The Fiber Optic Association, Inc.

1-760-451-3655 Fax 1-781-207-2421

Email: [email protected] http://www.foa.org

The Instructors’ Guide To

The FOA Reference Guide To Premises Cabling
This book was intended as a textbook for introducing students to premises
cabling and/or training installers of premises cabling. It focuses on the practical aspects
of designing, installing, testing and troubleshooting premises (building and campus)
cable plants and networks.
This book has been created from current training programs and reference
materials from instructors, standards organizations and vendors. The material comes
from practical experience and the assistance of a large number of instructors, reviewers
and vendors.
The timeliness of the material is important in a technology like communications
cabling that is changing rapidly. New product innovation, updated standards and rapid
cost reduction are the norm. We have tried to include the latest material as of our
publishing date. It is always a good idea to read the appropriate trade magazines and
contact the vendors of cabling products for the latest applications and product
information. In addition, the FOA website (www.thefoa.org) and the FOA Online
Reference Guide (www.foaguide) are sources of up to date information.
How, one might ask, can a “Fiber Optic Association” produce an unbiased book
on premises cabling when so much of that cabling is copper and many users are
migrating to wireless? Most cabling networks already depend on fiber optics for
high speed backbones and new fiber optic cabling systems for premises
applications are being introduced. The FOA is focused on education of
technicians, not selling products, and we think it’s important that every tech
knows as much as possible about copper, fiber and wireless technology so they
can deal successfully with all three in premises cabling and that is the philosophy
behing the FOA CPCT certification.
You will note that this book includes some topics not generally covered in cabling
books, like coax and wireless, and ignores others like legacy POTS (plain old
telephone service) lines because of their relative (lack of) importance in today’s
world. We also do not obsess over standards, covering them only to ensure the
technician knows their proper use.
The FOA created its Online Reference Guide (www.foaguide.org) to provide a
more up-to-date and unbiased reference for those seeking information on cabling
and fiber optic technology, components, applications and installation. It’s
success confirms the assumption that most users prefer the Internet for technical
information. For those interested in premises cabling, copper, fiber or
connections to wireless access points, the Premises Cabling Systems section of
the online reference guide provides a wealth of usable information.

The textbook was updated in January 2018.

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Description of Chapters In the Book

Chapter 1 Overview of Premises Cabling

Chapter 1 covers historically how communications and cabling developed and the role
of cabling in communications. It covers how standards are developed and are used to
ensure interoperability of cabling system components and systems using cabling. It also
covers the important differences between standards and codes’

Chapter 2 Cabling Jargon

The key to understanding any technology is understanding the language of the
technology – the jargon. This chapter covers an overview of cabling jargon to
introduce the student to the language of premises cabling and help them understand
what they will be reading in the book. Unlike a glossary (included in Appendix D), this
chapter provides definitions, descriptions and illustrations of terms.

Chapter 3 Communications Networks and Applications

Chapter 3 covers computer networks use cabling for connections and the types of
cabling used in those networks. Types of cabling, including unshielded twisted pair
copper and optical fiber cabling and making the choice among copper, fiber and
wireless connections are covered. Since premises cabling includes other types of
systems and applications, those are described also.

Chapter 4 Copper cabling

Chapter 4 covers copper cabling types in premises cabling. Unshielded twisted pair
(UTP) cable is the primary copper cable, so most of the material focuses on UTP.
Covered are how UTP cable is used to transmit signals for communications, the grades
of UTP cable, and installation practices for termination and testing. Also covered is how
coax cable cable is used in premises cabling systems

Chapter 5 Fiber optics

Fiber optics is widely used in premises cabling as backbones, fiber to the desk and now
in passive optical LANs. This chapter covers the types of fiber and cable used in
premises applications, terminating and testing fiber optic cables. This chapter is
condensed from the other FOA books and web pages, so there is plenty of additional
materials available.

Chapter 6 Wireless
Wireless allows the user mobility - to roam unencumbered by cabling within the service
area covered. Wireless uses radio frequency transmission to connect to the user - in
effect replacing patchcords, allowing the final connection to be done over the radio link.
This chapter covers the role of wireless in premises cabling systems, dfferent types of
wireless systems, why “wireless” is not “wireless” and options in installing wireless
access points.

Chapter 7 Designing premises cabling networks

Before a cabling system can be installed, it must be properly designed. This chapter

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covers how to choose the types of cabling needs, designing cabling as part of a building
infrastructure, creating pathways and spaces to accommodate cabling and how to
document a cabling installation. This chapter refers to industry standards in some detail
(along with Appendix B) since those standards were written to ensure designs would
meet performance specifications.

Chapter 8 Installation
After the design of a premises cabling network is completed, the next step is to install it.
What do we mean by the “installation process?” It’s the process of physically installing
and completing the network, turning the design into an operating system. This chapter
covers what is involved in a premises cabling installation, the role of the contractor and
installer, how to prepare for the installation, proper installation techniques for premises
cabling, safety in cabling installation and removing and recycling abandoned cabling as
required by new electrical codes.

Appendix A: KSAs for Premises Cabling

The ability to perform any job requires certain abilities, knowledge and skills, commonly
referred to as “KSAs.” The FOA has developed this list to provide training organizations
and instructors a list of topics that should be included in a basic training curriculum for
for CPCT certification.

Appendix B: Proposed Changes in TIA-568 Nomenclature

TIA has proposed changing the traditional names of many parts of a premises cabling
network from traditional names derived from telephone systems to a more generic
nomenclature.

Appendix C Fiber Optic Network Specifications

All copper premises cabling networks are designed around 100m links while fiber is
specified according to the application. Included here are detailed specifications of fiber
optic networks used in premises cabling that define fiber types, cable lengths and
losses.

Appendix D Definitions of Terms

A glossary of terms used in communications and premises cabling.

Appendix E Additional Reference Materials

Where to find out more about cabling topics.

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 Answers to Chapter Quizzes

Chapter 1

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

__B__ 1. 1. What is the standard everyone in the USA refers to as the basis of structured
cabling?
A. IEEE 802.3
B. EIA/TIA 568
C. EIA/TIA TR42
D. NEMA 63.1999

__B__ 2. What is the international standard for structured cabling?

A. TIA-568
B. ISO-11801
C. ISO-9000
D. IEC-0001

__C__ 3. What copper cable types are included in the TIA-568 structured cabling
standards?
A. UTP (unshielded twisted pair), STP (shielded twisted pair) and coax
B. UTP (unshielded twisted pair) and coax
C. UTP (unshielded twisted pair), ScTP (screened twisted pair) and STP
(shielded twisted pair)
D. Any communications cable

__D__ 4. What do Category 3, Category 5e and Category 6 designations mean?

A. How well the cables are made
B. Flame retardance of the cable
C. How far the cable will work in networks
D. The performance level of UTP cable

__A__ 5. What is the cable from the telecom closet (room) to the work area called?
A. Horizontal cabling
B. Backbone cabling
C. Work area cable
D. Patchcord

__B__ 6. What is the cabling from the telecom closet to the main cross connect or
computer center called?
A. Horizontal cabling
B. Backbone cabling

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 C. Riser cable
D. Patchcord

__B__ 7. Why is the structured cabling standard not like "code"?

A. It doesn't deal with flammability
B. It is not legally required
C. It changes every year
D. It is not written by the NFPA

__D__ 8. What other cables are recognized in the structured cabling standards?
A. CATV RG-6 coax
B. IBM Type II
C. Multimode fiber optic cable
D. Singlemode and multimode fiber optic cable

__A__ 9. What is the maximum length of a permanently installed UTP cabling link allowed
in structured cabling standards?
A. 90 meters
B. 100 meters
C. 100 feet
D. Depends on the electronics running on the link

Matching

Structured cabling architecture: Match the letter in the drawing with the definition
below.

__E__ 10. Main cross connect

__D__ 11. Telecom closet (room)
__A__ 12. Backbone cabling
__B__ 13. Horizontal cabling
__F__ 14. Centralized fiber cabling
__C__ 15. Work area

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Chapter 2

True/False
Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

__T__ 1. Premises cabling refers to cabling used for communications inside

a building or limited to a campus.

___F_ 2. Cabling standards are mandatory requirements for cables installed

to meet building and electrical codes.

__T__ 3. UTP cable can be used to power many devices such as VoIP
phones and low speed wireless access points.

__T__ 4. Fiber optic testing is easier than copper testing since only loss
needs testing for premises cabling.

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

__B__ 5. 1. __________ is the standard which forms the basis of structured

cabling in the US?
A. IEEE 802.3
B. EIA/TIA 568
C. EIA/TIA TR42
D. NEMA 63.1999
__B__ 6. The international standard for structured cabling is ________?
A. TIA-568
B. ISO-11801
C. ISO-9000
D. IEC-0001
__D__ 7. What cable types are included in the TIA-568 structured cabling
standards?
A. UTP (unshielded twisted pair), STP (shielded twisted pair) and coax
B. UTP (unshielded twisted pair) and coax
C. UTP (unshielded twisted pair), ScTP (screened twisted pair) and STP
(shielded twisted pair)
D. UTP (unshielded twisted pair), ScTP (screened twisted pair), STP (shielded
twisted pair) and fiber optics
__D__ 8. What do category ratings of UTP cable (e.g. Cat 3, Cat 5e, Cat 6
and Cat 6A) mean?
A. How well the cables are made
B. Flame retardance of the cable
C. How far the cable will work in networks

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 D. The performance level of UTP cable
__A__ 9. What is the cable from the telecom room (closet) to the work area
called?
A. Horizontal cabling
B. Backbone cabling
C. Work area cable
D. Patchcord
__A__ 10. What is the installed cable plant from work area outlet jack to the
patch panel in the telecom closet called?
A. Permanent link
B. Channel
C. Link cable
D. Patchcord
__A__ 11. Why is the structured cabling standard not like "code"?
A. It's voluntary, not required by law
B. It doesn't deal with flammability
C. It changes every year
D. It is not written by the NFPA
__4__ 12. A category-rated UTP cable (Cat 3/5e/6/6A) used for horizontal
cabling has ______ color coded pairs of wires.
A. 2
B. 4
C. 25
D. Any even number

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 Chapter 3

True/False
Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

__T__ 1. If the network does not require high bandwidth, it can share the 4 pairs in
a UTP cable to transmit 2 Ethernet signals or one Ethernet and one voice line,

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

__A__ 2. Ethernet was first developed as a ____ architecture using _____ cable
with _______.
A. Bus, coax, taps
B. Bus, UTP, RJ-45 connectors
C. Star, UTP, RJ-45 connectors
D. Ring, coax, RJ-45 connectors
__C__ 3. The development of _________ provided a low cost cabling alternative for
networks.
A. CATV coax
B. IBM Type 1 cable
C. Balanced transmission on UTP cabling
D. Ethernet
__C__ 4. FDDI and Token Ring networks used a ___________architecture.
A. Bus
B. Star
C. Ring
D. Balanced
__B__ 5. Ethernet changed from a _____ to ________ network architecture when it
switched to UTP cable.
A. Bus, ring
B. Bus, star
C. Ring, coax
D. Ring, UTP
___A_ 6. Even ______ require cabling connections in a network.
A. Wireless access points
B. Mobile phones
C. Laptop computers
D. Blackberries
__B__ 7. Until Gigabit Ethernet, LANs only used ______ pairs of the UTP cable.
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3

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 D. 4
__D__ 8. Gigabit Ethernet uses all four pairs of a UTP cable _________.
A. For power
B. With 2 pairs in each direction
C. Bidirectionally
D. Simultaneously and bidirectionally
__B__ 9. Hardware like video cameras designed to run on coax can be used on
UTP with a converter device called a _________.
A. Splitter
B. Balun
C. Adapter
D. TOSLINK

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Chapter 4

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

__A__ 1. What do UTP Category 3, Category 5e and Category 6

designations indicate?
A. The frequency performance grade of the cable
B. UL-rated Flame retardance of the cable
C. How far the cable will work in networks
D. They are trade names for cable types
__B__ 2. What minimum level of UTP cable type is required by 1000Base-T
(Gigabit Ethernet)
A. Cat 5
B. Cat 5e
C. Cat 6
D. Augmented Cat 6
__C__ 3. What is the main characteristic of unshielded twisted pair Category
5e or Category 6 cable that gives it high frequency performance?
A. High performance plastics in the insulation of the pairs
B. The size of the conductors
C. The rate of twists in the pairs of wires
D. The connectors
__C__ 4. Category 6A cable is specified and must be tested during
certification to ___ MHz.
A. 100
B. 250
C. 500
D. 1000
__C__ 5. The name for the latest generation Cat 6 UTP cable for use with 10
Gigabit networks is _____.
A. Enhanced Cat 6
B. Extended Cat 6
C. Augmented Cat 6
D. Cat 7
__A__ 6. If you use an Cat 3 UTP jack on newer Cat 5e cable plant, the link
performance will meet ______specs.
A. Cat 3
B. Cat 5
C. Cat 5E
D. Cat 6

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__B__ 7. Before UTP cabling became widely used and the industry standard,
most Ethernet Networks were connected over _______ cable.
A. Copper
B. Coaxial
C. Shielded
D. Telephone

__C__ 8. Standard UTP (unshielded twisted pair) copper cabling for voice
and data installations has how many pairs of wire?
A. Two
B. Three
C. Four
D. Twenty-five
__B__ 9. Attenuation in copper cable____________.
A. Is lower at higher frequencies
B. Is higher at higher frequencies
C. Is the same at all frequencies
D. Is highest at 10 MHz

__A__ 10. When terminating Cat 5e/6, what must be remembered to maintain
the performance of the installed cable?
A. Keep the pairs twisted to within 1/2 inch of the termination
B. Do not strip insulation off the wires
C. The jacket of the cable must not be stripped back more than 3 inches
D. The punchdown tool must cut off the wires close to the end
__B__ 11. Why are punchdown blocks used with Cat 3 and Cat 5 cabling?
A. Terminate cables from equipment
B. Interconnect cables in a telecom closet
C. Change from T568A to T568B terminations
D. Meet EIA/TIA 568 Standards
__C__ 12. Which punchdown block is more often used with data (Cat 5e/6)?
A. Bix block
B. Krone block
C. 110 block
D. 66 block
__D__ 13. Which punchdown block is more often used with POTS telephone
connections?
A. Bix block
B. Krone block
C. 110 block
D. 66 block

__B__ 14. What kinds of connection to the cable does a UTP jack typically
have?

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 A. 66 punchdown
B. 110 punchdown
C. Snap-in contacts
D. Solder connections
__A__ 15. Does a jack have the same color code for the pairs as a
punchdown block?
A. No
B. Yes
C. Depends on the type and manufacturer of the jack
D. Depends on whether it is T568A, T568B or USOC

__A__ 16. The Cat 3 jack is the same as a Cat 5e/6 jack except _________.
A. There are no internal twists to enhance performance
B. The punchdowns fit bigger wires
C. It only connects to RJ-45 plugs
D. It is keyed to snap into outlets upside down
__C__ 17. What is a RJ-45 connector?
A. The connector used only with Cat 5e/6 jacks
B. A special high frequency connector
C. A modular 8 pin connector with USOC pinout
D. A trade name

__C__ 18. The difference between the termination schemes of T568A and
T568B is ______?
A. Keying on plugs and jacks
B. Reversal of tip and ring
C. Reversal of pairs 2 and 3
D. Determined by the speed of the network

__A__ 19. What is a "certified" UTP cable?

A. Cable tested to EIA/TIA 568 specifications
B. Cable tested by an automated tester
C. Cable tested to both Cat 3 and Cat 5 specifications
D. Cable tested to "enhanced Cat 5” or “augmented Cat 6” specifications

__C__ 20. What instrument measures the length of a cable?

A. Network analyzer
B. Wiremapper
C. Time domain reflectometer (TDR)
D. All of the above
__B__ 21. Why is "Powersum NEXT" important in new cable plants?
A. Higher speed networks need less crosstalk
B. New networks have signals on all the pairs in the cable
C. Cat 5e and Cat 6 cable are more sensitive to crosstalk
D. It's a marketing issue, not a technical issue

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__A__ 22. What is included in a channel test that is not included in a
permanent link test?
A. Patchcords on either end of the link
B. Extra attenuation from the connections at the ends
C. Longer cable lengths
D. Performance of the networking equipment

__B__ 23. What is the most likely cause of crossed pairs?

A. Misreading color codes on a Cat 3 jack
B. Terminating one end as T568A and the other as T568B
C. Using a Cat 3 jack on one end and a Cat 5e/6 jack on the other
D. Termination of the jack using the BLOGBr color code sequence

__B__ 24. Voice grade unshielded twisted pair cables (UTP) which are only
intended to carry POTS (plain old telephone service) only need testing
for_____.
A. Shorts and opens
B. Wiremap
C. Crossed pairs
D. Crosstalk

___C_ 25. Of the three copper testers, (wiremappers, certification and the new
validation testers), which actually tests the cable for real networks like
Ethernet?
A. Wiremapper
B. Certification tester
C. Validation tester
D. None of them

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Chapter 5

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

__B__ 1. Prior to cable plant acceptance or system turn-up, standards

require that a(n) _______ is used to test the cable plant to ensure it is within
the loss budget.
A. Power meter
B. LSPM or OLTS (Light source and power meter, optical loss test set)
C. OTDR
D. All of the above
__A__ 2. In an industrial environment, fiber is most often used to________.
A. Immunity to electrical noise prevents interference
B. Provide ultra-high speed connections to machines
C. Withstand high temperatures
D. Tolerate physical abuse
__B__ 3. Which of the following are not necessary in a centralized fiber optic
cabling architecture per industry standards?
A. Repeaters or hubs
B. Telecom closets
C. Wall outlets
D. NIC cards
__C__ 4. An older fiber design with a 50/125 micron core is now being used
in cabling systems because it___________.
A. Can be cabled in more compact cable designs
B. Costs half as much as other multimode fibers
C. Has a higher bandwidth with laser sources which gives more distance
capability with gigabit (and above) networks
D. Excess supplies are currently available from the far east
__A__ 5. In an multimode optical fiber, light signals travel in the
_____________ of the fiber.
A. Core
B. Cladding
C. Both the core and cladding
D. Jacket
__D__ 6. Which cable is used in most outdoor applications?
A. Simplex
B. Distribution
C. Breakout
D. Loose Tube

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__D__ 7. Which connector was chosen as the standard for the most recent
EIA/TIA 568 cabling standard?
A. SC
B. ST
C. LC
D. Any connector with a FOCIS document
__C__ 8. Joining of two cables in a premises cable plant run is almost always
done by ______.
A. Mechanical splicing
B. Fusion splicing
C. Field installation of connectors
D. Splicing on pigtailled connectors
__D__ 9. Which multimode insertion loss test reference method is required in
industry standards?
A. OFSTP-14
B. FOTP-34
C. FOTP-171
D. Any method as long as it is documented
__A__ 10. For testing a terminated fiber optic cable or a patchcord, the
instrument(s) you need is (are):
A. FO power meter and light source or OLTS (optical loss test set)
B. Visual Fault Locator
C. Optical Continuous Wave Reflectometer
D. Optical Time Domain Reflectometer

Matching

Identify the three basic components of an optical fiber:

__B__ 11. Core

__C__ 12. Cladding
__A__ 13. Primary Buffer Coating

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Chapter 6

True/False
Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

__T__ 1. The single most important part of a wireless installation is proper

placement of access points to insure proper coverage.

__T__ 2. Practically anyone with a laptop and wireless card can access any
wireless network unless security is carefully programmed.

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

__A__ 3. Wireless networks are really used to replace ________.

A. The patchcord that connects a PC to a wall outlet connection
B. Backbone cabling
C. Structured cabling
D. Routers
__B__ 4. The common IEEE 802.11b wireless LAN is also called
A. Bluetooth
B. WiFi
C. WiMax
D. Hot Spot
__D__ 5. A wireless antenna is also known as a __________.
A. Hot spot
B. Wireless router
C. WC (wireless cell)
D. Access point
__C__ 6. Most wireless antennas connect to the Internet by _______.
A. RF wireless
B. RG-59 Coax
C. Structured cabling (Cat 5e or fiber)
D. STP cabling
__C__ 7. IEEE 802.11b has a range of ___ feet.
A. 33
B. 150
C. 300
D. 1000
__D__ 8. Before beginning a wireless installation, it is most important that
you ________.
A. Decide which vendors to use
B. Make sure the vendors, products work together

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 C. Carefully estimate costs
D. Do a thorough site survey
__C__ 9. Wireless access points can use _____ to simplify powering the
equipment.
A. Low voltage power supplies
B. AC
C. Power over Ethernet (IEEE 802.3ah
D. Data signal power
__D__ 10. Potential sources of interference for wireless LANs include
_______.
A. Other wireless networks
B. Remote controls like door openers
C. Moving objects
D. All of the above

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Chapter 7

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

__B__ 1. Structured cabling standards call for a maximum length of UTP

cable for data of __________.
A. 90 meters
B. 100 meters
C. 300 meters
D. 800 meters
__A__ 2. Structured cabling standards allow for a maximum length of
permanently installed (not including patchcords) UTP cable for data of
__________.
A. 90 meters
B. 100 meters
C. 300 meters
D. 800 meters
__A__ 3. UTP cable installed above the ceiling can __________ the ceiling
tiles.
A. not be laid on
B. be hung from frames of
C. be laid directly on top of
D. must be sleeved to be laid on top of
__B__ 4. UTP cable installed above the ceiling in hot climates may not
__________.
A. Meet crosstalk specs
B. Pass certification tests
C. Be fire safe
D. Support full standard link distances
__D__ 5. Structured cabling standards call for a maximum length of UTP
cable for voice (POTS) of __________.
A. 90 meters
B. 100 meters
C. 300 meters
D. 800 meters
__C__ 6. Structured cabling standards call for a maximum length of
singlemode fiber optic cable for backbones of __________.
A. 800 meters
B. 1000 meters
C. 3000 meters
D. 2000 meters

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__D__ 7. Structured cabling standards call for a maximum length of
multimode fiber optic cable for backbones of __________.
A. 800 meters
B. 1000 meters
C. 3000 meters
D. 2000 meters
__B__ 8. For planning office layout, each user should be allocated _______
floor space.
A. Adequate
B. 100 sq ft
C. 3 sq m
D. shared
__D__ 9. Each floor should be allocated one _______ when floor space is
under 10,000 sq ft.
A. Equipment room
B. MUTOA
C. User
D. Telcom room (closet)
__D__ 10. Both equipment rooms and telecom rooms should have
__________.
A. Uninterruptible power
B. Air conditioning
C. Data quality ground
D. All of the above
__D__ 11. One cannot emphasize strongly enough the value of _________.
A. Standards
B. Cabling
C. Fiber optics
D. Documentation

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 Chapter 8

True/False
Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

__T__ 1. Riser cables are more easily installed by dropping cables down than
pulling them up.

__T__ 2. Power cables are a safety hazard because so many installations involve
working in areas with many power cables.

__F__ 3. The NEC does not refer to UTP or fiber cables because they are low
voltage.

__T__ 4. Electrical inspectors do not always inspect communications wiring.

__T__ 5. Cable ties must not be so tight as to distort the jacket of the cable.

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

__A__ 6. To maintain rated performance, twists in each pair must be maintained to

within _______ of the termination.
A. 1/2 inch
B. 1 inch
C. 25 mm
D. 2.5 cm
__C__ 7. UTP cable is designed to be pulled with no more than _____ pounds
tension.
A. 5
B. 15
C. 25
D. 50
__B__ 8. Supports for UTP cables should be __________.
A. Mounted on walls, not ceilings
B. Wide enough to support cables without distortion
C. Able to support deep bundles of cables
D. Made of plastic for safety
__A__ 9. ___________ should be used to bundle cables since _________.
A. Hook and loop cable ties, tight cable ties can affect cable performance
B. Cable ties tightened with guns, cables should not be allowed to move
around
C. Cable ties, loose cables are a safety hazard
D. Rubber bands, the stretch

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__C__ 10. Most _________ are designed to allow easy pulling.
A. Cables
B. Cable trays
C. Cable boxes
D. Ropes
__A__ 11. You can keep track of how much cable is left in a box if you ___________.
A. Record on the cable box the beginning distance marked on the cable
B. Read the distance off the cable
C. Weigh the box
D. You can't

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