Chapter 7 PDF

Physics for medical
sciences
Chapter 7:
Atomic physics: X-rays and Radiography.
P.1/156: What do the letters K,L,M, and N, in terms of an atom’s electron
configuration, refer to?
Different energy shells with n equal to 1,2,3 or 4, respectively.
P.2/156: What are the possible values the principal quantum number can have?
n (principle #) indicates the shells 𝟏 → ∞.

𝒍 orbital, indicates the subshells 0 → n-1.
𝒎𝒍 magnetic, indicates magnetic status.
𝟏 𝟏
spin, indicates spin direction. 𝐨𝐫 −
𝟐 𝟐
P.3/156: If n = 5, what are the allowed magnetic quantum numbers?
𝟏
𝒍 = 𝟎 → 𝒎𝒍 = 𝟎, 𝒎𝒔 = ∓ (𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒏𝒔: 𝟐)
𝟐
𝟏
𝒍 = 𝟏 → 𝒎𝒍 = −𝟏, 𝟎, 𝟏. 𝒎𝒔 = ∓ (𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒏𝒔: 𝟔)
𝟐
𝟏
𝒍 = 𝟐 → 𝒎𝒍 = −𝟐, −𝟏, 𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐. 𝒎𝒔 = ∓ (𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒏𝒔: 𝟏𝟎)
𝟐
𝟏
𝒍 = 𝟑 → 𝒎𝒍 = −𝟑, −𝟐, −𝟏, 𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑. 𝒎𝒔 = ∓ (𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒏𝒔: 𝟏𝟒)
𝟐
𝟏
𝒍 = 𝟒 → 𝒎𝒍 = −𝟒, −𝟑, −𝟐, −𝟏, 𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒. 𝒎𝒔 = ∓ (𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒏𝒔: 𝟏𝟖)
𝟐
P.4/156: The ground state biding energy of the hydrogen atom is -13.6 eV.
What is the energy when it is in the n = 5 state?
𝑬 = −𝟏𝟑. 𝟔 𝒆𝑽 , 𝒏 = 𝟓, → 𝒁 = 𝟏, 𝑬𝟓 =? ? ?
𝒁𝟐 𝟏𝟑. 𝟔
𝑬𝒏 = −𝟏𝟑. 𝟔 𝟐
= − 𝟐 = −𝟎. 𝟓𝟓𝟒 𝒆𝑽
𝒏 𝟓
P.5/156: If n = 7, how many values can have?
𝒏 = 𝟕, 𝒍 =? ?
7 values: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6.
P.6/156: On what property does the energy of a photon depend?
E (photon) depend on frequency.

P.7/156: A hydrogen atom in the ground state absorbs a 12.09-eV photon. To
which energy level (n) will the electron make a transition?
E=12.09 eV, n=??

The energy levels of the hydrogen atom are given by
𝒁𝟐 𝟏
𝑬𝒏 = −𝟏𝟑. 𝟔 = −𝟏𝟑. 𝟔 , where n is the level number.
𝒏𝟐 𝒏𝟐
𝒁𝟐
Therefore the ground state has energy of 𝑬𝟏 = −𝟏𝟑. 𝟔 = −𝟏𝟑. 𝟔 𝐞𝐕.
𝟏𝟐
The atom absorbs 12.09 eV, the final energy of the hydrogen atom is 𝑬𝒇 = 𝑬𝟏 + 𝑬
= −𝟏𝟑. 𝟔 + 𝟏𝟐. 𝟎𝟗 = −𝟏. 𝟓𝟏 𝒆𝑽.
𝟏𝟑.𝟔 −𝟏𝟑.𝟔
Now, 𝒏 = − = = 𝟗 = 𝟑.
𝑬 −𝟏.𝟓𝟏
So the electron made a transition to the n=3 level.

P.8/156: How much energy must a hydrogen atom emit or absorbs to make a
transition from state n=1 to state n=2?
𝟏 𝟏𝟑. 𝟔
𝑬𝟏 = −𝟏𝟑. 𝟔 𝟐
= − 𝟐 = −𝟏𝟑. 𝟔 𝐞𝐕.
𝒏 𝟏
𝟏 𝟏𝟑. 𝟔
𝑬𝟐 = −𝟏𝟑. 𝟔 𝟐
=− = −𝟑. 𝟒 𝐞𝐕.
𝟐 𝟒
→ ∆𝑬 = 𝑬𝟐 − 𝑬𝟏 = −𝟑. 𝟒 − −𝟏𝟑. 𝟔 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟐 𝐞𝐕.

P.9/156: What does most strongly increase the output (intensity of the beam) of
the X-ray tube?
Increasing the tube current and atomic number (Z) of the anode increases the
X-ray output.
P.10/156: How does the average photon energy in an X-ray beam change with
the distance between the cathode and the anode?
Distance does not affect the average X-ray energy.

P.11/156: What does determine the number of electrons accelerated
across an X-ray tube?
The filament current determines the filament heating and the

corresponding rate of release of electrons, which determines the X-
ray tube current.
P.13/156: A photon has a wavelength of 640 nm. What is its energy?
λ = 𝟔𝟒𝟎 𝒏𝒎, E=??

𝒉𝒄 𝟔. 𝟔𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑𝟒 × 𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖 −𝟏𝟕 𝒆𝑽.
𝑬 = 𝒉𝒇 = = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎
λ 𝟔𝟒𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟗
P.14/156: Electromagnetic radiation has energy of 58.1 μeV. What is its
frequency?
𝑬 = 𝟓𝟖. 𝟏 𝝁𝒆𝑽, 𝒇 =? ?
𝑬 = 𝒉𝒇
𝑬 𝟓𝟖. 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝟐𝟖 𝑯𝒛.
→𝒇= = = 𝟖. 𝟕𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎
𝒉 𝟔. 𝟔𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑𝟒
P.15/156: What type of radiation does the continuous X-ray
spectrum obtained from an X-ray tube represent?
X-rays are photons of electromagnetic radiation.
P.16/156: What does determine the maximum photon energy in an

X-ray beam?
The maximum photon energy is determined by the tube potential
(voltage).

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Physics for medical

n (principle #) indicates the shells 𝟏 → ∞.

P.6/156: On what property does the energy of a photon depend?

E (photon) depend on frequency.

E=12.09 eV, n=??

So the electron made a transition to the n=3 level.

→ ∆𝑬 = 𝑬𝟐 − 𝑬𝟏 = −𝟑. 𝟒 − −𝟏𝟑. 𝟔 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟐 𝐞𝐕.

Distance does not affect the average X-ray energy.

The filament current determines the filament heating and the

λ = 𝟔𝟒𝟎 𝒏𝒎, E=??

P.16/156: What does determine the maximum photon energy in an

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