EEvG Technical Basics

Renewable energy supply of buildings
Lecture 02
Technical Basics
Fatma Deghim, M.Sc.

24.04.2023
Institute of Energy Efficient and Sustainable Design and Building Prof. Dr.-Ing. Werner Lang
Semester plan
Date Lecture Exercise
17.04.2023 L 01 Introduction
24.04.2023 L 02 Technical basics (online)
01.05.2023 - -
08.05.2023 L 03 Demand assessment E 01 Demand assessment of a building
15.05.2023 L 04 Solarthermal power E 02 Exercise solarthermal power
22.05.2023 L 05 Photovoltaics E 03 Exercise PV
29.05.2023 - -
05.06.2023 L 06 Geothermal heat and heat pumps
12.06.2023 L 07 Wind power
19.06.2023 L 08 Biomass
26.06.2023 L 09 Energy storage systems for buildings
03.07.2023 L 10 Power and heat networks
10.07.2023 - Digital excursion Oscar von Miller Forum
17.07.2023 - Q+A
24.07.2023 - Exam
Institute of Energy Efficient and Sustainable Design and Building | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Werner Lang |2
Content of the lecture
1. Basics of energy efficient buildings

2. Physical basics
2.1. Energy, Work, Power
2.2. Heat transfer mechanisms
2.3. U-Value
3. Heat demand
3.1. Heating systems
3.2. Ventilaton and cooling systems
4. Summary and introduction of energy demand assessment

2. Physical basics
2.3. U-Value
3. Heat demand
Heating
Ventilation and cooling
Lighting
Efficiency of electric power generation and equipment
Energy efficient building
Goals
• Preserving heat and providing it efficiently
• Avoid overheating and dissipate heat efficiently
• Natural ventilation and efficient mechanical ventilation
• Use daylight and optimize artificial light
• Use efficient devices and generate electricity decentrally
Basics of energy efficient buildings
Preserving heat and providing it efficiently
1. Retain heat
• Compact design  low Area / Volume ratio
• Components with low U-values  reduce transmission heat
losses
2. Provide heat efficiently

• Efficient generation, storage, distribution and delivery
• Production: use of renewable energies such as biomass (plant
biomass), solar thermal systems (heat, electricity), geothermal
energy  Objective: CO2 neutral concept
• Use of waste heat (exhaust air, process heat, waste water)
• Use of heat pumps
Lenz, Bernhard, Schreiber, Jürgen, Stark, Thomas. Nachhaltige Gebäudetechnik: Grundlagen - Systeme - Konzepte. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2010.
Avoid overheating and dissipate heat efficiently
3. Avoid overheating
• With the help of structural and constructional measures (in cold
to temperate climate zones usually sufficient)
• Use of the cold potential of the ground
• Solar cooling (radiation cooling)
• Adiabatic cooling (evaporative cooling)
• Technical systems for active cooling: absorption and adsorption
cooling systems, PCM, sorption-supported air conditioning,
TABS, ice storage, earth channel
4. Dissipate heat efficiently

• If possible, dissipate excess heat CO2 neutrally
• E.g. Night air cooling
Natural ventilation and efficient mechanical ventilation
5. Natural ventilation
• Free ventilation (depending on outdoor climate)
• Decentralized mechanical ventilation and extraction usually
necessary
6. Efficient mechanical ventilation

• Integrated heat recovery
• Low ventilation heat losses
• Integration of heating and cooling registers
• Reduction of the air volume flow to the hygienically required level
Use daylight and optimize artificial light
7. Use daylight
• High daylight autonomy
• Light reflecting surfaces
8. Optimize artificial light

• Functionally adequate artificial lighting with the lowest possible
energy consumption
• Energetic optimization: lighting technology, lighting concept
and automation
• Colour neutrality / Anti-glare / Good contrast ratios
 Increase of the willingness to perform
Institute of Energy Efficient and Sustainable Design and Building | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Werner Lang | 10
Use efficient devices and generate electricity decentrally
9. Use efficient electrical equipment

• Minimization of the power requirement
10. Decentralized power generation

• Use of regenerative energy in buildings
• Objective: To meet the needs of the building
Summary
1. Retain Heat Heating

2. Provide heat efficiently
3. Avoid Overheating
4. Dissipate heat efficiently
5. Natural ventilation Ventilation and cooling
6. Efficient mechanical ventilation
7. Use Daylight Lighting
8. Optimize artificial light
9. Use efficient electrical equipment Efficiency of electric power
10. Decentralized power generation generation and equipment

2. Physical basics
2.3. U-Value
3. Heat demand
What is Energy?
Energy is the ability to do work
All forms of energy can be converted into each other
In a closed system the total energy remains constant
Unit of energy: J (Joule) or Ws (Wattsecond)
Forms of energy
Potential energy
Kinetic energy
Thermal energy
Mechanical energy
Electrical energy
https://de.wikipedia.org/ https://m.simplyscience.ch/
Chemical energy
Nuclear Energy
…
Energy conversion chain
https://ourworldindata.org/energy-definitions
Energy conversion chain
https://ourworldindata.org/energy-definitions
Work and Power
Work
• Energy has the potential to do work
• When energy is applied to a system, work is done
m2
• Unit of work: Joule [J], with 1J = 1Nm = 1kg ∗ = Ws
s2
Power
• Power is the speed at which work is done
J Nm kg∗m2
• Unit of power: Watt [W], with 1W = 1 = 1 =1
s s s3
Work W
• Power = →P=
time t
Efficiency
𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑓𝑢𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑜𝑟 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑊𝑜𝑢𝑡

𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 (𝐸𝑓𝑓) = = =𝜂
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐸𝑖𝑛
 Efficiency describes the ratio of the usable energy to the energy used
Example: The efficiency of a light bulb Injected Light power = 5%

electrical
Conventional light bulbs only use 5% of the electric power power
they need to produce light. Power loss
100%
(heat) = 95%
The rest is converted into thermal heat, which does not
help light the room!
P(use)
P(effort)
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirkungsgrad#/media/File:Wirkungsgrad_gluehlampe.svg

2. Physical basics
2.3. U-Value
3. Heat demand
Heat transfer - Basics
A change of the internal energy of a system through heat transfer

• can result in a temperature change  Sensible heat
• can result in a phase change  Latent heat
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-physics/chapter/14-3-phase-change-and-latent-heat/
• Sensible Heat: Energy required to change the temperature of a substance
• Latent Heat: Energy required to cause a phase change in a substance
 there is no change in temperature during the phase change!
Sensible heat
Latent heat
Heat Content – Sensible Heat
Q = m ∗ c ∗ ∆T
1
Q: Heat [ J] 1
m: mass of the substance [ g]
J
c: specific heat [ g∗K ]
∆T: Change in temperature [K]
Transferred heat depends on
• the change in temperature (directly proportional)
• the mass of the system (directly proportional)
• the substance and phase http://openstaxcollege.org
a) To double the temperature, add double the heat

b) To heat up double the mass, add double the heat
c) The amount of heat transferred is different for copper (Cu) and water
(depending on the specific heat capacity)
Heat Content – Latent Heat

Q: Heat [ J ]
Q=m∗L
m: mass of the substance [ g ]
J
L, Lf , Lv : specific latent heat [ g ]
Example
How big is the temperature change of 0,5kg, 0°C fluid water if you put in the same amount
of energy that is needed to melt 0,5kg ice?
Example
How big is the temperature change of 0,5kg, 0°C fluid water if you put in the same amount
of energy that is needed to melt 0,5kg ice?
kJ
Energy needed to melt 0,5 kg ice Q melt = m ∗ Lf = 0,5kg ∗ 334 = 167kJ
kg
Temperature change of 0,5 kg water Q = m ∗ cWater ∗ ∆T
Q 167kJ
∆T = = kJ = 79,5K
m∗cH2 O 0,5kg∗4,2
kg∗K
 The energy needed to melt 0.5kg of ice is enough to heat up the water you just melted
from 0.0°C to 79.5°C!
Heat transfer mechanisms
There are three types of heat transfer

Conduction (Wärmeleitung)
Heat transfer through stationary matter by physical contact
Convection (Konvektion)
Heat transfer by the macroscopic movement of a fluid
Radiation (Wärmestrahlung)
Heat transfer by electromagnetic radiation
conduction convection radiation
LS Bauphysik, TUM
Conduction
 Heat transfer through stationary matter by physical contact
• Thermal conductivity is a material property

• In general
• good conductors of electricity (metals like copper, aluminum, gold, and silver)
are also good heat conductors
• insulators of electricity (wood, plastic, and rubber) are poor heat conductors
𝑾
 The heat flux depends on the thermal conductivity 𝝀
𝒎𝑲
https://www.sanier.de http://www.proteusfittings.co.uk
Conduction
At the collision of the molecules an energy transfer from the hot to the cold molecule
occurs
 Heat flux depends on the temperature difference 𝚫𝚻 = 𝚻𝐡𝐨𝐭 − 𝐓𝐜𝐨𝐥𝐝
The warmer the material, the higher the

kinetic energy of atoms in the material
Direct contact between two materials

 molecules collide
 energy transfer between the molecules
 net flux of heat from warm to cold
http://openstaxcollege.org
Conduction
• With greater surface area 𝐴, more collisions can happen parallel

• With greater material thickness 𝑑, more collisions are needed to transfer heat from the
hot to the cold side
 Heat flux depends on the material thickness 𝑑 and on the surface area 𝐴
Conduction
Heat flow through conduction depends on

• the thermal conductivity 𝜆
• the surface area 𝐴
• the material thickness 𝑑
• the temperature difference 𝛥𝛵 = 𝛵ℎ𝑜𝑡 − 𝑇𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑
In total:
Q λ ∗ A ∗ ΔΤ Q:ሶ heat flow (rate of heat transfer) [W]
= Qሶ =
t d W
λ: thermal conductivity [ m∗K ]
A: surface area [ m2 ]
∆T: Difference in temperature [K]
d: thickness [m]
Convection
 Heat transfer by the macroscopic movement of a fluid

 Driven by a large-scale flow of matter
Natural Convection
• Hot air rises because the density decreases as temperature
increases, cool air follows, thus a convection roll starts to
form
• The movement of the fluid is the result of the temperature
difference of the hot body and the cooler surroundings
• There is no natural convection in a zero-gravity-environment
Forced Convection
• The movement of the fluid is the result of an external force
(for ex. fan, pump,..etc.)
http://www.testberichte-blogger.de
Convection – Example: Gravitational heating
Gravitational heating Conventional heating

heat heat
Radiator Radiator
heat pump
Boiler Boiler
 Natural convection  Forced convection
Picture see: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/de/8/81/Schwerkraftheizung.png
Convection
Heat flow depends on

• the temperature difference ΔΤ
• the flow velocity /the type of flow (forced, natural, etc..)
• the surface area A
• the geometry of the involved surfaces
• the material surface configuration
Qሶ = h ∗ A ∗ ∆T Heat transfer
Type of surface coefficient
Q:ሶ heat flow W h (𝑾Τ(𝒎² ∗ 𝑲))
Inside surfaces at natural air movement 8
W
h (αconv ): heat transfer coefficient [ ] Floors and ceilings
m2 ∗K
A: surface area [ m2 ] - Heat transfer from bottom to top 8

- Heat transfer from top to bottom 6
Outside surfaces at a wind speed of 2 m/s 23
Radiation
 Heat transfer by electromagnetic radiation
• All objects constantly absorb and emit electromagnetic radiation

• No medium is required for electromagnetic waves to propagate (they can travel
through outer space)
http://www.nasa.gov http://www.herta-huhn.de
Radiation – Electromagnetic Radiation
Different names are used for electromagnetic waves of different wavelengths: radio waves,
microwaves, infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays, gamma rays…..
Example
Black asphalt in a parking lot will be hotter than adjacent gray
sidewalk on a summer day
 black absorbs better than gray
On a clear summer night, the black asphalt will be colder than

the gray sidewalk
 black radiates the energy more rapidly than gray
White is a poor absorber and is also a poor radiator. A white

object reflects radiation, like a mirror.
 All objects absorb and emit electromagnetic radiation

 Absorption and emission depend on the emmisivity 𝝐
of the object http://openstaxcollege.org
 The heat flux depends on the emmisivity 𝝐
The heat flow depends on The net heat flow by radiation

• the surface area 𝐴 (absorption minus emission) is related to
• the emmisivity ϵ both the temperature of the object and
• the temperature of the object 𝑇 the temperature of its surroundings 𝑇2
Stefan-Boltzmann-law of radiation  net rate of heat transfer between to

 Energy emitted by a surface surfaces by radiation
!
Qሶ = σ ∗ ϵ ∗ A ∗ T 4 Qሶ net = σ ∗ ϵ ∗ A ∗ (T24 − T14 )
Q:ሶ heat flow [ W] Qሶ net : net heat flow [ W]
W W
σ: Stefan-Boltzmann-constant [ σ = 5,67 ∗ 10−8 m2 ∗K4 ] σ: Stefan-Boltzmann-constant [ σ = 5,67 ∗ 10−8 m2 ∗K4 ]
A: surface area [ m2 ] ϵ: emmisivity [ - ]

T: absolute temperature of the object [K] A: surface area [ m2 ]
ϵ: emmisivity [ - ] T1 : absolute temperature of the object [K]
- perfect radiator (black body): ϵ=1 T2 : absolute temperature of the surrounding environment [K]
- perfect reflector (white body): ϵ=0

2. Physical basics
2.3. U-Value
3. Heat demand
U-Value
Describes the rate of heat transfer through one square meter of surface from one fluid
into another at a specific temperature difference.
𝟏
𝐔=
𝟏 𝐝𝐧 𝟏
+ +
𝐡𝐢 𝛌𝐧 𝐡𝐞
outside inside
W
U: heat transition coefficient [m2 ∗K ]
W
hi : heat transfer coefficient (interior) [m2 ∗K ]
W
he : heat transfer coefficient (exterior) [m2 ∗K ]
d: material thickness [m]
W
λ: thermal conductivity [m∗K]
Thermal resistance R
LS Bauphysik, TUM
U-Value – Calculation Example 1
1. Calculate the heat transfer coefficient of an outside wall
Material Thickness d Conductivity 𝛌

1 2 3 4 Layer 1 Gipsum-Plaster 10 mm 0,35 W/mK
Layer 2 Brick Wall 365 mm 0,68 W/mK
inside outside Layer 3 Insulation 140 mm 0,04 W/mK
Layer 4 Cement-Plaster 10 mm 1,40 W/mK
2. Calculate the heat transfer coefficient of the same outside wall without layer 3
 Calculating the heat transfer coefficient of an outside wall

𝟏
𝐔=
𝟏 𝐝𝐧 𝟏
+ +
𝟏 𝑾
𝐔= = 𝟎, 𝟐𝟒
𝟏 𝟎, 𝟎𝟏𝐦 𝟎, 𝟑𝟔𝟓𝐦 𝟎, 𝟏𝟒𝐦 𝟎, 𝟎𝟏𝐦 𝟏 𝒎2 𝑲
𝑾 + 𝐖 + 𝐖 + 𝐖 + 𝐖 + 𝑾
𝟖 2 𝟎, 𝟑𝟓 2 𝟎, 𝟔𝟖 2 𝟎, 𝟎𝟒 2 𝟏, 𝟒 2 𝟐𝟑 2
𝒎 𝑲 𝐦 𝐊 𝐦 𝐊 𝐦 𝐊 𝐦 𝐊 𝒎 𝑲
 Influence of the insulating layer

𝟏
𝐔=
𝟏 𝐝𝐧 𝟏
+ +
𝟏 𝑾 𝑾
𝐔= = 𝟎, 𝟐𝟒 = 𝟏, 𝟑𝟓
𝟏 𝟎, 𝟎𝟏𝐦 𝟎, 𝟑𝟔𝟓𝐦 𝟎, 𝟏𝟒𝐦 𝟎, 𝟎𝟏𝐦 𝟏 𝒎2 𝑲 𝒎2 𝑲
𝑾 + 𝐖 + 𝐖 + 𝐖 + 𝐖 + 𝑾
𝟖 2 𝟎, 𝟑𝟓 2 𝟎, 𝟔𝟖 2 𝟎, 𝟎𝟒 2 𝟏, 𝟒 2 𝟐𝟑 2
𝒎 𝑲 𝐦 𝐊 𝐦 𝐊 𝐦 𝐊 𝐦 𝐊 𝒎 𝑲
 Factor 5,6 !
 Calculating the heat flow through an outside wall
Calculate the heat flow through the wall given in the picture.
The inside temperature is 20°C, the outside temperature is 0°C.
Wall
Window
Uwall = 0.5 W/(m²K) UW = 1.5 W/(m²K)
Awall = 18.0 m² AW = 2.0 m²
Qሶ = U ∗ A ∗ ∆T
Q:ሶ heat flow [ W]
W
U: U-value [ m2 ∗K ]
A: surface area [ m2 ]
 Calculating the heat flow through an outside wall
Calculate the heat flow through the wall given in the picture.
The inside temperature is 20°C, the outside temperature is 0°C.
Wall
Window
Uwall = 0.5 W/(m²K) UW = 1.5 W/(m²K)
Awall = 18.0 m² AW = 2.0 m²
Qሶ = U ∗ A ∗ ∆T Qሶ = U ∗ A ∗ ∆T
Q:ሶ heat flow [ W] Qሶ = Uwall ∗ Awall + Uwindow ∗ Awindow ∗ ∆T

W
U: U-value [ m2 ∗K ]
𝐖 𝐖
A: surface area [ m ] 2 𝐐ሶ = 𝟎. 𝟓 ∗ 𝟏𝟖. 𝟎𝐦² + 𝟏. 𝟓 ∗ 𝟐. 𝟎𝐦𝟐 ∗ 𝟐𝟎𝐊
𝐦𝟐 𝐊 𝐦𝟐 𝐊
∆T: Difference in temperature [K] = 𝟐𝟒𝟎𝐖
Thermal bridges
Areas in the heat exchanging surface with an increased outflow of heat and lower
surface temperatures due to:
• The geometry of the component
• A change in material
outside
Heat flow through inner surface
=
Heat flow through outer surface
inside
𝐴𝑆𝑖 < 𝐴𝑆𝑜
http://www.cae-wiki.info 𝐴𝑆𝑖 : inner surface [m²]

𝐴𝑆𝑜 : outer surface [m²]
Thermal bridges
Areas in the heat exchanging surface with an increased outflow of heat and lower
surface temperatures due to:
• The geometry of the component
• A change in material
https://www.baunetzwissen.de https://www.baunetzwissen.de

2. Physical basics
2.3. U-Value
3. Heat demand
Heat balance of a building
heat loss to the outside
air through transmision
21. Jun.
heat input of
heating sytem
21. Dec. heat loss to the

outside air through
ventilation
heat storage by
the materials
passive solar gains
through the windows
internal
gains
heat loss to the ground

through transmision
Heat demand assessment
Simplyfied model of heat gains

and losses in a building Calculation of the energy demand
Qh
QT S
System boundary
Room
Useful energy
QS System boundary
Room
QV transfer
Qi distribution storage generation

Primary
Energy
QV: Ventilation heat loss [W]
QT: Transmission heat loss [W] Final Energy
System boundary building
Qi: Internal gains [W]
Source: DIN 4701-10 (Energetische Bewertung heiz- und raumlufttechnischer Anlagen)
QS: Solar gains [W]
Qh: Heating Load [W] Heat that must be supplied to the rooms to maintain the target temperature
Transmission Heat Loss 𝛟𝐓 [W]

• Heat loss of a buidling to the external environment through the building envelope
• Heat loss of a room to an adjacent room
Ventilation Heat Loss 𝛟𝐕 [W]
• Heat loss of a buidling to the external environment due to ventilation and infiltration
through the building envelope
• Heat flow due to ventilation between heated rooms
Heating Load 𝛟𝑯𝑳 [W]
• Heating Load = transmission heat losses + ventilation heat losses + heat-up load
 𝛟𝐇𝐋 = σ 𝛟𝐓 + σ 𝛟𝐕 + σ 𝛟𝐑𝐇
• The heating load is the amount of heat which has to be provided by the heating
system on the in order to sustain the aimed indoor temperature
Influences on the Heating Load 𝛟𝑯𝑳

Transmission heat losses
 Heat loss through the building skin
 Can be redued by
• low U-values
• a compact building design
Ventilation heat losses

 Heat loss through ventilation and infiltration
 Can be redued by
• an airtight contruction
• an efficient ventilation system with
heat recovery
Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Technologie (BMWi). 2010. Energiekonzept für eine umweltschonende, zuverlässige und bezahlbare Energieversorgung Berlin.
https://www.bmwi.de/Redaktion/DE/Downloads/E/energiekonzept-2010.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=3
Heat transfer systems – Heating system
Calculation of the energy demand
System boundary
Room
Useful energy
System boundary
Room
transfer
distribution storage generation

Primary
Energy
Final Energy
Heat transfer systems – Overview
Heat transfer Systems
Heater Surface heating system
Panel Flat Convector Floor Ceiling Wall Thermoactive

radiator radiator heating heating heating building system
(TABS)
(Radiator) (Flachheizkörper) (Konvektor) (Fußboden- (Decken- (Wandheizung)
heizung) heizung) (thermisch aktivierte
Bauteile)
Heaters
• Heat supplied mainly via radiation and convection by a small area
• High temperatures needed (e.g. 70/55°C)
• Heat up fast
• Should be placed near cold surfaces
https://heizung.de/ https://www.korado.at
Surface heating systems

• Heat supplied mainly via radiation and convection by a large area
• Low temperatures needed (e.g. 35/30°C)
• Heat up slowly
• Are physiologically perceived as more pleasant than convection heaters
• Floor/Wall/Ceiling heating system or thermically activated building systems (TABS)
https://heizung.de/ https://www.bauen.de https://www.baunetzwissen.de
Radiant heater systems

Ceiling heating system Floor heating system Thermically activated
building system (TABS)
• Heating pipes lie direcly • Heating pipes lie over a • Heating pipes are embedded
under the ceiling layer of insulation into the ceiling
• Slow control performance • Slow control performance • Very slow control performance
• Should be combined with
Source of pictures: Nachhaltige Gebäudetechnik – Grundlagen
heating systems which can be
Systeme Konzepte; Lenz, Schreiber, Stark; Detail Green Books, 2010 controlled faster
Heat transport systems – Heating system
Heating pipes
• Usually made out of steel or copper.
In Floor/Wall/Ceiling heating systems also plasic
pipes are used.
• Insulation is necessary to lower the heat loss.
• The smaller the diameter, the less material cost, but https://www.rockwool.de
the more power is needed to pump heating water

through the system due to higher frictions.
Pumps
• Usually a central pump is used to transport the
heating water through the whole system
• New decentralized pumps are connected to every
heater  lower power consumption compared to
existing central systems, which are often badly
regulated  but also maintenance requirements decentralized
central pump
pump system
Source of pictures: Nachhaltige Gebäudetechnik – Grundlagen Systeme
Konzepte; Lenz, Schreiber, Stark; Detail Green Books, 2010
Heat storage systems – Heating system
Buffer Tanks (Ger.: „Heizungsspeicher“)

Storage tanks are tanks filled with water, which is used to store heat.
They are an essential part of a heat supply system!
• Improve the on/off-frequency of heat generators
• Bridging power cut-off times for heat pumps
• Storing passively gained energy (e.g. solar heat)
https://www.energie-experten.org
Heat generation systems – Heating system
Using Renewable Energies on a building
Solar enegy Geothermal energy Bioenergy Water power Wind power
• Solarthermal • Ground heat • Burn in a biomass - Small wind turbines

collector collectors heating system (e.g.
(generates heat) wooden pellet
• Two-Well systems
• Photovoltiacs heater…)
• Shallow geothermal
(generates probe • Burn in a combined
electricity) heat and power
plant (generates
heat and electricity)
(Ger.: „BHKW“)
Further sources of renewable energy:

• Ambient air  heat pump required
• Waste heat  heat pump required
• Waste water  heat pump required
• Fuel Cells (depending on where the H2 is from)

2. Physical basics
2.3. U-Value
3. Heat demand
Heat transfer systems – Ventilation system
Calculation of the energy demand
This can also be done by a ventilation system!

S
System boundary
Room
Useful energy
System boundary
Room
transfer
distribution storage generation

Primary
Energy
Final Energy
Ventilation systems
Goal of ventilation: Control the condition of the air

• Renewing the room air (by supplying fresh outdoor air)
• Supply/Remove heat loads (heating/cooling)
• Supply/Remove humidity loads (humidifying/dehumidifying)
• Cleaning of the air to avoid smells and contaminants
uncomfortably humid
comfortable
still comfortable
uncomfortably dry
Source: Energieatlas, Edition Detail
Ventilation Systems
Ventilation systems
Free ventilation Mechanical ventilation
Gap ventilation
(Fugenlüftung)
Window ventilation With ventilation ability Without ventilation ability
(Fensterlüftung) (mit Lüftungfunktion) (ohne Lüftungsfunktion)
Shaft ventilation
(Schachtlüftung)
Ventilation System Circulation System
Gable ventilation (Lüftungsanlage) (Umluftanlage)
(Dachaufsatzlüftung)
Partial Air Conditioning System Circultion Partial Air Conditioning System
(Teilklimaanlage) (Umluft-Teilklimaanlage)
Air Conditioning System Circulation Air Conditioning System
(Klimaanlage) (Umlift-Klimaanlage)
Mechanical ventilation system
Important terms and operating principle
Fresh Air Außenluft Untreated air from ouside

(FA) (AUL)
Supply Zuluft Air supplied to a room

Air (SA) (ZUL) (e.g. living-/bedroom)
Extract Abluft Air removed from a room

Air (EA) (ABL) (e.g. bathroom, kitchen)
Exhaust Fortluft Air discharged to the outside

Air (ExA) (FOL)
FA SA Supply Air Room
Overflow
Extract Air Room http://passivehouse.com
ExA EA
DIN 1946
Construction of a Mechanical ventilation system
www.kappeln-eschmidt.de
spiral seam pipe made https://de.wiktionary.org
of sheet steel
sheet steel
www.baunetzwissen.de/ ventilation duct
supply air shaft
silencer Heating and/or

cooling
Extract air grill https://www.heinze.de
Weather protection grill

supply air fans
extract Air
heat recovery
exhaust air cross flow heat exchanger
fresh air
Filter
Flexible connection
https://www.riepl-lueftung.at
Air-Soil Heat Exchanger
Outside air
Outside air
supply air
heat flow from the surface
heat flow to the air inside the pipe

heat flow from the building
heat flow to the groundwater
http://www.bauweise.net/grundlagen/technik/lueftung/ewt/ewt.htm
Air-Soil Heat Exchanger
Outlet temperature at Outlet temperature at

the end of the air- the end of the air-
ground heat exchanger ground heat exchanger
inlet inlet
temperature temperature
Soil Soil
temperature temperature
Summer: Hot outside air gets cooled down by Winter: Cold outside air gets warmed up by the
the soil  cool air for ventilation available soil  reduces amount of energy needed to
without active cooling warm the air up
https://www.rehau.com/download/1202392/awadukt-thermo-luft-erdwaermetauschersystem-lieferprogramm.pdf

2. Physical basics
2.3. U-Value
3. Heat demand
Exemplary central heating/cooling/ventilation systems
Generation Storage Transport Transfer
Heating
www.heizung-solar24.de/ www.schlocke.de/ https://sanitaerblog.de https://heizung.de/

Cooling
www.kka-online.info https://pre-halle.de www.baulinks.de www.arbonia.de

Ventilation
https://de.wiktionary.org www.kappeln-eschmidt.de www.baunetzwissen.de/
Concept Development
DIN V 18599-1:2016-10, Energetische Bewertung von Gebäuden - Berechnung des Nutz-, End- und Primärenergiebedarfs für Heizung, Kühlung, Lüftung, Trinkwarmwasser und
Beleuchtung, Teil 1: Allgemeine Bilanzierungsverfahren, Begriffe, Zonierung und Bewertung der Energieträger
Concept Development
DIN V 18599-1:2016-10, Energetische Bewertung von Gebäuden - Berechnung des Nutz-, End- und Primärenergiebedarfs für Heizung, Kühlung, Lüftung, Trinkwarmwasser und
Beleuchtung, Teil 1: Allgemeine Bilanzierungsverfahren, Begriffe, Zonierung und Bewertung der Energieträger
Concept Development
User
Building Technical building

envelope equipment
Semester plan
Date Lecture Exercise
17.04.2023 L 01 Introduction
24.04.2023 L 02 Technical basics (online)
01.05.2023 - -
08.05.2023 L 03 Demand assessment E 01 Demand assessment of a building
15.05.2023 L 04 Solarthermal power E 02 Exercise solarthermal power
22.05.2023 L 05 Photovoltaics E 03 Exercise PV
29.05.2023 - -
05.06.2023 L 06 Geothermal heat and heat pumps
12.06.2023 L 07 Wind power
19.06.2023 L 08 Biomass
26.06.2023 L 09 Energy storage systems for buildings
03.07.2023 L 10 Power and heat networks
10.07.2023 - Digital excursion Oscar von Miller Forum
17.07.2023 - Q+A
24.07.2023 - Exam
Copyright
© 2023
Renewable Energy Supply of Buildings
Technical University of Munich

TUM School of Engineering and Design
Chair for Energy Efficient and Sustainable Design and Building
These materials are made available exclusively for teaching purposes, cf. § 60 Copyright and Related Rights Act (UrhG).
Distribution is exclusively via the TUM platform Moodle.
Copying, reproduction, distribution, publication, sharing and/or other unauthorized use (in whole or in part), is not permitted.
If you have any questions in this regard, please contact [email protected].

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Renewable energy supply of buildings

Fatma Deghim, M.Sc.

24.04.2023 L 02 Technical basics (online)

08.05.2023 L 03 Demand assessment E 01 Demand assessment of a building

15.05.2023 L 04 Solarthermal power E 02 Exercise solarthermal power

22.05.2023 L 05 Photovoltaics E 03 Exercise PV

05.06.2023 L 06 Geothermal heat and heat pumps

12.06.2023 L 07 Wind power

26.06.2023 L 09 Energy storage systems for buildings

03.07.2023 L 10 Power and heat networks

10.07.2023 - Digital excursion Oscar von Miller Forum

1. Basics of energy efficient buildings

1. Basics of energy efficient buildings

2. Provide heat efficiently

4. Dissipate heat efficiently

6. Efficient mechanical ventilation

8. Optimize artificial light

9. Use efficient electrical equipment

10. Decentralized power generation

1. Retain Heat Heating

1. Basics of energy efficient buildings

• Energy has the potential to do work

• When energy is applied to a system, work is done

• Power is the speed at which work is done

𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑓𝑢𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑜𝑟 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑊𝑜𝑢𝑡

Example: The efficiency of a light bulb Injected Light power = 5%

1. Basics of energy efficient buildings

A change of the internal energy of a system through heat transfer

Heat Content – Sensible Heat

Transferred heat depends on

• the change in temperature (directly proportional)

• the mass of the system (directly proportional)

• the substance and phase http://openstaxcollege.org

a) To double the temperature, add double the heat

Heat Content – Latent Heat

Temperature change of 0,5 kg water Q = m ∗ cWater ∗ ∆T

There are three types of heat transfer

conduction convection radiation

 Heat transfer through stationary matter by physical contact

• Thermal conductivity is a material property

The warmer the material, the higher the

Direct contact between two materials

• With greater surface area 𝐴, more collisions can happen parallel

Heat flow through conduction depends on

 Heat transfer by the macroscopic movement of a fluid

Gravitational heating Conventional heating

 Natural convection  Forced convection

Picture see: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/de/8/81/Schwerkraftheizung.png

Heat flow depends on

A: surface area [ m2 ] - Heat transfer from bottom to top 8

 Heat transfer by electromagnetic radiation

• All objects constantly absorb and emit electromagnetic radiation

On a clear summer night, the black asphalt will be colder than

White is a poor absorber and is also a poor radiator. A white

 All objects absorb and emit electromagnetic radiation

The heat flow depends on The net heat flow by radiation

Stefan-Boltzmann-law of radiation  net rate of heat transfer between to

A: surface area [ m2 ] ϵ: emmisivity [ - ]

1. Basics of energy efficient buildings