WHAT IS BIOMASS :‫زیستتوده‬ ‫کانال درس انرژی‬

@Biomassqut

:‫کانال درس تبدیل انرژی‬

1 ‫فصل‬ M.H. Momenpour @Energyqut
 What Is Biomass?
2

 The use of biomass for heating and light almost defines the
birth of civilisation. Ever since the first torch was lit biomass
has been an important part of the energy provision in
human societies. In the developed world, biomass has been
on the retreat since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution
as high energy density fuels such as peat, coal, gas and oil
became available – but due to the rise of global warming
and energy security concerns, biomass is becoming an
increasingly important part of the energy mix.
 According to a general definition biomass may be
considered as animal and plant resources and the wastes
deriving from their treatment, which could be used, directly
or after a pre-treatment as a source of energy.
 Biomass Resources
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 Biomass resources include primary, secondary, and tertiary sources

of biomass.
 Primary biomass resources are produced directly by photosynthesis
and are taken directly from the land. They include perennial short-
rotation woody crops and herbaceous crops, the seeds of oil crops,
and residues resulting from the harvesting of agricultural crops and
forest trees (e.g., wheat straw, corn stover, and the tops, limbs, and
bark from trees).
 Secondary biomass resources result from the processing of primary
biomass resources either physically (e.g., the production of sawdust
in mills), chemically (e.g., black liquor from pulping processes), or
biologically (e.g., manure production by animals).
 Tertiary biomass resources are post-consumer residue streams
including animal fats and greases, used vegetable oils, packaging
wastes, and construction and diemoliton debris.
 Biomass Resources
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 Biomass Resources
5
 Important Consideration
6

 In order to analyse the use of biomass for power

generation, it is important to consider three critical
components of the process:
 Biomass feedstocks: These come in a variety of forms
and have different properties that impact their use for
power generation.
 Biomass conversion: This is the process by which biomass
feedstocks are transformed into the energy form that
will be used to generate heat and/or electricity.
 Power generation technologies: There is a wide range
of commercially proven power generation technologies
available that can use biomass as a fuel input.
 Important Consideration
7

 A critical issue for the biomass feedstock is its

energy, ash and moisture content, and homogeneity.
These will have an impact on the cost of biomass
feedstock per unit of energy, transportation, pre-
treatment and storage costs, as well as the
appropriateness of different conversion
technologies.
 Biomass for Power Generation
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 Biomass for Power Generation
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 Secure, long-term supplies of low-cost, sustainably sourced

feedstocks is critical to the economics of biomass power
plants. Feedstock costs can be zero for some wastes,
including those produced onsite at industrial installations,
such as black liquor at pulp and paper mills or bagasse at
sugar mills. Sometimes their use actually saves disposal costs.
 Biomass-fired power generation technologies range from
mature solutions to emerging technologies that have not yet
been deployed on a large scale. The total installed costs of
biomass power generation technologies reflect this diversity,
varying between USD 1880 and USD 6820/kW in the
OECD. Costs are significantly lower in developing countries
where cheaper, less efficient technologies are more typical
and costs range from USD 400 to USD 2000/kW.
 Biomass for Power Generation
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 Biomass for Power Generation
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 Biomass for Power Generation
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 Biomass for Power Generation
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 Total Capital Costs in OECD
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 Total Capital Costs of Biomass Fired
15
Projects
 Share of FEEDSTOCK Costs
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 Capital Cost Breakdown
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 Biomass Technology Maturity
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 The levelised cost of electricity from
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utility-scale renewable technologies
 Typical levelised cost of electricity by
20
technology
 Advantages and Limitations of using
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biomass for energy conversion
 Advantages:
 1. Local availability of biomass:
 Most biomass types are characterized by local availability. Since
the material involved is usually of low density and of low value, it
is not suitable for transportation over large distances. Therefore,
biomass utilization for energy conversion is an excellent
opportunity for developing a rural economy. The biomass
logistical operations may be additional income for rural areas,
both for farmers, who may be occupied when other agricultural
operations are over, as well as for the specialized workforce,
which may be required.
 Finally, the potential of co-generation or tri-generation of energy
from biomass means that local communities may benefit from
receiving heat or cooling from the biomass energy conversion
facility at a competitive price and with higer reliability.
 Advantages and Limitations of using
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biomass for energy conversion
 Advantages:
 2. Renewable energy generation:
 Energy generated from biomass is considered as renewable. At a
local level, biomass energy may substitute energy generated by
conventional fuel sources, such as oil or natural gas for heating,
and electricity for cooling. At a national level, dependence on
fossil fuel sources may be reduced.
 3. Local generation of energy
 The fact that energy is generated locally on a small- to medium-
scale reduces the need for a grid infrastructure for long-distance
energy transportation. Therefore, the related energy losses are
minimized and the investment capital for creating this
infrastructure may be spared.
 Advantages and Limitations of using
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biomass for energy conversion
 Advantages:
 4. Exploitation of marginal lands for energy crops:
 Some types of energy crops may be cultivated on marginal
lands that are currently not used. This may provide an extra
income source for rural communities and create jobs.
 Advantages and Limitations of using
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biomass for energy conversion
 Limitations:
 1. High complexity of the biomass supply chain
 The biomass supply chain is characterized by a large
number of potential. This, on the one hand, leads to a supply
chain structure that must be designed specifically for each
case, as the conditions in every case will probably be
different, and on the other hand, it renders the management
of the supply chain a complex task, due to the number of
stakeholders involved.
 Advantages and Limitations of using
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biomass for energy conversion
 Limitations:
 2. Limited know-how of logistical operations
 Each biomass type has its own characteristics and
requirements for handling and storage, and not all these
parameters are known with certainty. In some cases, local
conditions may even change these requirements. Therefore,
each biomass supply chain that deviates from well-known
cases should be carefully examined and designed according
to the requirements and peculiarities for that specific
biomass type. For example, some biomass types may
require open-air drying, others forced drying and others
may be prone to self-ignition under certain conditions.
 Advantages and Limitations of using
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biomass for energy conversion
 Limitations:
 3. Lack of standards and regulation for biomass and
equipment:
 There is no specific standards for biomass fuel
characterization. Several attempts are in progress, with the
aim of standardizing the fuel specifications and properties
for many types of biomass, as well as the related
equipment. The widespread use of standards will allow
biomass procurement with predictable quality and reduced
fluctuation of properties, which will ultimately facilitate
trading and the procurement of biomass, as well as the
design and operation of biomass energy conversion plants.
 Advantages and Limitations of using
27
biomass for energy conversion
 Limitations:
 4. Limited development of markets for biomass:
 Several types of biomass that have alternative uses have
mature markets that define their price and allow the
required amounts to be supplied in a straightforward way.
For many biomass types, however, there are no such markets
and therefore the need arises for the operator of the
biomass energy conversion facility to negotiate contracts
with a large number of biomass producers. Securing the
biomass supply for a long time at predictable and
reasonable prices is of paramount importance for the
economic feasibility of the investment.
 Advantages and Limitations of using
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biomass for energy conversion
 Limitations:
 5. Transportation distance limitation
 Biomass energy conversion facilities are subject to economies of
scale, as all technological devices. However, the maximum size of
such a facility is primarily limited by the biomass supply chain
cost, which increases with the size of the facility, due to the larger
transportation distances required. Furthermore, the larger the
facility the higher are the related greenhouse gas emissions from
biomass transportation and the greater the disturbance to local
communities due to traffic. For this reason, it is usually more
efficient to create small-to-medium-sized facilities, which focus on
exploiting local biomass types. It is evident, though, that more
efficient logistics may allow the size of biomass energy conversion
facilities to be increased.
 Breakdown of Global Renewable
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Energy use in REmap 2030
 ‫فعالیتها در حوزه انرژی زیست توده در کشور‬
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‫نیروگاه های زیست توده نصب شده‪:‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

 ‫فعالیتها در حوزه انرژی زیست توده در کشور‬
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‫‪ ‬انجام پتانسیل سنجی و تهیه اطلس زیست توده کشور‬

‫این پروژه در سال ‪ 1۳۸۷‬و در قالب انجام پتانسیل سنجی برای کل کشور و ‪ ۴‬منبع‬
‫عمده زیست توده شامل زائدات جامد صنایع ‪ ،‬فاضالبهای شهری و صنعتی‪ ،‬فضوالت‬
‫دامی و زائدات کشاورزی در دو بخش آماری و پتانسییل واقعیی کیل کشیور و تهییه‬
‫اطلس های مربوطه آغاز شده و در حال انجام می باشد‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬پتانسیل سنجی و امکیا سینجی زائیدات جامید شیهری و احیدا ‪ 1۰‬مگیاوات‬
‫نیروگاه با سوخت ضایعات شهری‬
‫‪ ‬بررسی عملکرد سامانه بهینه گازی سازی زیست توده برای ایرا‬
‫‪ ‬احدا پایلوت ساوه‬
‫این پروژه در سال ‪ 1۳۸۳‬و در قالب احدا اولین نیروگاه بیوگازی ایرا بیه ررفییت‬
‫‪ ۶۰۰‬کیلووات آغاز شده و در حال انجام می باشد‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬همکاری با شرکت آب و فاضالب تهرا که منجر به افتتاح نیروگیاه ‪ ۴،۸‬مگیاواتی‬
‫در آ گردید‪.‬‬
 ‫فعالیتها در حوزه انرژی زیست توده در کشور‬
‫‪32‬‬

‫‪ ‬همکاری با امور دام وزارت جهاد کشیاورزی بیرای اجیرای پیروژههیای بیوگیاز در دامیداریهیا و‬
‫مرغداریها در سه سطح کوچک‪ ،‬متوسط و بزرگ‬
‫‪ ‬همکاری در کنسرسیوم بیواتانول‬
‫این طرح در قالب ستاد توسعه کاربرد انرژی های نو معاونت علمی و فناوری ریاست جمهوری تعریف‬
‫شده و ‪ 1۰‬میلیارد ریال در سال ‪ ۸۹‬و ‪ ۹۰‬پرداخت شده و منجر به احدا پایلوت ‪ 1۰۰۰‬لیتر در روز‬
‫تولید بیواتانول نسل دوم گردیده است‪ .‬کنسرسیوم شامل وزارت نفت‪ ،‬ستاد (سانا) و وزارت صینعت و‬
‫معد و تجارت بوده و دانشگاههای مختلف‪ ،‬پژوهشگاهها و جهاد کشاورزی فارس در اجرای آ نقش‬
‫داشته اند‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬بررسی پتانسیل و امکا سنجی تولید برق از فاضالب تصفیه خانه فاضالب تبریز و اصفها‬
‫‪ ‬این فعالیت طی سال های ‪ ۹۹‬تا ‪ ۸۹‬انجام شده و بر اساس آ ‪ ،‬مطالعیه پتانسییل و امکانسینجی‬
‫توسط سانا صورت پذیرفته است‪ .‬اصفها در سال ‪ ۹۰‬مناقصیه احیدا نیروگیاه ‪ 1،۲‬مگیاواتی را‬
‫برگزار کرده و در سال جاری (‪ )۹1‬وارد مدار می شود‪ .‬تبریز نیز در حال انتخاب سرمایه گذار می‬
‫باشد‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬مطالعه‪ ،‬امکا سنجی و طراحی مفهومی نیروگاه بیوگاز زباله‪ ،‬فاضالب و خونابه کشتارگاه (‪۶۰۰‬‬
‫کیلووات)‬
‫‪ ‬مطالعه‪ ،‬امکا سنجی و طراحی مفهومی نیروگاههای لندفیل مشهد‪ ،‬شیراز‬
 ‫پتانسیل انرژی زیست توده در کشور‬
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