supervision period the Consultant will check and confirm that
measurements of the work claimed for certification in any interim certificates is consistent with
the actual progress on site.

Only works that have been completed and tested for technical soundness will be approved for
payment. In the event of final certificate, joint measurement/surveys with the Contractor will
be organised to facilitate agreement on quantities. At least within one month following final
inspection of completed works the final payment certificate will be forwarded to the Employer.
The Consultant will also monitor the payment process and alert the employer when delayed
payments accumulate to the point when interest charges will become due and the employer
will be in default for late payment.
Variation Orders
All requests/proposals for variations will be assessed and forwarded to the Engineer.
Applications/Recommendations for Engineer’s Instruction (EI) and Variation Orders (VO) shall
be made as soon as they are identified to ensure that the Employer is fully aware of their time
and cost implications well in advance.
Recommendations will include background information as to the necessity for the variation,
the effect on its immediate environment, justification for the variation based on engineering,
economical, sociological or practical grounds, and the financial implications of the variation on
the project. Following the approval of the variation, in Consultation with the Consultant, the
Engineer will issue Variation Order to the Contractor, while copying the Project Director,
Project Manager and Resident Engineer, in a standard format which will cover the following:
• Definition of the work to be carried out, including limits of work;

• Authority under which the instruction has been issued;
• Method of payment and Pay Item if applicable for the Variation; and
• Method of measuring the work under the Variation.
The Monthly Progress Report and Quarterly Summary will contain an updated list of all
variations, their cumulative and actual value and their status.
3.9.9. Time control

Time control is always a major challenge in the implementation of civil works contracts due to
the number of variables inherent in these undertakings. The following key parameters that
affect progress of works will be addressed:
a) Order to Commence: The Consultant shall monitor the Contractor’s mobilisation progress
and recommend to the Engineer to issue “Order to Commence” as appropriate under the
contract.
b) Issue of Working Drawings: The Consultant will ensure that the Contractor is issued with
a complete set of approved working drawings and specifications before commencement
date. Thereafter, and based on the outcome of the design review to be undertaken by the
Consultant, the Contractor will be issued with revisions to working drawings in a timely
manner, in Consultation with the Engineer.

c) Programmes and Plans: The Consultant will review and recommend to the Engineer
approval of the works programme as being in compliance with approved designs,
Specification, quality, requirements, time schedule and budget by reviewing the
Contractor’s proposed work programs and associated work method statements resource
analysis and requirements, and recommend approval or rejection of the proposals
accordingly. The Consultant Will Make sure that the program submitted for the execution
of the works shall, in addition to the program for pure construction activities, include
resource mobilisation schedules, traffic management, awareness programmes for Site
staff and labour in respect of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) including HIV/AIDS,
Road Safety Awareness, gender mainstreaming.
The Programme will be checked to ensure that the time set aside for various activities is
realistic. A critical path program will be drawn up for the works, to include the resource
schedules, and identify the completion of each phase and the commencement of
subsequent dependent phases of the contract works. From this program, cash flow
forecasts will be produced on a monthly basis, and this will be updated regularly based
on the actual works constructed during the period.
The Consultant has invariably employed Microsoft Project for the management of large
projects with good success. The choice of specific software depends on the Employer
preference and ability of the Contractor to adapt and manage the works programme with
particular software. During the review and updating of the tender documents, the
Consultant will discuss and confirm with the Employers preference of any particular
project management software and include appropriate specifications in the tender
documents. By using this software, the Consultant will prepare control charts of the main
activities and a project master schedule, indicating both past performance and forecasts
for completion including time involved in each case.
Once approved, the Consultant will evaluate and monitor progress and compliance
through monthly reports. In particular, the review and monitoring shall include:
• Contractor’s proposed work programs and associated calculations, work method
statements, resource analysis and requirements. Identify any changes, modifications
or additional resources required;
• Contractor’s working drawing/plans and associated calculations, including those for
temporary works. Approve or reject the proposals accordingly and identify any
changes required;
• Review the Contractor’s proposal which (in the Contractor’s opinion) will, if adopted
ensure any, some or all of the following;
i) Accelerate completion of works;
ii) Reduce the cost of executing, maintaining or operating the works;
iii) Improve the efficiency or value of the completed works, or
iv) Otherwise, be of benefit to the Client, Community and Stakeholders, and
v) Advise the Client and Employer regarding accepting/modifying or rejecting such
proposals and any cost implications.
• Continuously monitor the Contractor’s progress against program and method of
working in respect of each and all construction activities and produce a resource

analysis against production needs. Notify the Contractor when additional resources,
revised methods of working, or revised program of the works are necessary for
proper monitoring of the works.
d) Analysis of Claims Submitted by the Contractor:

The Consultant will take every step to protect the Employer from exposure to potential
claims. By employing our project management system specified, the Resident Engineer
will ensure that the Contractor receives appropriate and timely instructions, drawings, and
approvals at each stage of the construction process. Updated records including reports,
works diaries, correspondence, instructions given to the Contractor, test records,
measurement and quantity calculations, payment records and all other relevant
documents pertaining to the works operations and supervision contracts shall be
maintained by the Resident Engineer.
Any claim for extensions of time or claims for additional payment that may be received
from the Contractor shall be thoroughly analysed based on the terms and conditions of
the contract and available records after which the Consultant shall make appropriate
recommendations to the Employer for consideration.
The Resident Engineer will be responsible for monitoring the works contract performance
and flag any actions that are likely to expose the Employer to Claim situation. Due regard
shall be given to timely analysis and determination of claims. Lack of decision on
Contractor’s claims may create uncertainty on the part of the Contractor leading to
disruption of progress of works. The Consultant shall take a pro-active position in
responding to claims from the Contractor and keep the Employer informed at all times.
The Consultant shall: -
i) Review all claims that the Contractor may present for additional compensation and/or
extension of time and recommend variations as necessary during the progress of
work. Recommendations made by the Consultant shall take account of
Client/Employer interests in terms of impact on quality, cost, time and political
repercussions and will ensure that the project is implemented as designed and
planned; An updated list of all claims submitted and their status will form part of the
Monthly Progress Reports and Quarterly Summary Reports.
ii) Evaluate in detail and give opinion on all claims, accounts, questions, disputes and
differences, as required under the Terms of Contract, and shall aid and assist the
Employer in dealing with such claims, accounts, disputes and differences related to
the execution of the works;
iii) Ensure the evidence contains sufficient information to reveal the nature of the
Contractor’s dispute, circumstances pertaining thereto, and substance of any
commitments made by either party in the regard.
iv) The Consultant will maintain a thorough coverage in the daily project diary.
Comments covering equipment, its status and output, and/or materials, which are
involved, accidents, if any, weather conditions and progress shall be included; and

In the event of adjudication or arbitration, provide the necessary personnel and expertise to
advise and assist the Employer in any such process and prepare any further analysis of the
Contractors claims submissions as may be necessary to assist the Employer in the
presentation of the case.
3.9.10. Substantial completion

Preparation of As-Built Drawings
Upon Completion of the works, the Consultant (with permission from the Engineer) the
Contractor to submit as-built drawings within appropriate time. They must be reviewed
in detail by the Consultant to ascertain that the requirements of the specifications and drawings
are met.
The As-built drawings will show works precisely as-built and shall include information which
might be useful in the event of subsequent maintenance or modification works.
The As-Built or “As Constructed” drawings will include every component of the Work and the
Consultant will ensure that the As-built drawings have been submitted by the Contractor
before the Consultant recommends to the Engineer issuing of the Taking Over
Certificate to the Contractor.
Checking and Verification of all Insurances and Guarantees

The Consultant will check and verify; and check the validity period of the Contractor’s
insurances/ guarantees for:
• The performance security and validity of the security

• Advance Payment Security
• Loss or damage to equipment
• The works, material and plant used for the construction of the works;
• all imported goods financed out of the proceeds of the Contract against hazards
incidental to the acquisition, transportation and delivery thereof to place of use or
installation and where appropriate against all usual risks pertaining to the construction
of the Works;
• Loss of Life and injury to persons;
• Loss of property arising out of the construction of the works, etc.,
The Consultant will check the validity periods of the above insurances and guarantees, and
notify the Contractor (with permission from the Engineer) to extend the validities to the end
of the construction period.
Checking of the Completed Works with respect to the material specification

Upon placement of each layer, in-place acceptance testing will be conducted on the layers
that include sub-grade preparation (as required), embankment placing (as required), structural
works and pavement construction, including all other informal settlement upgrading
infrastructure. The inspection staff will maintain continuing visual inspection during handling
and placing of the materials.

The minimum requirements for each infrastructure are expected to be defined in Technical
Specifications. Hence sampling, testing and measurements will generally be done in
accordance with the procedures prescribed in the Specifications.
Joint Inspections for the Acceptance of the Works

The Consultant will formally facilitate, in consultation with the Engineer, the arrangement joint
inspection of the completed section with the Contractor and the Engineer. Prior to the joint
inspection, the Consultant will make his own inspection and tests, which he deems necessary
to determine that the provisions of the specification are met. The Consultant will note all
defects, imperfections and faults and prepare a list of defects. If there are major defects, the
Contractor will be informed to rectify them before the Client is called for joint inspection.
During the joint inspection in the presence of the Client’s representative, any additional
defects/imperfections/faults will be identified. For every defect identified by the
Consultant/Client, all the parties will discuss possible remedial measures and make definite
recommendation for rectification, right at the spot or at the subsequent meeting.
A meeting of all the parties will then be held, and each issue including the defects and
proposed/agreed measures will be discussed in detail. Any major defect (if any) will not be
considered as a “defects liability item” and such item will be treated separately with associated
additional financial liability implication.
As to the requirements of the Terms and Conditions of Contract and as agreed by the
Consultant and then by the Client, provisional acceptance and certificate of substantial
completion of the whole project (a portion of road) will be issued to the Contractor. Minutes of
the meetings which include the checklists of defects and decisions made on minor/major
defects, missing works, operational items, rectification programs and any other required
actions will be prepared, signed by the participants and provided to all the parties.
Provisional Taking Over

The Consultant and the Engineer will establish a Taking-Over committee (which may include
representatives from other authorities/stakeholders). The Contractor will be requested to
establish an approved team to participate in the committee including a member from the head
office.
When the whole of the Works has been substantially completed and have satisfactorily passed
any Tests on Completion prescribed by the Contract, the Consultant shall notify the Contractor
(with permission from the Engineer), upon request for Provisional Taking Over, of any defects
in the Works affecting substantial completion that may appear after such instructions and
before completion of the Works. The Contractor shall be entitled to receive such Taking-Over
Certificate within specified days of completion, to the satisfaction of the Consultant, of the
Works specified and remedying any defects notified.
If the Contract identifies different sections or parts of the works then separate Taking- Over
certificates may be issued for each part.

At Completion of the Works, the Consultant will arrange, in consultation with the Engineer, the
Inspection of the Works in the presence of the Contractor, the Client and the Consultant for
testing and commissioning of the works.
Once joint field inspection and certification are made and the Works have been certified as
substantially complete, the Consultant will prepare a formal Certificate of Substantial
Completion for the Engineer to approve informing that the road can be provisionally accepted
subject to a twelve (12) month defects liability period.

3.9.11. Performance monitoring in the DLP

The Consultant during this period, will report and supervise the correction of all defects that
may arise during the 12-month period are immediately corrected by the Contractor.
The main purpose of the Service during Defects Notification Period is to demonstrate under
operational conditions that the requirements of the Contract have been complied with. During
this period, the Consultant to oversee that the Contractor must not only complete such
outstanding works as are listed in the relevant Taking over Certificate but also remedy any
defects that appear. During this period, and in realisation of the above, the Consultant’s duties
will include conducting regular visits to the Project, at intervals of not more than one month, to
inspect the completion by the Contractor of the outstanding works, as well as inspecting the
Works in general for defects that may be detected during this period.
The Consultant on carrying out the periodic inspections (in Consultation with the Client) of the
project road will prepare a Monthly Maintenance Period Inspection Report and submit it to the
Client within 1 Week of the end of the reporting Month, and Quarterly Financial Appraisal
Reports within 1 Week of the end of the reporting Quarter.
3.9.12. Handing over

After the Final Maintenance Period Inspection has been performed and the Works are
approved by the Engineer, the Consultant in collaboration with the Engineer will prepare the
Defects Liability Certificate for the Contract. The Consultant will notify the Client formally that
the Works have been completed, and recommend the Engineer to issue the certificate to the
Contractor, and that bonds, etc. can be released to the Contractor.
After the issuance of the said Certificate, by the Engineer and the Client and as per the
Contract, the Consultant shall review the Contractor’s Final Statement and issue to the Client
the completed form of the Final Payment Certificate of the Construction Contract.
The Consultant will prepare and submit the following project closure reports to the Client:
o Final Completion Report;

o As-Built Drawings for the Project;
o Operations and Maintenance Manual.

KENYA INFORMAL SETTLEMENT IMPROVEMENT PROJECT II (KISIP II) | 8 NO. SETTLEMENTS THE COUNTIES OF NAIROBI AND NAKURU [CONTRACT. NO.: KE-MOTI-214833-CS-QCBS]
NAKURU COUNTY DETAILED DESIGN REVIEW REPORT – DELIVERABLE NO. 2 CHAPTER 4: SUMMARY OF ENGINEERING DETAILED DESIGN
CHAPTER 4: SUMMARY OF ENGINEERING DETAILED DESIGN
4.1. Situational Analysis

4.1.1. Summary of Cost Caps and Net Budget – Nakuru County
Table 4-1: Nakuru County Cost Cap
Settlement IDA Funding (KES) AfD Funding (KES)
Lakeview 215,257,302.00 N/A
London/Hilton 258,913,938.00 N/A
Kwa Murogi 588,707,790.00 N/A
Karagita 261,915,320.00 N/A

4.2. Community Consultation meeting
The assessment involved consultations with relevant stakeholders in target settlements within
Nakuru town. The aim of stakeholder consultations was to give a platform for information
sharing and opinion gathering in relation to the proposed Project. Consultations were done in
form of public meetings and key informant interviews. The issues were then analysed and
presented to design team for finalization of Project designs and planning on how best to
implement the Project. The main meetings were held within the month of January and
February 2023; attendance of the meetings was from diverse sectors of the society as
summarized in table

CHAPTER 5: ENGINEERING DESIGN REVIEW OF

ROADWORKS
5.1. Topographical Surveys Reviews

5.1.1. Topographical Surveys Reviews
Introduction
The detailed topographical surveying was carried out for the purpose of engineering design
review, repackaging of detailed engineering designs, preparation and review of RAP and ESIA
reports for the informal settlements in Nakuru under KISIP Phase II framework which is an
extension of the initial KISIP Phase I project. The topographical survey was carried out with
aim of confirming and review of the initial surveying data carried out in 2017. Detailed ground
surveying was carried out in four settlements namely, Lake View, Kwa Murogi, London/Hilton
in Nakuru town and Karagita in Naivasha town.
The primary aim of the detailed survey for the selected infrastructure within the settlement was
to provide spatial data for review of the existing infrastructure designs, review of the existing
topographical survey data and maps as well as the temporary benchmarks; review of the
setting out data for the previous design outputs. The mapping exercise captured the existing
road features, NMT facilities, power lines, road corridor extent, drainages and other natural
and man-made features within the project road corridors.
5.1.2. Settlements Surveyed.
The surveying was carried out in three settlements in Nakuru and in one settlement in
Naivasha.
Kwa Murogi Settlement.
The settlement is located on latitude 0° 17' 51.1" S and Longitude 36° 7' 27.9" E to the South
of the Nairobi-Nakuru highway and borders the Nakuru Game reserve to the North.
Figure 5-1: Kwa Murogi Settlement.
Source: Field Survey, 2023

Lake View Settlement

The settlement is located on latitude 0° 18' 0" S and Longitude 36° 4' 59" E. It borders the
Nakuru Game reserve to the south. The settlement has its physical plan and RIM.
Figure 5-2: Lake View Settlement.
London/ Hilton Settlement.

The settlement is located on latitude 0°16'12.48"S and Longitude 36° 3'3.37"E. It is bordered
by Nakuru – Kabarnet road to the South.
Figure 5-3: London/ Hilton Settlement

Karagita Settlement.
The settlement is located on latitude 0°46' 38.48"S and Longitude 36° 24' 53.77"E in Naivasha
along the Moi South Lake road.

Figure 5-4: Karagita Settlement

5.1.3. Settlements Infrastructure Surveyed
Table 5-1: Settlements Infrastructures
No Settlement Infrastructure Length (m)
Road (R2-102) 540
Kwa Murogi
Road (R2-103) 480
2. Lake View Road (R2-302) 950
Road (R2-201) 460
Road (R2-202) 416
3. London/Hilton
Road (R2-203) 415
Sewer line 310
4. Karagita Water Pipe line 7800
5.1.4. SURVEYING METHODOLOGY.

Survey Controls.
New controls for the settlement were installed and monumented in all the four settlements
after futile attempts to trace and search for the old controls that were installed in 2017.
A differential GPS/GNSS was set on the selected base station for one hour to track down more
satellites for accurate positioning. One-step localization was then done to transform the
existing controls from the WGS84 coordinate system to the local grid coordinate system
(Arc1960). This was then used to carry out surveying observations in the project area
Coordinate System used.

The control points were set to the National Grid (Kenyan)
Coordinate System: Arc1960
Projection: Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)
Reference Ellipsoid: Clarke 1880
UTM Zone: 37 South
Survey Equipment Details

The equipment used included:
 ComNav Technology T300 GNSS receivers.

 Leica TR1102 total station

 Handheld GPS for navigation.
 Tape measure
 Compass Solution (CS) software for post-processing and analysing raw data.
Personnel.
The persons engaged to carry out the survey are as tabulated below.
Table 5-2: personnel
Name Designation Duration
(Months)
Nyonje Collins Surveyor 1
Eric Onyango Assistant Surveyor 1
Ofwayo Felix Assistant Surveyor 1
HSE Management System
The team surveyor took responsibility for all HSE-related issues during the survey. Prior to the
survey, the surveyor carried out a safety briefing for the survey personnel. All HSE related
measures were fully implemented by the survey team during the course of the survey.
Pegging & Monument Fixing

Route Reccee and Pegging were completed by the Surveyor with the help of the settlement
leaders. The aim of this activity is to establish control points at suitable and safe places within
the settlements and determine the appropriate alignment location for the road centre lines in
consideration of the road corridor width and the parcel boundary markings. The markings for
the road centre line were done using iron nails embossed on warning tape.
Each control point was monumented using a steel reinforced bar + 500 mm in length driven
into the ground encased in concrete approximately 300 mm in depth and 200 mm in diameter.
A locality sketch was drafted for each control beacon, describing the position in relation to the
immediate surroundings.
5.3.4. Detailed Topographic Survey

The topographic survey aimed to collect all topographical (natural and man-made) information
of the area of interest to facilitate the detailed design. The detailed topographical surveying
was carried out by Comnav GNSS receiver on RTK mode in open areas and by total station
in developed areas. The detailed survey involved picking the 3D coordinates and recording all
the features and ground details within the road corridor. Every care was taken to pick the
following details:
• Representative Ground Level
• Sudden Change of ground elevations.
• Road alignment centre and edge
• Existing road, including carriageway, shoulders, toe of embankment
• Existing Draining Structures
• The outer limits of parcels boundaries, buildings, huts, hedges, walls

• Location of isolated building/yards

• Roads intersecting the project road, their junction details
• Railway line, if present
• Boundaries of agriculture farms, orchards, graveyards and other land uses
During the topographical survey, all existing features, such as roads, tracks, railway lines,
houses, huts, graves, trees, underground (if markers are visible) and overhead utilities, water
courses, drains, top and bottom levels of cliff, etc. and all other features present within the
survey strip area were picked. Spot levels at regular interval were observed to depict the relief
of the area. The instrument, Total Station or GPS/GNSS, was setup on a control point and its
coordinates were fed into recorder. After stationing, the surveyors started taking details of
ground by using the feature code database, which had already been saved in the hard drive
of data collector.
Data Downloading, Processing & Plotting

Data were downloaded from the GNSS receiver using a Card reader. The collected data was
then processed using Compass software for GNSS and Leica geo-office for the total station.
The data was then transferred to spread sheet in comma delimited format saved in Point,
Easting, Northing, Elevation and Description (PENZD) form. The data was then imported to
AutoCAD Civil 3D and plotted.
Terrain Modelling.
A Digital Terrain Model (DTM) with a 1m contour interval was generated on AutoCAD civil 3D.
AutoCAD Civil 3D applies Triangulation-based Terrain Modelling in which measured data point
were used to form the vertices of the triangles used to model the terrain, to determine the
heights of additional points by interpolation and to carry out the construction of contours.
Contours were generated by direct linear interpolation and smoothing of the contours were
done using cubic splines fitted though strings of interpolated points.
Surveying readings accuracy.

The surveying was conducted according to topographical surveying accuracy standards as
per surveying Act 299 and surveying regulations.
 Horizontal measurements accuracy = + /- 0.05m
 Vertical measurements accuracy = +/- 0.03m
Deliverables.
The deliverables for the topographical surveying included:
i. Survey plan for each settlement in dwg format showing the location of ground features,
elevations and contours at an interval of 1m.
ii. A list of survey points in csv format.
iii. List of established controls for every settlement in csv format.

Table 5-3: List of Control Points

Kwa Murogi
Point Northings (m) Eastings (m) Height (m)
MR1 9967526.53 180195.09 1860.86
MR1A 9967537.54 180204.82 1862.00
MR2 9967105.56 179939.77 1854.45
MR3 9967072.92 180393.23 1866.65
MR4 9967559.73 179591.30 1854.05
MR5 9967756.74 179682.10 1856.04
Lake View

LV1 9966344.36 175019.93 1804.983
TBM1 9965956.93 174163.32 1808.016
London -Hiton
LN1 9970089.5 171800.53 1895.714
LN2 9970083.07 171671.75 1911.469
LN3 9970082.39 171565.78 1914.153
LN4 9970078.91 171497.62 1914.949
LN5 9970508.97 171471.96 1942.152
LN6 9970516.13 171541.92 1943.669
LN7 9970514.78 171608.88 1939.235
LN8 9970512.47 171725.23 1930.076
LN8A 9970518.95 171737.52 1928.699
5.2. Road geometric alignment design review
5.2.1. Introduction
Road geometric alignment defines the cross-sectional dimensional of the road; both the
carriageway and related facilities like roadside drainage, footpaths among others. The
geometry of the roadway is of central importance since it provides the framework for the design
of other road elements. In addition, the geometric design establishes the basic nature and
quality of the vehicle path, which has a primary effect upon the overall safety characteristics
of the street or highway.
In order to realize the most economic design solution, the road geometric alignment design
review for the road networks coded R2 (Major links roads in the settlements), cycling and
bicycle paths together with their side footpaths and drains was guided by the following design
manuals;
 Road Design Manual Part 1- Geometric Design of Rural Roads- Ministry of Public
Works - January 1979.
 Road Design Manual Part 111 – Materials and Pavement Design for New Roads –
Ministry of Public Works – August 1987.

 Manual for standard details of drainage and Civil works – Ministry of works - June
1976.
 Street Design Manual for Urban areas in Kenya (Ministry of Roads and Tranport) –
December 2020
On the basis of the above Road Design Manuals, the ideal functional classification for the
project roads is Class E. These are described as any road link to a minor centre, market or
local center (Minor Roads).
As per the Design, the reserve widths of access roads range from 9 to 12 metres.
The reserve width of footpaths is about 3 metres. Cases of encroachment are common in
unplanned informal settlements and this was checked during Design review.
The general approach to the route alignment was to use the corridor of the existing road as
much as possible. This was done to retain the present social function with minimum disruption
to existing and long-term residents. Minor realignments were however introduced to improve
the road geometry and remove potentially dangerous curves.
Since Kenyan people walk a lot along the arterial roads and in the urban streets, walking
occupies a large proportion among the travel modes. Therefore, non-motorised transport
(NMT) facilities for safe, comfortable and easy movement are necessary especially in traffic
congested areas and have thus been incorporated in all the roads in the three settlements of
Nakuru town to enable the residents to move from one part of the city to the next, meet,
conduct business, socialize, and relax
These roads in the three settlements of Nakuru are as outlined below.
Table 5-4: Proposed Roads to be built
Lake View – Road Reserve Widths and Alignment Design
Road
Road Name Reserve Remarks
Width (m)
3 m wide one-way vehicular single carriageway
separated from the other lane (NMT) which is 3 m wide
R2 302 Machakos by bollards to serve as the ground for recreational use
9
Road) (cycling, skating, etc). + 1 m wide U drain covered with
reinforced cover slabs to act as foot paths
.
London/Hilton– Road Reserve Widths and Alignment Design
Road Reserve Width

Road Name Remarks
(m)

Road with 4 m wide

carriageway + 1 m wide
R2 201 (Ghuba Road) 6
drain + 1.5 m wide footpath
on top of the drain
3 m wide one-way vehicular

single carriageway
separated from the other
lane (NMT) which is 3 m
R2 202 (Geko Road) and R2 203 wide by bollards to serve as
9
(Roho Safi Road) the ground for recreational
use (cycling, skating, etc). +
1 m wide U drain covered
with reinforced cover slabs
to act as foot paths
Kwa Murogi Settlement – Road Reserve Widths and Alignment Design
Road
Road Name Reserve Remarks
Width (m)
6 m wide two-way vehicular
carriageway separated from the
other lane (NMT) which is 3 m
wide separated by bollards to
R2 103 (Mpeketoni Road- Hill Crest) 12 serve as the ground for
recreational use (cycling,
skating, etc). + 1m wide U drain
covered with reinforced cover
slabs to act as foot paths
3 m wide one-way vehicular
single carriageway separated
from the other lane (NMT) which
is 3 m wide separated by
bollards to serve as the ground
R2 102 (St Augustine Road) 9
for recreational services
(cycling, skating, etc). + 1 m
wide U drain covered with
reinforced cover slabs to act as
foot paths

5.2.2. Design parameters and standards

Design parameters and standards are factors affecting geometric design and usually restrict
the design not to go beyond specified limits. These include Design speed, cross section,
horizontal alignment, vertical alignment, sight distances, and road safety among others.
Design Speed
A design speed of 50km/her was recommended during the design review.
Cross Section
Figure 5-5: Typical cross section of the Vehicular roads in the 3 settlements of Nakuru
Figure 5-6: Typical cross section of NMT Services
Design review of road cross-section was done based on the available road corridor, land use
and respective standards.
The choice of cross-section element was based on the traffic volumes which the road will have
to accommodate, the selected design speed; and the road function among others.
Basically the traffic volumes observed in Nakuru settlement is very low with most people opting
to walk on foot or use motorcycles.
The selected cross-section type based on the projected volumes and tables 4.2.2 of Road
Design Manual part 1 is shown below;
• Cross-section type : Type V

• Carriage way width : 6.0 m

• Camber on Straight : 2.5%
• Shoulder cross fall : 4.0 %
The major element of a cross-section is the lane whose width should be able to accommodate
the design vehicle. The project roads in the 3 settlements in Nakuru are designed such that
one lane is a one-way vehicular single carriageway which is 3m wide separated from the other
lane (NMT) by bollards spaced at 1.5m apart, which is to serve as the ground for cycling,
skating, etc activities for the residents.
The other auxiliary lanes occur at bus bays which are 3m wide at the parking 13m long and
18m taper entry and exit tapers. The cross-section choice is basically controlled by function of
the road, nature and volume of the traffic and the expected speed at use.
The other elements of cross-section are; kerbing, shoulder, sidewalks/ footpaths and
drainage.
Horizontal Alignment
The horizontal alignments in this design follow the road reserve corridor confirmed by the
project surveyor as much as possible to avoid issues of land acquisition. The elements are
tangents/ straights, curves and transitions between tangents and curves. The control guiding
the selection, sizing and linkage are direction and consistency with topography.
The design criteria as laid out in the Road Design Manual require the horizontal alignment to
satisfy the requirement for minimum curve radii at a given speed.
The standards for the horizontal alignment design is shown in table below
Table 5-5: Horizontal alignment standards.

Design Elements Design Speed (50Km/hr)
Normal passing sight distance 250 m
Reduced passing sight distance 175 m
Minimum horizontal radii 100 m
Minimum “A” for Minimum 98
horizontal radii
Horizontal radii without transition > 2000 m
Horizontal radii without Super > 4000 m
elevation
Max. rate of change of Super 1.25%
elevation 0.3 %
Min. rate of change of Super elevation 1.25%
Maximum super elevation 6.0 %
Since the road has light traffic, user savings were insignificant; hence the alignment that gave
the lowest construction cost was adopted.

Vertical Alignment
Vertical alignment of a road refers to the longitudinal profile of that road under consideration.
These are grades (expressed as %), tangents /straights and vertical curves. Their choice is
controlled by class of road, topography, aesthetics, safety (view and sight distance). In Nakuru,
the slopes are well below 5%.
When undertaking vertical alignment design review, the Consultant ensured that the
earthworks are minimised to save on cost except for road sections prone to flooding or those
sections with high water table while at the same time satisfying safety requirements. The
Consultant also checked that sharp vertical curves were avoided as a safety measure in
design review. This will also enhance sight distances resulting in safe roads. Radii of vertical
curves were obtained after ensuring that minimum requirements for stopping / passing sight
distances have been addressed.
The standards adopted for the vertical alignment design are as shown in the table below.
Table 5-6: Vertical alignment design Standards

Design Element Design speed
(50km/hr)
Max. gradients, flat terrain -
Max. gradients, rolling terrain 7.0%
Max. gradient, mountainous terrain 9.0%
Min. gradients (in cuts) 0.5%
Minimum stopping sight distance 60m
Min. crests curve radii (stopping sight 800m
dist.)
Min. crests curve radii (passing sight 400m
dist.)
Min. sag curve radii (stopping sight dist.) 1125m
Vertical Curves
The design criterion for vertical curve is ensuring the fulfilment of the requirement of the Road
design manual. The other design considerations include drainage, aesthetic and comfort for
vehicle occupants.
The vertical curves were checked for compliance to the design as stipulated in road design
manual part I.
Sight Distances
Sight distance is an essential criterion in design. It determines the ease with which drivers are
able to perceive potential hazards ahead of them so as to take the necessary preventive
action. Among the critical sight distances to be considered in this design review were; stopping
sight distance, passing sight distance, meeting sight distance. Both horizontal and vertical
sight distances were evaluated during design review.
Road safety
Road safety features encompasses those on the carriageway and those that are off-
carriageway. On-carriageway features include speed calming measures such as bumps which

are important especially for informal settlements which are highly populated. These were
reviewed in the design to ensure they have been provided for and that they meet the respective
specifications.
Junction Design
Due to the low volumes of the roads in the 3 informal settlements of Nakuru town, detailed
analysis of junctions was not carried out. The junctions were designed as simple junctions that
will be improved in future if traffic volume increases. The maximum junction radius is 20m
while the minimum junction radius is 6.5m which is due to space constraints but this is within
urban design threshold.
Footpaths, bus stops and road furniture

Footpaths are an important component in road design to separate human and vehicular traffic
for safety purposes. Informal settlements are associated with a substantial amount of
pedestrian traffic which is to be accommodated by design of footpaths.
Due to space constraints, closed drains/drainage cover slabs (Minimum width of 1.2m) was
recommended to serve as the footpaths.
Review of designed footpaths sought to confirm suitability of aspects such as proposed widths
versus the projected pedestrian traffic, cross falls to ensure they are within the allowable
tolerances to enable pedestrians to walk along them with comfort. The second draft of Road
Design Guidelines for Urban roads gives specifications of minimum width=1.25m which is to
be estimated based on a provision of 0.6m for each 20-30 pedestrians per minute plus 0.5m
dead space. The adequacy of designs was evaluated based on these and other specifications
during design review. Data for the number of pedestrians expected to use these footpaths was
collected during traffic surveys in 2015 and a projection made based on adopted growth rates
of design study.
Bus stops are also important since they act as pick-up and drop off points for passengers.
The locations of bus stops are to be in such a way that they allow passengers to board or
alight safely and conveniently and with minimum disruption to other road users.
Road furniture include items such as road reserve boundary posts, edge marker posts,
permanent road signs, road marking. Guardrails, rumble strips, kerbs among others. These
were also reviewed to check compliance to specifications.
5.3. Soils and materials investigations
5.3.1. Alignment Soils
Confirmatory test pitting has been carried out carried at selected locations along the
alignments of the approved settlement roads. Trial pit logs are attached in appendix 3A. Table
5-7 below gives a summary of the logs together with recommended subgrade improvement.
Sampling and laboratory testing have been carried out on samples recovered from the test
pits to confirm the 2015 design subgrade strength assumptions.
The following standard tests were carried out on samples recovered from the test pits:
• Atterberg Limits
• Grading to 0.075 mm size
• Standard Compaction Test
• CBR and swell after 4 days soaking at 100 % MDD and at OMC
Results of the above tests are


Table 5-7: Nakuru Settlements Roads - Results of Alignment Soils Trial Pits
KISIP II Nakuru Settlements Roads - Alignment Soils Investigations

Carriageway Start Coordinates End Cordinates Test Pit Subgrade
PROPOSED CODE LENGTH
SETTLEMENT Width Depth GPS Location Comments
INFRASTRUCTURE ON MAP (metres) Easting Northing Easting Northing TP Type
(metres) (m) E: N:
Fine Grained Sandy
TP1 1.2 174965 9965959
Silt
Fine Grained Sandy
Lake View Machakos Road R2 302 6 - 9 metres 948 175019 9966342 174153 9965959 TP2 1.2 174714 9966199
Silt
Gravelly Fine Grained
TP3 1.3 174316 9966029
Sandy Silt
Volcanic rock
TP1 0.9 171697 9970515
boulders
Volcanic weathered
Ghuba Road R2 201 6 - 9 metres 1171 171723 9970510 171780 9970093 TP2 0.8 171480 9970398
boulders
Volcanic weathered
TP3 1 171495 9970191
boulders
London / Volcanic rock
TP1 1 171560 9970109
Hilton boulders
Geko Road R2 202 6 - 9 metres 440 171569 9970090 171556 9970499
Volcanic weathered
TP2 0.9 171553 9970352
rock boulders
Volcanic weathered no specific subgrade
TP1 0.9 171629 9970193 improved is required.
TUFF
Roho Safi Road R2 203 6 - 9 metres 440 171634 990086 171620 9970504
Volcanic weathered
TP2 0.5 171615 9970447
TUFF
Volcanic gravelly
TP1 1 179644 9967663
Solid Rock to R2 101 – Sandy Silt
6 - 9 metres 462 179680 9967745 179507 9967336
Game Line Rd 462 m Brown Volcanic
TP2 1 179564 9967467
gravelly sandy SILT
Dark grey volcanic
TP1 1.2 180080 9967439
Solid Rock to R2 102 – gravelly SAND
Kwa Murogi 6 - 9 metres 474 180126 9967413 179636 9967632
Mpeketoni Rd 474 m Brown Volcanic Silty
TP2 1 179875 9967526
SAND
Brown Volcanic Silty
TP1 1.1 180147 9967325
Mpeketoni to Hill R2 103 – clayey SAND
6 9 505 180207 9967522 179946 9967110
KISIP II Nakuru Settlements - Alignment Soils Results of Lab Test.

Test Pit Subgrade
Carriageway
PROPOSED CODE GPS Location Compaction T99 CBR -100% MDD Comment
SETTLEMENT Width Depth
INFRASTRUCTURE ON MAP TP Type MDD PI PM Class s
(metres) (m) E: N: OMC % CBR % Swell %
(Kg/M3)
Fine Grained Sandy
TP1 1.2 174965 9965959 1312 21.2 10 < 0.1 NP n/p S3
Silt
Fine Grained Sandy Adopt S3
Lake View Machakos Road R2 302 6 - 9 metres TP2 1.2 174714 9966199 1065 28.2 10 < 0.1 10 530 S3 as insitu
Silt
Gravelly Fine Grained class
TP3 1.3 174316 9966029 1039 17.4 11 < 0.1 NP n/p S3
Sandy Silt
Volcanic rock
TP1 0.9 171697 9970515 1210 12.4 16 < 0.1 NP n/p S4
boulders
Volcanic weathered Adopt S3
Ghuba Road R2 201 6 - 9 metres TP2 0.8 171480 9970398
boulders
1270 17.4 10 < 0.1 6 270 S3 as instu
Volcanic weathered class
TP3 1 171495 9970191 1212 14.3 9 < 0.1 6 306 S2
boulders
London / Volcanic rock
TP1 1 171560 9970109 1210 12.4 10 < 0.1 NP n/p S3 Adopt S2
Hilton boulders
Geko Road R2 202 6 - 9 metres as insitu
Volcanic weathered class
TP2 0.9 171553 9970352 1074 20.6 7 < 0.1 7 434 S2
rock boulders
Volcanic weathered
TP1 0.9 171629 9970193 1186 14 13 < 0.1 NP n/p S4 Adopt S3
TUFF
Roho Safi Road R2 203 6 - 9 metres as insitu
Volcanic weathered
TP2 0.5 171615 9970447 1160 12.1 13 < 0.1 NP n/p S4 class
TUFF
Volcanic gravelly
TP1 1 179644 9967663 970 18.2 7 < 0.1 8 216 S2 Adopt S2
Solid Rock to R2 101 – Sandy Silt
6 - 9 metres as insitu
Game Line Rd 462 m Brown Volcanic
TP2 1 179564 9967467 1472 21.8 13 < 0.1 7 1472 S4 class
gravelly sandy SILT
Dark grey volcanic Adopt S3
TP1 1.2 180080 9967439 1480 22.4 12 < 0.1 13 1480 S4
6 - 9 metres as insitu
Kwa Murogi TP2 1 179875 9967526 1321 10.8 15 < 0.1 NP n/p S4 class
SAND
Brown Volcanic
TP1 1.1 180147 9967325 1126 21.8 8 < 0.1 13 897 S2
sandy SILT
Brown Volcanic Silty Adopt S2
Mpeketoni to Hill R2 103 –
6 - 9 metres TP2 1.2 180075 9967325
clayey SAND
1396 24 8 < 0.1 15 1230 S2 as insitu
Crest Road 505 m
class
TP3 1.2 180016 9967219 1270 26 9 < 0.1 13 1066 S3
clayey SAND


CHAPTER 5: ENGINEERING DESIGN REVIEW OF ROADWORKS
5.3.2. Materials Investigations.

Considering that total length of settlement roads to be implemented in Nakuru County is only
about 4.5 Km, relatively small quantities of all materials will be required. The approach adopted
in this design review is therefore to specify the required quality of the generally required
materials. Material from any source which after adequate testing qualifies will be approved for
use during implementation.
This is reasonable considering the projects area is urban, and that it is difficult to get gravel
sources with suitable materials and sufficient yields to justify acquisition within the Nakuru City
and its suburbs. This is mainly due to the area being built up, the small sizes of individual
properties, and even where available in larger sizes, the high cost of acquisition.
All settlement roads will be of low volume / low traffic type and construction materials will
comprise of mostly natural materials (gravel) and hardstone products (for concrete, GCS and
bituminous mixes).
Gravel Materials Specification-

Materials from any source will be subjected to the following laboratory tests.
• Atterberg Limits
• Sieve Analysis to 0.075 mm size.
• Standard Compaction Test (BS Heavy compaction)
• CBR and swell after 4 days soak on selected samples at 95% MDD heavy
compaction and at OMC.
• CBR and swell after 7 days cure followed by 7 days soak on selected cement / lime
improved (2% to 4%) samples moulded at 95% MDD heavy compaction and at
OMC.
Results of suitable materials should conform to requirements of RDM Part III chart SB1/SB2
& B1– for sub base/Base.
A gravel stock pile source at “Karsan Ramji Quarry - Nakuru” was sampled and subjected
to some of the above tests. The results are included in appendix 3B and are as given below
in summary:
6. Plasticity = Non plastic
7. MDD (T180) = 1830 Kg/M3.
8. CBR (95% MDD T180 and 4 days Soak) = 25 %
9. Swell = > 0.1%
Based on the result of the one sample tested, this gravel qualifies for use as improved
subgrade / fill class S5 in its neat form. The stockpiled material may have been sourced from
different places and will most likely not be uniform. More samples should therefore be tested
before the stock pile is adopted for project use.
Hardstones Products Materials Specifications.

Hardstone Products will be used as aggregates for concrete, bituminous mixes, surface
dressing, as well as graded crushed stone (GCS) and hand packed stone (HPS) etc.
Sources from volcanic rocks such as basalts, phonolites diorites, and basement types such
as quartzites, sandstones, etc are in most cases suitable for most concrete and road work

uses and can be suitable sources. Samples from any source to be subjected to the following
basic laboratory tests:
• Los Angeles Abrasion (LAA);
• Aggregate Crushing Value (ACV);
• Sodium Sulphate Soundness (SSS);
• Specific Gravity and Water Absorption;
• Bitumen Affinity.
Results of tested sources to be subjected to the assessment criteria as per RDM Part III (1987)
which are given in summary in table 5.4.3 below.
Table 5-8: Nakuru Settlements Roads – Hardstone Products Assessment Criteria RDM
Part III
Specifications (RDM Part III -1987)
Sourc
Peripheral GCS – Subbase / Base Bituminous Chippings Class
e
uses Classes (Max) Mixes (max)
*D / AC
Test R.C LC A B C GW Class DBM 1 2 3 4
C a/b/c
ACV 30 32 35 /
35 28 35 25/28/30 28 16 20 23 26
(%) /25 /30 32
LAA 40 45 50
50 35 50 30/35/40 35 20 25 30 35
(%) /30 /40 /45
SSS 20 20 20
12 - 12 12 12 12 12 12 12
(%) /12 /12 /12
PI (%) NP NP NP NP NP 15 NP NP NP NP NP NP
BA - - good good good
Note: SSS = Sodium Suplhate Soundness, RC = Reinforced Concrete, LC = Lean
Concrete, PI= Plasticity Index on LAA Fines, ACV = Aggregate Crushing Value, LAA = Los
Angles Abrasion Value, GCS = Graded Crushed Stone, BA = Bitumen Affinity. * Plus, CBR
base / Subbase (min) = 80/30 at 95% MDD T 180
A source in Nakuru “Karsan Ramji Quarry” was sampled and subjected to some of the above
tests. The results are included in appendix 3B and are as given below in summary:
10. ACV = 18%
11. LAA= 16%
12. S.S.D = 2.598
13. Water Absorption = 1.5%
Based on results of the one sample tested, stone from this quarry qualifies for use in reinforced
concrete, asphalt concrete (all) and surface dressing (all classes). More samples should
however be tested before the source is adopted for the project use.

Other Construction Materials Specifications.

Sand Materials
Traditional commercial sources of sand for concrete works in Nakuru are recommended for
the little quantities that will be required. For use in structural concrete, it will be necessary to
carry out regular testing during construction to ensure quality.
Construction Water
Water from river sources outside the high-density areas with minimal contamination, ground
water sources as well as Nakuru City water supply sources can all be used for construction
use.
5.4. Hydrological studies review

5.4.1. Hydrological studies review
The report adopted the 2015 Hydrological report which was reviewed and helped in the
determination of catchment runoff which contributes to the storm water flow for determination
of drainage requirements. The hydrological and hydraulic survey investigation for the 2015
design was conducted using hydrographical map for Nakuru Town. The drainage patterns and
catchment were analysed using empirical estimation formulae which gave to the choice of
drainage conduits as either open canals or buried pipes.
5.4.2. Hydrological analysis criteria assessment review

The Consultant undertook hydrological assessment review to assess if the design quantified
the available amount of water available in both space and time. Data necessary for the review
was obtained from the Meteorological Department and other stakeholders. The Consultant
also undertook rainfall-runoff modelling using all the available data from the existing gauging
stations to estimate yield and inflow design floods (2-500-year return period). The Consultant
used tools/models such as the Hydrological Engineering Centre’s – Hydrological Modelling
System (HEC-HMS) Model and the Galway Flood Forecasting Model. These models have
capabilities/strengths in aspects of design flood estimation.
5.4.3. Catchment area delineation

Delineation of catchment improves on the accuracy of the actual area contributing to runoff
towards a specific direction. With the use of topographical maps and other relevant source
materials, catchment delineation review was done for each road within the informal settlement
to confirm whether actual catchment areas were used in determining the amounts of runoff for
drainage design.
5.4.4. Catchment characteristics

Catchment characteristics are catchment features affecting the amount of runoff. These
include soil types, size and shape of drainage area, land use, geology, surface infiltration and
general ground slope among others. Design data was reviewed to ensure all aspects were
considered.

5.4.5. Choice of return period

The Consultant reviewed the design with regards to the chosen return periods to establish
suitability. Road Design Manual for Roads and Bridges- Part 2-Drainage Design, Ministry of
Roads, Kenya or other relevant manuals was used in undertaking this exercise. The 3rd edition
of Road Design Manual for Roads and Bridges- Part 2-Drainage Design gives the basis of
how design return period is to be selected. Table 3.1 page 16 of the manual (applicable design
flow return periods) states that a return period of 5 years is suitable for pipe culverts on small
roads, 10 years for pipe culverts on large roads, 50 years for box culverts and 100 years for
bridges. Similar criteria may be used for roadside and outfall drainages.
5.4.6. Drainage structures review – minor and major structures, culverts, side
ditches, box culverts, bridges
Existing structures, which are both structurally and hydraulically adequate and are within the
revised alignment, may remain in their current state. However, existing structures, which are
structurally inadequate or hydraulically insufficient or not within revised alignment was
designed for reconstruction.
Design return periods of these structures was selected as explained in Choice of return period
section above.
The new drainage structures in the proposed designs was reviewed according to their spans
and sizes. The adequacy of their hydraulic capacity and structural efficiency was established
through hydrological analysis and hydraulic calculations.
5.4.7. Drainage Design and Protective works

General
A road, either in cut or fills, inevitably suffers from a main risk of erosion from runoff. As a
result, the road must allow for the channeling of runoff into structures proposed and existing,
transferring the flow without damage to any element of the road. This is performed by drainage
system that is composed of drains, discharging structures and transfer structures.
It should be noted that drainage for the settlements is a major challenge. All the drain
alignment in the 3 settlements of Nakuru follows the roads.
5.4.8. Design Principles

The drains collect the runoff from the road surface, side slopes and adjacent areas.
Geographical characteristics, soil condition and rainfall intensity are some of the main factors
which influence the shape, location and capacity of the drains. The drains have been designed
for sufficient capacity to carry natural peak runoff without scouring embankment or any part of
the road.
However, due to undulating terrain and contour drainage of water is not a problematic aspect
for the project roads.
Based on the calculation of flow to be transferred through the drain and taking into account
the drain characteristics, critical lengths for the drain have been worked out at which discharge
of the flow is required.

Based on the topographical conditions the following measures were taken into account to keep
the proposed drainage system functional.
• Protect the drain by lining
• Choose proper type of drain
• Reduce the overall slope of drain with steps
• Discharge the drain flow into a natural outlet via a structure (divergent drain or culvert)
Drains running through settlements are either covered channels or box culvert
The sizing is done as per attached appendix.
Selection of Drain Sections

The project roads pass through both urban settings. The choice of cross-section of drains is
generally limited to 3 types; triangular, trapezoidal and rectangular. Triangular section may be
considered suitable from traffic consideration but this form of cross section has the
disadvantage of lesser flow capacity and as such it is not recommended for the project.
Trapezoidal sections are proposed at rural sections, where the road is on embankment or in
cut. Though they need more space than triangular sections, their capacity is much more and
thus well suited for rural sections of the project roads. Hydrologic analysis has proved the
same and the results are presented in the Appendix. Their use is limited to open land far
away from residential areas like near the river at outfalls
Rectangular sections are well suited for roadside drains when large discharge is required and
in urban areas. However, they have to be covered or kept sufficiently away from traffic as they
are a hazard to traffic. This section is proposed for urban areas under separators and
footpaths. They are to be of lined type. Depths of these drains are finalized based on
hydrologic analysis of the drains.
5.4.9. Hydrologic Analysis for Drains

Storm Water Runoff Estimation using the rational formula
Storm water runoff has been calculated using the Lloyd Davis Rational formula which is
appropriate for all drainage areas less than 10 km2 acres.
The Rational Method equation is:
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
Q=
360
Where:
Q = Storm Water Runoff (m3/s)
C = Coefficient of Runoff
I = Average intensity of rainfall in mm per hour for the time of concentration (Tc) for a selected
frequency of occurrence or return period Rainfall Intensity
A = Area of Drainage Zone (ha)
Tc =The rainfall intensity averaging time in minutes, usually referred to as the time of
concentration, equal to the time required for water to flow from the hydraulically most distant
point in the watershed to the point of design.
The return period adopted is in the range of 100 years.

The time of concentration is normally estimated using the ratio of distance travelled and
velocity of flow.
The formula is applicable for catchments less than 10 km2 (1000 Ha) which the settlement
catchment of 15.7 ha for London Hilton, 18.6 ha for kwa Murogi and 18 for Lakeview ha are
within.
The coefficient of runoff for kwa Murogi is 76 %, Hilton/London 95% and Lakeview settlement
76% as per table 5-9 (Runoff coefficients for rational formula).
From the 2015 Ministry of Water and Irrigation Practice Manual for Small Dams, Pans and
Other Water Conservation Structures in Kenya, 2nd Edition (Appendix A), the recommended
100 Year Return Period Rainfall Intensity for Nakuru is 7.5 mm/hr.
Figure 5-7: Geometric Elements of Channel Sections

Table 5-9: Runoff Coefficients for rational formula
RUNOFF COEFFICIENTS FOR THE RATIONAL FORMULA BY HYDROLOGIC SOIL

GROUP AND SLOPE
Land Use A B C D
0‐2% 2‐6% 6+% 0‐2% 2‐6% 6+% 0‐2% 2‐6% 6+% 0‐2% 2‐6% 6+%
First row of each entry provides runoff coefficients for storm recurrence intervals of 25 years or less.
Second row provides runoff coefficients for storm recurrence intervals of 25 years or more.
Cultivated Land 0.08 0.13 0.16 0.11 0.15 0.21 0.14 0.19 0.26 0.18 0.23 0.31
0.14 0.18 0.22 0.16 0.21 0.28 0.20 0.25 0.34 0.24 0.29 0.41
Pasture 0.12 0.20 0.30 0.18 0.28 0.37 0.24 0.34 0.44 0.30 0.40 0.50
0.15 0.25 0.37 0.23 0.34 0.45 0.30 0.42 0.52 0.37 0.50 0.62
Meadow 0.10 0.16 0.25 0.14 0.22 0.30 0.20 0.28 0.36 0.24 0.30 0.40
0.14 0.22 0.30 0.20 0.28 0.37 0.26 0.35 0.44 0.30 0.40 0.50
Forest 0.05 0.08 0.11 0.08 0.11 0.14 0.10 0.13 0.16 0.12 0.16 0.20
0.08 0.11 0.14 0.10 0.14 0.18 0.12 0.16 0.20 0.15 0.20 0.25
Residential
Lot Size (1/8 acre) 0.25 0.28 0.31 0.27 0.30 0.35 0.30 0.33 0.38 0.33 0.36 0.42
0.33 0.37 0.40 0.35 0.39 0.44 0.38 0.42 0.49 0.41 0.45 0.54
Lot Size (1/4 acre) 0.22 0.26 0.29 0.24 0.29 0.33 0.27 0.31 0.36 0.30 0.34 0.40
0.30 0.34 0.37 0.33 0.37 0.42 0.36 0.40 0.47 0.38 0.42 0.52
Lot Size (1/3 acre) 0.19 0.23 0.26 0.22 0.26 0.30 0.25 0.29 0.34 0.28 0.32 0.39
0.28 0.32 0.35 0.30 0.35 0.39 0.33 0.38 0.45 0.36 0.40 0.50
Lot Size (1/2 acre) 0.16 0.20 0.24 0.19 0.23 0.28 0.22 0.27 0.32 0.26 0.30 0.37
0.25 0.29 0.32 0.28 0.32 0.36 0.31 0.35 0.42 0.34 0.38 0.48
Lot Size (1 acre) 0.14 0.19 0.22 0.17 0.21 0.26 0.20 0.25 0.31 0.24 0.29 0.35
0.22 0.26 0.29 0.24 0.28 0.34 0.28 0.32 0.40 0.31 0.35 0.46
Industrial 0.67 0.68 0.68 0.68 0.68 0.69 0.68 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.70
0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.87 0.86 0.86 0.88
Commercial 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72
0.88 0.88 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.90 0.89 0.89 0.90
Streets 0.70 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.72 0.74 0.72 0.73 0.76 0.73 0.75 0.78
0.76 0.77 0.80 0.80 0.82 0.84 0.84 0.85 0.80 0.89 0.91 0.95
Open Space 0.05 0.10 0.08 0.08 0.13 0.19 0.12 0.17 0.24 0.16 0.21 0.28
0.11 0.16 0.14 0.14 0.19 0.26 0.18 0.23 0.32 0.22 0.27 0.39
Parking 0.85 0.86 0.85 0.85 0.86 0.87 0.85 0.86 0.87 0.85 0.86 0.87
0.95 0.96 0.95 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.95 0.95 0.97 0.95 0.96 0.97

i. Storm water Estimation for London/Hilton Settlement .

Coefficient of Run off, C= 0.95
Rainfall intensity (mm per hour) = 7.5 mm/hr
Area of Catchment, A= 15.7 ha
Q=
360
0.95𝑋𝑋7.5𝑋𝑋15.7
=Q=
360
=0.31 m3/s
ii. Storm water runoff for Kwa Murogi.

Area of Catchment, A= 28 ha
Q=
360
0.76𝑋𝑋7.5𝑋𝑋18.6
=Q=
360
=0.29 m3/s
iii. Storm water runoff for Lake View
Area of Catchment, A= 18.7 ha
Q=
360
0.76𝑋𝑋7.5𝑋𝑋18
=Q=
360
=0.28 m3/s
Hydraulic Design of Drains
Based on the quantity of runoff calculated through hydrological analysis, hydraulic designs of
drains have been undertaken.
The Manning’s formula for flow in open channels to determine the sizes of the storm water
drainage channels has been used as follows:
2 1
1
Q= 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 3 𝑆𝑆 2
𝑛𝑛
Where Q = discharge (m3/s)
n = Manning’s roughness coefficient [0.150] for lined/constructed open concrete channels flow
trowel finished have been used as per table 5-10 (Reference tables for Manning's n values
for Channels)
A = cross-sectional area (m2)
S = the hydraulic gradient or head loss per unit length of channel
For the worst scenario of a slope of 1/150 has been used.
R = the hydraulic radius [m], in which R=A/P where P is the wetted perimeter of
the canal cross-section.
Using the above formulae, the rectangular storm water drain sizes are calculated as shown
below.

1) London/Hilton storm water drains sizing

Figure 5-8: Typical storm water drain
Considering a Rectangular drain section with 800 mm wide base,

Q=0.31 m3/s
b=0.8 m
n=0.15
s=0.1
h=?
2 1
1
Discharge, Q= 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑆𝑆 2
3
𝑛𝑛
A=bh
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴 𝑏𝑏ℎ
R= ,= , =
𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑃𝑃 2+2ℎ
5
1
1 𝑏𝑏ℎ3
Hence Q= 2 𝑆𝑆 2
𝑛𝑛
(1+2ℎ/𝑏𝑏)3
Rearranging as iteration formula for h,
𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 3 2ℎ 2/5
h= ( )5 ) (1 + )
𝑏𝑏√𝑆𝑆 𝑏𝑏
0.15∗0.31 3 2ℎ
with lengths in meters, h= ( )5 ) (1 + )2/5
0.8∗√0.1 0.8
2ℎ
=0.362(1 + )2/5
0.8
Iteration (from, e.g., h = 0.362) gives
h = 0.468 m

2) Kwa Murogi storm water drain sizing

Q=0.29 m3/s
b=0.8 m
n=0.15
s=0.02
h=?
2 1
1
Discharge, Q= 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 3 𝑆𝑆 2
𝑛𝑛
A=bh
R=𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃, =𝑃𝑃, =2+2ℎ
5
1
1 𝑏𝑏ℎ 3
𝑛𝑛
(1+2ℎ/𝑏𝑏)3
𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 3 2ℎ
h= ( )5 ) (1 + )2/5
0.15∗0.29 3 2ℎ
0.8∗√0.02 0.8
2ℎ
=0.564(1 + 0.8)2/5
h = 0.802 m
3) Lake View storm water drain sizing.

Q=0.28 m3/s
b=0.8 m
n=0.15
s=0.02
h=?
2 1
1
Discharge, Q= 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 3 𝑆𝑆 2
𝑛𝑛
A=bh
R=𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃, =𝑃𝑃, =2+2ℎ
5
1
1 𝑏𝑏ℎ 3
𝑛𝑛
(1+2ℎ/𝑏𝑏)3
𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 3 2ℎ
h= ( )5 ) (1 + )2/5
0.15∗0.28 3 2ℎ
0.8∗√0.02 0.8
2ℎ
=0.552(1 + 0.8)2/5

h = 0.781 m

Table 5-10: Reference tables for Manning's n values for Channels

Type of channel and Description Minimum Normal Maximum
Lined or Constructed Channels
a. Cement
1. neat surface 0.010 0.011 0.013
2. mortar 0.011 0.013 0.015
b. Wood
1. planed, untreated 0.010 0.012 0.014
2. planed, creosoted 0.011 0.012 0.015
3. unplaned 0.011 0.013 0.015
4. plank with battens 0.012 0.015 0.018
5. lined with roofing paper 0.010 0.014 0.017
c. Concrete
1. trowel finish 0.011 0.013 0.015
2. float finish 0.013 0.015 0.016
3. finished, with gravel on bottom 0.015 0.017 0.020
4. unfinished 0.014 0.017 0.020
5. gunite, good section 0.016 0.019 0.023
6. gunite, wavy section 0.018 0.022 0.025
7. on good excavated rock 0.017 0.020
8. on irregular excavated rock 0.022 0.027
d. Concrete bottom float finish with sides of:
1. dressed stone in mortar 0.015 0.017 0.020
2. random stone in mortar 0.017 0.020 0.024
3. cement rubble masonry, plastered 0.016 0.020 0.024
4. cement rubble masonry 0.020 0.025 0.030
5. dry rubble or riprap 0.020 0.030 0.035
e. Gravel bottom with sides of:
1. formed concrete 0.017 0.020 0.025
2. random stone mortar 0.020 0.023 0.026
3. dry rubble or riprap 0.023 0.033 0.036

Outfall for Drains

In the 3 settlements of Nakuru, rectangular drains have been proposed. Water from these
drains is to be discharged into the drainage channels at cross-drainage structures or natural
outfall areas. Where the crossing structure is slab culvert or bridge with solid abutment, the
covered drain will terminate in a catch pit from which the water will be discharged into the
watercourse/natural outfall. Trash racks are designed to be installed to trap large debris
sediments and organics so that they don’t pollute the final disposal point which is the river.
Figure 5-9: Outfalls for Lake View Settlement roads
In lake view settlement, the storm water drains in Machakos Road will discharge into the
adjacent existing drainage channels in Flamingo road and into a natural watercourse.

Figure 5-10: Outfall for London/Hilton Settlement roads
The storm water drains in London/Hilton settlement roads are designed to discharge into the
existing drainage channels in Siaya Road
Figure 5-11: Outfall for Kwa Murogi Settlement roads
Water from drains in kwa Murogi settlement roads is to be discharged into the natural
watercourse to the swamp

Catch Water/Intercepting Drains

The catch water/intercepting drains are to be provided on cut slopes to intercept water flowing
from upper reach and to guide such flow into culverts.
5.4.10. Maintenance of Drainage System

Maintenance of drainage system will consist of regular cleaning properly so as to reduce the
friction, then leading them up to the nearby culverts/natural depression.
To ensure flow of water down the slope, a maintenance team needs to be kept. This team will
de-silt the side drains and will guide the flow of water to follow a definite path. Sometimes,
side drains are also affected by upheaval resulting in the pushing up of their bed levels. In
such cases, water instead of flowing through the drains, passes transversely through the
pavement causing damage. The drainage gradients are also disturbed resulting in retardation
of the surface flow. The team besides clearing the side drains should also repair the upheavals
and depressions on the drain beds. They should ensure that the side drains are always at
levels lower than the pavement with appropriate gradients for efficient disposal of the water.
The lined drain and catch pits should be maintained regularly and checked for any blockage
or damage. The remedial measures should immediately be taken to ensure an efficient
drainage system

5.5. Pavement design review

5.5.1. General Considerations
The primary purpose of pavement design is to select the most economical combinations of
pavement materials and layer thickness that will provide sufficient strength and durability to
last over the design life of the pavement with only routine maintenance.
The main factors considered in the design include: -
a) The volume of traffic and axle load distribution that will use the pavement over
its design life.
b) Environmental conditions.
c) Design Standards.
d) Locally available pavement construction materials and their strength
characteristics.
e) The strength of the sub-grade soils underlying the pavement expressed in
terms of California Bearing Ratio (CBR).
5.5.2. Traffic
The 2015 design had concluded that the traffic volumes inside the settlements are very low
and recommended a design traffic class T5. This design review considers this as a reasonable
assumption considering most of the settlement roads are of very low geometric standards and
are unlikely to attract heavy traffic. Traffic class T5 (same as T5-0 in the 2017 LVSR) is
therefore adopted in this pavement design review. A 20-year design period is assumed.
5.5.3. Environmental Considerations
From the mean annual rainfall distributions given in RDM Part III, the project area receives
mean annual rainfall of about 1015 mm and is therefore designated as “wet” climatic zone for
purposes of pavement design.
5.5.4. Design Standards
The main design standard is the “Road Design Manual Part III: Materials and Pavement
Design for New Roads” for all new construction and reconstruction sections. Applicable
aspects of the “2017 LVSR” standard have been incorporated. A design life of 20 years shall
be adopted.
5.5.5. Locally Available Construction Materials.

As stated in section 5.6.2 above, all settlement roads will be of low volume / low traffic type
and construction materials will comprise of mostly natural materials (gravel) and hardstone
products (concrete, GCS, HPS and bituminous mixes). Recommended Therefore:
1. Gravel – From any source subject to test results being acceptable as in section 5.4.2
above.
2. Hardstone Products - From any source (including the Kasan Ramji Quarry) subject to
test results being acceptable as in section 5.4.2 above.
3. Other materials e.g., sand and water - From any source subject to test results being
acceptable as in section 5.4.2 above.

5.5.6. Subgrade Strength Class

Design manual RDM part III 1987 guides that materials directly supporting the pavement shall
comply with the following criteria:
• CBR greater than or equal to 10% at specified compaction, normally 100% of BS Light
(AASHTO T99)
• Swell < 2% at 100% MDD (Modified Compaction) and 4 days’ soak
• Organic matter < 3% (percentage by weight)
• Where improved subgrade is provided, compaction shall be 95% MDD AASHTO T180
compaction.
• Class S0 soils (CBR 2 or less) will require either stabilization or removal and
replacement with better quality material while class S3, S4 & S5 (CBR 10 to 29) will
not require any improvement.
• Class S6 (CBR 30 or more) is sub base quality and base layer can be supported
directly on such a layer.
• Recommended treatment at S0 and S1 sections will comprise of excavating to disposal
to a depth of about 500 to 1000 mm and backfilling with selected S2/S3 gravel
compacted to 95 % MDD T 180 compaction.
Table 5-9 below gives the subgrade strength characteristics of the various settlement roads
and the improvement required.

Table 5-11: Nakuru Settlements Roads – Improved Sub grade

KISIP II Nakuru Settlements Roads -Improved Subgrade
Subgrade
Subgrade
PROPOSED CODE Compaction T99 CBR -100% MDD
SETTLEMENT ImprovementCommen
INFRASTRUCTURE ON MAP Type MDD PI PM Class
OMC % CBR % Swell % ts
(Kg/M3)
Fine Grained Sandy Silt 1312 21.2 10 < 0.1 NP n/p S3 Assume S3 everywhere.
No improvement
Fine Grained Sandy Silt 1065 28.2 10 < 0.1 10 530 S3 required. In cuts scarify
Lake View Machakos Road R2 302
and compact the top
Gravelly Fine Grained 300 mm. Fill where
1039 17.4 11 < 0.1 NP n/p S3
Sandy Silt required S4 (min).
Volcanic rock boulders 1210 12.4 16 < 0.1 NP n/p S4

Volcanic weathered Assume S2 everywhere.
Ghuba Road R2 201 boulders 1270 17.4 10 < 0.1 6 270 S3
Improve to S3 with 200
mm layer of S4 gravel.
Volcanic weathered
1212 14.3 9 < 0.1 6 306 S2
boulders
Volcanic rock boulders 1210 12.4 10 < 0.1 NP n/p S3 Assume S2 everywhere.
London / Geko Road R2 202 Improve to S3 with 200
Hilton Volcanic weathered mm layer of S4 gravel.
1074 20.6 7 < 0.1 7 434 S2
rock boulders
Volcanic weathered Assume S3 everywhere.
1186 14 13 < 0.1 NP n/p S4
TUFF No improvement
required. In cuts scarify
Roho Safi Road R2 203
Volcanic weathered and compact the top
1160 12.1 13 < 0.1 NP n/p S4 300 mm. Fill where
TUFF
required S4 (min).
Volcanic gravelly Sandy
970 18.2 7 < 0.1 8 216 S2 Assume S2 everywhere.
Solid Rock to Game R2 101 – Silt
Improve to S3 with 200
Line Rd 462 m Brown Volcanic
1472 21.8 13 < 0.1 7 1472 S4 mm layer of S4 gravel.
gravelly sandy SILT
Dark grey volcanic Assume S3 everywhere.
1480 22.4 12 < 0.1 13 1480 S4
gravelly SAND No improvement
Solid Rock to R2 102 – required. In cuts scarify
Mpeketoni Rd 474 m Brown Volcanic Silty and compact the top
Kwa Murogi 1321 10.8 15 < 0.1 NP n/p S4
SAND 300 mm. Fill where
required S4 (min).
Brown Volcanic sandy
1126 21.8 8 < 0.1 13 897 S2
SILT
Assume S2 everywhere.
Mpeketoni to Hill R2 103 – Brown Volcanic Silty 1396 24 8 < 0.1 15 1230 S2 Improve to S3 with 200
Crest Road 505 m clayey SAND
mm layer of S4 gravel.
1270 26 9 < 0.1 13 1066 S3
clayey SAND
Where the formation level is the native subgrade, such as in cuttings where there is no improved
subgrade and, on all fills, before laying the sub-base, the upper 300 mm of in situ (native) subgrade
will be compacted to 100% MDD standard compaction (AASHTO T99).
Prior to placing the improved subgrade, the upper 150 mm of the in-situ subgrade shall be compacted
to 100% MDD (AASHTO T99) and the lower 150 mm to at least 95% MDD standard compaction.

5.5.7. Pavement structure

On the basis of the projected traffic loading and subgrade strength, the following traffic
pavement structures have been proposed.
Table 5-12: Alternative 1 – Type – LVII (LVSR)

1 50 mm thick Surfacing - A.C 0/20 60 mm thick paving blocks
150 mm thick Hand Packed Stone base 150 mm thick Hand Packed Stone base
2
course course
125 mm thick sub-base - Cement Improved 125 mm thick sub-base - Cement Improved
3
Gravel Sub-base (4% cement maximum) Gravel Sub-base (4% cement maximum)
Table 5-13: Alternative 2 – Type 7 (RDM Part III)

50 mm thick Surfacing - A.C Type II (instead
1 60 mm thick paving blocks
of SD recommended in RDM Part III).
150 mm thick Hand Packed Stone base
course
125 mm thick sub-base - Cement
3 Improved Gravel Sub-base (4% cement
maximum)

From section 5.6.7 above, the following construction materials are indicated:
 Natural Gravel for Subbase – Gravel meeting the 30% CBR criteria are rare.
 Cement Improved Gravel for Subbase and Base – Most gravel will achieve sub base quality
with 2-4% cement improvement.
 Graded Crushed Stone (GCS) for Sub base and Base (the class C required for T5 traffic will be
easily available from the identified “Kasan Ramji Quarry:).
 Hand Packed Stone (HPS) for Base (required stone easily available from the identified “Kasan
Ramji Quarry:).
 Asphalt Concrete (Type II) or Triple Surface Dressing Surfacing are suitable for T5 Traffic.
Therefore, the following pavement types are suitable for the T5 traffic loading applicable to the
various sections of the settlement’s roads.
1. Type LVII - AC Type II + HPS Base + Cement / Lime Improved Gravel Sub base.
2. Types 7 - (AC Type1I + GCS Base + Cement / Lime Improved Material Sub base.
Subgrade
Improved and construction as recommended in table 5-9 above.
Sub- Base Course (for traffic class T5)
Natural gravel with minimum CBR of 30% is not readily available in most locations. Therefore
recommended either:
 Cement Improved Gravel (level of improvement 2 -4 % but subject to testing).
 Or GCS Class D CBR (min)=80%, ACV (max) =35% and LAA (max) = 50%.
Base Course
Natural gravel with minimum CBR of 60% is not readily available. Therefore recommended either
 Cement Improved Gravel (level of improvement 4 % (max) but subject to testing).
 HPS and GCS class B 0/40.
Surface type
Triple Surface Dressing can be problematic in maintenance, therefore recommend AC type II
everywhere. A thickness of 50 mm (min) also improves on durability.
5.5.8. Recommended Pavements (All Sections)
Alternative 1 – Type – LVII (LVSR)- (Vehicular carriage way)
Layer Moduli (MPa) (RDM
Pavement Layer Combination (carriageway + Shoulders)
Part III chapter 8.0)
50 mm thick Surfacing - A.C 0/20 /60mm thick
1 2,500
paving blocks
400 (16 % of above)
2 150 mm thick Hand Packed Stone base course
300 (cement or Lime

3 improved material) (75% of
above)

Improved subgrade (varies - see table 5.6.1 65 (21 % of above)

4
above) to minimum class S3
Alternative 2 – Type 7 (RDM Part III)

Layer Moduli (MPa) (RDM
Pavement Layer Combination (carriageway + Shoulders)
Part III chapter 8.0)
50 mm thick Surfacing - A.C Type II (instead of SD
1 2,500
recommended in RDM Part III).
500 (20 % of above)
300 (cement or Lime

3 improved material) (60% of
above)
Improved subgrade (varies - see table 5.6.1 65 (21 % of above)
4
above) to minimum class S3
Alternative 1 recommended:
 HPS is labour intensive and technology easily mastered by semiskilled labour and will afford
employment to locals.
 Can be trafficked immediately after laying.
 Stone is locally available within the quarries of Nakuru.
5.5.9. Maintenance and Sustainability Considerations
Maintenance free and sustainable pavement will be ensured by observing the following:
 Provision of efficient drainage system. This can be enhanced by:
o Provision of side drains of a generous size, laid at falls that will allow them to be self-
cleaning, lined sides and therefore not liable to structural damage.
o Good internal drainage to the pavement layers – the recommended HPS base is
pervious and should be well drained. This can be ensured by extending all pavement
layers (subgrade, subbase, base and surfacing) across the shoulders.
 Pavement layers (base, subbase and subgrade) should be well insulated from ingress of
surface moisture / water – By provision of an impervious surface layer. The recommended 50
mm AC surfacing will be reasonably impervious and resistant to surface breakages / potholing.

CHAPTER 6: ENGINEERING DESIGN REVIEW OF WATER SUPPLY
CHAPTER 6: ENGINEERING DESIGN REVIEW OF

WATER SUPPLY
6.1. Design Criteria for Water Supply

The Consultant has reviewed the detailed design report in line with the established design
criteria and made comments as outlined further on in this design review report. Apart from the
design report the Consultant also reviewed to signed contract documents and the bidding
documents including Technical Specifications and the Book of Drawings.
6.1.1. Scope of Design

The scope of the design under Karagita assignment involved design of the water gravity
distribution main from Police line to Karagita elevated water Tanks in Naivasha Town under
Naivasha water and Sanitation Company(NAIVAWASCO) area of service.
6.1.2. Design Considerations

The distribution network was analysed using EPANET models based on following design
considerations.
Domestic Water Demand

Computation of water demands conforms to PMWSSK 2005, where demand per capita is 250
l/h/d for high class housing, 150 l/h/d for medium class housing, 75 l/h/d for low class housing
with individual connections (IC) and 20 l/h/d for low class housing without connections (NC).
For rural areas with high potential, demand rate for non-connections has been taken as 20
l/h/d, while that for people with individual connections has been taken to be 60 l/h/d. for rural
medium potential with individual connections, 50l/h/d has been considered and it has been
utilised in the demand projection for Karagita settlement.
6.1.3. System Pressures

Minimum pressures: The water distribution system are designed so that water pressures of
at least 15m head of water at ground level will be maintained at all points in the system,
including the highest ground elevations in the service area. Minimum pressures of 10m head
of water under peak demand flow conditions is however tolerated in some remote areas, but
taking care that all peak flow requirements are satisfied. These minimum pressures are also
observed with regards to requirements for firefighting flows: water pressures should not fall
below 10m head at the hydrants.
Maximum pressures: The distribution mains and service lines are designed so that maximum
water pressures do not normally exceed 60m static head of water at ground elevation.
The ground elevations of area the tank where water is being drawn is at El. 1960m.asl.

6.1.4. Flow velocities

The system is designed to have a minimum scouring velocity of 0.6m/s to ensure no deposits
along the pipeline and a maximum velocity of 2m/s to minimize friction losses and pipe scour.
6.1.5. Pipe Material

The main material for the pipelines under this project is HDPE, However, Steel/GI pipes will
be used wherever the pipeline has to pass above ground, e.g., at river crossings. HDPE pipe
material is adopted for the Project due to following factors:
• Suitable for all forms of pipeline installations, such as above ground, on the ground,
buried, floating, horizontal directional boring, river crossings and slip-lining.
• It has the lowest repair frequency per kilometre compared with all other pressure pipe
materials used for water supply distribution, thus reducing maintenance costs.
• It has least labour and time requirements for its installation, thus less installation costs.
• It is leak tight. Its heat-fused joints create a homogenous, monolithic system which is
stronger than the rest of the pipe.
• Has a higher strain allowance for bending.
• With no exfiltration or infiltration, potable water losses and underground contamination
encountered in traditional piping systems are eliminated.
• Fewer fittings due to less joints and pipe flexibility.
• Eliminates the need for thrust blocks since its heat fused joints are fully restrained.
• Low reactivity to aggressive soils
•
The pipe sizes for this Karagita project will be DN 200mm of PN 16.
6.1.6. Pipe Cover and Slope

The water pipeline is designed at uniform invert depth of 1.2m below road finish level. This
generally provides adequate cover throughout the pipe layout including at road crossings and
railway.
The pipe slopes are selected to minimize number of high and low points, and therefore
required number of air valves and washout valves.
6.1.7. Consumer Connections

For the house and institution/commercial connections, it is proposed that pipe saddles (which
can clamp over the HDPE pipes) and limited lengths of DN 25mm uPVC pipes (about 20m
per connection) shall be allowed for. In order to manage water consumption and prevent
wastage, all consumer connections will be metered.
6.1.8. Section Valves

All branch lines from the distribution mains shall have valves at the junction connection. The
valves should be located in such a way that rationing of water can be done by closing suitable

parts of the supply for certain periods. Whenever possible the section valves shall be placed
in a joint valve chamber with air valves or washouts and upstream of these valves.
6.1.9. Marker Posts
Marker posts shall be provided along pipelines at every 200m, except where they follow
permanent roads. Marker posts will be placed at all bends and at river and road crossings
which cannot be easily found otherwise. The marker post should be as shown in the drawings,
minimum height 700mm with the size of the pipeline inscribed on it. The marker posts shall be
blue in colour with white lettering.
6.1.10. Valve Chambers

Valve chambers shall be at least 1000 x 1000mm internal dimensions. The cover should be
lockable. The chamber shall be drained through a drain pipe.
6.1.11. Anchor and Thrust Blocks

Anchor or thrust blocks shall be provided for horizontal and vertical bends, capped ends,
change of size and tees and for pipes laid in steep slopes (>1:6).
6.1.12. Water quality standards

According to the Practise Manual for Water Supply Services in Kenya (2005), the basic
requirements for drinking water are that it should be:
• Free from pathogenic (disease causing) organisms.
• Containing no compounds that have an adverse acute or long-term effect on human
health.
• Fairly clear (i.e. low turbidity little colour).
• Not saline (salty).
• Containing no compounds that cause an offensive taste or smell.
• No causing corrosion or encrustation of the water supply system and not staining
clothes washed in it.
6.2. Population, demographic data and planning horizons
A design period of 20 years was adopted in which the population and water demands are
projected to the year 2043 for the detailed design of components. Using a population growth
rate of 3.05% per annum for Nakuru County and the planning horizon of 2023 as the initial
year, 2033 as the future year and 2043 as the ultimate year assuming a geometrical increase.
The 2019 population have been used in the calculations. The compound formula is applied to
estimate the population for future and ultimate water demand requirements as per the
following expression.
Pf = Pp (1 + r/100) n
Where Pp = Present population
Pf = Future population
r = Annual growth rate
n = Number of years between Pp and Pf

6.2.1. Human Population

The population projections for initial future and Ultimate years were determined as indicted
table 6- 1 below
Table 6-1: Population Projection for Karagita Settlement
Current /Base
Name of 2019 Growth
Year Rate Future Term Population Ultimate Population
Village Population Rate
Population
Year 2019 2023 2023 pop R 2033 r 2033 pop 2043r 2043 Pop
KARAGITA 30,601 1.128 34,509 1.0305 1.523 46,602 2.057 70,971
Total 30,601 34,509 46,602 70,971
6.3. Demand computations

6.3.1. Human/ Domestic Demand
The MWS&I PMWSS in Kenya 2005 provides different classes for domestic demands and
their water consumption rates based on income categories and areas. These consumption
rates are as given in Table 6-2 below.
Table 6-2: Water Consumption Rates

Urban Areas Rural Areas
Consumer
Unit High Medium Low High Medium Low
Category
Class Class Class Potential Potential Potential
People with
individual l/capita/day 250 150 75 60 50 40
connections
People without
individual l/capita/day _ _ 20 20 15 10
connections
The project area of Karagita can be classified as medium-class rural area. The design will
assume 100% individual connections. The consumption rate has been adopted to be 50 l/c/d.
The demand of the area has been calculated and is presented in the table 6-3 below.
Table 6-3: Water Demand Projection for Karagita Settlement

Current Ultimate
Future
Description Current / / Initial Ultimate Future
Name of Consumption Future Water
of Initial Water Future Water
Village rate (l/c/d) Population Demand
Population population Demand Population Demand
(m3/d)
(m3/d) (m3/d)
2023 2023 2033 2033 2043 2043

Medium
Karagita 50 34,509 1,725 46,602 2,330 70,971 3,549
potential
6.4. Supply sources and their capacities

The police line area has a 1,100 m3 elevated water tank fed by 5 No. boreholes at the Dairy
Training institute and 2 No. Boreholes at the police line station which has capacity to supply

the Karagita tank through gravity flow. For these connected boreholes, all are on active mains
grid power supply supplemented by solar power. The Kihoto water supply Project has a newly
sunk borehole and elevated steel water tank which can be pumped into the Police line –
Karagita pipeline. The site needs a power connection and a de-fluorination system before
being pumped into the system
6.5. Augmentation needs

The Karagita Elevated Steel tank is served by storage reservoir tank in the Mirera area which
is fed by a transmission main water pipeline to the Mirera area. The water demand of the
Karagita settlement is being met currently due to temporary measures undertaken by
NAIVAWASCO, however some areas which were meant to be served by the Mirera
transmission main are experiencing low pressure. Water connections in Karagita are
estimated to have grown from 250 to 1500 connections since the completion of the elevated
steel tank. For adequate pressure the water tank needs to be 80% capacity which isn’t
achieved with only the Mirera transmission main.
Based on this, a direct line from police line of diameter 200mm has been proposed to be
connected to the Karagita tanks with no tapping in between. This will avail the water to to the
Karagita tanks to serve the area of Karagita and this will increase the pressure for the areas
that are experiencing low pressure in Mirera area. In implementing the Policeline-Karagita
distribution mains, the Mirera rising main shall not be disconnected to form a loop in case
maintenance is being carried out on the proposed Policeline-Karagita distribution mains.
6.6. Supply system design

6.6.1. Hydraulic Design of the Police line-Karagita Pipeline
Hydraulic design for water pipeline sizing and frictional head losses in the pipes was carried
out using the Hazen-Williams equation, which relates the water velocity flowing full in a pipe
to the slope of the energy grade line hydraulic radius. Alignments of pipelines will follow
existing or planned roads as much as possible to minimize compensation costs and facilitate
easy access to the pipelines and fittings. The minimum cover to the pipes shall be 0.9 m, but
where the pipe is subjected to vehicular traffic, the minimum cover shall be 1.2 m. Concrete
pipe protection shall be provided if shallower depths are encountered due to natural ground
profiles. The new pipeline has been modelled using EPANET computer modelling software.
The minimum residual nodal pressure at peak hour demand should be 10 m head, while the
maximum pressure in the network should not exceed 60 m, and only in isolated cases 140 m
head. The distribution mains will be PN 12.5, and and a diameter of 200mm.
From equation of continuity Q=VA
Where,
Q= Volumetric flow rate, m3/s (cubic meters per second)

A= Cross section area of pipe
V is the velocity of flow in meters/second,
The Hazen-Williams equation, in SI units, is given as

ℎ𝑓𝑓 10.67𝑄𝑄1.852
S= =
𝐿𝐿 𝐶𝐶 1.852 𝑑𝑑 4.8704
S= Hydraulic slope
Hf= Head loss in meters (water) over the length of pipe
L= Length of pipe in meters
Q= Volumetric flow rate, m3/s (cubic meters per second)
C= Pipe roughness coefficient
D= Inside pipe diameter, m (meters)
Table 6-4: Pipe Sizing Calculation Table
Population and Projection
Settlement Population
2019 2023 2033 2043
Karagita 30,601 34,509 46,602 62,934
Water Demand Estimates
Design for Ult year
Consumption per capita=50L/day 50
Current Water Demand in L/day 1,725,431.04
Current Domestic Water Demand in m3/day 1,725.43
Ult Water Demand in L/day 3,146,715.87

Domestic Water Demand in m3/day 3,146.72
Institutional Demand(1/3 of Domestic) 1,048.91

Commercial & Industrial Demand(1/3 of 1,048.91
domestic)
Account for losses(13%) 906.09
Total Water Demand 6,150.62
Q(m3/s) 0.071187742
Q(LPS) 71.18774211
Continuity Equation Q=AV

A=Q/V
𝐷𝐷2
𝐴𝐴 = 𝜋𝜋
4
4𝐴𝐴
D= �� 𝜋𝜋 �
But A=Q/V
therefore:
4𝑄𝑄
D= ��𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋�
Assume Velocity (m/s) 0.6

Pipe Diameter(m) 0.151045496
Pipe Diameter(mm) 151.0454957 Say DN 200

KENYA INFORMAL SETTLEMENT IMPROVEMENT PROJECT II (KISIP II) | 8 NO. SETTLEMENTS THE COUNTIES OF NAIROBI & NAKURU [CONTRACT. NO.: KE-MOTI-214833-CS-QCBS]
6.6.2. Hydraulic Analysis of Karagita Pipeline

Hydraulic Model of Karagita Pipeline

Figure 6-1: Hydraulic Model of Karagita Pipeline (Using EPANET)

Hydraulic Model Results

Figure 6-2: Hydraulic Model Results (Page 1 of 2)

Figure 6-3: Hydraulic Model Results (Page 2 of 2)
6.6.3. Valves
The valves under consideration to be utilised in the distribution main is the Non-return valves
before the junction with Kihoto Borehole, on the rising main of the Kihoto Borehole and before
the entrance to the Karagita Elevated Steel Tank.
6.6.4. Appurtenances
The line proposed shall have a sluice valve metre, 2 wash outs, 2 air valves, 2 non-return
valves until the end of the distribution main.
6.6.5. Storage facilities

The storage facility at Karagita is the 8m elevated steel tank of 108m3. The current situation
of the tank needs refurbishment to seal leakage before being used. A provisional sum has
been set in the Bills of Quantities to cater for that.
6.6.6. Treatment facilities

There are two proposed de-fluoridization units that can be able to treat 5500 l/hr each to
remove fluoride levels from water to zero level before mixing it with other borehole water to
bring the fluoride levels of water to the maximum of 1.5 mg/l in accordance to WHO standards
for drinking water.

6.6.7. Distribution outlets (kiosks, standpipes and institutional connections)

The areas already have distribution system and nothing has been proposed on this item.
6.7. Sustainability considerations

The system shall be maintained through frequent flashing at washouts to remove any possible
debris in the system.
Operation and maintenance shall apply on checking all the workability of sluice valves, meters,
air valves and washout valves.

CHAPTER 7: ENGINEERING DESIGN REVIEW OF SANITATION SYSTEMS
7. ENGINEERING DESIGN REVIEW OF SEWER

SYSTEMS
7.1. Design Criteria for Sewer Systems

The design of sewage collection system for London Hilton was developed from local and
international best practices and design guidelines, in particular the Sewage Design Manual.
The design review was guided by the following basic considerations:
1. Engineering considerations:
a) Expected sewage flow and fluctuations.
b) Expected wastewater quality
c) Topography of Nakuru town, its slope and terrain with respect to the locations of
existing / proposed collector sewer systems.
d) Ground water depth which affects construction, sewer infiltration, structural design
(uplift considerations).
e) Soil bearing capacity and type of strata expected to be met in construction
(affecting cost and side slopes of sewer trench excavations), etc.
f) Accessibility, ease and practicality of construction of the proposed works.
2. Environmental and socio-economic considerations include:

a) Surface water Hydrology and Quality.
b) Ground water quality.
c) Public Health.
d) Resettlement and land acquisition issues.
3. Process considerations including:

a) Waste water flow and characteristics.
b) Process requirements such as power, operating equipment, skilled staff, nature of
maintenance problems.
4. Cost considerations:
a) Minimum capital, operating and maintenance costs.
b) Compensation for acquired assets on land take.
7.2. Sources of waste water

The major sources of the waste water in Nakuru is domestic waste water from the London
estate being served by people around 2000 people currently with a projected population at
ultimate of
7.3. Peak demand

The peak hourly wastewater flows correspond to the peak hourly water demand with a
conversion rate of 80% of the peak hourly water demand.

7.3.1. Dry Weather Flow Projections

Additional discharges from groundwater infiltration are expected to contribute to the total flow
during dry weather:
Qd = Qs + Inf
Where:
Qd = total dry weather flow, m3/s
Qs = flow from sanitary sources, m3/s
Inf = flow from groundwater infiltration, m3/s
15% groundwater infiltration was allowed under dry weather peak conditions (Red Book,
CSIR) and was using the equation provided below:
𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻 ∗ 𝟎𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏

𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰 =
𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻
Where:
Inf = Infiltration (m3/day/m)
TAF = Total anticipated flow (m3/d)
TNL = Total network length (m)
The dry weather flow projections are presented in Annex D.
7.3.2. Wet Weather Flow Projections

The sewer collection system may record high flows during rainfall events due to additional
components of the rainfall-derived infiltration and inflow (RDII) which enters the wastewater
collection system. The dry weather flow equation is therefore expanded to:
Qw = Qd + QRDII
Where,
Qw = total wet weather flow, m3/s
QRDII = rainfall derived infiltration and inflow, m3/s
Excessive RDII may put the components of the sewerage system out of compliance, increase
operational and maintenance expenditures, cause overflows into the environment and
people's properties, and expose the public to possible health risks. The design of the
wastewater collection system allows for a 50% additional capacity to take care of
incidental/accidental RDII (Sewer Design Manual, CMA). Further measures below are
recommended to avoid excessive RDII beyond the allowed capacity:
i) Provision of heavy, secure and watertight manhole covers to avoid vandalism and
consequent inflows.
ii) Design of manhole cover levels at least 250 mm above ground level to minimize inflows.

iii) Construction of manholes with waterproofing membranes.

iv) Ensuring that property owners do not contribute to Infiltration/Inflow, through appropriate
legislations, strict inspection and vigilance.
v) Provision of flow measurement devices and rain gauges at strategic locations within the
wastewater collection system to monitor wastewater flow rates and compare to rainfall
data. Flow rates that increase significantly during rainfall events indicate the area has an
Infiltration/Inflow problem and further inspections and legislative actions may be
undertaken.
7.4. General Sewer Lines

7.4.1. Sewer Line Materials
Some of the sewer materials used in practice are described as follows:
Concrete pipes
Concrete pipes are structurally more stable and durable than plastic or steel pipes and would
require lower protection backfill covers. However, there is risk of chemical attacks on concrete,
which is likely to reduce the life span of concrete in situations where harsh industrial wastes
are released. These pipes have higher frictional resistance values, and in flatter areas where
the ground gradients are shallow, they would require deeper excavations to achieve the
correct gradient for self-cleansing velocity. This would result in higher construction costs. Due
to their higher porosity they also allow higher ingress of groundwater, which will increase the
total flow reaching the STP. They are generally heavier and harder to transport over long
distances than plastic or steels pipes, with the resultant higher costs and numbers of
breakages.
Metal Pipes
Ductile iron or steel pipes that are lined with protective materials could also feasibly be used.
The pipes are generally more expensive than uPVC or concrete pipes and are heavy to
transport. However, their higher structural strength means that they are ideal for use in some
circumstances, e.g., in road or aerial river crossings, or in sewage pumping stations for
pressure piping.
Trunk and primary branch sewers will be designed for a minimum diameter of 225mm and
house connections a minimum diameter of 100mm. In some circumstances, where small bore
shallow sewers are proposed, the minimum size allowed for collectors pipes will be DN150
uPVC.
The pipe sizes for to be adopted for each settlement are as indicated in the book of drawings.
Sewers will be designed to connect such that their soffits are at the required level and their
depths are sufficient to take the gravity flows of sewage from the adjacent developments being
served. Sewer depths deeper than 6.0m will be avoided where possible and the minimum
acceptable depth from ground level to the crown of any pipe is 1.0m

UPVC Pipes
uPVC pipes have lower frictional resistance and allow little ingress of groundwater. uPVC
pipes are lighter, and more flexible and thus easier to transport than concrete pipes. They are
also less likely to break in transit. Due to their resistance to chemical attacks, they can be used
in special circumstances such as in marshy areas where the pH of the soils is likely to be high.
Where the pipe is exposed above ground, use of steel pipes, which are epoxy-lined externally,
will be recommended. The pipes shall comply with BS 3505 pipe Class C, or approved
equivalent as given in Table 7-1.
Table 7-1: Standard sizes of uPVC pipes Class C (12 bars) to BS 3505
Outside (Nominal) Diameter (mm) Wall thickness (mm)
250 7.40
300 9.20
7.4.2. Sewer Manholes

Sewer manholes are provided in the alignment of the gravity sewers to access the sewer for
the purpose of inspection, testing, cleaning and removal of obstructions.
• Manhole Location and Spacing- Manholes are located at every change of alignment,
gradient, level or diameter, at the head of all sewers and branches and at every junction
of two or more sewers. The spacing between manholes in straight sections range between
30 m and 100m.
• Manhole materials- Precast concrete manholes are preferred due to the following
reasons:
- Produced in a quality-controlled plant environment
- Modular flexible design
- Watertight structures easily achieved
- Resists buoyant forces
- Superior strength
- Quicker construction
• Manhole Dimensions- The minimum internal dimension of the manhole is determined by
the internal diameter of the sewer plus 150mm benching on both sides. The minimum
internal dimensions also vary with depth, as given in Table 6-2.

Figure 7-1: Sample Precast Manhole Rings
Table 7-2: Minimum Internal Dimensions of Sewer Manholes

Manhole Depth Minimum Width / diameter
0.90 m to 1.65 m 900 mm
1.65 m to 2.30 m 1200 mm
2.30 m to 9.00 m 1500 mm
The bottom part shall be full benching to allow for streamline flow-through for the sewage.
Manhole benching shall be laid at a grade not steeper than 1 in 5 nor flatter than 1 in 25 and
should be a battered back equally from each-side of the manhole channels such that the
opening at the level of the soffit of the pipes has a width of 1.2d where d is the nominal pipe
diameter.
• Manhole invert drops- Manhole invert drops are provided based on criteria in Table 7-
3, to ensure that the overt and hydraulic grade line of the outgoing sewer is maintained
at a lower elevation than the overt and hydraulic grade line of the incoming sewer, to
avoid backing up.

Table 7-3: Minimum Invert Drops through Manholes

Diameter of incoming Minimum invert drop through manhole
sewer
< 400 mm 1/2 the difference of incoming and outgoing sewer diameters
400 mm to 900 mm 3/4 the difference of incoming and outgoing sewer diameters
> 900 mm 4/5 the difference of incoming and outgoing sewer diameters
• Sewer manhole backdrops- Sewer manhole backdrops are provided where the
difference in elevation between incoming and outgoing sewers is more than 0.6m,
otherwise the vertical drops are avoided by adjusting the sewer invert slopes and
manhole invert drops.
7.5. Hydraulic Design of Gravity Sewers

This section describes the considerations and methodology adopted for the hydraulic design
of the sewer collection system.
7.5.1. Discharge Capacity

The sewer collection system is designed to carry the ultimate peak flow, i.e., assuming section
of the area to be served in London is fully developed and operating at peak.
The sewers are designed to flow no more than 66% full when conveying the peak dry weather
flow, in order to allow for the following requirements:
• Ventilation in the sewers,

• Reserve capacity for unavoidable rainfall derived infiltration and inflow (RDII).
7.5.2. Sewer Diameter

The recommended minimum sewer size for the project is 250mm dia.
7.5.3. Flow Velocity

The velocity of sewers flowing part-full is calculated using a rearranged form of the Colebrook
White equation:
 k   0.6275υ 
V = −2 8gRS0 × log10  s
+ 
 14.84R   R 8gRS0 


Where:
V Velocity in m/s;
g Gravitational acceleration in m/s2;
R Hydraulic radius in m;
S0 Sewer gradient, calculated using the slope length, not the length in plan;
ks Hydraulic roughness in m;
u Kinematic viscosity in m2/s.

The hydraulic roughness is taken as 0.6x10-3 m for velocities greater than 1.0 m/s and 1.5x10-
3
m for velocities less than or equal to 1.0 m/s.
Minimum self-cleansing Velocity

The minimum self-cleansing velocity is based on Camp formula:
1⁄2
𝑉𝑉 = (1⁄𝑛𝑛)𝑅𝑅 1⁄6 �𝐾𝐾𝑠𝑠 (𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠 − 1)𝑑𝑑𝑝𝑝 �
where
R is the hydraulic radius of flow section,
Ss is specific gravity of particle,
dp is particle size and
Ks is a dimensionless constant with a value of about 0.4 to start motion of granular particles
and about 0.8 for adequate self-cleansing of sewers.
A velocity of 0.6 m/s would be required to transport sand particles of 0.09mm with a specific
gravity of 2.65. This velocity was adopted as the minimum design velocity to flush out silting
that may occur during the low flows.
The design for the minimum self-cleansing velocity requirement is achieved by maximizing the
sewer slopes.
Maximum Velocity and Froude Number

The velocity in sewers was kept below 3 m/s and the Froude number below 0.8 to ensure sub-
critical flow and minimize erosion due to presence of sand and other gritty material in the
sewer flows.
The design for maximum velocity and Froude number criteria was achieved by minimizing the
sewer slopes.
7.5.4. Minimum sewer gradients

Table 7-4 gives the recommended minimum sewer gradients normally used in practice.
Table 7-4: Pipe Diameter versus Minimum Gradient

Sewer diameter (mm) Minimum gradient (1 to)
100/110 120
150/160 180
200 300
225 350
250 400
The design considers sewers to be laid within plot boundaries at a minimum gradient of 1:60
and the collector sewer for the first 8 plots at the head of the sewer to be laid at a gradient no

flatter than 1:80. Thereafter the slope is calculated in order to achieve the recommended
minimum self-cleansing velocity.
7.5.5. Cover to sewers

Minimum depth and cover to crown of sewer pipe:
At head of plot sewer - 450mm
In servitudes - 600mm
In sidewalks - 1000mm
In road crossings - 1400mm
7.5.6. Head Losses and Hydraulic Grade Line

The Hydraulic Grade Line (HGL) was used to establish the elevation to which wastewater
would rise when the system is operating under design conditions. Pressure flow condition
exists at any point in the sewer where the HGL is above the crown of the sewer. Conversely,
open channel condition exists if the HGL is below the crown of the sewer, which is the desired
condition for sewers flowing partially full.
Pipe Friction Head Losses

The Manning formula was used for friction loss calculations in the uPVC gravity sewers, with
a recommended design roughness coefficient, n=0.014.
Hazen-Williams formula was used for friction loss calculations in HDPE forcemain sewers,
with a recommended design roughness coefficient, C=120.
Manhole Losses
The head loss is proportional to the velocity head at the outlet sewer.
𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 2
𝐻𝐻𝑚𝑚 = 𝐾𝐾 � �
2𝑔𝑔
Where:
vo = is the velocity in outlet sewer, m/s
K = Loss coefficient
= KoCDCdCQCpCB
Ko = initial head loss coefficient based on relative manhole size
CD = correction factor for pipe diameter (pressure flow only), else =1 in open channel
flow
Cd = correction factor for flow depth (non-pressure flow only)
CQ = correction factor for relative flow
CB = correction factor for benching
Cp = correction factor for plunging flow
Ko is estimated as a function of the relative manhole size and the angle of deflection between
inflow and outflow pipe:

𝑏𝑏 𝑏𝑏 0.15
𝐾𝐾𝑜𝑜 = 0.1 � � (1 − 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠) + 1.4 � � 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜 𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜
Where:
θ = the angle between the inflow and the outflow pipe, degrees
b = manhole diameter, m
Do = outlet pipe diameter, m
Correction factor for pipe diameter, CD:

A change in head loss due to differences in pipe diameter is significant only in pressure flow
conditions when the ratio of water depth in the manhole to outlet pipe diameter, daho/Do, is
greater than 3.2. Otherwise, CD is set equal to 1.0.
𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜 3
𝐶𝐶𝐷𝐷 = � �
𝐷𝐷𝑖𝑖
Where:
Di = incoming pipe diameter, m
Do = outgoing pipe diameter, m
Daho = water depth in manhole above outlet pipe invert, m
Correction factor for flow depth, Cd:

The correction factor for flow depth is significant only in free surface or low-pressure flow
conditions, when daho/Do < 3.2, otherwise Cd = 1. Water depth in the manhole is estimated as
the level of hydraulic grade line at the upstream end of the outlet pipe.
𝑑𝑑𝑎𝑎ℎ𝑜𝑜 0.6
𝐶𝐶𝑑𝑑 = � 𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜
�
Correction factor for relative flow, CQ:

CQ is a function of the angle of the incoming flow as well as the percentage of flow coming in
through the pipe of interest versus other incoming pipes. The correction factor is only applied
where there are three or more pipes entering the manhole at approximately same elevation,
otherwise CQ = 1.
𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖 0.75
𝐶𝐶𝑄𝑄 = (1 − 2 sin 𝜃𝜃) �1 − � �� +1
𝑄𝑄𝑜𝑜
Where:
Qi = flow in inflow pipe, m3/s
Qo = flow in outflow pipe, m3/s

Correction factor for plunging flow:

ℎ ℎ − 𝑑𝑑𝑎𝑎ℎ𝑜𝑜
𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 = 1 + 0.2 � � � �
𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜 𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜
Where, h is vertical distance of plunging flow from flow line of incoming pipe to center of outlet
pipe, m
The correction factor corresponds to the effect of another inflow pipe or surface flow from an
inlet, plunging into the access hole, on the inflow pipe for which the head loss is being
calculated. The correction factor is applied only when h is greater than daho, otherwise Cp = 1.
Correction factor for benching, CB:

Benching tends to direct flow to the manhole, resulting in reduction in head loss. The benching
factor is obtained from Table 7-5.
Table 7-5: Manhole head loss correction factors for benching, CB

Correction Factors (CB)
Bench type
Submerged daho/Do > 3.2 Unsubmerged daho/Do < 3.2
Flat floor 1.00 1.00
Half bench 0.95 0.15
Full bench 0.75 0.07
7.6. Civil / Structural Design

7.6.1. Sewer Construction by Open-Cut Trenching
Sewer Trench Excavation
The recommended dimensions of sewer trench excavation shall be as given in Table 7-6.
Table 7-6: Recommended sewer trench dimensions

Depth of Trench Bottom Width of Trench
Up to average depth of 1.2 m Diameter of pipe + 300 mm, minimum 750mm
Above average depth of 1.2 m Diameter of pipe + 400 mm, minimum 900mm
In order to minimize collapsing trenches, the contractor could either provide shoring along the
trench or provide stable excavation slopes. It is recommended that the contractor shall carry
out his own investigations to determine suitable excavation slopes or apply shoring where
there is limited working space.
The excavation shall extend at least 150mm below the bottom of the sewer pipe and pipe bell
to a hard unyielding foundation material.
Sewer Trench Backfill

Sewer trench backfill is divided into 3 zones:
Zone A: From the bottom of the trench to the level of center line of the pipe. This zone shall
be refilled with granular material (sand, fine gravel or other approved materials) for Bedding

Class B. The material must remain firm and not permit displacement of pipes; as such it has
to be uniformly graded or well graded. Well graded material is most effective for stabilizing
trench bottoms and has a lesser tendency to flow than uniformly graded materials. However,
uniformly graded material is easier to place and compact above sewer pipes.
Zone B: From the level of the center line of the pipe to a level 300mm above the top of the
pipe. This Zone shall be backfilled with selected material from the trench excavations or
borrow area and compacted to 95% MDD.
Zone C: From top of Zone B to the top of the trench. This Zone shall be backfilled with random
material from the trench excavations and compacted to 95% MDD.
7.6.2. Sewer Construction by Pipe Jacking

Sewer pipe installation by pipe jacking may be carried out at deep sewer sections to avoid
extensive cuts and fills.
Because the pipe jacking relies completely on trenchless excavation, there will be less of a
direct impact on the environment and ground reinstatement and restoration costs will
practically be nil.
7.6.3. Design Loads on Sewer Pipes

Buried sewers are designed to withstand stresses induced by following loads under trench
conditions:
• Backfill earth loading
• Traffic loading
• Internal pressure loading, in the case of force mains
Traffic loading is however negligible for deep sewers with a ratio of depth to diameter of sewer
diameter over 2.
The critical loading combination occurs when the sewer is empty (i.e. no internal pressure)
and the external pressure due to backfill and traffic loading is maximum. Since traffic loading
is negligible in deep sewers, only backfill earth loading is considered.
The earth load on the sewer pipe is computed from the Marston’s formula:
𝑊𝑊𝑐𝑐 = 𝐶𝐶𝑑𝑑 𝜔𝜔𝐵𝐵𝑑𝑑 2
Wc = the load on the pipe in kN/m

w = the unit load of backfill material in kN/m3
Cd= the load coefficient which is a function of a ratio of height of fill to width of trench (H/Bd)

𝐻𝐻
−2𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
1 − 𝑒𝑒 𝐵𝐵𝑑𝑑
𝐶𝐶𝑑𝑑 =
2𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
H = Depth of refilling of soil from top of pipe to the ground level, m,

Bd= the width of the trench at the top of the pipe, m
k = ratio between active internal pressure and external vertical pressure
f = friction coefficient between the backfill material and the trench vertical sides
Values of k*f are given in Table 7-7.
Table 7-7: Values of k*f for different backfill types

Backfill Type K*f
Cohesion less granular material 0.192
Sand and gravel 0.165
Saturated topsoil (other than clay) 0.150
Clay 0.130
Saturated clay 0.110
Table 7-8: Unit load of common trench fill materials

Material Unit weight, w (kN/ m3)
Ordinary damp sand 16.0
Saturated top soil 19.2
Ordinary damp clay 19.2
Saturated clay 20.8
The computed earth loads on various sizes and depths of sewer pipes are summarized in
Table 7-9, considering the worst-case scenario of damp ordinary sand (cohesionless granular
material).
Table 7-9: Design backfill loads on buried sewer pipes, kN/m

Trench Trench Depth, H(m)
Pipe Material Pipe OD (m)
Width, Bd (m) 1.5 2.0 3.0 4.0
Gravity Pipes 0.160 0.750 12.56 15.02 18.39 20.41
uPVC 0.200 0.750 12.56 15.02 18.39 20.41
0.250 0.750 12.56 15.02 18.39 20.41
0.300 0.750 12.56 15.02 18.39 20.41
Forcemain Pipes 0.160 0.750 12.56 15.02 18.39 20.41
HDPE 0.200 0.750 12.56 15.02 18.39 20.41
0.250 0.750 12.56 15.02 18.39 20.41
0.300 0.750 12.56 15.02 18.39 20.41

7.6.4. Safe Working Strength of Sewer Pipe

The proof load (crushing strength) of sewer pipes, determined by the three-edge bearing test,
is presented above in Table 4-8.
The ultimate three edge bearing strength = 1.25 x the proof load. The safe working strength
is based on the formula:
𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠ℎ

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠ℎ =
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
The recommended factor of safety is 1.5. The sewer pipes are selected to ensure that the
design loads summarized in Table 4-8 above do not exceed their safe working strengths.
7.6.5. Field Supporting Strength

The field supporting strength of a sewer is the maximum load per unit length, which the sewer
will support while retaining complete serviceability when installed under specified conditions
of bedding and backfilling.
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠ℎ = 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠ℎ 𝑥𝑥 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
The trench condition is considered with Bedding Class B. The load factor for granular bedding
Class B is 1.9 (various literature).
7.6.6. Manhole Structures

The structural elements in manholes include the cast-in-situ concrete base, the precast
concrete wall rings, and the precast concrete top slabs. The structural elements are designed
to BS 8110 for ultimate limit state and to BS 8007 for serviceability state to withstand uplift
loads, earth pressure, dynamic pressures of sewer flows, and superimposed loads.
Reinforced concrete flat slab tops are provided at the manhole cover level and at transition
from a larger diameter base to a smaller diameter riser section. They are designed to withstand
anticipated loads from supported riser sections, soil and hydrostatic loads, surcharge loads,
live loads and impact loads.
Each will have a clear opening of 600mm with standard heavy-duty cast-iron manhole cover
on the manhole cover slabs to facilitate access for routine inspection and maintenance of the
sewer.

7.7. Sewer line Design particulars

7.7.1. Population and waste generation design
The London Sewer line is serving an area of 0.07 km2 against the total area 43.3 Ha. The
project area of London in totality has 16,083 people in 2019. When truncated, the area served
by the line will be ((0.07*100)/43.3)*16063=2600 people in the year 2019.
Based on the above figure the population projection and waste generated is presented in the
table 7-10 below

Table 7-10: Population and Waste Generation for London- Nakuru
IG = 4.2
Year 2019 2023 2033 2043
Population
Pn = P (1+ IG/100) ^n 2,600 3,065 4,625 6,979 545000
4.00
Domestic Wastewater Generation

Pop Density 437.87 2033 120 L/p.d
10000 660.73 2043 160 L/p.d
For
Ultimate
- Sewer
Pop Density 997.01 WW Generation m3.p.d Design
Zone Code Area, ha 2023 2033 2043 2023 2033 2043 2043
London / Hilton 7.00 3,065 4,625 6,979 367.81 555.01 1,116.65 1116.65
OTHERS - - -
TOTALS 7.00 3,065 4,625 6,979 368 555.01 1,116.65 1,116.65
Infiltration (10%) 55.50 111.67
610.51 1,228.32
Institutional 49.95 100.50

Commercial 49.95 100.50
1,320.93 2,657.64

7.7.2. The design of the line

The design flow for the line is specific to the area it serves as indicated in the established
drainage areas
Table 7-11: Design of London Nakuru Sewer

AREA Flow 2043 Flow at
Zone Name Qinitial 6.52
(km2) (m3/day) 1.5 dwf
Q final 19.80
London /
1 0.07 1116.65 1674.981
Hilton
London Nakuru
Flow 1,674.98 m3/d 69.79 m3/h
0.0194 m3/s 19.39 l/s
Design criteria:
Designed to flow partially full at 0.6D
uPVC pipe material n= 0.010 0.01
Adopted Velocity, V = 0.8 m/s
At full flow
Area of flow, A = 0.0242 m2

Pipe diameter = 0.1757 m
D= 175.7 mm
R= 0.04391351
Therefore S= 0.00413094
At 0.8D, a/A = 0.858 from tables

r/R = 1.217
For similar velocity, the required gradient of flow is given by: -
ss = 0.00339437
Velocity generated at this slope is given by:
variations of n due to slope are neglected
vs= 0.82661843
But for the computed discharge,
Q= 0.0194 m3/sec
Adopted pipe diameter
a= 0.0235
d= 0.17280272 m
172.802718 mm
D= d/0.6
288.00453 mm
Say 300 mm
We propose to design a 300mm Diameter UPVC pipe sewer.

7.7.3. Hydraulic Design of the pipeline

The criteria for hydraulic design sewer pipe is evaluated based on the size and type of the
pipe, design period, design depth and peak flows. Hydraulic designs considered in this design
include;
• Hydraulic Types of Flows

• Manning Equation
• Minimum Slope and Velocity
• Minimum Pipe Size
• Peak Flows and Peak Factors
All these parameters have been discussed in the previous chapter of DESIGN CRITERIA FOR
WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
7.7.4. Wastewater Flow Calculations

There is no one unique and correct approach to the projection and calculation of sanitary
sewer flows within a service area because each service area has its own unique
characteristics. The consultant has used his own initiative and judgment for the projection of
flows in conjunction with all current studies, rules and regulations as per the Practice Manual
for Sewerage and Sanitation Services (PMSSS). Below is a summary of the sewer lines data
as calculated .

Table 7-12: Summary of Sewer Line Wastewater Flow Calculation

LONDON NAKURU SEWER LINE
Manhole Section Dry Weather Flow Proposed Conduit

Dry
From Area, Zone Code

Tributary Area Weather Elevation Sewer Full Peak Flow (Partially Filled)
Slope of Sewer (0/00)
Profile & Size, Ø(m)

Flow
Length L (m)
Peak
Capacity Qfull (L/s)

Cumulative ∑qsA,
Increment, A (ha)
Velocity vfull (m/s)

Cumulative, ∑A
Increment qsA,
Velocity v (L/s)
Flow Ground Surface El. Invert El.
From To
Q/Qfull(%)
Q
v/vfull
(L/s)
(L/s)
(ha)
(L/s)
Lower Upper Lower
Upper
end end end
end (+m)
(+m) (+m) (+m)
0+000.00 0+060.00 L1 7 7 11.1 11.1 1915.05 1914.41 1913.85 1913.21 60 0.0106667 0.3 19.386352 0.8 29.13 0.87 1.88
0+060.00 0+120.00 L1 1914.41 1911.8 1913.21 1913.07 60 0.0023333 0.3 19.386352 0.8 29.13 0.87 1.88
0+120.00 0+180.00 L1 1911.8 1911.44 1913.07 1910.24 60 0.0471667 0.3 19.386352 0.8 11.72 0.69 2.08
0+180.00 0+240.00 L1 1911.44 1899.28 1910.24 1898.08 60 0.3117949 0.3 19.386352 0.8 13.54 0.72 1.88
0+240.00 0+279.00 L1 1899.28 1896.77 1898.08 1895.57 39 0.064359 0.3 19.386352 0.8 13.54 0.72 1.88

7.8. Outfall
The outfall of the line is to the nearest existing manhole at Chainage 0+000 km. The invert
levels of the outfall shall allow the flow from the London pipeline to join smoothly and continue
flowing down stream at a speed required for self-cleansing.
7.9. Maintenance and sustainability considerations

For maintenance of the sewer line, proper maintenance shall be required. Frequent unblocking
of the sewer using required means is recommended. Aeration shall be done and frequent
checking of manhole covers against vandalism is highly recommended.

CHAPTER 8: ENGINEERING DESIGN REVIEW OF HIGH MAST LIGHTING
8. ENGINEERING DESIGN REVIEW OF HIGH MAST

LIGHTING
8.1. Mono Pole Structure and Lighting

The High Mast lighting shall be the type incorporating a lantern carriage which can be raised
and lowered by using a winch at the base of the mast.
The High mast columns shall be continuously tapered with circular or polygonal cross section,
that presents an aesthetically pleasant and slim appearance.
The stainless steel used shall have adequate corrosion resistance to chlorides in the
atmosphere as grade 1.4401 or 1.4404 grade stainless steel to BS EN 10088-2 or equal to
Engineer’s approval.
The mast shall be designed in accordance with the Technical Report No. 7 of the Institution of
Public Lighting Engineers (UK), and designed for a maximum wind speed of 50m/s (3sec gust
at 10m above the ground level). The deflection at the top of the mast at wind gusts of 30m/s
shall not exceed/40 of the mast height.
Each high mast shall have a facility for raising and lowering the luminaire carriage by means
of a winch and wire ropes. The winch shall be fixed to the base compartment of the mast and
shall be removable and replaceable for use for protection against vandals.
The mast columns shall be supplied in sections not exceeding 15,000mm in length but which
are within the manufacture’s standard production range to keep the costs to a minimum.
There will be provision for earthing the mast be means of a 12mm diameter stainless steel
stud with nuts and washers fixed to the main body of the mast structure in the base
compartment.
The mast shall be provided with effective lighting arrester using 1200mm aerial terminal at the
top and effective earthing of the mast.
8.1.1. CONTROL GEAR
The control gear shall operate at 240V Single Phase at a frequency of 50Hz. The ballast shall
be Electronic and the lamps able to switch on at +/-10% of nominal voltage and capable of
sustaining normal operation at 20% voltage dip for four seconds.
The control gear shall not exceed 10% of the normal lamp wattage. Ripple suppression device
shall be provided and power factor compensation maintained at least 0.9 lagging. Ballast shall
be copper wound with insulation class F.

8.1.2. LAMPS
The flood light fitting as Philips SN F111 NB/58 complete with 400W as SON – TPP 400W
lamp or equivalent for High Pressure Sodium. The High-Pressure Sodium gives the best
colour rendering. (Calculations are based on the Philips SNF 111).
Equivalent LED lamps can be used and give better economy during operation with
substantially less energy consumption but do not have the colour rendering of the High-
Pressure Sodium.
8.1.3. OBSTACLE LAMPS
Each mast shall be equipped with two low intensity obstacle lamps type A, complying to
Specification Section 4100.
The obstacle lamps shall be fixed to the moveable luminaire carriage and shall protrude above
the canopy of the top assembly and shall act as Aircraft Warning Lights.
8.1.4. BASE COMPARTMENT

A compartment shall be provided at the base of each mast. The opening shall be secured
against vandals and external interference with recessed nonstandard socket screws.
A back plate shall be provided for mounting the electrical control switchgear. The cable entry
shall be provided from a central hole in the base flange.
The winch for raising and lowering shall be mounted in the base compartment.
8.1.5. HEAD FRAME ASSEMBLY

The head frame assembly shall be of welded steel construction and hot dip galvanized. Pulley
wheels for the hoist rope shall be made from cast aluminium alloy and shall have large
diameters suitable for the recommended bending radii of the power cable. Close fitting
removable guards shall be provided over the pulleys to ensure the wire ropes and cables
remain in the correct groove when operating in the loaded or slack position.
The shaft on which the pulley wheels revolve shall be made from approved corrosion resistant
material. The shaft shall be securely welded to head frame assembly to prevent rotation. Any
lubrication shall be for the lifetime of the pulley assembly. The wire rope and power cable shall
operate in separate pulleys and the two shall be separated by means of guards and other
suitable mechanisms.
The head frame assembly shall fit on top of the mast and approved devices shall be provided
to prevent its rotation. The head frame assembly shall be covered by an approved aluminium
or stainless-steel canopy. The canopy shall be secured to the assembly using stainless steel
bolts. The head frame assembly shall be designed and manufactured to last the lifetime of the
mast without necessity for maintenance.

The head frame assembly shall incorporate a lightning protection with a stainless-steel aerial
terminal connected to the mast column by a minimum of 50mm2 copper conductor.
8.1.6. LUMINAIRE CARRIAGE

The luminaire carriage shall be of robust construction with minimum number of individual
components. The carriage shall be made such that it can be fitted and removed from the mast
after erection.
Each Luminaire carriage shall be designed to carry a maximum 12No. 400W HID luminaire or
approved equivalent. The luminaire carriage shall be made of hot dip galvanized steel in the
form of a circular ring or a regular polygon, split in diameter to facilitate fitting and removal.
The required number of pre – drilled mounting plates designed for attaching the luminaires,
accessories and access points shall be welded to the luminaire carriage prior to galvanizing.
The luminaire carriage shall be made such that it can be lowered along the entire height of the
mast using 2 or 3 wire ropes connected to a winch. The mechanisms for guiding the luminaire
carriage shall be of approved type and shall be guided so as to leave no visible marks along
the mast surface. The mechanism shall be of inconspicuous design.
Type test certificates shall be submitted for each winch from the manufacturer.
Safety features provided shall be such as to prevent any uncontrolled drop of the luminaire
carriage, and the safety devices shall automatically go into the locked position whenever the
operating handle or driving tool is disengaged. A provision shall be made for the remote
operation of the winch with a remote console at 5 metres from the mast base.
8.1.7. MAST WIRE

The mast shall be fitted with stranded stainless steel wire rope with a minimum tensile strength
of 1625N/mm2 with a factor of safety of 5 times the SWL of the winch. The wire rope shall be
terminated using a compression crimp joint or clamp grip. Thimbles or eyes shall be fitted as
required. The terminations shall be strictly in accordance with BS 302.
Additional safety chain kits shall be provided and connected in between the rope shackle and
the cleat, located inside the base when luminaire carriage is in the raised position.
8.1.8. MAST POWER CABLE

The mast power cable shall be flexible Class 5, suitable for bending and load carrying stresses
involved in the type of application.
The cable shall be of multi core construction to BS 6977 type HO7 RN – F, 600/1000V grade.
The cable shall be made from fine stranded copper conductor with Ethylene Propylene Rubber
(EPR) insulation with an external overall sheath of heavy duty Polychloroprene (PCP).
The cable shall have two spare cores for connection to future loads. The cable shall be
terminated in a correctly rated multi – pin weather proof plug and socket within the base
compartment to ensure quick isolation when lowering the luminaire carriage.
All conductors shall be 2.5mm2 Copper. A second isolation point shall be provided at the
luminaire carriage. It shall be possible to energize and carry out tests when the luminaire
carriage is at the ground level.

8.1.9. ELECTRICAL WIRING

A terminal power distribution board shall be fitted on the back plate in the base compartment
of the mast. The distribution board shall be made from corrosion resistant material and shall
be weather proof with minimum IP 66 to BS 60529. The board shall have provision for
incoming power cable and all the other cables distributing power within the mast.
8.1.10. ELECTRICAL POWER TOOLS

Two (2No.) Power tools shall be provided for raising and lowering the luminaire carriage.
The tool speed shall be related to the winch operational speed. The tool shall operate at 240V,
50Hz Single Phase power supply. The power toll shall include an automatic torque limiter.
Remote operation of the power tool shall be provided using removable control cable and hand-
held console.
8.1.11. FOUNDATION
The anchor bolts shall be provided with anchor plate for casting into the reinforced concrete
foundation.
The anchor Bolts shall measure 12x M3* 3000mm made from guaranteed high performance
tensile steel Grade Fe 510 C. The precision-made base steel template shall be of steel Grade
Fe 430 C. With tube holes to ensure that correct vertical and horizontal alignment is achieved.
The contractor shall provide a foundation working design based on soil test results and wind
loading as specified.
8.2. Standards
1. Height of Mast: 30Metres
2. No. Sections: 3 Sections
3. Materials for Construction: BS – EN 10 025
4. Grade Fe 410 WA: IS 2062
5. Thickness: Top – 6mm; Middle – 8mm; Bottom = 8mm
6. No of Longitudinal welds/section: One
7. No. of Circumferential welds/section -: none
8. Cross Section of Mast: 12-Sided Polygon
9. Length of Section: Not exceeding 15,000mm
10. Top Diameter: 280mm
11. Base Diameter: 610mm
12. Type of Joint: Stress Fit
13. Length of Overlap: Top: 600mm; Bottom: 600mm
14. Metal Protection: Hot Dip Galvanized (inside & outside) - BS EN ISO 1461
15. Method of Dipping: Single Dipping
16. Average thickness of Galvanization: 85micron (Bottom); 65micron (middle & top)
17. Maximum Weight: 1,400kg
18. Base Plate Thickness: 30mm
19. Lightning Protection: GI Single Spike (1,200mm)

The measurements given above are approximate and minor variations from the different
manufacturers will be expected.
The mast shall be continuously tapered polygon section presenting an environmentally

presentable aesthetics.
8.3. Basic Design Wind Speeds
The monopole is designed, for the purpose of assessing its structural strength to a Basic
Design Wind Speed of 33.33 m/s (120 km/hr) 3-second gust speed or 22.22 m/s mean hourly
wind speed for all sites. This corresponds to a return period of 1 in 50 years. For the purpose
of compliance check for maximum deflection (sway) of the monopole, a 1 in 20 years return
period wind speed of 30.0 m/s (3 second gust) or 20.0 m/s mean hourly wind speed shall be
used.
8.4. HIGH MAST LIGHTING WORKS

GENERAL
The high mast lighting assembly shall include the foundation, pole, luminaire lowering device
system, luminaires and a control pedestal, as shown on the plans and in conformance with
these special provisions.
Installation of the lowering device on each pole shall be made under the supervision of a
trained representative of the lowering device manufacturer. Prior to acceptance of the contract,
a trained representative of the lowering device manufacturer shall demonstrate that each high
mast lighting assembly operates properly. The demonstration shall consist of a minimum of 3
complete cycles of raising and lowering the luminaire ring (complete with luminaires) the full
length of the ring's travel, as designed, within one working day, prior to acceptance of the
project.
All portions of the high mast lighting assembly shall have a minimum design wind velocity
rating of 80 mph.
The lowering device system shall be submitted for inspection and testing. Inspection and
testing shall be performed at a site in California approved by the Resident Engineer. The
lowering device system shall be demonstrated at the Contractor's expense. Notification shall
be given to the Resident Engineer at least 7 days prior to demonstration.
After the high mast lighting system is in operation, an instructional video tape (VHS), complete
written instructions and a demonstration to State Maintenance personnel on the maintenance
of the high mast lighting assembly, including leveling of the luminaire ring and the procedures
for the safe raising and lowering of the luminaire ring, shall be provided.
Spare parts, part lists and the operating, maintenance and service instructions, packaged with
or accompanying the equipment installed on the project, shall be delivered to the Resident
Engineer prior to acceptance of the project.
8.5. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR 30 M MONOPOLE HIGH MAST

LIGHTING
(FOR 12M; the contractor to supply catalogue to be approved by Resident Engineer but should
meet all the strength conditions)
• No. of circumferential welds/section: None

• Cross section of Mast: 8 sided polygon

• Length of Individual sections: Top: 9500 mm, Middle: 9500 mm, Bottom: 9500 mm
• Base diameter and top diameter: Top diameter: 280 mm, Bottom diameter: 540mm
• Type of joints: stress fit at site.
• Length of overlap: top: 600 mm, bottom: 600 mmMetal protection: Hot dipped galvanized
(inside & outside as per BSEN ISO 1461.
• Method of hot dipping: single dipping
• Average thickness of galvanization: 85 micron (Bottom), 65 micron (top & middle)
• Maximum weight: 1400 KG.
• Base plate thickness: 30 mm
• Lightning protection: G I single spike of length 1200mm
All dimensions are approximated, accurate and minor deviation can be allowed as per
manufacturers design requirement.
Mast structure is continuously tapered of polygonal cross section presenting Good visual
appearances.
8.5.1. Construction
Excavation of foundation to prepare fare face formwork for the foundation ready to cast inset
reinforced concrete for Masts and, Excavation of cable trenches and ducts to prepare for
power supply cable
8.5.2. Control Gear
Control gear shall be for operation at 415V AC., three phases, 50 Hz. The ballast shall be
electronics specially selected for use on the type of lamps used and lamps shall be able to
start with at least ±10% variation of nominal voltage and continue in normal operation with
dips of up to 20% for up to four seconds duration.
Control gear losses shall not exceed 10% of normal lamp wattage. Ripple frequency
suppression device shall be provided. The power factor shall be compensated to at least 0.9
lagging. Ballasts shall be copper wound with insulation of Class F.
8.5.3. Lamps
The lamps shall be patented all in one design 9x400 watts LED (light emitting diode) light.
The LED light shall have the following features:
• CREE XPE LED chips, outstanding energy saving performance
• Patented power supply technology, electricity surge and overheating auto-
protection
• Patented heat dissipation technology,50000 hours long life with minimum
luminous decay
• Universal input voltage, AC/DC both work without any adapter or transformer
• High power factor to minimize total harmonic distortion
• Instant start and flicker free to reduce the eye strain
• Very even light distribution and high uniformity, no glare to eyes
• Good color rendering, vivid colors under the light
• ISO9001, CE, UL, RoHScertified.
• 5 to10 year warranty

8.5.4. Specifications
Power consumption: 400WKPA/205/2010-11EE Monopoles
8.6. Flood mast calculations
Table 8-1: Flood Mast Calculations

GENERAL NOTES LED Flood Light
Carrier ( 9No.per pole)
HIGH MAST LIGHTING
References
 Bs 8110-1: 1998 Structural Use of Concrete
 Steel Design Manual 6th Edition

BS 6399: Part 1 :
 Reinforced Concrete Handbook 11th Edition by Charles
E Reynolds & James C. Steadman 1984
BS 6399: Loading for buildings. Part 1: 1984. Code of practice for dead
and imposed loads. Part 3: 1988. Code of practice
CP 3: Code of basic data for the design of buildings. Chapter V: Loading.CP 3: Chapter V Part
Part 2: 1972: Wind loads 2: 1972
Fire resistance
11/2hrs and mild exposure
Durability
 Blinding concrete class 15/20 (1:3:6)
 Reinforced concrete class 20/20 (1:2:4)
 Class 25/20 (1:1.5:3) Characteristic
strength of steel
 High yield steel fy=460 N/mm
 Round Mild steel fy=250 N/mm Material
Specifications
Densities
 Concrete = 24 kN/ 3 m
 Steel =78.50 kN/ 3 m

Soil Bearing Capacity = 300 N/m 2 Rock ( assumed) Sub soil conditions
All dimensions in millimeters and metres (metric)

Wind Design: Idealization
Structure assumed located in the open country side with no wind Vb ( Cl.2.2.1)
barrier
Wind design speed 36m/s ( 80mph)
Pole tapers from 600mm diameter at the base to 230mm at the top.
The tube is idealized as uniform diameter of 600mm to increase
factor of safety.
Pole height is 30m from ground to top.
Design

Design is for the most critical state of loading. Basic wind speed wb=36m/s Cl.2.2.2
Ws (Design wind speed) = s1 s2 s3 s4 wb
 s1 - Topology factor = 1.0
 s2 - Height factor = 1.07
 s3 - Probability factor = 1.0
 s4 - Directional factor = 1.0
Design speed = 1.0 x 1.0 x 1.0 x 1.07 x 36 = 38.52 Vs
Dynamic wind pressure ( Pa)
qs = 0.613 V 2
= (0.613 x 38.52 2 ) / 103 = 0.909 kN/m2
Note : ( 1 Pa = 1N/mm2) Total pressure on high mast
Wind pressure = qs x height x face of action ( idealized)
= 0.909kN/m2 x 30m x 0.415m = 13.32 kN/m2
(Rate of change tube diameter from bottom ( 600Ø) to
230Ø as it tapers 30m at top is 12.33mm per metre such that at 15m (
mid height ) the size facing wind action is
0.415m)

Idealized is acting at the middle height
Base Design
Gw- Weight of high mast
=πxØxtxhx Þxg
Where:
Gw= 3.14 x 0.415 x0.004 x30 x 7850 x10/100
Gw=12.3kN
Π = 3.14 Ø = 0.41495m
‘t = 0.004m ‘h = 30m
‘g = 10N Þ = 7850 kg/m3
=3.14x0.41495x0.004x30x(10/1000)x7850
=12,237.723
=12.3 kN

(Rate of change of shape from bottom to top is 12.33mm / m hence at 15m

the diameter is 0.41495m, density of steel is
7850kg/m3 and thickness of tube material is 4mm)
Over turning moment M = 12.30 x 15m =184.5kN.m
Assume base size 2.4m x 2.4m x 2.4m deep to counter the moment above
Base = 2.4 x 2.4 x 2.4 x 24 x 2.4/2 = 398.13kN.m

Pole =12.3 x 2.4/2 =14.76kN.m
Total =412.89kN.m
Factor of safety against overturning
=412.89kN.m/184.5kN.m
=2.23 OK
Use base size 2.4 x 2.4 x 2.4m deep

Reinforcement BS 8110 Part 1
Reinforcement to carry the uplift Cl 3.4.4.4
Overturning moment = 184.5 ‘kN.m BS 8110 Part 1
‘Z = lever action = 2.4m Table 3.27
As = M/0.87fyZ Cl.3.12.11.2.7
= (184.5 x 106)/0.87 x 460 x 2.4 equivalent to As= 191
Try Y12 bars
Diameter = 12mm, Area= 113mm2 and fy =460N/mm2
Provide Y12 at 250mm centre in X,Y & Z Directions
Use Y10 as distribution bars
Bending Moment at Base = 184.5kN.m Assume pole diameter is

600mm throughout, Try 4mm thick pole, Fy = M/Z
Z = π/32 ( 6003-5843) = 1.65 X 106
Fy = 184.05 x 106/ 1.65 x 106
= 111.54 < 250 N / mm2
OK use 4mm thick pole

Base== 2.4m x 2.4m x 2.4m

Height above ground = 30m Steel Designer’s Manual
Thickness of tube material = 4mm
Stability check
The eccentricity need to be within the perimeter of the base
E = M/V < B/2
M = 184.5 from above, V =vertical total load of structure and

foundation ( 2.4 x2.4 x 2.4 x24)+ 12.3 k’N = 344.076’Kn
184.5/ 344.076 = 0.53 and 2.4 / 2= 1.2
0.53 < 1.2 force is acting within the perimeter hence no overturning.
Bearing Capacity Check

Design safe
Soil bearing pressure under load = V/Area + M/section modulus(b3/6)
Toe pressure P = 344.076/(2.4 x 2.4) + 184.5/(2.43)/6
= 59.73 +80.03
=139.89kPa
Allowable bearing capacity of soil = Soil bearing capacity/ factor against

overturning
F.S= ultimate bearing capacity of soil/ Toe pressure due to total weight

F.S = 300/139.89kPa
= 2.14
Allowable soil pressure < Ultimate bearing pressure of soil
Allowable soil pressure = Ultimate bearing capacity/ F.S
300/ 2.14= 140.18’kPa
140.18 < 300 hence the soil can withstand the pressure from the structure Ok
and wind action.
Deflection check
Deflection due to wind pressure is calculated as; Wind velocity 36m/s at the
top giving pressure P P = (Þ x V2 X Cd)/2
Where
P= total wind pressure on the tower
Þ = air density = 1.23kg/m3
Cd = drag coefficient = 3 according to Eurocode 1 Eurocode 1
P = (1.23 X 362 X 3)/2 = 2391 Pa
Uniform force acting on the tube= Pressure by wind x idealized side x height
= 2391 x 0.415 x 30
= 29769N
Deflection ð = (Þ x l3)/ ( 3 X E X I) Where

‘l = the height of tower,
‘ð = deflection in mm
I = Second moment of area of idealized tube diameter
0.415m = 1.456 x 10-3
E= Young’s Modulus (steel) = 200 x 109

Maximum deflection allowable should be less than 1 %
of the tower height = 30000mm X 1/100= 300mm
Defection in action
= 29769x1.23 x 303/ 3 x200 x 109 x1.09 x 10-4
45.24mm which is less than the deflection criteria allowable
Maximum
deflection allowable should be less than
1 % of the tower height
Structure safe

CHAPTER 9: REVIEW OF DRAWINGS AND SET OUT DATA
Wind Design: Idealization
Structure assumed located in the open country side with no wind

barrier
Wind design speed 36m/s ( 80mph)
Pole tapers from 600mm diameter at the base to 230mm at the top.
The tube is idealized as uniform diameter of 600mm to increase
factor of safety.
Pole height is 30m from ground to top.
Design

9. ENGINEERING DESIGN REVIEW OF DRAWINGS & SET

OUT DATA
Detailed sets of drawings and setting out data have been prepared and submitted in separate
volumes. The drawings include:
• Layouts for roads and storm water drains, sewer line and water pipeline.
• Plans and profiles for the roads and storm water drains, sewer lines and water
pipelines.
• Standard details for:
 Pavement structure details.
 Typical road junctions.
 Culvert details.
 Bus bay details and tree planting
 Roads markings and traffic signs details.
 Traffic details
 Road furniture and standard details.
 Storm water manhole details
 Drainage standard details
 Standard details for traffic signs.
 Bollard details.
 30 m high flood mast details.
 30 high flood mast connection details.
 Direction sign to settlement
 Project sign publicity sign board
 Rumble strip and hump pedestrian crossing details
 Typical service duct details
 Sewer manhole details
• Setting out data for the roads, sewer and water.
The Consultant undertook the following under this section:

• Checked and reviewed the engineering drawings;
• Prepared the construction drawings incorporating any additional design changes that
may be required/as undertaken in previous design review tasks;
• Reviewed the longitudinal sections and set out data in accordance with the detailed
topographical survey;
• Prepared the reviewed Drawings in A3 sizes.
Detailed Review and Updating was done for the following key sections:

o Plan and profiles
o Cross-sections
o Crossing and access culverts schedules
o Junctions and intersection treatments

o Bus stops and road furniture – line markings, kerbs, channels

o Railway and utility crossings drawings
o Corridor inventories
o Setting out data review
o General plan of the proposed facilities
o Water distribution and hydraulic profile – plan and profile
o Reservoir structures
o Distribution outlets – kiosks and standpipes
o Standard details – valves installation layouts, typical road crossings,
embedment, anchor blocks, metering devices
o Setting out data
o General layout
o Plan and profiles
o Outfall design
o Manhole designs
o Trench design and backfill detail
o Pipe bedding
o Typical connections
o Setting out data
o General layout
o Power supply schematics (line diagrams)
o Bulkhead designs
o Structural engineering design drawings
o Foundation details
o Setting out data

CHAPTER 10: REPACKAGING & PREPARATION OF PROCUREMENT DOCS
10. REPACKAGING & PREPARATION OF

PROCUREMENT DOCUMENTS
10.1. Repackaged Works

The repackaged works under the budget was discussed with the Client and Stakeholders.
They include:
10.2. Volume I – Bidding Document

The Consultants prepared the bidding documents based on international standards and in
accordance with the procurement plan.
The bidding document contains the following parts.
Part I- Tendering procedures
• Section I - Instructions to tenderers
• Section II - Tender Data Sheets (TDS)
• Section III - Evaluation and Qualification Criteria
• Section IV - Tendering forms
• Section v - Eligible Countries
• Section VI - Fraud and corruption
Part II: Works Requirements

• Section VII – Drawings
• Section VIII – Specifications
• Section IX – Bills of Quantities
Part III: Conditions of Contract and Contract Forms.
• Drawings
• Specifications
• Contract forms.
10.3. Volume II – Technical Specifications

• Technical Specifications (General and Special Specification)
10.4. Volume III – Book of Drawings

This has been prepared and submitted separately from this report and includes:
10.5. Volume IV – Engineers Cost Estimate

This has also been prepared and submitted separately from this report. It’s basically the priced
bill of quantities

11. UPDATING ESIA AND RAP

11.1. RAP REPORT
A summary of ESIA and Reports are presented in this report. Detailed reports are presented
in separate covers.
11.1.1. Statement of the Problem and Need for RAP
Displacement impacts are anticipated to be quite small in scale occasioned by:
i. Partial demolition of structures to expand / realign road reserves
ii. Reclamation of encroached way-leaves
iii. Displacement of open and mobile shops (kiosks) to expand / realign road reserves,
provide drainage canals, etc.
iv. Land reservation for receptacles and waste collection centres, posts for security
lighting
v. Removal of structures to create room for trunk infrastructure, such as drainage
Both the World Bank’s Policy on Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12) and the Resettlement
Policy Framework (RPF) require the development and implementation of a Resettlement
Action Plan (RAP) to address any anticipated displacement impacts of a Bank-financed
project. Moreover, the Environmental Management and Coordination Act, 1999, provides for
a RAP whenever displacement is identified as an impact during Environmental Impact
Assessment (EIA).
11.1.2. Objectives of RAP

The objective of this RAP is to clarify the principles and procedures that will govern the
mitigation of adverse social impacts induced by the proposed projects. Specifically, the RAP
is designed to ensure that:
i. All types of losses are identified, clearly defined and properly categorized to reflect the
nature and scope of the loss.
ii. A standard or measure for defining eligibility and entitlement in order to have a fair
basis for assessing compensation for the loss or impact suffered.
iii. Compliance with provisions of Kenyan Laws and World Bank Operational Policies (OP
4.12, paragraph 2(b)): that resettlement activity shall be conceived and executed as
development programs, providing sufficient investment resources to enable the PAPs
to share in project benefits.
iv. Displaced persons will be compensated for their losses at full replacement cost and
provided assistance for disturbance prior to the beginning of civil works.
v. A comprehensive database, based on which values will be assessed, validated in the
event of disputes and, more importantly, serve as the database for monitoring and
evaluation of the resettlement instrument.
vi. The PAPs were consulted and given the opportunity of participating in the design,
implementation and monitoring of the resettlement.

vii. A Grievance & Redress mechanism will be established, to acknowledge and resolve
conflicts arising from Resettlement and Compensation.
11.1.3. Scope of the RAP

RAP outline contains:
i. A summary description of the Project, including measures to avoid and/or minimize

resettlement
ii. A summary description of the baseline socio-economic conditions in the Project area,
iii. An assessment of the World Bank Policies and Kenyan legal instruments applicable to
displacement and resettlement in the Project,
iv. An assessment of likely displacement impacts,
v. A description of the proposed strategy to deal with displacement impacts,.
vi. Description of Entitlement Eligibility of PAPs and their assets
vii. Estimated Budget for compensation of Affected Assets
viii. Implementation details, which presents the organizational and other arrangements to
implement the mitigations related with physical and economic displacement
ix. Grievance management mechanism
x. Monitoring and Evaluation of RAP during Implementation
11.1.4. Minimizing Impacts of Resettlement

Efforts have been made to minimize involuntary displacement and relocation of residents,
given the population density in most of the informal settlements, the proposed infrastructure
investments may result to project impacts to people’s assets and sources of livelihoods
therefore the need for preparation of a Resettlement Action Plan which mitigates the impacts
and propose suitable implementation arrangements. A resettlement policy framework
prepared for the project has been used to guide the preparation of this RAP.
The project design team made deliberate measure to avoid and minimize impacts of the
project activities to people’s assets and sources of livelihoods; this was done at the conceptual
stage during the project development. In order to minimize impacts on the project to peoples
assets and livelihood, the design team ensured that;
• All the civil works have been designed within the existing road reserve, this was
achieved by using the Physical Development Plans (PDPs) developed by the by the
county government office of County Physical Planner.
• All Sites for setting up the proposed flood lights are on government land within the
settlements where no one claims ownership, this also was achieved through the use
of Physical Development Plans (PDPs) developed by the by the county government.
• Realignment of the Project Routes in areas where the impact of resettlement is likely
to be more

11.1.5. THE RAP PROCESS

Introduction
The preparation of this Resettlement Action Plan was guided by the project’s Resettlement
Policy Framework (RFP). The RPF sets out the process to be undertaken in the preparation
of RAPs, and key components to be included in the RAPs e.g. provision of socio-economic
baseline information, policy, legal and institutional framework, grievance redress mechanism,
public consultation, census of Project Affected Persons (PAPs) and assets, entitlement matrix,
implementation schedule, budget, and monitoring and evaluation.
At the conceptual stage during the project development, social and environmental screening
was undertaken to determine the nature and magnitude of the potential impacts on the
environment, people and livelihoods; and determine the level of environmental and social
assessment required. The social screening revealed that the project will be constructed within
the government gazetted road reserves which currently has been encroached at isolated
sections by traders and temporal structures either as house extension or business sheds. This
therefore triggers World Banks safeguards policy OP 4.12 which now requires that RAP to be
prepared which will ensure that the PAPs are adequately compensated for the loss they are
likely to incur.
In order to minimize impacts on the project to peoples assets and livelihood, the design team
ensured that all the civil works have been designed within the existing road reserve, this was
achieved by using the Physical Development Plans (PDPs) developed by the by the county
government
The RAP was prepared based on the survey plans undertaken for the project which identified
the project routes within the settlement. The main objective of the RAP was to minimize the
adverse impacts to project affected persons (PAPs) and enhance or at least restore their
livelihood to that of the pre-project level. This was achieved through restricting the
infrastructure within the designated road reserves and therefore minimizing the need for
acquisition of private land which could lead to displacements. Moreover, an assistance
package has been proposed in the entitlement matrix for the minimum disruptions particularly
from encroached structures and loss of income from small businesses along the road
corridors.
A socio-economic survey of the settlements was conducted, and 100% census carried out for
all the project affected persons. Moreover, the communities were involved in the whole
process from project identification, identification of potential impacts on their livelihoods, and
proposed mitigation measures. Community meetings were organized, and the Settlement
Executive Committees (SECs) involved in enumeration of the PAPs. This RAP report will also
be publicly disclosed to the communities before implementation.
Approach and Methodology

The methodology adopted in the preparation of this RAP involved various steps:
i. Review of relevant documents
ii. Field work
iii. Community and stakeholder consultation

iv. Socio-economic survey and census of the PAPs and assets

v. Valuation of assets and livelihood losses
vi. Preparation of PAPs registers
Review of Relevant Documents

As a first step, a number of key documents relating to KISIP project were consulted to provide
guidance. These documents were consulted throughout the process. These documents
included:
i. Project Appraisal Document (PAD) for KISIP which is the official project document
ii. Environmental and Social Management Framework (EMSF) which provides a
framework for identification and mitigation of potential environmental and social
impacts arising from any KISIP project intervention
iii. Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) which provides a framework consistent with the
World Bank’s OP 4.12 for mitigating physical and livelihood displacement impacts.
iv. Conceptual Design Report KISIP Nakuru 2014 prepared after community consultation
and project identification that converts community needs into engineering solutions.
v. Socio Economic Report for Nakuru 2014 prepared as part of this consultancy covering
all the four settlements to provide baseline information for design and monitoring
project interventions.
vi. Community Consultation Report Nakuru 2014 which documents community
involvement in the identification and prioritization of project interventions.
vii. Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report that is being prepared
simultaneously with the RAP, as part of the consultancy.
viii. Survey Plans, Registry Index Maps (RIMs) and Physical Development Plans (PDPs)
that shows the official way leaves and any public utility land. The maps provides for
the main settlement access road (R1) minimum width of 12m or 39.6ft and internal
settlement roads (R2) require a minimum width of 9m or 29.7ft and sewer way-leave
of 6m. Therefore, any structure or livelihood within the above referred dimension was
considered to be an encroachment. Project Map is attached as appendix to this report.
ix. Engineering Designs and Layout plans prepared for the proposed interventions.
Census of the Project Affected Persons

The RAP Team conducted a household survey which included 100% census of the affected
persons. The purpose of the census was to: enumerate and collect basic information on the
affected persons, identify affected assets and livelihoods for each PAP, register the affected
population and establish a list of legitimate beneficiaries before the project’s onset that
counters spurious claims from those moving into the project area solely in anticipation of
benefits, establish socioeconomic baseline information for the purpose of establishing fair
compensation rates, and provide a baseline for monitoring and evaluation of the resettlement
interventions.
A standard questionnaire was used to collect basic PAP census information including
household members (resident and non-resident) by age, sex, ethnic group, and relationship
to head of household, education and occupation and housing conditions. The census also
documented housing conditions, health conditions economic activities, sources of income and

household expenditures. This information was be used (i) to establish a list of PAPs; (ii) to
establish a socio-economic profile of PAPs based on existing conditions; and, (iii) to provide
a baseline for resettlement monitoring and evaluation.
The standard questionnaire was also used collect inventory of losses information from PAPs
about assets that are affected (i) structures by construction type, use, area, ownership/use
rights and location, as well as the extent of loss;; (ii) business losses, by types, amounts and
duration of losses. The information was provided by the PAP as required and validated by the
team on the ground. The questionnaire was accompanied with photographs of the PAP, key
affected assets; and, full GPS data to locate the PAP and all key assets. The questionnaire
was signed by the PAP or representative.
In conducting the census the team followed the required procedures for notifying people and
collecting, validating, approval and disclosing information on eligible PAPs and affected
assets, stemming from national laws and regulations. The team also ensured that the question
of the establishment of a “cut-off date” as per the World Bank policies was discussed and
agreed in the initial consultations.
The RAP team ensured PAPs or their representatives were present during asset enumeration.
The PAPs were required to sign the asset inventory collecting tool to show a confirmation that
it’s the true copy of the information collected. Photos of PAPs were taken by the RAP team
standing in front of their assets, and are presented as an appendix to this report.
Stakeholder Consultations
The community and other stakeholders have been involved in all project processes.
Community consultations were held during socio-economic surveys to identify and prioritize
project interventions based on the needs identified the resources available and the likely
impacts of the proposed interventions. Screening of the proposed interventions for
environmental and social impacts was done with community involvement. The potential for
large-scale relocation of people and livelihoods was one of the considerations in prioritizing
the selected project interventions.
The RAP team involved the community and the Project Affected Persons in developing this
RAP. Before commencement of the census and enumeration PAPs’ and affected assets and
livelihoods, a number of meetings were held within the settlement with the local Settlement
Executive Committees SECs committee members, general public, and Project Affected
Persons (PAPs). The objectives of the stakeholder consultations was:
a. To sensitize the community about the project and potential impacts on people and
livelihoods;
b. Provide a platform for the community to air views and concerns which are relevant to
the RAP and which must resolved)
c. Involve them in key processes of census and the undertaking of the affected asset
inventory,
d. Provide an opportunity for the community to themselves propose the most appropriate
mitigation measures for asset and livelihood losses,

e. To seek support from the community and other all relevant stakeholders in the
preparation and implementation of the RAP.
Tables overleaf give a schedule of the community meetings held and the issues discussed
respectively.
Table 11-1: Public Meeting held within the Settlements

No Issues Response and Discussions
1 Members wanted to know the RAP team respondent remarked that the extend
extent of road and assets to be of structures to be affected will be those falling
affected if the proposed roads within the 12m corridor for the main settlement
will follow surveyor’s beacons access roads and 9m for those falling within the
internal settlement roads, yes the project will be
constructed within existing road reserve an no
private land will be acquired.
2 Members asked about the RAP team respondent clarified to the members that
findings of previous reports i.e. some of the reports the community was asking
the geotechnical reports and any were technical reports that might not make any
other sense to them if disclosed to them, however the
RAP and Valuation reports as well as ESIA reports
will be disclosed to them through the KISIP county
representative office and National Environment
Management Authority (NEMA)
3 Members wanted to know if the RAP team respondent pointed out that government
project will actually proceed to project always proceed to completion and the
completion proposed projects will be implemented once all
relevant studies have been completed
4 Members wanted to know if the RAP team respondent clarified that all casual
labour will be sourced from the labourers will be sourced from the local settlement
community during construction through the Settlement Executive Committee and
of the project also qualified skilled labourer for vacant positions
within the contract. However, the RAP team
cautioned the community that the contractor will
come with his skilled work force and that they
should not confuse and claim that the he has hired
them from other settlement.
5 Members raised the issue of RAP team respondent informed the meeting that
valuation and if they will have the community have all the say and authority in the
any say on values provided by valuation process and that they are free to hire a
the valuer private valuer for the purpose of rates comparison
Valuation will be done at a full replacement cost as
required by OP 4.12

The RAP team also held meetings with other relevant institutions critical to the preparation
and implementation of this RAP. The purpose of the consultations was obtaining institutional
inputs on critical issues relating to resettlement. Table 2.2 illustrates outcome of the meetings.
Table 11-2: Outcome of Institutional Consultations

S/no Institution Meeting Outcomes of the Meeting
Month
1 Kenya Urban Roads September to Office of the KURA Nakuru region
Authority (KURA) December Supports the project
2014 The projects have been designed
accordance to the requirements of
KURA
2 Nakuru Water and September to The company Supports KISIP
Sanitation Company December intervention in Water and Sanitation in
2014 the county as the town is experiencing
sewage problems
3 Rift Valley Water Services September to The company Supports KISIP
Board December intervention in Water and Sanitation in
2014 the county
The sewer line proposals are
according to the sewer plan of the
town.
4 Nakuru County September to Office of the Governor Nakuru
Government December Supports the project and is willing to
2014 assist the RAP team on case by case
basis especially on the issues of way
leaves.
Valuation of Assets and Livelihoods

Valuation for structures was based on full replacement cost, consideration was made on
replacement of the structure regardless of its state elements of depreciation were not included
in the valuation, other elements that were considered and included in the valuation were
market rate for construction material, labour and transportation costs of the material that will
be involved in re-establishment of such structures.
Valuation of crops and trees was use based on government of Kenya Ministry of Agriculture
rates and Kenya Forest Service rates however to ensure full replacement and compensation
a disturbance allowance was used advised to all for full replacement cost.
Livelihood valuation was based on average daily income from the respective livelihood activity,
for rental income, monthly average income from rent was computed for 2months, the gross
income was therefore computed as guided by the entitlement matrix for other assistance
required

RESETTLEMENT IMPACTS AND MITIGATION

Project activities will give rise to either total or partial resettlement impact to PAPs assets and
sources of livelihood, majority of assets affected are temporal fixed business stands, house
extensions, verandas, gates perimeter walls either in masonry stone or wood as well as
structures for business either temporal or mobile kiosks.
None of the residential structures enumerated will be totally affected, the impact to the
structures is partial to the areas encroaching to the road reserve. The entitlement matrix has
proposed various entitlements depending of the type of loss and the category of PAPs, the
structures mentioned in the review comment above have been enlisted.
Type of Losses
Loss of Land
The project interventions in all the three settlements will not involve loss of private land through
any form of acquisition. All the interventions have been designed to use the designated way
leaves. As such no person will lose land to which they have a title. All the PAPs are
encroachers and not landless. They have just extended their buildings and businesses beyond
their boundaries. It is important to note that even after the project reclaims the way leaves, no
one is going to be left landless. They will push back the structures into their plots.
The kind of displacement that is anticipated will be as a result of reclaiming the encroached
road reserves. Consequently, there will be no compensation for land, only developed assets
on the road reserve. It is also not expected that the structure owners who will lose their
structures will move elsewhere outside the settlement.
Loss of Structures
This is the most important type of loss identified. The structures have encroached on the road
reserves and will need to be removed before the commencement of works. Most of the
structures are of temporal nature with a few permanent ones. The structures are used for
dwelling either by owners or are rented out; while others are used for commercial purposes.
The impact on the structures will be two-fold:
a. Total loss: where the whole structure will need to be removed or where the residual
will not be viable and functional.
b. Partial loss: where part of the structure will be affected, and the residual will still be
viable and functional with reconstruction/repairs.
The Table below shows the type and number of structures affected in the four settlements.
The extent to which individual structures will be affected is described in The PAP and Asset
Register.

Table 11-3: Type and Numbers of Structures

No Affected structure Settlements Total
Kwa Murogi Lake London
View Hilton
1 Part of Residential 1 5 22 38
Structures
2 Building Verandas and 1 1 1 3
Canopies
3 Shops (stone, iron 0 1 1 2
sheets)
4 Temporally fixed 113 85 121 319
business stands
5 Mobile Business stand 10 0 3 13
6 Individual Latrines and 23 1 6 30
shower rooms
7 Animal shed 0 0 2 2
8 Fences 14 4 5 5
412
Loss of Shelter
From the census, loss of shelter will be experienced in two ways:
a. Some structure owners who themselves reside in the affected structures (partially or
wholly) will be affected during demolition and reconstruction. If the structure will be
wholly be affected and need to be constructed within the lot boundaries, alternative
accommodation will have to be temporarily provided or adequate notice and facilitation
given to complete the reconstruction before demolition. In case of partial loss, the
structure owner may not necessarily move, but steps will be taken to ensure the
minimal disruption to their occupancy is mitigated.
b. Tenants occupying the affected structures and who may be required to either
temporarily or permanently seek alternative accommodation. Measures will be put in
place to mitigate the likely disruption, including payments to facilitate the relocation.
Loss of Livelihoods
The following categories of livelihood loss were identified:
a. Structure owners/landlords who will lose rental income as a result of tenants relocating
from the affected structures
b. Loss of income from businesses that will be affected as a result of removal of either
permanent or temporal business premises. Most of these businesses are located on
the road reserves.
Type of common business the figure 5-3 below illustrates the common business which the
PAPs engage in within the settlements; popular business in the settlement is grocery shops
(45.5%) followed closely by food kiosk/hotel (22.7%) and category others which include
charcoal vending, movie shops and movie stalls (18.2%).

Average daily income: Majority of the respondents whose structures are likely to be affected
recorded making daily incomes at an average of Kshs 200 to Ksh 2000 depending on the kind
of business one is engaged in, monthly incomes were mainly from rental income which ranged
from a minimum of Kshs 1000 to a maximum of Kshs 1000.
Number of Project Affected Persons (PAPs) and Assets Affected

The number of Project Affected Person (PAPs) has been summarized in the table below, the
Project Affected Household (PAH) is a family unit which is represented by the Household head
enumerated therefore the number of PAP remain the same for PAH the number of PAPs
Table 11-4: Project Affected Persons per Settlement
No PAP Category Settlement
Kwa Murogi Lake View London Hilton Karagita
1 Structure owners 7 17 10 18
2 Tenants 0 0 1 2
Total 7 17 11 20
COMPENSATION AND RESETTLEMENT ASSISTANCE

Eligibility Criteria.
From the census carried out, the following categories of PAPs will be entitled to facilitation:
i. Structure owners who will lose part or whole of their structures. It should be noted that
all the structures have encroached on the road reserves.
ii. Tenants who have rented the affected structures and may be required to seek
alternative accommodation temporarily or permanently.
iii. Structure owners who derive an income from renting their structures and will lose the
income as a result of removal of the structures.
iv. People who conduct businesses in the affected structures and will lose income as a
result. However, mobile traders will not be eligible for assistance.
v. People conducting business on the road reserves permanently even if they don’t own
a structure but will be required to move to give way for the project.
Entitlements
The Entitlement Matrix describes compensation and related assistance for each category of
affected PAP. Eligibility reference has been made to Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF)
developed for the KISIP Project which proposes full replacement cost to assets and livelihoods
anticipated to be lost.
Livelihood Restoration
All categories of PAPs described below are eligible to the livelihood restoration packages
Livelihood restoration packages that are application for such kind of resettlement are as
illustrated below:
i. Employment priority during construction both skilled and non-skilled
ii. Transitional assistance – this could include adequate time allowed for the PAPS to
relocate and salvage construction materials
iii. Additional assistance to vulnerable groups.

Vulnerable People
Vulnerable people are people who by virtue of gender, ethnicity, age, physical or mental
disability, economic disadvantage, or social status may be more adversely affected by
resettlement than others and who may be limited in their ability to claim or take advantage of
resettlement assistance and related development benefits. Vulnerable people are potentially
eligible for specific assistance under this Resettlement Action Plan are those who are affected
by the Project land acquisition, compensation and resettlement activities.
The study revealed cases of a widows and elderly who are described in the PAPs category
chapter under this study, such PAPs are eligible to some kind of assistance from the project
due to their nature.
The following measures have been included in the RAP for extra assistance to the vulnerable
groups for 16 no identified vulnerable persons.
Additional financial support (5,000) disturbance allowance recommended in the report in
addition to the provided compensation Extra Assistance will be provided on a case by case
basis
Notification
The PAPs will be served with adequate notice of 30 days to relocate upon compensation and
before the commencement of works. All the stakeholders in the project (e.g. KURA, NEMA,
and KPLC) will also be notified of the relocation exercise.
Payment of Compensation
In line with the World Bank operational policy on involuntary resettlement (OP 4.12), KISIP will
ensure that the conditions of PAPs are restored to the status that is at the minimum
commensurate to their pre-project status. A list of all PAPs has been documented in the PAP
register. In addition, every person affected by the project registered with their national
identification card for easy identification for possible compensation.
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE RAP AND INSTITUTIONAL ORGANIZATION

 Project Management at Ministry level
 The Project Coordinator (PC).
 KISIP Project Coordination Team
 RAP Implementing Committee
 County Project KISIP Teams
 Other Institutional Responsibilities for RAP Implementation
During the RAP preparation process, a number of key institutions were identified as critical to
both preparation and implementation of the RAP. This is summarized in Table 9.1 below.
Consultations with and involvement of the Project-Affected Persons has been sought during
the process.

Table 11-5: Statutory Institutions with Roles in the RAP process

No Institution Role Capacity
1 Ministry of Land Houses the KISIP project The Ministry has experts
Housing and Urban Provides policy direction in key areas: land
Development Handles land tenure issues management and
administration, physical
planning, resettlement
2 County Government of Has the responsibility of Financial capacity is
Nakuru implementing the RAP as lacking. In the
spelled out in the RPF? transition, KISIP
providing assistance
3 Kenya Urban Roads In charge of the management of Capacity exists
Authority urban roads. It approves road
designs and maintains roads.
4 KPLC Responsible for relocating Capacity exists. Costs
electricity transmission lines provided in the BQ.
from the road reserves
5 Nakuru Water and Responsible relocating affected Capacity exists. Costs
Sewerage Company water infrastructure e.g. pipes, provided in the BQ.
(KIWSC) water kiosks to maintain service
levels
6 National Environment Approving and issuing EIA Capacity exists. Costs of
Management Authority licenses for projects which have license provided for in
(NEMA) addressed environmental and the budget.
social impacts
7 Ministry of Finance Financial management on behalf Capacity exists and
of the Borrower ( GoK) funds will be made
Provision of counterpart funding available.
– part of which is used to settle
compensation claims by PAPs
In addition to the above government institutions, the community through the settlement
executive committee (SEC) are central to preparation and implementation of this RAP
The SECs were formed during the project inception to mobilize the community and provide a
link between the community, the consultant, the County Government, and KISIP. The
Committee has been involved in all stages of RAP development and is expected to continue
playing an active role in monitoring its implementation.
Disclosures of RAP
The RAP report once approved by the World Bank Safeguards team will be disclosed in the
World Bank Info Shop, locally the report will be disclosed at the county KISIP coordination
offices in the County, Copies of the report will be made available to the SEC committees of
respective settlements
KISIP PCT is obligated to disclose documentation locally, and will make the following
available:

• RAP in English (one copy available at all times in Project information offices, one copy
given to the resettlement committees),
• Update notes when needed, given to each of the resettlement committees and publicly
available at Project information offices.
RAP implementation Schedule

The implementation schedule for this RAP covers the period from the preparation of the RAP
to the conclusion of the envisaged projects in the three settlements in the County to the
completion and the time that the infrastructure is fully available for use.
It should be noted that the procedure in the schedule starting from notification of the PAPs
before their displacement through compensation and resettlement will be done in phases to
synchronize with the various phases of the project.
The RAP Implementation Schedule defines the duration and timing of the key milestones and
tasks. The major component tasks for the schedule include:
a. Disclosure of RAP
b. Audit of PAP register and compensation package due to each PAP
c. Resolution of emerging grievances
d. Notification of PAPs prior to the commencement of the activities that will affect them
e. Compensation and/or Supplementary Assistance
f. Commencement of project operations
g. Monitoring and evaluation, including baseline update

KENYA INFORMAL SETTLEMENT IMPROVEMENT PROJECT II (KISIP II) | 8 NO. SETTLEMENTS THE COUNTIES OF NAIROBI AND NAKURU
[CONTRACT. NO.: KE-MOTI-214833-CS-QCBS]
Table 11-6 :Table 9-2: RAP Implementation Schedule

S/No Activity Weeks from Approval of RAP Report
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1 Approval of RAP
2 Disclosure of the RAP Report
3 Audit of the RAP report to
verify PAP and compensation
details
4 Signing of compensation and
relocation assistance
agreements
5 Resolution of conflicts and
Grievances
6 Payment of compensation to
PAPs and facilitation of
relocation
7 Issuance of notices for
relocation
8 Actual relocation
9 Commencement of works
10 Monitoring of the resettlement
activities

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11.1.6. Budget
The RAP budget is estimated as indicated in table 10-1 below
Table 11-7: RAP Estimate Budget
S/no Item under Compensation Amount Estimates (KES)
1 Loss of Assets and Livelihoods

Kwa Murogi 173,000.00
Lake View 392,500.00
London Hilton 327,000.00
Karagita 566,600.00
Sub Total 1,459,100.00
Add 40% Contingency &
Implementation 583, 640.00
Total Compensation 2,042,740.00
Table 11-8: Kenya Railways Corporation Wayleave charges

Item No. Description Amount
Application fee 5,000.00
Capitalized wayleave charges 600,000.00
Administration fee 100,000.00
Supervision Charges 223,823.37
Sub Total 928,823.37
Add 5% Contingencies 46,441.17
975,264.54
Table 11-9: Easement charges by Kenya Pipeline Corporation (KPC)

Description Unit Quantity Rate Amount
Easement crossing protection works Item 1 250,000 250,000
250,000
Table 11-10: Easement charges by KenHa and KURA

Micro tunneling across Naivasha- Mai Lanes 2 100,000 200,000
Mahiu Road (KenHA)
Micro tunneling across Moi South Lanes 2 100,000 200,000
Lake Road (KURA)
Easement along Moi South Lake Road Km 4 5,000 20,000
(KURA)
TOTAL 420,000

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Table 11-11: Easement charges by Kerra

Cutting of Roads m 18 12,000 216,000
216,000

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11.2. Environment and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) Report: Nakuru town
informal settlements.
11.2.1. Scope of the ESIA Study

The scope of this ESIA study covered:
(i) Literature Review of relevant reports related to the Project.
(ii) A summarized Project Description and an overview of baseline environmental
information of the Project area
(iii) Institutional and public consultation through public meetings, interviews and
administration of questionnaires with a view of gathering and in cooperating
Project concerns into design of the Project
(iv) Analyzed the environmental and social costs and benefits associated with the
proposed project thorough analysis of alternatives
(v) Reviewed relevant environmental legislation and polices that are triggered by the
Project and ensure compliance
(vi) Assed and evaluated environmental and social impacts that may arise as a
consequence of implementing the project based on the engineering design.
(vii)Proposed mitigation measures for the impacts that may arise.
(viii) Developed Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan
(ESMP) for the water supply project.
11.2.2. Objectives of the EIA study

Box 1-1: EIA Objectives
• To identify all potential significant environmental and social impacts of the
proposed Project and recommend measures for mitigation.
• To assess and predict the potential impacts during site preparation,
construction and operational phases of the Project.
• To ensure that the project activities comply with the provisions of
environmental regulations.
• To generate baseline data for monitoring and evaluation of how well the
mitigation measures will be implemented during the Project cycle.
• To allow for public participation as well as stakeholder Consultations.
• To develop an Environmental and Social Management Plan to mitigate the
identified impacts so as to ensure sustainability of the proposed Projects.
• To recommend cost effective measures to be implemented to mitigate
against the expected impacts.
11.2.3. ESIA Assessment Methodology
The ESIA study was carried out based on desk review, field assessments and consultations with
relevant County and National Government institutions as summarized below;

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Environment and Social Scoping

The scoping process involved identification of significant environmental and social issues
associated with the proposed Works. ESIA Scoping was achieved through reviews of the
secondary Documents and available data supported with field evaluations.
The process enabled the assessment team determine the Project potential risks to Biophysical,
Social, Health and Safety of the receptor environment around the proposed Project site. The
impacts were determined to less significant and also the geographic scope of the impact was
also determined to be less expansive, details of the impacts are discussed in chapter 7 and 8 of
this report.
Desk Reviews
A desktop review was conducted prior to site visit. Documents reviewed are illustrated in Box 1-
2 below
Box 1-2: Literature Review Documents

(i) Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA)2015
(ii) Project Appraisal Document PAD for KISIP 2011
(iii) Environmental Management and Social Framework (EMSF) revised October
2014
(iv) Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) revised October 2014
(v) Project Inception Report (TCE/GA December 2022)
(vi) KISIP I RAP Report (IPE/GA September 2015).
Field Assessment
The physical evaluation of the Project area was carried out within the month of January 2023 with
specific focus on the environmental and social issues. The environmental issues assessed
include,
(i) Biophysical environment (air, water, land)
(ii) Human health and safety
(iii) Traffic Management on Site
(iv) Social issues, including;
 Labour Influx Management,
 HIV and other Communicable Diseases Management.
 Gender and Youth Inclusivity and Empowerment,
 Human Right Protection and Grievance Redress Mechanism:
Stakeholder Consultations
Nakuru County. The aim of stakeholder consultations was to give a platform for information
sharing and opinion gathering in relation to the proposed Project. Consultations were done in
form of public meetings and key informant interviews. The issues were than analyzed and
presented to design team for finalization of Project designs and planning on how best to
implement the Project.

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11.2.4. Legal Framework and Policy Provisions

The ESIA study preparation was guided by both national and international legal and policy
instruments aimed at ensuring compliance with Environmental and Social Safeguards of the
Kenyan Government and the World Bank. A summary of the instruments is presented box E-1
below;
Box E-1: Legal and Policy Instruments
National Policies and Laws
1. Constitution of Kenya 2010
2. Kenya Vision 2030
3. Sustainable Development Goals
4. Gender Policy 2011
5. HIV and AIDS policy 2009
6. Kenya National Youth Policy 2006
7. Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA),2015 and
subsequent regulations
8. Water Act 2016 and subsequent regulations.
9. County Government Act no 17 of 2012
10. Urban Cities Act of 2011
11. Physical and Land Use Planning Act 2019
12. Occupational Health and Safety Act (OSHA 2007)
13. The Public Health Act (Cap.242)
14. Workplace Injuries and Benefits Act 2007
International Instruments
1. Environmental Management and Social Framework (EMSF) revised October
2014
2. Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) revised October 2014
3. World Bank OP 4.01 on Environment Assessment
4. World Bank OP 4.12 on Involuntary Resettlement
5. World Bank OP 4.11 on Physical Cultural Resources
6. World Bank Access to Information Policy 2015
7. World Bank Group Environment Health and Safety Guidelines on Water and
Sanitation
11.2.5. Public and Institutional Participation

Nakuru town. The aim of stakeholder consultations was to give a platform for information sharing
and opinion gathering in relation to the proposed Project. Consultations were done in form of
public meetings and key informant interviews. The issues were than analyzed and presented to
design team for finalization of Project designs and planning on how best to implement the Project.
The main meetings were held within the month of January and February 2023; attendance of the
meetings was from diverse sectors of the society as summarized in table E-2 below
Table 11-12: Schedule of Public Consultation

Date Settlement Stakeholder Consulted Meeting
Attendance

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14th Lake View  Community members Total: 31

February  SEC representatives Male: 19
2023  Youth representatives Female: 12
 County officials
 People with Disabilities (PWD)
16th Kwa Murogi  Community members Total: 38
 Business representatives
15th London/Hilton  Community members Total: 43
In Summary, issues discussed is presented in Box E-2below
Box E-2: Summary of Issues discussed in Public Consultations

• Reallocated Funds – The reassigning of funds that were allocated for
priorities that had already been implemented by other entities.
• Clarity on the scope of work – The residents emphasized poor state
of Infrastructure in the settlements including Roads, Drainage, Security,
water and Sewerage and wanted to know the scope of KISIP II.
• Labour issues; Local unskilled and skilled labour should be sourced
from the local communities as much as possible
*Details of stakeholder consultations are presented in Chapter 6 of this Report and evidence of
minutes and attendance list annexed on Annex 2.
E.1 Potential Project Impacts
The Project impacts during the assessment were generated based on the analysis of the
proposed Project activities in relation to the Project area environment. The impacts arising during
each of the phases of the proposed development namely; construction, operation and
decommissioning, were categorized into:
• Impacts on Biophysical Environment

• Impacts related to Health and Safety
• Impacts related Social-Economic Setting
Section E.5.1 to E.5.7 below provides a summary of the Project impacts both positive and
negative discussed in this Report.

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11.2.6. Positive Impacts during Construction Stage

The Project is envisaged to have more positive impacts after completion of the civil works and
commissioning. The main anticipated positive impact during construction phase is Creation of
Employment and Business Opportunities for the local communities in the Project Areas
Positive Impacts during Operation stage –General impacts

The Project will result to both direct and indirect benefits to the residents of target informal
Settlements of Nakuru town namely: Lake View, London/Hilton, Kwa Murogi and Karagita in
Naivasha Town. These benefits are summarized below;
Benefits of Roads and Drainage Projects
(i) Creation of employment to people living within the informal settlements through
improved access.
(ii) Improved living standard of people within the settlement through improved road
infrastructure
(iii) Providing a linkage of the settlement to other parts of the city.
(iv) Provides alternative route to access the settlement, could be used during disaster
times example by ambulances and fire engines.
(v) Enhanced access to social amenities like schools and health facilities within he
settlement.
(vi) Improved road side drainage hence reduced risks of flooding.
(vii)The Project will improve the living standard and well-being of the local economy
through provision of road and street lighting within the settlements.
Benefits of Water Sewerage Project

(i) The sewerage Project will lead to improved status of drainage system within the
settlement, this will reduce incidences of flooding and stagnant water normally
experienced during rain seasons.
(ii) Reduced Water and Sanitation Burden to Women
(iii) The water projects will lead to Improved Accessibility to Clean and Reliable Water
Supply
(iv) Water and sewerage will Improve Hygiene and Sanitation in the Project Areas
(v) Reduced Cases of Water Related Diseases
(vi) Reduced Pollution of drainage channels within the project areas by Raw
Sewerage.
(vii)Increased Land Values in the Project Area
Benefits of Flood Lights
(i) The flood lights will lead to Improved Security within the settlement due to
provision of floods within the settlement.
(ii) Improving the roads and street lighting infrastructure within the settlement will
result to development of associate social services for example health facilities,
NAIROBI AND NAKURU
learning institutions and recreational centre’s which will eventually benefit the
community.
11.2.7. General Negative Impacts and Mitigation Measures during Project

Construction Period
The Project Construction Phase will involve the following activities; delivery of construction
materials to Project site, manual excavation of trenches, temporary stockpiling of soils, sub-soils
and rock along the trenches, importing material for bedding and filling (e.g. red soils., marram,
sand, cement, and concrete)
The activities discussed above have the potential of triggering negative environment and social
impacts during Project Construction Phase. The impacts are presented in three categories of
environment namely: Biophysical, Socio Economic and Occupational Health and Safety setting.
Biophysical Environment Setting

The Project impacts on Biophysical environment setting of the Project area identified during the
assessment is presented in Table E.3 below.
Table 11-13: Negative Impacts on Biophysical Environment

Impacts on Associated Mitigation Measures Summary
Vegetation Project Works
Cover and Level of
Impact
Loss of • Roads and • The Contractor will ensure proper
vegetation Drainage - demarcation of the Project area to be
cover is – minor affected by the construction works;
minimal, impact • Strict control of construction vehicles to
• Water and ensure that they operate only within the area
Sewerage to be disturbed by access routes and other
_minor works;
impact • Where the proposed Project route requires
• Flood light the removal of any vegetation, care will be
works – taken to minimize the destruction to
minor marshlands;
impact
Impacts on Mitigation Measures Summary
Soils
Soil Erosion • Roads and • The contractor to adhere to the proposed Soil
Soil Erosion Drainage - conservation practices.
due to clearing – medium • Proper and compacted back filling of
of vegetation impact excavated areas
cover and • Water and • The contractor to stick to clear delineation of
reduced soil Sewerage the construction to avoid vegetation loss.
productivity _medium • Planting of vegetation cover within the
impact Project site.

NAIROBI AND NAKURU
• Flood light
works –
minor
impact
Soil • Roads and • Split compacted area to reduce runoff & re-
Compaction Drainage - vegetate where necessary
Soil – medium • Vehicles to be kept in designated access
compacting impact roads.
caused by • Water and • Minimize compaction during stockpiling by
construction Sewerage working the soil in dry state.
equipment _medium
result in impact
reduced water • Flood light
infiltration works –
minor
impact
Soil Pollution • Roads and • Any polluted soil should be handled with care
Soil Drainage - for proper disposal.
contamination – minor • Concrete mixing shall be done on concrete
caused by oils impact slabs or a large metal sheet or mortar boards.
and fuel leaks • Water and • Maintenance of vehicles to be done strictly at
from Sewerage designated place/Drip trays to be used to
construction _minor avoid oil spills.
equipment impact • Excavation materials to be stock piled at the
result in • Flood light demarcated location.
increase in soil works – • Rehabilitation of the site after construction.
acidity. minor
impact
Impacts on Mitigation Measures
Water Quality
within
shallow wells
in the
settlements
Reduced • Roads and • Checking on Equipment condition and Re-
water quality in Drainage - fuelling at safe locations,
shallow wells – minor • Use of spill kits and applications of
within the impact emergency spill procedures
settlements. • Water and • Use of silt barriers and settling ponds on site
Sewerage • Storing of fuels, oils and chemicals beneath
_minor impermeable away from surface drains
impact • Deep soak pits for septic tanks with all water
• Flood light from ablution and toilets directed into the
works – septic tank.
minor
impact

NAIROBI AND NAKURU
• The machines to be properly serviced offsite

and maintained to avoid spillage of effluents
into the surface runoff channels.
Waste Water • Roads and • Grey water to be contained and properly
Management Drainage - channelled on site.
on Site – minor • Onsite treatment of Grey water by the facility
impact approved resident engineer and
• Water and Environment Officer.
Sewerage • Water containing pollutants should be kept in
_minor a conservancy tank for removal to prevent
impact pollution of the surface water and surface
• Flood light water bodies.
works – • Prompt action to be taken by the contractor
minor in case of any pollution incident.
impact
Solid Wastes • Roads and • Maximum reuse of excavated material.
Management Drainage - • Implementation of Soil erosion management
on Site – minor in the spoil locations
impact • Construction wastes (residual earth, debris
• Water and and scrap materials) to be collected at
Sewerage designated points and Contractor to dispose
_minor to appropriately
impact • Contractor’s Camps and Construction Sites
• Flood light to have designated waste collection points,
works – • Environmental Management, Health and
minor Safety Training Programmes to be
impact conducted for Contractor’s Staff to create
awareness on proper solid wastes
management

NAIROBI AND NAKURU
Impacts on Social Environment Setting

The Project impacts on Social environment setting of the Project area identified during the
assessment is presented in Table E.4 below.
Table 11-14: Anticipated Negative Impacts on Social Environment

Impacts Associated Project Proposed Mitigation Measures
Works and Level of
Impact
Labour Influx • Roads and • Effective community engagement and
and sexual Drainage - – strong grievance mechanisms on matters
offences minor impact related to labour.
• Water and • Effective contractual obligations for the
Sewerage contractor to adhere to the mitigation of
_minor impact risks against labour influx
• Flood light • Proper records of labour force on site while
works – minor avoiding child and forced labour
impact • Fair treatment, non-discrimination, and
equal opportunity of workers.
• Comply to provisions of WIBA 2007
• Develop and implement a children
Protection Strategy
Human • Roads and • Mainstream Gender Inclusivity in hiring of
Rights and Drainage - – workers and entire Project Management as
gender minor impact required by Gender Policy 2011 and 2/3
inclusivity • Water and gender rule.
Sewerage • Protecting Human Risk areas Associated
_minor impact with, Disadvantaged Groups, Interfering
• Flood light with Participation Rights, and interfering
works – minor with Labour Rights
impact
Increased • Roads and • Contractor and Supervision Team to liaise
Crime and Drainage - – regularly with the Local Administration and
Insecurity minor impact Police Service to address any security and
• Water and crime arising during project implementation.
Sewerage • Contractor to provide 24 hours security to
_minor impact Workforce Camps, Yards, Stores and to the
• Flood light Supervising Team’s Offices
works – minor
impact

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Impacts on Health and Safety Setting

The project impacts on Health and Safety of workers and community in the Project area identified
during the assessment is presented in Table E-5 below
Table 11-15: Anticipated Negative Impacts on Health and Safety Setting

Impact Associated Proposed Mitigation Measures
Project Works
and Level of
Impact
Noise and • Roads and • Contractor will comply with provisions of
Excessive Drainage - EMC (Noise and Excessive Vibration
Vibrations. medium Pollution) (Control) Regulations of 2009
impact • The Contractor will keep noise level within
• Water and acceptable limits (60 Decibels during the
Sewerage - day and 35 Decibels during the night) and
medium construction activities shall, where
impact possible, be confined to normal working
• Flood light hours in the residential areas
works – • Hospitals and other noise sensitive areas
minor such as schools shall be notified by the
impact Contractor at least 5 days before
construction is due to commence in their
vicinity
Air Pollution • Roads and • The contractor shall comply to the
and Dust Drainage - provisions of EMC (Air Quality)
Generation. medium Regulations 2014
impact • Workers shall be trained on management
• Water and of air pollution from vehicles and
Sewerage - machinery. All construction machinery
medium shall be maintained and serviced in
impact accordance with the contractor’s
• Flood light specifications
works – • Water sprays shall be used on all
minor earthworks areas within 200 metres of
impact human settlement especially during the
dry season.
Risk of • Roads and • Contractor to provide a Healthy and Safety
Accidents at Drainage - Plan prior to the commencement of works
Work Sites medium to be approved by the Supervising
impact Engineer.
• Water and • Provide Personal Protective Equipment
Sewerage - including gloves, gum boots, overalls and
medium helmets to workers, use of PPE to be
impact enforced by the Supervising Engineer.
• Flood light
works –

NAIROBI AND NAKURU
Impact Associated Proposed Mitigation Measures

Project Works
and Level of
Impact
minor • Fully stocked First Aid Kits to be provided
impact within the Sites, Camps and in all Project
Vehicles
Risk of Traffic • Roads and • Strict use of warning signage and tapes
Accidents at Drainage - where the trenches are open and at other
work stations medium active construction sites
within the impact • Contractor to Employ and train Road
settlements • Water and Safety Marshalls who will be responsible
Sewerage - for management of traffic on site
medium • Contractor to provide a Traffic
impact Management Plan during construction to
• Flood light be approved by the Supervising Engineer
works –
minor
impact
E.1.1 Project Specific Impacts during Project Operation
For purposes of better understanding the impacts of the projects during operation were further
categorized into 3 categories namely;
1. Water and sewerage

2. Roads and drainage
3. Floodlights
Table E- 11-16 Negative Impacts Of Water and Sewerage Projects during Operation
Impact Proposed mitigation measure
Risk of • Mapping and installation of beacons to illustrate the width
encroachment on of the pipeline reserve
Sewerage pipelines • Regular patrol of the pipeline corridor for encroachment.
and manholes • Prosecution of encroachers as required by County by
Laws on way leaves and road reserves maintenance.
• Conduct public sensitization programs on importance not
interfere with way leaves and public reserve land
Health risks as a • Ensure proper and periodic maintenance of sewer lines
result of burst and treatment plant;
sewers • Activate a community watch group for information sharing
on the status of the sewer line
• Regular check, repair and maintenance of the sewer line
• Awareness rising among community members not to
dump solids in manholes.

NAIROBI AND NAKURU
• Regular cleaning of grit chambers and sewer lines to

remove grease, grit, and other debris that may lead to
sewer backups
• Development of an inventory of system components, with
information including age, construction materials, and
drainage areas served elevations.
• Design manhole covers to withstand anticipated loads and
ensure that the covers can be readily replaced if broken to
minimize entry of garbage and silt into the system
• Ensure sufficient hydraulic capacity to accommodate peak
flows and adequate slope in gravity mains to prevent
build-up of solids and hydrogen sulphide generation
Environmental • Regular check, repair and maintenance of the sewer lines

pollution due to • Activate a community watch group for information sharing
sewage blockage on the status of the sewer lines
• Awareness rising among community members not to
dump solids in manholes.
• Ensure embankments around the sewer ponds are
properly done to prevent storm water mixing with the
sewer
• Regular cleaning of grit chambers and sewer lines to
remove grease, grit, and other debris that may lead to
sewer backups
• Develop an inventory of system components, with
information including age, construction materials, and
drainage areas served including elevations.
• Design manhole covers to withstand anticipated loads and
ensure that the covers can be readily replaced if broken to
minimize entry of garbage and silt into the system
• Ensure sufficient hydraulic capacity to accommodate peak
flows and adequate slope in gravity mains to prevent
build-up of solids and hydrogen sulphide generation.
Table E- 11-17 Negative Impacts of Roads and Drainage Projects during Operation
Impact Proposed mitigation measure

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Increased Accidents • Appropriate signage should be put up on the roads

associated with motor to warn drivers especially in areas where there are
cycles over speeding children or people crossing the road to reduce
within the settlement due accidents
to good roads • The County Government to enlighten motorist and
cyclist on importance of obeying traffic rules
especially in residential areas.
• The County Government to enlighten residents and
school children on the importance of adhering to
provisions of road safety rules
• Regular inspection and maintenances of the road by
County Government of Nairobi to ensure the speed
control parameters and signage are in good
condition.
• Regular crackdown, arrest and prosecution of
motorists and cyclist who disobey road safety
directions.
Pollution from fossil fuels • Encourage locals to use fuel efficient vehicles and
from vehicles other types such as those that run on electricity
• Encourage people do drive less and learn to use
public means of transport and bicycles
Flooding due to poor • Maintenance of the drainage channels to ensure that
drainage channels there is no blockage of the channels
Loss of business • Regular maintenance and repair of the road by
associated with poor road County Government, this should be through regular
condition during road marking, sealing of pot holes, ensure road
operation phase signage is in place among other operations
Table E- 11-18 Negative impacts of floodlights during Operation

Impact Mitigation measure
Risk of electrocution • Ensuring that all the wires are appropriately
insulated and are safe from causing harm to
humans
• Regular maintenance of the flood light to ensure all
exposed electrical lines are repaired
May cause eye problem • Ensure that the lighting system is proper to avoid
when there is bad lighting flipping that can result to eye problems for people
• Regular maintenance of the flood light to ensure
efficiency

NAIROBI AND NAKURU
11.2.8. Environment and Social Assessment Finding

The Main Findings from the assessment described in the Report for proposed KISIP 2
intervention in target informal Settlements of Nakuru town namely: Lake View, London/Hilton,
Kwa Murogi and Karagita in Naivasha town are summarized below.
Environment Impact findings

The environment and social screening identified that the KISIP 2 Projects are classified as
Category B. This implies that the Projects will have less adverse impacts to natural and
human environment; the impacts are easily reversible through appropriate mitigation
measures provided in this assessment.
(i) The Environmental and Social Impact Assessment undertaken for the projects
indicate that the investment will result in low impact on biological environment;
however, the Projects triggers World Bank Operation Policy (OP) 4.01 on
Environmental Assessment and (OP) 4.12 on Involuntary Resettlement.
Chance Find Procedures will be applied to all works contracts as provided for
by (OP) 4.11 on Physical Cultural Resources.
(ii) The Projects will have no impact on land; this is because the planned
investments in the informal settlements will be implemented within road
reserves, water and sewerage wayleaves and open public grounds. These
spaces are provided for in the respective settlements’ Physical Development
Plans (PDPs) prepared for the settlements under KISIP 2 component that
addresses settlement planning and land tenure. However, the Project will
impact on people’s assets and sources of livelihoods which encroach into the
road reserves as summarized below from the Abbreviated Resettlement Action
Plan (ARAP) prepared for the Project as summarized in Table E-9 below.
Table E- 11-19: RAP Breakdown per settlement

Settlement PAPs Implementation Budget (Kshs)
Lake View 99 1,698,410.00
Kwa Murogi 136 2,281,995.00
London/Hilton 131 2,472,065.00
(iii) However, there are inevitable cases of encroachment on some sections of the
way leave and road reserve in the settlements therefore OP 4.12 will be
triggered. Cases of resettlement are limited to temporal structures which will be
compensated as per the RAP Report for the Project.
(iv) Provisional Budget of Kenya Two Million is required for implementation of
mitigation measures of potential negative environmental impacts identified in
the report. A separate budget has been provided for RAP implementation.

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11.3. Conclusion
Key findings of the Environment and Social Impact assessment of the proposed KISIP
investments Nakuru County Informal Settlements of Lake View, Kwa Murogi, London/Hilton
and Karagita are as follows:
(i) The Project has an overall positive impact on the informal settlements as it will
improve the living conditions of people living and working in the informal
settlements, through improving accessibility, drainage, waste, and security.
(ii) The Project does not have significant and potentially irreversible negative
impacts on the environment and people. The few identified negative impacts
associated with construction Projects can easily be mitigated, and an
Environmental and Social Impact Management Plan has been prepared as part
of this report, whose implementation will be monitored to ensure compliance
and protection of the environment. A monitoring plan to ensure this happens
has also been developed.
(iii) The Project will not lead to displacement of people as the roads are designed
to follow the designated road reserves on the physical development plans
(PDPs). However, there are encroachments on the road reserves mostly of
temporal structures for informal traders. A RAP has been prepared to mitigate
against this to ensure that their livelihoods are not negatively impacted upon.
However, the Project will impact on people’s assets and sources of livelihoods which encroach
into the road reserves as summarized below from the Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan
(ARAP) prepared for the Project.
Table 9- 1: RAP Breakdown per settlement

Settlement PAPs Implementation Budget
(Kshs)
Lake View 99 1,698,410.00
Kwa Murogi 136 2,281,995.00
London/Hilton 131 2,472,065.00
(iv) The EMP should be fully implemented and should form part of the contract with
the selected contractors who will undertake the works. The implementation of
the EMP should be monitored in accordance with the monitoring plan in this
report. The Resident engineer should supervise and report on the
implementation regularly as provided.
(v) The RAP will be fully implemented before the commencement of the Project
civil works
(vi) Provisional Budget of Kenya Shilling Two million should be included in the
bidding documents for implementation of mitigation measures of potential
negative impacts.

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12. MAINSTREAMING OF INCLUSIVITY AND DIVERSITY

IN INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT
Urban space is the springboard of opportunities that is meant to be enjoyed by residents. In

view of this, the engineering design review team has proposed ways by which inclusivity and
diversity can be achieved through the implementation of the infrastructural elements.
Infrastructure has the potential to drive sustainable, transformative and inclusive economic
growth, through fostering gender equality, empowering marginalized groups, and increasing
social inclusion for people living with disabilities. The designs have been reviewed to address
the issues of inclusivity and diversity in infrastructure development as discussed below.
12.1. Mainstreaming inclusivity
Kenya is a signatory to the SDGs. SDG 11.2 emphasizes the need to provide safe, accessible,
affordable, and sustainable transport systems for all irrespective of age, gender or physical
ability, by 2030. SDG 3.6 calls for halving the number of deaths from traffic crashes.
Inclusive infrastructure development ensures that no individual, community, or social group is
left behind or excluded from the potential benefits provided by the expansion of physical
structures and facilities. The design has been reviewed to ensure everyone is safe to use the
roads (Vehicular and NMT) and footpaths and enjoys the benefits that come with the projects.
12.1.1. Women
The integrated and safe, efficient and gender sensitive transport system provides access to
business opportunities, work, health care, cultural, and other important activities that are
crucial to women’s participation in the society. Of particular concern in the context of street
design is the inclusion of high mast flood lights that enhances the safety and security that
female users experience. This helps to improve the experiences of women and girls,
making it easy to walk, cycle, and use public transport
12.1.2. Children
Children have low perception of risks, and drivers cannot easily see children, making them
some of the most vulnerable street users. The roads design review has been carried out with
emphasis on children’s safety. This has been achieved by providing NMT that serves as
playground for children (skating, cycling, racing, ball gaming etc), ample footpaths, safe
crossings, physically protected cycle tracks, and speed control features
The high mast flood lights enhance security of the children when using the NMT services late
in the evening.
The covered drains ensure the children’s safety by preventing them from falling into the ditches
while playing.
12.1.3. People with disabilities
The footpaths are designed to be continuous to enhance the safety of people with disabilities
e.g the blind, so that, when executing their trips, it has been made possible for completeness
to and fro.
The table top crossings have been incorporated in the design to allow the disabled persons
and pedestrians to cross the roads at the same level as the pavements. This increases their
safety by reducing oncoming vehicles' speed.
Other amenities such as the high mast flood lights stops enhance usability.

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12.2. Neighborhood way finding

The design review has incorporated way-finding signages that will help in guiding individuals
around and within the settlements via simple visuals. This creates a safer environment for
road users, directs foot traffic and quickly familiarizes new visitors with a novel environment
12.3. Sexual Harassment
The design of the high mast flood lights enhances the security within the settlements which in
turn reduces cases of sexual harassment. And with the reduction, it is also hoped that, sexually
transmitted infections, gender based violence and spread of HIV & AIDS will equally follow
cue. The neighborhood then, will become safe havens for all, children, women, the elderly,
the vulnerable and the most active urban wage earners.
12.4. Safety of road users.

The design review has incorporated road safety measures which include items such as the
installation of permanent road signs, road markings, installation of Bollards/Guardrails, rumble
strips, zebra crossings etc. In addition, modern safe, street layout design approaches like the
ones proposed by Jane Jacobs; for example, narrow meandering streets to enhance careful
driving practices by motorists, promoting low speeds in such neighborhoods.

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13. CLIMATE CHANGE RESILIENCE AND ADAPTATION

APPROACHES
13.1. Introduction
Kenya, like other African countries, is bearing the brunt of climate variability and change;
hence the need for a coordinated approach to address related vulnerabilities and risks.
Kenyan cities experience high levels of particulate matter, nitrous oxides, and other dangerous
pollutants that contribute to respiratory ailments, heart disease, and lung cancer. Greenhouse
gas emissions from vehicles contribute to the global climate crisis, which is already affecting
Kenya in the form of increased incidence of droughts and flooding.
According to the Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) and
World Population Prospects: The 2019 Revision - United Nations Population Division,
CO2 emissions per capita in Kenya are equivalent to 0.33 tons per person. (based on
a population of 49,051,534 in 2016).
Figure 11-1: Fossil Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emissions of Kenya

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Figure 11-2: Kenya CO2 Emissions by year (tons)

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Figure 11-3: Fossil CO2 emission by sector
Adaptation and resilience remain Kenya’s, and indeed Africa’s priority response to climate
change. Street design that encourages use of public transport and active modes can enable
a shift away from the use of polluting cars. Street design features such as tree cover and
permeable surfacing also contribute to urban resilience, helping to mitigate the urban heat
island effect and absorb
water runoff.
In this study, the consultant has considered a number of approaches to mainstream climate
change resilience in the neighborhood infrastructure development. Resilience to climate
change is the capacity to prepare for, respond to, and recover from the impacts of hazardous
climatic events while incurring minimal damage to societal well-being, the economy and the
environment. In short, it is the preparedness to recover from climatic shocks or perturbations
in the neighborhood systems.
The designs have been reviewed from a climate resilience perspective for the projects (Roads,
storm water drainage, footpaths, sewer and water) in the four settlements of Nakuru County.
A number of interventions have been incorporated in the design review to increase the
robustness and resilience of the roads, storm water drains, sewer lines and water pipelines to
help counteract additional climate change impacts.

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13.2. Design interventions to counter climate change influence

No. Climate Change Influence Design intervention
The pavement structure of the roads is designed to
use locally available construction materials e.g.
1. Mitigation efforts towards the gravel, hand packed stones and quarry dust, river
reduction of carbon emission sand etc. This reduces the carbon emission by the
during construction vehicles since the materials transportation and
haulage distances are reduced.
The roads design review is akin to the 15 minute
neighbourhood model by Carlos Moreno which is an
urban planning concept where neighbourhoods
provide residents with the basic things they need —
shops, schools, parks, leisure options, health care —
within a 15-minute radius by foot or bike, usually
referred to as active mobility. The roads are designed
Mitigation efforts towards the such that one lane is a one-way vehicular single
reduction of carbon emission carriageway separated from a Non-Motorized
2. during use upon Transport (NMT) service lane by bollards. This
commissioning reduces car dependency thus creates a mono active
mobility where people tend to walk more than they
drive. This ultimately reduces the carbon emission as
they use less motorized transport system. It also
promotes social inclusion and interaction thereby
improving their overall well-being as per Jeremy
Bentham’s utilitarianism model.
Sizing of the drains and culverts to accommodate the
design storm for the entire upstream catchment area
has been done to accommodate both extreme
situations and mild cases through provision of relief
3. Flooding gates hence a faster evacuation of flood waters out
of the settlements. In Lake View settlement area for
instance, where flooding is likely to be experienced,
the finished road level (FRL) is designed above the
adjacent ground level.
Providing tree covers by planting trees and
permeable hand packed stones absorbs part of the
water runoff hence reducing flooding.
Green urban spaces, provide a wide range of
benefits for people and the planet. They provide vital
space for physical and mental wellbeing and a very
Urban greening for aesthetics important habitat for nature, including for birds and
4. and reduction of urban heat pollinators. Green space helps reduce air, water and
island (UHI) noise pollution, provides protection from flooding,
droughts and heat waves and much more.
This has been integrated in the design review to bring
nature back to Nakuru city through;

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 Planting of trees
 Planting grass
 Use of coloured paving blocks interspersed
with green grass at the joints ,hence
projecting a green view on birds eye.
Nakuru County KISIP Team has promised to
5. Mitigation efforts towards introduce sustainable practices in the transport and
Greenhouse gases emission mobility for example, use of electric vehicles for inter
by motor vehicles commute and capacity building in climate proofing
through continuous mainstream of the facility.
Table 12-1: Design interventions to counter climate change influence

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14. DETAILED COST ESTIMATES
14.1. Introduction.
As part of the detailed design study, a detailed cost estimate for the 2 contracts in Nakuru
County has been prepared based on the project development proposal and designs. The
project cost is based on a detailed analysis basis, which involves Unit rate analysis,
computation of quantities and building the bills of quantities.
References have been made to the following,
i.). Cost Estimation Manual for Road Construction and Maintenance – Popular Edition
2022-2023 by Kenya Roads Board (KRB)
ii.). Cost Estimation Manual for Road Maintenance Works- Popular Edition 2019 by
Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)
iii.). Quotations from Various suppliers (Quotations annexed to this document)
In the derivation of unit rates the following factors have taken into account:
 Equipment hire rates (Current market rates)
 Current labour rates
 Haulage distances
 An assumed duration of time for completion of an allocated volume of work
 Resource allocation and analysis for bill items
 Construction aftercare for various items
 Overheads and profits for contractors.
 Comparison with major projects of a similar nature and location currently in progress
The Cost estimate methodology involves the following:

• Unit rate analysis
• Computation of quantities from development proposal and detailed design
• Bill pricing and finalization of cost estimates
14.2. Unit Rate Analysis

Unit rate analysis was carried out, considering that construction will be undertaken by different
contractors and in different packages within duration of 12 months.
The following unit rates were computed.
 Storm water drains
 Cost of operation and Maintenance (O & M) Manual
 200mm PN 12.5 HDPE Pipe (Quotation from DANCO Capital Limited)
 Project Vehicles (Quotations from Toyota Kenya)
 Reinforcement bars (Quotation from Apex Steel)
 Hard-core (Quotation from Various suppliers within Nakuru)
 Concrete (Computed based on the rates of cement, ballast and sand)
 Pavement Blocks (Quotation from China WUYI Co. Ltd)
 Equipment Rates (Based on current market hire rates)
 Asphalt Concrete (Based on KRB and JICA reference documents)
 Defluoridation Plants (Quotation from Davis and Shirtliff)

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14.2.1. Cost Analysis for storm water drains

Type of drains; Reinforced rectangular U Drains with reinforced cover slabs
Figure 14-1: Reinforced Rectangular U Drains Cross Section
Base of the drain = 800 mm

Cross section length= 1000mm
Maximum Depth = 850 mm (From the design of drains computation)
For 1 m length of the drains,

a) Quantity of C20/20 Concrete= (0.8*0.1*1) + (0.85*0.1*1) + (0.9*0.05*1)
= 0.295 m3
Proposed rate for 1 m3 of C20/20 = 11,500 (From unit rate analysis for C20/20 Concrete)
Cost of concrete in 1 meter of storm water drain= 11,500*0.295
= 3,392.50
b) Quantity of BRC A142 = 3.9 m2

Proposed rate for BRC 142 per square meter= 600
Cost of BRC A142 in meter of storm water drain = 600*3.9
= 2,340
c) Quantity of formwork = 4.6 m2

Proposed rate for formwork per square meter= 600
Cost of formwork = 600*4.6
=2,760
Table 14-1: Unit rate analysis for 1 m of reinforced rectangular U drains with reinforced
cover slabs
Item Item Description Unit Quantity Rate Amount
No.
1 C20/20 Concrete M3 0.295 11,500 3,392.50

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2 BRC A142 M2 3.9 600 2,340.00

3 Formwork M 2
4.6 600 2,760.00
Sub Total 8,492.50
4 Add contractor’s profit % 15 1,698.50
TOTAL 10,191
PROPOSED RATE For 1 METER OF STORM WATER DRAINS 10,000
Table 14-2: Costs of drains for various roads in Nakuru Settlements

Bill Item Name of Length Length of Rate Amount
No. No. Settlement the Road of the the drains
rd. (m)
8(1- 8.14 Lake View Machakos 950 1700 10,000 17,000,000
A) Rd
Ghuba 453 786 10,000 7,860,000
8(1- 8.15 London/Hilton Road
B) Geko Road 419 723 10,000 7,230,000
Roho Safi 420 725 10,000 7,250,000
St. 496 792 10,000 7,920,000

8(1- 8.15 Kwa Murogi Augustine
C) Mpeketoni 549 1098 10,000 10,980,000
14.2.2. Cost Analysis for O&M Manual

Table 14-3: Cost Analysis for the Preparation of Operations and Maintenance (O & M)
Manual
Item
Item Description
No
Personnel Nr. TOTAL
SEC Members 20
1 Trainers(Environmental and
social expert, Climate Change 25
Expert, Roads Engineer, Water 5
and Sanitation Engineer,
Electrical Engineer)
2 No of Days 5
Accommodation for the Sec (5 days*1500 per person*20

members persons) 150,000.00
(5 days *500 per person * 20
Breakfast for SEC Members
persons) 50,000.00
(5 days *1000 per person *
Lunch for SEC Members
20 persons) 100,000.00
(5 days*1000 per person* 20
Supper for SEC Members
persons) 100,000.00
(5 days *1500 per person *
Allowances for the SEC Members
20 persons) 150,000.00

NAIROBI AND NAKURU
(5 days*5000 per person * 5

Accommodation for the trainers
persons) 125,000.00
Breakfast for the trainers
persons) 12,500.00
Lunch for the trainers
persons) 25,000.00
(5 days*1000 per person*
Supper for the trainers
persons) 25,000.00
Allowances for the trainers
persons) 125,000.00
TOTAL
862,500.00
14.2.3. Cost Analysis for OD 225mm PN 12.5 HDPE Pipes

Table 14-4: OD 225mm PN 16 HDPE Pipe (Quotation from Danco Pipes is annexed to
the report)
Description Calculations Amount, Ksh.
Buying price per meter (241.92$/12)*130 Ksh. 2641
Transport to yard per meter ((448.33*130)/(650/5)*12)) 38
Storage, security and transport 5%*2620.8 132
from the yard to site
100 242
(( ∗ 130) + 105))
Jointing/Welding 650
∗ 12
5
Sub Total 3,053
Add 20% for contractors profit 20%*3053 611
TOTAL 3,664
Proposed Rate 3,700
14.2.4. Cost Analysis for the Project Vehicles

Table 14-5: Project Vehicles (Quotation from Toyota Kenya attached)
Double Cabin Pick up As attached 7,655,172
New Toyota Land Cruiser Prado TX-L As attached 10,500,000
(MT)
14-seater Van As attached 4,163,793.00
14.2.5. Cost Analysis for the Reinforcement bars

Table 14-6: Reinforcement Bars
D12
Buying price - 12m length 1450
(Weight of 1 meter of
Buying Price per Kg D12=0.89 kgs) 131

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1400
/0.89
12
D10
(Weight of 1 meter of 134
Buying Price per Kg D10= 0.62 kgs)
1000
/0.62
12
D8
(Weight of 1 meter of 169
Buying Price per Kg D8 Bar= 0.395 kgs)
800
/0.395
12
Average price per kg (131 + 134 + 169) 145

3
Cutting, Bending and tying 5%*145 8

Sub Total 153
Add 20% Contractors profit 30
Total 183
Proposed Rate 180
14.2.6. Cost Analysis for the Handpacked stones

Table 14-7: Handpacked Stones
Buying price per Truck- 17 tons 19,000
Mass=17000 kgs
Dry density of hard core= 1600
𝑀𝑀
Volume=
𝐷𝐷
Price per m3 17000 1,792
V=
1600
= 10.6 M3
19000
Price per m3= 10.6
Hand packing per m2= 100
Hand packing per m3 Hand packing per m3 667
100
=1∗1∗0.15
Compaction per m3 Compaction per m2= 30
Compaction per m3= 1∗1∗.15
30 200
Sub Total 2659

Add 20% Contractors profit 532
Total 3,191

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Proposed Rate 3,200
14.2.7. Cost Analysis for Concrete.

Table 14-8: Cost Analysis for Concrete
Description Calculations Amount,
Ksh.
C15/20- Nominal mix ratio 1:3:6
Total Weight of 1 m3 of concrete = 2300 kgs
6
Mass of coarse aggregates = *2300
10
=1.38 tons
Cost of 1 ton of coarse aggregates= 2500
Cost of coarse aggregates in 1 m3 of
concrete is 1.38*2500= 3,450
Cost of 1 m3 of C15/20 3
concrete Mass of Fine aggregates is ( ∗ 2300)=0.69
10
tons 8,309
Cost of fine aggregates in 1 m3 of concrete is
0.69*2500 =1725
1
Weight of cement is ( ∗ 2300)=230 kgs
10
230
Cost of cement is ( 50 ∗ 650)=2,990
Cement water ratio = 0.6
Amount of water is 0.6*240= 144 litres
144
Cost of water ( ∗ 20)= 144
20
Totals cost of concrete materials in 1 m3
of concrete (3450+1725+2990+144)
Add 20% Contractor’s 20%*8,309 1,662

Profit
Total 8,309+1,662 9,971
Proposed Rate 10,000
C20/20- Nominal mix ratio 1:2:4
4
7
=1.31 tons
concrete is 1.38*2500= 3,286
2
Cost of 1 m3 of C25/20 Mass of Fine aggregates is (7 ∗ 2300)=0.66
concrete tons 9,386
0.69*2500 =1643
1
Weight of cement is ( ∗ 2300)=329 kgs
7
329
Cost of cement is ( ∗ 650)=4,277
50
180
20

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of concrete (3286+1643+4277+180)
Add 20% Contractor’s 20%*9386 1,877
Profit
Total 9386+1877 11,263
C25 /20- Nominal mix ratio 1:1.5:3
3
5.5
=1.25 tons
concrete is 1.25*2500= 3,125
1.5
Mass of Fine aggregates is ( ∗ 2300)=0.27
5.5
tons 9,443
Cost of 1 m3 of 0.27*2500 =675
1
C25/20 concrete Weight of cement is ( ∗ 2300)=418 kgs
5.5
418
Cost of cement is ( 50 ∗ 650)=5,434
209
20
of concrete (3125+675+5434+209)
Add 20% Contractor’s 20%*9443 1,889
profit
Total 11,332
14.2.8. Cost Analysis for Paving Blocks

Table 14-9: Cost Analysis for Paving Blocks
Buying Price per m2 1100
Laying of Cabros including cutting and 300
compacting with 0/3 mm quarry dust
Cost of 1 ton of sand
= 2500
Density of sand =
1600kg/m3 200
I m3 of sand
1600∗2500
=
1000
50mm thick sand bed
=4000
1 m2 of sand (50mm
thick) =
1*1*.05=0.05m3
Cost of 0.05m3
=.05*4000
=200
Sub Total 1600

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Add 20% for contractors profit 20%*1600 320

TOTAL 1,920
Proposed Rate 2,000
14.3. Computation of quantities

Computation of quantities have been carried out based on the following:
1. Road and drainage structure inventories
2. Topographical survey data
3. Detailed design information, which includes:
• Existing and proposed DTM (digital terrain model)
• Typical cross sections and detailed cross-sections
• Detailed pavement design
• Geometric designs and Plan/Profile drawings
• Detailed design of intersections, foot paths,
• Detailed design of drains, drainage structures
• Detailed design of sanitation facilities; ablution block, high mast flood light/ street
lighting
• Detailed improvement proposals of road furniture, appurtenances and other safety
features.
Quantities for various construction items have been computed and structured into different
items of the Bill of Quantities (BOQ), using guidelines from The Standard Specifications for
Roads and Bridges (MOR) and the Civil Engineering Standard Methods of measurement
(CESM IV).
The computation sheets are attached.
14.4. Building the Bills of Quantises and Bill Pricing.
This is the final process in establishment of cost estimates.
The Bill of Quantities (BoQ) covers the scope of works for construction of the entire project
as scoped, as detailed in the development proposal and detailed designs.
The unit rates have been inserted in the Bill of quantities accordingly, and final estimated cost
of project determined (See the attached take off sheets)
Based on the above documents and guidelines, the Bill of Quantities items have been
structured as shown below;
1 Preliminaries and General

4 Site Clearance and Top Soil Stripping
5 Earthworks
7 Excavation and Filling for Structures
8 Culverts and Drainage Works
9 Passage of Traffic
12 Natural Material Subbase and Base
15 Bituminous Surface Treatments and surface dressing
16 Bituminous mixes
17 Concrete Works
20 Road Furniture

NAIROBI AND NAKURU
22 Day works
23 Concrete Paving Blocks
25 Environmental Safeguards
26 HIV & AIDS
The Bill of Quantities (BoQ) covers the scope of works for construction of the entire project
as scoped, as detailed in the development proposal and detailed designs.
Bill Pricing and Finalization of Cost Estimates
This is the final process in establishment of cost estimates. The unit rates are inserted in the
Bill of quantities accordingly, and final estimated cost of project determined.
The cost estimates for the project is submitted in a confidential volume and hence no details
or summaries are included in this report.
Below is a summary in proportion (%) of the main works, in relation to the total cost of the
project works for each settlement:
Contract 1- CONTRACT No. KE-MOTI-214833-CS-QCBS

• Preliminaries and General Items 13.2%
• Roads, Footpaths, NT, Drainage 70.9%
• High Mast Floodlights Works for Nakuru County 10.7%
• Sewer Works for Nakuru County (London/Hilton) 5.2%
Total 100%
Contract 2- CONTRACT No. KE-MOTI-214833-CS-QCBS

• Preliminaries and General Items 15.7%
• Water Supply 80.6%
• Environmental Safeguards 3.6%
• Day works 0.1%
Total 100%
The Total cost of the project is inclusive of 10% contingencies and 16% Value Added Tax
(VAT)
Construction Period
A construction period of 12 months and defect liability period of 1 year for contracts 1, 2 and
3 has been considered for the project completion. It is considered that after completion of
Design Project Report, tender processes and other pre-construction activities, the construction
of the project shall be starting from 2023 onwards. With 12 months’ construction period, the
project will be likely to be opened for use from 2024 onwards.

CHAPTER 12: RECOMMENDATIONS & CONCLUSIONS
15. RECOMMENDATIONS & CONCLUSIONS
15.1. Recommendations
These KISIP model need to be supported to improve socio-economic lifestyles of slum
dwellers in Kenya
The consultant has a view that these infrastructure facilities once improved will spur a lot of
transformation in the socio-economic lifestyle of the residents hence the client need to widen
/extend the project in other areas of the city.
15.2. Conclusions
The improvements to be brought about by these developments will open up these areas for
other developments as property values will rise up.
The communication will greatly be improved
The perennial problem of flooding will be sorted out once and for all.
The sanitation facilities will ease healthcare pressure at household levels which in turn will
relieve healthcare workers to put more effort on preventive measures including research.

APPENDICES
APPENDICES
The following Appendices have been attached:
Appendices Description
Appendix 1: Topographical Survey Control Points – Roads and Drainage
Appendix 2: Sewer Network Setting Out Data
Appendix 3: Material Investigations and Pavement
Appendix 4: Hydrology and Drainage
Appendix 5: Community Consultations
Appendix 6: Approvals

APPENDIX 1: TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEY CONTROL POINTS
Appendix 1: Topographical Survey Control Points – Roads and Drainage
Kwa Murogi
MR1 9967526.53 180195.09 1860.86
MR1A 9967537.54 180204.82 1862.00
MR2 9967105.56 179939.77 1854.45
MR3 9967072.92 180393.23 1866.65
MR4 9967559.73 179591.30 1854.05
MR5 9967756.74 179682.10 1856.04
Lake View
LV1 9966344.36 175019.93 1804.983
TBM1 9965956.93 174163.32 1808.016
London -Hiton
LN1 9970089.5 171800.53 1895.714
LN2 9970083.07 171671.75 1911.469
LN3 9970082.39 171565.78 1914.153
LN4 9970078.91 171497.62 1914.949
LN5 9970508.97 171471.96 1942.152
LN6 9970516.13 171541.92 1943.669
LN7 9970514.78 171608.88 1939.235
LN8 9970512.47 171725.23 1930.076
LN8A 9970518.95 171737.52 1928.699

APPENDIX 2: WATER AND SEWER NETWORKS SETTING OUT DATA
Appendix 2: Water and Networks Setting Out Data

KARAGITA INFORMAL SETTLEMENT
SETTING OUT DATA
Pipeline Name: Police Line to Karagita Pipeline
Station Range: Start: 0+000.00, End: 7+805.56
Station Northing Easting Tangential
Direction
0+000.00 9919568.11 215137.80 S38° 39' 43"W
0+020.00 9919552.50 215125.30 S38° 39' 43"W
0+040.00 9919540.68 215109.41 S57° 35' 57"W
0+060.00 9919532.28 215091.59 S78° 44' 15"W
0+080.00 9919528.37 215071.98 S78° 44' 15"W
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0+720.00 9919784.91 214621.62 S11° 12' 28"W

0+740.00 9919765.30 214617.74 S11° 12' 28"W
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1+580.00 9918997.60 214610.81 S14° 20' 54"E

1+600.00 9918978.22 214615.76 S14° 20' 54"E
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1+860.00 9918729.04 214689.89 S20° 36' 31"E
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2+420.00 9918205.08 214887.55 S21° 11' 45"E

2+440.00 9918186.43 214894.78 S21° 11' 45"E

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6+720.00 9914301.90 213812.15 S25° 34' 33"W

6+740.00 9914283.86 213803.51 S25° 34' 33"W

6+760.00 9914265.82 213794.88 S25° 34' 33"W
6+780.00 9914247.78 213786.24 S25° 34' 33"W
6+800.00 9914229.74 213777.61 S25° 34' 33"W
6+820.00 9914211.70 213768.98 S25° 34' 33"W
6+840.00 9914193.66 213760.34 S25° 34' 33"W
6+860.00 9914175.62 213751.71 S25° 34' 33"W
6+880.00 9914157.58 213743.07 S25° 34' 33"W
6+900.00 9914139.54 213734.44 S25° 34' 33"W
6+920.00 9914121.50 213725.81 S25° 34' 33"W
6+940.00 9914103.32 213717.48 S22° 47' 08"W
6+960.00 9914084.88 213709.73 S22° 47' 08"W
6+980.00 9914074.60 213717.39 S78° 35' 38"E
7+000.00 9914073.12 213737.21 N88° 21' 16"E
7+020.00 9914073.69 213757.20 N88° 21' 16"E
7+040.00 9914073.18 213777.19 S88° 14' 11"E
7+060.00 9914072.56 213797.18 S88° 14' 11"E
7+080.00 9914071.94 213817.17 S88° 14' 11"E
7+100.00 9914071.33 213837.16 S88° 14' 11"E
7+120.00 9914070.71 213857.16 S88° 14' 11"E
7+140.00 9914070.41 213877.15 S89° 31' 09"E
7+160.00 9914070.24 213897.15 S89° 31' 09"E
7+180.00 9914070.07 213917.15 S89° 31' 09"E
7+200.00 9914069.90 213937.15 S89° 31' 09"E
7+220.00 9914069.72 213957.15 S89° 15' 05"E
7+240.00 9914069.45 213977.15 S89° 15' 05"E
7+260.00 9914069.19 213997.15 S89° 15' 05"E
7+280.00 9914068.82 214017.14 S88° 48' 16"E
7+300.00 9914068.42 214037.14 N89° 14' 10"E
7+320.00 9914068.68 214057.14 N89° 14' 10"E
7+340.00 9914068.95 214077.13 N89° 14' 10"E
7+360.00 9914069.70 214097.11 N84° 33' 18"E
7+380.00 9914069.64 214117.07 S87° 47' 21"E
7+400.00 9914068.87 214137.06 S87° 47' 21"E
7+420.00 9914068.10 214157.04 S87° 47' 21"E
7+440.00 9914067.32 214177.03 S87° 47' 21"E
7+460.00 9914066.55 214197.01 S87° 55' 21"E
7+480.00 9914065.83 214217.00 S87° 55' 21"E
7+500.00 9914065.10 214236.98 S87° 55' 21"E
7+520.00 9914064.38 214256.97 S87° 55' 21"E
7+540.00 9914063.65 214276.96 S87° 55' 21"E
7+560.00 9914062.93 214296.95 S87° 55' 21"E
7+580.00 9914062.20 214316.93 S87° 55' 21"E

7+600.00 9914061.53 214336.92 S88° 35' 35"E

7+620.00 9914061.04 214356.91 S88° 35' 35"E
7+640.00 9914060.55 214376.91 S88° 35' 35"E
7+660.00 9914060.06 214396.90 S88° 35' 35"E
7+680.00 9914059.57 214416.90 S88° 35' 35"E
7+700.00 9914059.08 214436.89 S88° 35' 35"E
7+720.00 9914058.64 214456.89 S89° 02' 24"E
7+740.00 9914058.30 214476.88 S89° 02' 24"E
7+760.00 9914057.97 214496.88 S89° 02' 24"E
7+780.00 9914057.63 214516.88 S89° 02' 24"E
7+800.00 9914056.56 214536.84 S86° 18' 34"E
7+805.56 9914053.57 214539.54 S0° 56' 24"W

LONDON-HILTON MANHOLE SETTING OUT DATA
Pipe Network: Network -1
Structu Type Size Materi Northing Easting Rim Sump Sump

re (m) al (m) (m) Ele Elev Depth
(m) (m) (m)
MH 1.4 Circul D:1.5 Conc 9970087. 171741. 1901.8 1898.62 2

ar 0 03 71 2
MH 1.3 Circul D:1.5 Conc 9970083. 171671. 1911.4 1908.24 2
ar 0 15 84 4
MH 1.2 Circul D:1.5 Conc 9970083. 171611. 1913.1 1909.91 2
ar 0 11 84 1
MH 1.1 Circul D:1.5 Conc 9970082. 171551. 1914.3 1911.14 2
ar 0 08 97 4


Appendix 3: Material Investigations and Pavement

Appendix 3A
Alignment Soils Trial Pits Logs

 Summary of Trial Pits
 Kwa Murogi
 London /Hilton
 Lake View

Trial Pits Summary of Settlement Roads

KISIP II Nakuru Settlements Roads - Alignment Soils Investigations
Carriageway Start Coordinates End Cordinates Test Pit Subgrade
PROPOSED CODE LENGTH
SETTLEMENT Width Depth GPS Location Comments
INFRASTRUCTURE ON MAP (metres) Easting Northing Easting Northing TP Type
(metres) (m) E: N:
TP1 1.2 174965 9965959 Fine Grained Sandy Silt
Lake View Machakos Road R2 302 6 - 9 metres 948 175019 9966342 174153 9965959 TP2 1.2 174714 9966199 Fine Grained Sandy Silt
Gravelly Fine Grained
TP3 1.3 174316 9966029
Sandy Silt
TP1 0.9 171697 9970515 Volcanic rock boulders
Volcanic weathered
TP2 0.8 171480 9970398
Ghuba Road R2 201 6 - 9 metres 1171 171723 9970510 171780 9970093 boulders
Volcanic weathered
TP3 1 171495 9970191
boulders
London / TP1 1 171560 9970109 Volcanic rock boulders

Hilton Geko Road R2 202 6 - 9 metres 440 171569 9970090 171556 9970499
Volcanic weathered
TP2 0.9 171553 9970352
rock boulders
Volcanic weathered no specific subgrade
TP1 0.9 171629 9970193 improved is required.
TUFF
Roho Safi Road R2 203 6 - 9 metres 440 171634 990086 171620 9970504
Volcanic weathered
TP2 0.5 171615 9970447
TUFF
Volcanic gravelly Sandy
TP1 1 179644 9967663
Solid Rock to Game R2 101 – Silt
6 - 9 metres 462 179680 9967745 179507 9967336
Line Rd 462 m Brown Volcanic
TP2 1 179564 9967467
gravelly sandy SILT
Dark grey volcanic
TP1 1.2 180080 9967439
Kwa Murogi 6 - 9 metres 474 180126 9967413 179636 9967632
TP2 1 179875 9967526
SAND
TP1 1.1 180147 9967325
Mpeketoni to Hill R2 103 – clayey SAND
6 - 9 metres 505 180207 9967522 179946 9967110
Crest Road 505 m Brown Volcanic Silty
TP2 1.2 180016 9967219
clayey SAND


APPENDIX 3: MATERIAL INVESTIGATIONS & PAVEMENT

KISIP II - ALIGNMENT SOILS MATERIAL INVESTIGATIONS - NAKURU SETTLEMENTS

SETTLEMENT: KWA MUROGI PROPOSED INFRASTRUCTURE:SOLID ROCK TO MPEKETONI ROAD
TRIAL PIT LOG

Location: NAKURU COUNTY Job Ref : TM/NAK- SET./R2 102 Date :02-03-23
Depth Below Layer Thickness

SCALE LEGEND Description of Material Code on Map: R2 102
Ground (mm) (mm)
TP No: 01 (Solid Rock to Game line Road): TP Coordinates (UTM arc 1960 Kenya) N: 180080, E:9967439
0.00
200.0 Organic top soil
200.0
0.50 Brown Volcanic Fine Grained Silty Sand
800.0
1.00 1000.0
0.00 TP No: 02 (Solid Rock to Game line Road): TP Coordinates (UTM arc 1960 Kenya) N: 179564, E:9967467
Imported Lateritic Gravel

500.0
0.50 500.0
Brown Volcanic Fine Grained Silty Sand with Gravels

300.0
800.0
1.00
Dark Brown Volcanic Gravelly Sand
1200.0


SETTLEMENT: KWA MUROGI PROPOSED INFRASTRUCTURE:MPEKETONI TO HILL CREST ROAD
TRIAL PIT LOG

Location: NAKURU COUNTY Job Ref : TM/NAK-SET./R2 103 Date :02-03-23

Ground (mm) (mm)
TP No: 01 (Mpeketoni to Hill Crest Road): TP Coordinates (UTM arc 1960 Kenya) N: 180147, E:9967226
0.00
200.0 Imported whitish Grey Murram
200.0
0.50 Volcanic Fine Grained Silty Sand
700.0
900.0
Brown Volcanic fine grained Silty Sand
1.00 1000.0 100.0
0.00 TP No: 02 (Mpeketoni to Hill Crest Road): TP Coordinates (UTM arc 1960 Kenya) N: 180075, E:9967325
100.0 100.0 Imported Lateritic Murram
Brown Volcanic Silty Sands with Some Gravels
0.50 600.0
700.0
1.00 400.0 Brown Volcanic Fine Grained Clayey Silty Sand
1100.0
0.00 TP No: 03 (Mpeketoni to Hill Crest Road): TP Coordinates (UTM arc 1960 Kenya) N: 180016, E:9967219
Vocanic imported Gravels

250.0
250.00
0.50
650.0
Grey volcanic gravels
800.0
1.00 400.0 Dark brown Volcanic Silty Sands
1200.0


SETTLEMENT: LONDON/HILTON PROPOSED INFRASTRUCTURE:GUBA ROAD
TRIAL PIT LOG


Ground (mm) (mm)
TP No: 01 (Guba Road): TP Coordinates (UTM arc 1960 Kenya) N: 171697, E:9970515
0.00
250.0 Imported Brown Murram
250.0
0.50 Brown Volcanic Fine Grained Sandy Silts
550.0
800.0
900.0 100.0 Weathered Volcanic Rock
1.00
0.00 TP No: 02 (Guba Road): TP Coordinates (UTM arc 1960 Kenya) N: 171480, E:9970398
Volcanic Fine grained Sandy Silts With Some Gravels

200.0
200.0
Volcanic Fine grained Sandy Silts With Some Gravels
0.50 500.0
700.0
800.0 100.0 Volcanic weathered rock
1.00
0.00 TP No: 03 (Guba Road): TP Coordinates (UTM arc 1960 Kenya) N: 171495, E:9970191
Volcanic Fine grained Sandy Silts With Gravels

200.0
200.0
Volcanic Fine grained Sandy Silts With Gravels
0.50
600.0
800.0
200.0
1.00 1000.0 Volcanic Rock Boulders


SETTLEMENT: LONDON/HILTON PROPOSED INFRASTRUCTURE:GEKO ROAD
TRIAL PIT LOG


Ground (mm) (mm)
TP No: 01 (GEKO Road): TP Coordinates (UTM arc 1960 Kenya) N: 171560, E:9970109
0.00
200.0 Imported Murram
200.0
0.50 Volcanic Grey Fine Grained Sandy Silts with Gravel
600.0
800.0
200.0 Weathered Volcanic Rock Boulders
1.00 1000.0
0.00 TP No: 02 (Geko Road): TP Coordinates (UTM arc 1960 Kenya) N: 171553, E:9970352
200.0 Volcanic Gravelly Sand with Silt

200.0
0.50 Volcanic Fine Grained Silty Sand With Gravels

700.0
900.0
1.00 1000.0 100.0 Weathered Volcanic Rock Boulders


SETTLEMENT: LONDON/HILTON PROPOSED INFRASTRUCTURE:ROHO SAFI ROAD
TRIAL PIT LOG


Ground (mm) (mm)
TP No: 01 (Roh Safi Road): TP Coordinates (UTM arc 1960 Kenya) N: 171629, E:9970193
0.00
150.0 150.0 Imported Lateritic Murram
0.50 Brownish Grey Fine Grained Volcanic Sandy Silts
650.0
800.0
900.0 100.0 Highly Weathered Volcanic Rock
1.00
0.00 TP No: 02 (Roho Safi Road): TP Coordinates (UTM arc 1960 Kenya) N: 171615, E:9970447
100.0 100.0 Volcanic Gravelly Sand with Silt
Brown Volcanic Silty Sand with Some Gravels

400.0
0.50 500.00 Volcanic weathered rock
1.00


SETTLEMENT: LAKE VIEW PROPOSED INFRASTRUCTURE:MACHAKOS ROAD
TRIAL PIT LOG


Ground (mm) (mm)
TP No: 01 (Machakos Road): TP Coordinates (UTM arc 1960 Kenya) N: 174965, E:9966314
0.00
Organic top soil

300.0
300.0
0.50
600.0 Grey Volcanic fine Grained Sandy Silt
900.0
1.00
400.0 Dark brownish Volcanic Sandy Silt
1200.0
0.00 TP No: 02 (Machakos Road): TP Coordinates (UTM arc 1960 Kenya) N: 174714, E:9966199
160.0 160.0 Organic top Soil
Grey Volcanic Silty Sands with Some Gravels
0.50 640.0
800.0
1.00 400.0 Brown Volcanic Fine Grained Silty Sand
1200.0
0.00 TP No: 03 (Machakos Road): TP Coordinates (UTM arc 1960 Kenya) N: 174316, E:9966029
300.0 Top Organic soil
300.00
0.50
Dark Brown volcanic fine grained SandySilt

600.0
900.0
1.00 400.0 Brown Volcanic Silty Sand with Gravels
1300.0





Appendix 4: Hydrology and Drainage

Drainage Design calculations
Metre drain spacing
Assumptions:
• Impermeable factor of 0.9 for the carriage way and footpath

• Impermeable factor of 0.2 for grass verge
Cross fall 2.5%~ 1/40
Longitudinal 6.12 ~ 1/16.5
Carriage way width= 6m Foot path length = 2m Grass verge = 3m

Impermeable area = {(6+2) *0.9} + {(3*0.2)} = 7.8
Gulley Spacing
From Table JA
Standard grating is 622

622/7.8=79.74≈80 m


Appendix 5: Community Consultations and stakeholders meeting

ANNEX 2 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION MINUTES AND LIST OF PARTICIPANTS
1. Lake View Public Participation
KENYA INFORMAL SETTLEMENT IMPROVEMENT PROJECT II (KISIP II) | 4 NO. SETTLEMENTS THE
COUNTIES OF
MINUTES OF THE PUBLIC PARTICIPATION MEETING FOR LAKE VIEW SETTLEMENT

VENUE: HONEYMOON -LAKE WIEW
TIME: 10.00 AM -12.00 PM
IN ATTENDANCE
AREA CHIEF
CONSULTANT – GA
NAME DESIGNATION
1 Dr. Eng. Oonge Isaboke Project Environmentalist
2 Eng. Harun Mamboleo Project Assistant Sociologist
3 Ms Annastanzia Kimbio Project coordinator
4. Mr David Oindo Assistant Project coordinator
COUNTY OFFICIALS
5. Mary Muiruri County Engineer
6. Simon Kariuki County Planner
7. Robert Otiti County Surveyor
8. Mary Muiruri County Community Coordinator
SETTLEMENT OFFICIALS AND SETTLEMENT RESIDENTS

NAME DESIGNATION
9. See Attendance List

1. INTRODUCTION
The participants of the meeting assembled at Honeymoon at 10.00 am and the meeting commenced
with a word of prayer and introductions from the members present.
The chairman thanked all the members present for attending the meeting and welcomed the team
from the Consultant.
2. PRESENTATION
a) Project coordinator
The Project coordinator appreciated the members for attending the meeting and explained to the
members that the main objective of the meeting was to conduct a public participation meeting and
discuss more on the KISIP II Project. She noted that it was of importance for the project team to note
the positive and negative opinions from the community at large concerning the KISIP II Project. She
clarified that the discussion agenda was to be within the scope that remained from KISIP I for the
works that remained undone from the previous priorities.
b) Project Environmentalist
The project environmentalist remarked that the project construction phase was long overdue and that
the public participation exercise was to facilitate the design review, preparation of ESIA and RAP which
it would be accorded cooperation will see the funds for the project released for implementation.
3. QUESTIONS AND COMMENTS
Question 1: The chairman asked about what would happen to the remaining funds after the
implementation of the remaining scope of works seeing that some of the previous priorities were
already done by other parties other than KISIP.
Response: It was highlighted that the objective of world bank was to improve the quality of life in the
settlement and if such objectives have been met then only the remaining needs can be addressed.
Thus, the remaining funds, if any, would be discussed by the financier and implementing agency for
KISIP for proper relocation.
Question 2: The county Engineer sort clarification on what entailed design review observing that it
was important that the design review should incorporate link roads.
Response: It was highlighted that the instructions from KISIP head office was for the consultant to
focus on the scope that remained from KISIP I for the works that remained undone from the previous
priorities
Question 3: Clarity was sort on the remaining priorities that were to be considered for
implementation.
Response: Members were informed that one road would be done i.e., Machakos road and three
floodlights would be constructed.
All community members: All the community members agreed that the design review, ESIA and RAP
be fast tracked so that the money for implementation of the project may be released so that the

priorities for this phase may begin as soon as possible. They raised no concerns except for the call to
fast track the construction phase.
The members however requested their concern for the remaining funds, if any, to be considered for
reinjection back into the settlement for other development priorities.
The Chief: The Chief thanked all the members for attending the meeting and appreciated the KISIP II
Project terming it a very much anticipated and welcomed project.
4. CLOSING REMARKS
The Consultant Project coordinator noted that the project team had taken note of all points discussed
and would make all efforts to discuss with the KISIP Head office and the County Government to the
best of its ability. She thanked all for attending the meeting.
There being no other business, the Chief thanked the project team and appreciated all the members
for attending the meeting. The meeting ended at 12.00 pm by a word of prayer from one of the
members.

Attendance List



Photo Plate
Consultant addressing the meeting to Lake View Lake View Residents following proceedings of
settlement members the meeting
Residents taking notes during the meeting Residents following proceedings of the meeting

2. Kwa Murogi Public Participation
COUNTIES OF
MINUTES OF THE PUBLIC PARTICIPATION MEETING FOR KWA MUROGI SETTLEMENT

VENUE: SOLID ROCK CHURCH - KWA MUROGI
TIME: 10.00 AM -12.00 PM
IN ATTENDANCE
AREA CHIEF
CONSULTANT – GA
NAME DESIGNATION
COUNTY OFFICIALS
NAME DESIGNATION

NAME DESIGNATION

4. INTRODUCTION
The participants of the meeting assembled at Rock Church - Kwa Murogi at 10.00 am and the meeting
commenced with a word of prayer and introductions from the members present.
The Chairman thanked all the members present for attending the meeting and welcomed the team
5. PRESENTATION
c) Project coordinator
d) Project Environmentalist
Question 1: A member asked about what would happen to the remaining priorities that needed to be
addressed in the settlement. She also raised the concern that some funds may remain after the
KISIP for proper relocation. Moreover, for other development priorities, it was clarified that KISIP is
continuous and the remaining needs would still be considered in subsequent KISIP phases. It was
stressed that the objective at the time was to finish the remaining works from KISIP I first.
implementation.
Response: Members were informed that two roads including St. Augustine and Solid Rock to
Mpeketoni would be done; four floodlights would be constructed and one sewer line would be done.

The Chief
The Chief thanked all the members for attending the meeting and appreciated the KISIP II Project
terming it a very much anticipated and welcomed project.
4. CL0SING REMARKS
members.

Attendance List




Photo Plate
Kwa Murogi residents settled waiting for Consultant addressing the meeting
meeting to begin.
A resident raising his concerns. Residents following through with the

proceedings.

3. London/Hilton Public Participation
COUNTIES OF
MINUTES OF THE PUBLIC PARTICIPATION MEETING FOR LONDON/HILTON SETTLEMENT

VENUE: LONDON/HILTON
TIME: 10.00 AM -12.00 PM
IN ATTENDANCE
AREA CHIEF
CONSULTANT – GA
NAME DESIGNATION
COUNTY OFFICIALS
5. Jane Muriuki County Engineer
6. Symon Kariuki County Planner
7. Robert Otiti County Surveyor

NAME DESIGNATION

7. INTRODUCTION
The participants of the meeting assembled at London/Hilton at 10.00 am and the meeting commenced
with a word of prayer and introductions from the members present.
The chairlady thanked all the members present for attending the meeting and welcomed the team
8. PRESENTATION
e) Project coordinator
f) Project Environmentalist
Question 1: A member asked for a possibility for a meeting with the KISIP Head office for further
discussion on the reallocation of the funds that would probably remain given that some of the
priorities had been implemented by other parties other than KISIP.
Response: It was clarified that as far as public participation was concerned, the team that was on the
ground from the consultant was sufficient to collect and report the views of the community regarding
the project and that every concern would be raised and reported for action.
Question 2: The chairlady asked about what would happen to the remaining priorities that needed to
be addressed in the settlement. She also raised the concern that some funds may remain after the
KISIP for proper relocation. Moreover, for other development priorities, it was clarified that KISIP is
continuous and the remaining needs would still be considered in subsequent KISIP phases. It was
stressed that the objective at the time was to finish the remaining works from KISIP I first.
implementation.
Response: Members were informed that three roads including Guba, Roho Safi and Geko would be
done; four floodlights would be constructed and one sewer line would be done.

The Chief
The Chief thanked all the members for attending the meeting and appreciated the KISIP II Project
terming it a very much anticipated and welcomed project.
4. CL0SING REMARKS
members.

Attendance List




Photo Plate
Consultant addressing the meeting Ongoing discussion at the meeting

CLIENT:

DEVELOPMENT
Second Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project (KISIP 2)
CONSULTANTS:
In Joint Venture
with
TERTIARY CONSULTING GA CONSULTANTS
ENGINEERS LIMITED LIMITED
(TCE) (G A)
MINUTES OF JOINT WORKING SESSION WITH NAKURU COUNTY TEAM FOR

CONSULTANCY SERVICES FOR ENGINEERING DESIGN REVIEW, REPACKAGING OF
DETAILED ENGINEERING DESIGNS, AND PREPARATION OF PROCUREMENT
DOCUMENTS; UPDATING OF RAP AND ESIA REPORTS; AND SUPERVISION OF THE
PROPOSED INFRASTRUCTURES IMPROVEMENT WORKS IN SELECTED INFORMAL
SETTLEMENTS IN THE COUNTIES OF NAIROBI AND NAKURU HELD IN COUNTY
ASSEMBLY OF NAKURU, NAKURU, KENYA ON THURSDAY 13TH APRIL, 2023
STARTING AT 10.00 AM

ATTENDANCE:
S/No. NAME ORGANIZATION & TITLE
1. Julius Mugwika KISIP – NPCT
2. Stella Gitimu KISIP - NPCT
3. Michael Nthiani KISIP – NPCT
4. Sam Mbora KISIP – NPCT
5. Christine Achieng KISIP – NPCT
6. Blanton Gitau KISIP – NPCT
7. Patrick Laibuta KISIP – NPCT
8. Martha Namusonge KISIP – NPCT
9. Eng. Benard Oloo KISIP - NPCT
10. Kamau Kuria Nakuru County
11. Jane Muriuri Nakuru County
12. Sammy Ngige Nakuru County
13. George Karanja Nakuru County
14. Elizabeth Munyui Nakuru County
15. Robert Otiti Nakuru County
16. Beatrice Wangeci Nakuru County
17. Geoffrey Githinji Nakuru County
18. Michael Kimani Nakuru County
19. Selina Nkatha Nakuru County
20. Eng. Dr. Elisha Akech TCE/GA – Team Leader
21. Eng. Patrick S. Wambulwa TCE/GA – Water & Sanitation Engineer
22. Prof. Edward Ontita TCE/GA – Sociologist
23. Eng. Dr. Zablon Oonge TCE/GA – Environmental Expert 1
24. Ambrose Makheti TCE/GA – Environmental Expert 2
25. Eng. Silas Aluora TCE/GA – Roads Engineer
26. Eng. Buge Wasioya TCE/GA – Electrical Engineer
27. Annastanzia Kimbio TCE/GA – Support Staff
28. Fredrick Olonde TCE/GA – Support Staff
29. Davis Odhiambo Oindo TCE/GA – Support Staff
30. William Wambulwa TCE/GA – Support Staff

AGENDA:
1. Introductory Session;
2. Presentation of Summary of Detailed Design Review Surveys & Engineering;
3. Review of Draft Detailed Design Documents;
4. Comments and Suggestion from County and KISIP Team;
5. Review of Repackaged Works Proposal;
6. Presentation of Draft Tender Documents;
7. Breakout Sessions;
8. Closure;
MIN.
MINUTE ACTION
NO.
01 Introductory Session
The meeting was called to order at 10.30 am with introductory
remarks and a prayer from the Consultant Team Leader. The Team
Leader, welcomed all present to the joint working session and
introduced the Consultant team present in the working session.
The Team Leader then welcomed the KISIP and Nakuru County team
to make their opening remarks as well and introduce their teams.
Eng. Mugwika from KISIP, led the introduction of the KISIP team, and
Arch. Kuria led the introduction of the County Team present at the
working session.
The Consultant Team Leader, then presented the program of the

working session to the attendants and kicked off the session.
02 Presentation of Summary of Detailed Design Review Surveys &
Engineering
The Consultant Team Leader welcomed his team to undertake the
presentation of the summary of the detailed design review surveys
and engineering for the Nakuru County Settlements.
The Consultant presented an introduction of the KISIP 2 Project,

including the scope of the assignment, deliverables and project
objectives. The team then presented the project areas and the
proposed scope of works for each settlement as per the detailed
designs in KISIP 1.
The Consultant presented the results of the scoping exercise they

undertook in collaboration with the community, settlement executive
committee (SEC), Nakuru County and the Local administration. The
presentation covered the following key areas for each settlement:

MIN.
MINUTE ACTION
NO.
• Scoping summary of status of previously proposed works;
• Summary of community observations;
• Summary of consultant comments;
• Summary of the current proposed scope of works;
03 Review of Draft Detailed Design Documents
The Consultant Key Experts presented a Summary of the Draft
Detailed Design Document.
The Consultant covered the following key areas:
• General Outline of Methodology;

• Summary of Topographical Surveys;
• Summary of Engineering Surveys/Investigations;
• Summary of Alignment Design Review;
• Summary of Pavement Design Review;
• Summary of Sewer Design Review;
• Summary of Updating ESIA (Conclusions and
Recommendations);
• Summary of Updating RAP (Key Findings, Conclusions and
Recommendations)
The Consultant Team Leader led the team in a wrap up of the session
and requested for comments and suggestions from the County and
KISIP Team.
04 Comments and Suggestion from County and KISIP Team
The Consultant welcomed comments and suggestions from the
County Team in response to the presentation of the summary of the
detailed design review surveys, engineering and draft detailed design
document.
The County and KISIP Team made the following comments/raised

questions that the Consultant responded to below:
1. Arch. Kuria raised the following concerns on the Environmental

and Social considerations:
• The effect of one-way roads in the settlements in the long-

term;
• Wayleaves need to be identified early especially for the
Karagita Pipeline in Naivasha;
• Consider the greening of the neighborhood;

MIN.
MINUTE ACTION
NO.
• Consider introducing electric charging points, and consider
emissions since Nakuru County has started emission
monitoring;
• Check how the road is affecting the economic structure of the
settlements and the County; Consultant
Consultant Comment – The consultant noted that they

considered the effect of the one-way roads, and proposed
introduction of additional roads to close the loop, to improve
accessibility. Consultant
The Consultant also noted that they are working in collaboration

with the NAIVAWASCO to start processing the way leaves
budget and provisions from KeNHA, KRC and Kenya Pipeline.
The Consultant additionally noted that the IRR for a road is very
high (13 and above) yet 7 years after the road is done it needs
major maintenance and after 15 years it needs replacement. The
Consultant noted that the roads would generate an increase of
economic activity.
The Consultant also noted that they would make a consideration

for electric vehicles, however noted the low absorption rate in the
market.
The Consultant additionally noted that in interactions with the

community, they noted that they did not want benches and
spaces along the road corridor – since they provide for an area
for crime to take place.
County Team Comment – The County team noted that they had
to balance community opinions and opinions from experts,
especially with regard to provision of green spaces.
2. Adequate provision of drainage as flow increases along the road

including outfalls.
Consultant Comment – The consultant noted that they have

considered for drainage infrastructure along all the roads being
undertaken.
3. Confirm population projections used in developing the

infrastructure and ensure in case of any other delays the

MIN.
MINUTE ACTION
NO.
projections are adjusted to take into account the new population
the infrastructure will serve.
Consultant Comments – The Consultant team noted that they

have done projections from the current year as the base year and
projected for 20 years (to 2043).
4. Consider social risk management issues, and additionally think Consultant

of other social constructs that can be added to the project. KISIP

will take this into account and consider how they can undertake
this after consulting the KISIP Team.
5. The County Team raised concern on the one-way roads and

requested if the links can be undertaken within the current project
since the roads will be left hanging if the links aren’t done Consultant
concurrently. KISIP
Consultant Comments – The Consultant team noted that the

scope of the current project was limited to previously designed
works, and that they would request KISIP to confirm if additional
new works such as the loops can be considered due to their
need.
6. The County Team noted that they will discuss with the County
Electrical Engineer to come on board in the project. Additionally,
it was noted that the issue of facilitation of traders should be
addressed early in order to reduce project delays. The County
team also noted that special considerations need to be done in
London/Hilton area for both the road and sewer line, since there
are massive caves and cavities in the area that limit the possible Consultant
road and sewer line designs.

had included a component of boulder fill in the BoQ to address
this issue, and additionally noted that the depth of the sewer line
will be adjusted to ensure it doesn’t fall within areas with cavities.
The Consultant also noted that community engagement was
required to ensure that the community doesn’t dispose of sewage
into underground cavities since it posses an underground water
contamination.

MIN.
MINUTE ACTION
NO.
7. The KISIP and County team noted that stakeholders need to be
involved as early as possible, especially Kenya Power, with
regard to any relocation of services; Nakuru Water & Sewerage Consultant
and NAIVAWASCO

have been working in collaboration with NAIVAWASCO, and
would get in touch with Kenya Power and Nakuru Water &
Sewerage to handle the relocation of power lines in Lakeview
and London/Hilton and finalization of the sewer line in
London/Hilton respectively.
8. The KISIP Deputy Co-Ordinator made the following comments

especially with regard to the RAP issues:
• The County should ensure that they obtain relevant

documentation giving written permission for the land being
used for the floodlights.
• Language used in the RAP report and in communication with
the community should be carefully considered. Note
difference between compensation and facilitation, and
valuation and assessments. Current RAP will use facilitation
and assessments.
• Noted that facilitation does not need to be payment, since the
project affected person can be given an alternative business
area.
• Avoid grievance issues that may arise due to different
facilitations to the PAPs, varying from the assessments,
assessments shouldn’t be disclosed to the PAPs till the
disclosure stage.
• Consultant should make sure they communicate clearly and
clearly explain that only the part of the structure on the road
would be facilitated for, and not the whole house. Ensure that
all markers are demarcated on the wayleaves in presence of Consultant
the community. County
Consultant Comments – The Consultant team thanked the

KISIP team for the constructive comments and confirmed that
they have conducted the RAP in the manner suggested, and will
organize for demarcation of the road corridor in the RAP
exercises that will be undertaken to identify the PAPs who have
been paid/not paid and who have relocated/not relocated.

MIN.
MINUTE ACTION
NO.
05 Review of Repackaged Works Proposal
The Consultant Team Leader called the meeting to order after the
lunch break and welcomed his team to present the repackaged works.
The Consultant team presented the summary of proposed

infrastructure in all the settlements noting the type, name, and
properties (i.e., length and width) of the road, sewer and lighting
infrastructure.
The Consultant then presented a summary of the proposed works

packaging including the following key information:
• Number of Proposed Contracts;

• Number of Proposed Lots;
• Works under each contract/lot;
• Funding of each contract/lot;
• Cost estimate for each contract/lot;
• Recommended procurement model for each contract/lot;
The Consultant also presented the breakdown of the costs for each
contract lot, including the cost of Bill No. 1 (Preliminaries & General)
separately.
The Consultant received the following comments from the Consultant

and KISIP Team and made responded as follows:
1. The County Team noted that they would have preferred to have
separate contracts for the roads and sewer works, and also to
have the electrical works to be separate as one contact for all
settlements.
Consultant Comment – The consultant noted that breaking

road and sewer works in settlements into separate contracts may
increase the administration and oversight cost of the project
since the sewer line is short as well as the roads to be undertaken
in the settlement.
County Team Comment – The County team however raised Consultant

that they would still prefer separate contracts, to allow for
participation from various bidders and also spread the risk of
non-performing contractors.

MIN.
MINUTE ACTION
NO.
2. The County and KISIP Team noted that Bill No. 1 needed to be
assessed further to find items that can be reduced so that it can
be maintained as 10% of the estimate.
Consultant Comment – The consultant noted this, and

confirmed their readiness to go over the Bill items to review
possible reductions.
06 Presentation of Draft Tender Documents
The Consultant on completion of the review of the proposed
repackaging of works, presented an overview of the Draft Tender
Documents. The Consultant presented the contents of the following
documents and presented them to the County and KISIP Team.
• Bidding Document
The Consultant presented an overview of the bidding document
including:
• List of the contents of the bidding document;
• Guidelines used in preparation of the document;
• Preliminary evaluation/mandatory criteria proposed;
• Tendering forms included;
• General and Particular Conditions of Contract used;
• Contract forms included;
• Bill of Quantities
The Consultant presented the Bills of Quantities, first by
elaborating the guideline used in the preparation, and the list of
the Bills included in the document and the various items in the bills.
The Consultant also noted how the quantities were arrived at. The
Consultant at this stage presented a summary of Bill No. 1 for
familiarization of the attendants in preparation for the breakout
sessions where the Preliminary and General items would be
discussed.
• Engineers Estimate
The Consultant presented the Engineers estimates, including the
procedure and manual used in obtaining the unit rates.
• Book of Drawings
The Consultant went over the Book of Drawings section by
section, elaborating on the layout of each section including the
cover page, drawing index, title block, road layouts, standard
drawings, sewer layouts and set out data.

MIN.
MINUTE ACTION
NO.
• Technical Specifications
The Consultant went through the list of sections in the technical
specifications including the layout of the cover page and other
specifications. The Consultant also noted the specifications used
in developing the document.
07 Breakout Sessions
The Consultant Team Leader, assisted the attendants in breaking into
the breakout groups:
• County Preparedness Group;

The aim of the group during the joint working session was to
thoroughly discuss and evaluate the preparedness of the County
Government in undertaking the project. The members of the group
were tasked with assessing various aspects of the project,
including the available resources, timeline, manpower, and
potential challenges. They were expected to critically analyze the
project's feasibility and identify any gaps or areas that needed
improvement in terms of preparedness.
The group's objective was to provide insights, recommendations,

and solutions to ensure that the County Government was
adequately prepared to successfully execute the project,
considering all relevant factors and potential risks. The group's
discussions were focused on identifying strengths, weaknesses,
opportunities, and threats associated with the project's
implementation, with the ultimate goal of ensuring that the County
Government was well-equipped and ready to effectively undertake
the project.
• Bill of Quantities Group;

thoroughly review and analyze the Bills of Quantities and
Estimates for the project, with the objective of rationalizing the
items and rates.
The group was tasked with carefully examining the project's Bills
of Quantities, which outlined the quantities of materials, labor, and
other resources required, as well as the Estimates, which detailed
the projected costs associated with the project. The group's goal
was to critically assess the items and rates listed in the Bills of
Quantities and Estimates, in order to identify any discrepancies,
redundancies, or inconsistencies.

MIN.
MINUTE ACTION
NO.
They were expected to revise and streamline the items and rates
to ensure that they were reasonable, accurate, and aligned with
the project's requirements and budget. The group's discussions
were focused on analyzing the details of the Bills of Quantities and
Estimates, comparing them with industry standards, and making
informed decisions to rationalize the items and rates for the
project. The ultimate aim of the group was to ensure that the Bills
of Quantities and Estimates were reliable, cost-effective, and
realistic, in order to support the successful implementation of the
project.
• Bidding Document Group;

The group during the joint working session aimed to thoroughly
review and discuss the Bidding Document for the project. Their
objective was to ensure that the document was compliant with
both the World Bank guidelines and local guidelines. The group
meticulously examined the instruction to bidders, bidding forms,
evaluation criteria, conditions of contract, and contract forms
outlined in the Bidding Document.
Their discussions were focused on identifying any gaps,

inconsistencies, or misalignments with the established guidelines
and making necessary revisions and adjustments. The group's
goal was to fill any gaps, clarify ambiguities, and verify that the
Bidding Document was comprehensive, transparent, and in line
with the required guidelines. The ultimate aim was to facilitate a
fair, transparent, and compliant bidding process for the project, in
accordance with the World Bank guidelines and local guidelines.
• ESIA and RAP Group.

The group aimed to discuss and update the Environmental and
Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) Report and Resettlement
Action Plan (RAP) for the project during the joint working session.
Their objective was to identify any gaps, inconsistencies, or
deficiencies in the reports, and ensure that all environmental and
social issues were adequately addressed in compliance with
relevant regulations and guidelines. The discussions were
focused on providing recommendations for updates or revisions to
ensure the robustness and comprehensiveness of the ESIA
Report and RAP, in order to support responsible and sustainable
project implementation while minimizing adverse impacts.
The breakout sessions ran throughout the afternoon session.

MIN.
MINUTE ACTION
NO.
08 Closure of Day 1
The Consultant thanked both the County and KISIP Team and noted
that the breakout sessions will continue tomorrow, thereafter the
groups will converge during the plenary session to discuss the
resolutions/findings.
There being no other business, the first day of the working sessions
was successful and ended at 5.30 pm.
Confirmation of Minutes:
Prepared by: Tertiary Consulting Engineers Ltd. JV G A Consultants Limited
Client Representative County Representative

KISIP - NPCT Nakuru County Government
Consultant Representative
TCE/GA Joint Venture

Attendance List (Page 1 of 3)





CLIENT:

DEVELOPMENT
Second Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project (KISIP 2)
CONSULTANTS:
In Joint Venture
with
TERTIARY CONSULTING GA CONSULTANTS
ENGINEERS LIMITED LIMITED
(TCE) (G A)
MINUTES OF JOINT WORKING SESSION WITH NAKURU COUNTY TEAM FOR

CONSULTANCY SERVICES FOR ENGINEERING DESIGN REVIEW, REPACKAGING OF
DETAILED ENGINEERING DESIGNS, AND PREPARATION OF PROCUREMENT
DOCUMENTS; UPDATING OF RAP AND ESIA REPORTS; AND SUPERVISION OF THE
PROPOSED INFRASTRUCTURES IMPROVEMENT WORKS IN SELECTED INFORMAL
SETTLEMENTS IN THE COUNTIES OF NAIROBI AND NAKURU HELD IN COUNTY
ASSEMBLY OF NAKURU, NAKURU, KENYA ON FRIDAY 14TH APRIL, 2023 STARTING
AT 9.00 AM

ATTENDANCE:
S/No. NAME ORGANIZATION & TITLE
31. Julius Mugwika KISIP – NPCT
32. Stella Gitimu KISIP - NPCT
33. Michael Nthiani KISIP – NPCT
34. Sam Mbora KISIP – NPCT
35. Christine Achieng KISIP – NPCT
36. Blanton Gitau KISIP – NPCT
37. Patrick Laibuta KISIP – NPCT
38. Martha Namusonge KISIP – NPCT
39. Eng. Benard Oloo KISIP - NPCT
40. Kamau Kuria Nakuru County
41. Jane Muriuri Nakuru County
42. Sammy Ngige Nakuru County
43. George Karanja Nakuru County
44. Elizabeth Munyui Nakuru County
Beatrice Wangeci Nakuru County
45. Michael Kimani Nakuru County
46. Selina Nkatha Nakuru County
47. Justine Mayaka Nakuru County
48. Joel Bii Nakuru County
49. Sarah Chelagat KPLC
50. Collins Mokewa KPLC
51. Erick O. Ombuli KPLC
52. Felix Mwarema NAIVAWASCO
53. Eng. Dr. Elisha Akech TCE/GA – Team Leader
54. Eng. Patrick S. Wambulwa TCE/GA – Water & Sanitation Engineer
55. Prof. Edward Ontita TCE/GA – Sociologist
56. Eng. Dr. Zablon Oonge TCE/GA – Environmental Expert 1
57. Ambrose Makheti TCE/GA – Environmental Expert 2
58. Eng. Silas Aluora TCE/GA – Roads Engineer
59. Eng. Buge Wasioya TCE/GA – Electrical Engineer
60. Annastanzia Kimbio TCE/GA – Support Staff
61. Fredrick Olonde TCE/GA – Support Staff
62. Davis Odhiambo Oindo TCE/GA – Support Staff
63. William Wambulwa TCE/GA – Support Staff

AGENDA:
1. Introductory and Recap Session;
2. Breakout Sessions;
3. Plenary Session;
4. Comments and Suggestions from County Team;
5. Comments and Suggestions from KISIP National Team;
6. Closure.
MIN.
MINUTE ACTION
NO.
01 Introductory and Recap Session
The meeting was called to order at 9.00 am with introductory remarks
and a prayer from the Consultant Team Leader. The Team Leader,
welcomed all present to the joint working session and introduced the
Consultant team present in the working session.
The Team Leader then welcomed the KISIP and Nakuru County team
to make their opening remarks as well and introduce their teams.
Eng. Mugwika from KISIP, led the introduction of the KISIP team, and
Arch. Kuria led the introduction of the County Team present at the
working session.
The Consultant Team Leader gave a brief overview of the discussions

that went on the first day of the working session, to guide the
discussions.
The Consultant Team Leader, then presented the program of the

working session and allowed members to go back to the breakout
groups:

02 Breakout Sessions
The following breakout groups continued with discussions that started
on the first day of the working session:

thoroughly discuss and evaluate the preparedness of the County
Government in undertaking the project. The members of the group

MIN.
MINUTE ACTION
NO.
were tasked with assessing various aspects of the project,
including the available resources, timeline, manpower, and
potential challenges. They were expected to critically analyze the
project's feasibility and identify any gaps or areas that needed
improvement in terms of preparedness.
The group's objective was to provide insights, recommendations,

and solutions to ensure that the County Government was
adequately prepared to successfully execute the project,
considering all relevant factors and potential risks. The group's
discussions were focused on identifying strengths, weaknesses,
opportunities, and threats associated with the project's
implementation, with the ultimate goal of ensuring that the County
Government was well-equipped and ready to effectively undertake
the project.

thoroughly review and analyze the Bills of Quantities and
Estimates for the project, with the objective of rationalizing the
items and rates.
The group was tasked with carefully examining the project's Bills
of Quantities, which outlined the quantities of materials, labor, and
other resources required, as well as the Estimates, which detailed
the projected costs associated with the project. The group's goal
was to critically assess the items and rates listed in the Bills of
Quantities and Estimates, in order to identify any discrepancies,
redundancies, or inconsistencies.
They were expected to revise and streamline the items and rates
to ensure that they were reasonable, accurate, and aligned with
the project's requirements and budget. The group's discussions
were focused on analyzing the details of the Bills of Quantities and
Estimates, comparing them with industry standards, and making
informed decisions to rationalize the items and rates for the
project. The ultimate aim of the group was to ensure that the Bills
of Quantities and Estimates were reliable, cost-effective, and
realistic, in order to support the successful implementation of the
project.

The group during the joint working session aimed to thoroughly
review and discuss the Bidding Document for the project. Their

MIN.
MINUTE ACTION
NO.
objective was to ensure that the document was compliant with
both the World Bank guidelines and local guidelines. The group
meticulously examined the instruction to bidders, bidding forms,
evaluation criteria, conditions of contract, and contract forms
outlined in the Bidding Document.
Their discussions were focused on identifying any gaps,

inconsistencies, or misalignments with the established guidelines
and making necessary revisions and adjustments. The group's
goal was to fill any gaps, clarify ambiguities, and verify that the
Bidding Document was comprehensive, transparent, and in line
with the required guidelines. The ultimate aim was to facilitate a
fair, transparent, and compliant bidding process for the project, in
accordance with the World Bank guidelines and local guidelines.

The group aimed to discuss and update the Environmental and
Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) Report and Resettlement
Action Plan (RAP) for the project during the joint working session.
Their objective was to identify any gaps, inconsistencies, or
deficiencies in the reports, and ensure that all environmental and
social issues were adequately addressed in compliance with
relevant regulations and guidelines. The discussions were
focused on providing recommendations for updates or revisions to
ensure the robustness and comprehensiveness of the ESIA
Report and RAP, in order to support responsible and sustainable
project implementation while minimizing adverse impacts.
The breakout sessions ran throughout the day in both the morning
session.
03 Plenary Session
The Consultant Team Leader, after the breakout sessions and a Consultant
tea/health break requested the attendants to congregate for a plenary County
session. The Team Leader requested his team in each of the breakout KISIP
session to present a brief of the results of each breakout session as
follows:
County Preparedness Group;

The Consultant team noted that the County Government is prepared
to undertake the project. Part of the County team are undergoing
training to equip them with the skills and tools to manage the project.
The County as well has well qualified engineers, procurement and

finance experts, social and environmental experts with vast

MIN.
MINUTE ACTION
NO.
experience in the settlements under the project and are ready and
willing to support the project, and also operate and maintain the
projects after completion.
Bill of Quantities Group;

The Consultant team noted that the group reviewed all the bills of
quantities and the estimates, and came up with the following
resolutions:
• Breakdown lump sum items to reduce contention, make items

have measurable quantities;
• Adjusting the insurances within Bill No. 1;
• Revising lab provisional sum in Bill No. 1;
• Revising resident engineer and inspector accommodation in
Bill No. 1;
• Revising the vehicle type to reduce the rate and number of
units to obtain;
• Revising the quantities in Bills associated with roads and
drainage works with the Roads & Bridge Constriction Manual,
and sewer works with the CESSM.
• Revising estimates with rates from the KRB Road Estimation
Manual and other cost estimates from market rates;
Bidding Document Group;

The Consultant team noted that the group reviewed the whole bidding
document and came up with the following resolutions:
• Proposal to develop 6 No. Contracts for the Nakuru County

Package to include:
o Contract 1 – Lakeview Roads, NMT and Drainage Works;
o Contract 2 – London/Hilton Road, NMT and Drainage
Works;
o Contract 3 – London/Hilton Sewer Works;
o Contract 4 – Kwa Murogi Roads, NMT and Drainage
Works;
o Contract 5 – Karagita Water Pipeline Works
o Contract 6 – 11 No. High Mast Floodlights in all Nakuru
County Settlements.
• Revising cover page to include Financiers logos at the bottom;
• Include Site Visit as mandatory requirement;
• Revise Preliminary/Mandatory requirement in line with Nakuru
County procurement;

MIN.
MINUTE ACTION
NO.
• Revise Evaluation criteria to follow World Bank Guidelines,
remove use of technical scoring system;
• Include Beneficial Ownership Form in the contract form;
• Revise requirements of the contractor in the evaluation form
in line with Nakuru County procurement estimates – i.e.,
cashflow, performance security, payment periods, and annual
turnover.
ESIA and RAP Group.

The Consultant team noted that the group reviewed the updated ESIA
and RAP Report, and came up with the following resolutions:
• It is noted that a variation can be done, therefore the

Environmental expert will visit NEMA for further direction on
the changing of proponent.
• The ESIA that has been done will be attached to the variation
that will be shared with NEMA;
• The reports will be shared with the KISIP and County Team
for comments before finalization
• Proposal to have Implementation costs for the ESMP added
to Bill No. 1 including PPEs, OSHA licence, HIV/AID training,
Camp sites EIA, road safety awareness, GRC meetings and
other meetings, and decommissioning/rehabilitation of
camps/quarries;
• That the consultant will carry out an update of PAPs and
establishing and differentiating PAPs that are still on the
corridor who have already been compensated and PAPs who
have not been compensated and a way forward for their
compensation.
• The Consultant would arrange for a meeting with the KISIP
Environmental and Social Safeguard Consultant to discuss
any additional gaps.
• The Consultant would arrange to visit Karagita Pipeline to
assess any RAP issues that may be present.
During the Plenary session, the Consultant Team Leader noted that
two stakeholders had joined the team during the working session:
• Kenya Power – to assist the team in relocation of the power

lines along the road and sewer corridors;
• NAIVAWASCO – to assist the team in the finalizing of the
design and wayleaves for the Karagita Water Pipeline.

MIN.
MINUTE ACTION
NO.
The County team also requested the Consultant to take into account
Disabled Persons and allow for temporary works during construction,
and additionally consider safety measures for children in the
settlements during construction.
04 Comments & Suggestions from the County Team

Arch. Kuria thanked the Consultant for the detailed presentations, and
committed to go over all the documents and provide more detailed
comments and input. He also thanked histeam for their commitment
and noted that they are looking forward to the works to start.
05 Comments & Suggestions from KISIP Team

The KISIP Team, noted that they were encouraged by the level of
engagement between the County and Consultant Team. Eng.
Mugwika thanked the County Team, KISIP Team and the Consultant
Team, and reiterated that the Consultant should fast-track the
preparation of the Final Detailed Design Review Report by 21st April Consultant
2023, to allow for time for review by the World Bank before the
documents are released to the County for the tendering stage.
He noted that infrastructure development is not a preserve of

Engineers and all stakeholders should be involved. He thanked the
stakeholders present and requested the Consultant to continue
reaching out to other stakeholders.
He requested the County to be critical in communication, and

communicate the details of the project to their teams within the County
so that they can take ownership of the project. He also noted that the
County can apply to use the savings on other projects in the
communities.
He noted that the Consultant should include how they have

considered Climate Resilience and Gender Mainstreaming in their
Detailed Design Review Report in line with World Bank project
guidelines.
The KISIP Deputy Co-Ordinator, made closing comments and

reiterated the importance of inclusivity, communication and following
the timeliness to execute the project within the stipulated timelines
and sustainability of the infrastructure.
06 Closure of Joint Working Session

MIN.
MINUTE ACTION
NO.
The Consultant thanked both the County and KISIP Team and
committed to fast track addressing of the comments and suggestions
from the County and KISIP Team by 21st April 2023.
There being no other business, the joint working session was

successful and ended at 1.30 pm.
Confirmation of Minutes:
Prepared by: Tertiary Consulting Engineers Ltd. JV G A Consultants Limited
Client Representative County Representative

KISIP - NPCT Nakuru County Government
Consultant Representative
TCE/GA Joint Venture



Attendance List (Page 2 of 4





Figure 0-1: Joint working session of key stakeholders during review of the dratf design
report and procurement documents

APPENDIX 6: COST ANALYSIS




















Detailed Design Review Karagita

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KENYA INFORMAL SETTLEMENT IMPROVEMENT PROJECT II (KISIP II) | 4 NO.

SETTLEMENTS THE COUNTIES OF

MINISTRY OF LANDS, PUBLIC WORKS, HOUSING AND URBAN

KENYA INFORMAL SETTLEMENT IMPROVEMENT PROJECT

CONSULTANCY SERVICES FOR ENGINEERING DESIGN REVIEW, REPACKAGING OF DETAILED

DETAILED DESIGN REVIEW REPORT

Detailed Design Review Report (Deliverable No. 2)

Eng Dr E Akech, PhD

TERTIARY CONSULTING ENGINEERS LIMITED (TCE)

GA CONSULTANTS LIMITED (GA)

TCE – GA JOINT VENTURE Page ii

TCE – GA JOINT VENTURE Page iii

TCE – GA JOINT VENTURE Page iv

TCE – GA JOINT VENTURE Page v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...................................................................................................... iii

TCE – GA JOINT VENTURE Page vi

2.3.2. Lake View Settlement .................................................................................... 16

TCE – GA JOINT VENTURE Page vii

3.5.2. Design Standards and Specifications ............................................................. 42

TCE – GA JOINT VENTURE Page viii

5.1.3. Settlements Infrastructure Surveyed .............................................................. 75

TCE – GA JOINT VENTURE Page ix

6.1.3. System Pressures ........................................................................................ 109

TCE – GA JOINT VENTURE Page x

7.5.2. Sewer Diameter ........................................................................................... 125

TCE – GA JOINT VENTURE Page xi

8.4. HIGH MAST LIGHTING WORKS ....................................................................... 143

TCE – GA JOINT VENTURE Page xii

12. MAINSTREAMING OF INCLUSIVITY AND DIVERSITY IN

TCE – GA JOINT VENTURE Page xiii

Table 1-1: Components of Phase II of KISIP ......................................................................... 1

TCE – GA JOINT VENTURE Page xiv

Table 11-2: Outcome of Institutional Consultations ........................................................... 164

TCE – GA JOINT VENTURE Page xv

Figure 1-1: Risk Management Approach ............................................................................. 11

TCE – GA JOINT VENTURE Page xvi

LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

CBO Community-based Organization

TCE – GA JOINT VENTURE Page xvii

Situational Analysis Summary

TCE – GA JOINT VENTURE Page xviii

Kwa Murogi Settlement, Nakuru County

Karagita Settlement, Nakuru County

Current situation: - Currently, the pipeline is yet to be implemented.

TCE – GA JOINT VENTURE Page xix

TCE – GA JOINT VENTURE Page xx

1.1. Project Overview

Summary of the widened scope of KISIP II implementation components are as below:

Table 1-1: Components of Phase II of KISIP

 Upgrading roads, bicycle paths,

Component 2: Socioeconomic Inclusion Planning

TCE – GA JOINT VENTURE Page 1

Component Objectives Activities

1.2. Contract details

Table 1-2: Contract Particulars

TCE – GA JOINT VENTURE Page 2

Table 1-3: Deliverable Particulars

Deliverable 1 (D-1): Within 2 weeks after contract commencement date

Within 1 Week of the end of the reporting Quarter after