FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID

FLOW
TYPES OF FLUID FLOW:
1. LAMINAR FLOW
- Flow is said to be laminar when the paths of the individual
particles do not cross or intersect. With this type of flow in conduits
having parallel sides the path lines are parallel. More over, the stream
tubes are of constant cross section and have directions parallel to the
sides of the conduit and to each other.
Conditions which tend to produce laminar flow are low velocity,
small size of conduit, and high velocity of fluid.
2. TURBULENT FLOW
- Beyond the limiting conditions of laminar flow the flow
becomes sinnous or turbulent. Flow is said to be turbulent when its
path lines are irregular curves which continually cross each other and
form a complicated network which in the aggregate represent the
forward motion of the entire stream.
DISCHARGE, Q
- The volume of fluid passing a cross section of a stream in a unit
time.
Q=AV Where: Q = discharge, 𝑚3 /𝑠, CFM,GPM
A = Cross-sectional area, 𝑓𝑡 2 , m2
V = mean velocity, ft/s, m/s
TYPES OF FLOW IN RELATION TO DISCHARGE
1. STEADY FLOW
- the discharge Q passing a given cross section of a
stream is constant with time.

A=cross-sectional
h

Q=AV
Where: 𝑉 = 2𝑔ℎ
𝑔 = 9.81𝑚/𝑠 2
= 32.2𝑓𝑡/𝑠 2
UNSTEADY FLOW Q = is not constant
- The discharge Q at the cross section varies with time.

ℎ1
ℎ2 A
ℎ3
𝑄1 = 𝐴𝑉1
𝑄2 = 𝐴𝑉2
𝑄3 = 𝐴𝑉3
3. CONTINUOUS FLOW
- When at any instant, the number of particles passing every
cross –section of the stream is the same, the flow is said to be
continuous, or there is continuity of flow.

𝐴2 𝐴3
𝐴1 𝐴4
Q Q
𝑄1 𝑄2 𝑄3
𝑄4 =Q
For non –compressible fluids flowing full through a pipe of varying
cross-section area;
𝑄 = 𝐴1 𝑉1 = 𝐴2 𝑉2 = 𝐴3 𝑉3 = 𝑒𝑡𝑐.
- applies when the no. of particles of fluid per unit volume that is
the density can be considered constant.
For compressible fluids;
- depends not only on their mean velocity and the area of cross
section but also by the density of the gas.
Q = 𝜌1 𝐴1 𝑉1 = 𝜌2 𝐴2 𝑉2 = ⋯ 𝑒𝑡𝑐.
or since 𝜌 is proportional to unit weight 𝓌
𝑄 = 𝓌1 𝐴1 𝑉1 = 𝓌2 𝐴2 𝑉2
How ever, the discharge past any section measured in volume per unit
time is still Q=AV
UNIFORM FLOW
- If with steady flow in any length or “reach”, of a stream the average
velocity at every cross section is the same. This usually occurs when an
incompressible fluid flows through a stream with uniform cross section.
NON-UNIFORM FLOW
- In stream where changes of cross section and velocity occurs, the flow
is said to be non-uniform.
STEADY FLOW
involves permanency of conditions at any particular cross-section,
whereas Uniform flow implies simultaneous uniformity of conditions at
successive cross section.
ENERGY AND HEAD
Energy – defined as ability to do work. Both energy and work are
measured in ft-lb or N-m
TWO FORMS OF ENERGY
1. Kinetic energy
2. Potential energy
Potential Energy in fluids subdivided into energy due to position or
elevation above a given datum plane. And energy due to pressure in
the fluid.
THREE FORMS OF energy in relation to fluid flow:
1. Kinetic Energy, KE – the energy developed in fluid by virtue of its
velocity. The ability of a mass to do work by virtue of its velocity.
𝑚𝑣 2
𝐾𝐸 =
2
𝑤𝑉 2
𝐾𝐸 =
2𝑔
𝑊 𝑘𝑔 𝑥𝑉 2 (𝑚2 /𝑠2
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚
2𝑔( 2 )
𝑠
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑘𝑔. 𝑚
2. Elevation Energy, EE
- The energy developed in liquid by virtue of its elevation from
a certain reference or datum plane.

𝐸𝐸 = 𝑊𝑍
W = 𝑊 𝑘𝑔 𝑥 𝑍 𝑚 -Z
Z
𝐸𝐸 = 𝑘𝑔. 𝑚

Datum Line
𝐸𝐸 = − 𝑊𝑍
W

EE = O
Z =O

W
3. Pressure, Energy, PE
- The energy developed due to the pressure in liquid.
- The energy transmitted to or through the mass considered.

𝑃
ℎ=
𝑊

𝑃 𝑃(𝐾𝑁(𝑚2 )
𝑃𝐸 = : 𝐾𝑁
𝑊 𝑤 3
𝑚
𝑃𝐸 = 𝑚
The three form of energy in illustration:

𝑉2
= 𝐾𝐸
2𝑔
𝑃
= 𝑃𝐸
𝐸𝑇 𝓌
A VA
𝐸𝐸
Z
Datum Line

For total energy,𝐸𝑇

𝐸𝑇 = 𝐾. 𝐸 + 𝑃𝐸 + 𝐸𝐸
= 𝑘𝑔. 𝑚 + 𝑚 + 𝑘𝑔. 𝑚
Energy in Relation to Head in m
𝑊𝑉 2
1. 𝐾𝐸 = 𝑖𝑓 𝑤 𝑖𝑠 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑟 1.0
2𝑔
𝑚2
𝑉 2 𝑠2
=
2𝑔 𝑚
𝑠2
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚 → 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑
2. EE = WZ if W is unity or 1.0
𝐸𝐸 = 𝑍, 𝑚 → 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑
𝑃 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2
3. 𝑃𝐸 = ⱳ = 𝐾𝑁/𝑚3
𝑃𝐸 = 𝑚 → 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑
𝑉2 𝑃
Then; 𝐸𝑇 = + + 𝑍 𝑖𝑛 𝑚 𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑡
2𝑔 𝑊
Where: 𝐸𝑇 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑
BERNOULLI’S ENERGY THEOREM
The Bernoulli’s energy theorem result from the application
of the principles of conservation of energy. “ In any stream of fluid
flowing steadily without friction the total energy of a given mass is the
same at any given point in a path flow.”
Consider a point at a flowing fluid 𝑉2
System ① 2𝑔
𝑃
𝓌
E

Z
Datum Line

𝑉2 𝑃
𝐸= + +𝑍
2𝑔 𝓌
Where: E = total energy at a given point
𝑉2
= 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑, 𝑚
2𝑔
𝑃
= 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑, 𝑚
𝓌
𝑍 = 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑, 𝑚
𝓌 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑎 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝜌𝑔 𝑔
= =
𝑘 ѵ𝑘
Where: ѵ = ѵf@agiven temperature(steam tables)
System ②
Consider two points in a flowing fluid.
H= head losses
𝑉22 𝑃2
𝐸2 = + + 𝑍2
2𝑔 𝓌
𝐸1 𝐸2

𝑉12 𝑃1
𝐸1 = + +𝑍
𝑍1 2𝑔 𝓌
𝑍2
Datum Line
𝐸1 = 𝐸2

Energy equation with out losses: (Head Lost)

𝐸1 = 𝐸2
𝑉12 𝑃1 𝑉22 𝑃
+ + 𝑍1 = + 𝓌2 + 𝑍2 ⟹ 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠
2𝑔 𝓌 2𝑔
 Energy equation with Head Lost
𝐸1 − 𝐻𝐿1−2 = 𝐸2
𝐸 = 𝐸2 − 𝐸1 + 𝐻𝐿1−2
𝑉22 −𝑉12 𝑃2 −𝑃1
= + + 𝑍2 − 𝑍1 + 𝐻𝐿1−2
2𝑔 𝓌

System ③ Two points in a fluid and a pump in between.

(Energy eqn. with pump)- to increase the head. input power (P input)
of pump –is electrical energy, output power (P output) is flow energy
 𝐸2
2

𝑍2
𝐸1 Pump (𝐻𝑈 )
1

𝑍1 Datum Line

𝐸1 < 𝐸2
𝐸1 + 𝐻𝑈 − 𝐻𝐿1−2 = 𝐸2
𝑉12 𝑃1 𝑉22 𝑃2
+ + 𝑍1 + 𝐻𝑈 = + + 𝑍2 + 𝐻𝐿1−2
2𝑔 𝓌 2𝑔 𝓌
𝑉22 −𝑉12 𝑃2 −𝑃1
𝐻𝑈 = + + 𝑍2 − 𝑍1 + 𝐻𝐿1−2
2𝑔 𝓌
Where: 𝐻𝑈 = pump head; to total dynamic head
𝐻𝐿 = total head losses from pt. 1-2
total losses: major loss: frictional losses, hf
minor losses: losses due to change in
velocity, change of direction due to pipe
fittings and valves, (gate valves check valves,etc.)
System ④ Consider two points in a fluid and a turbine in
between.(Energy equation with turbine or motor) turbines or motors
extract flow energy to do mechanical work which in turn converted into
electrical energy for turbines.
1

Turbine
2
𝑍1

𝑍2

𝐸1 − 𝐻𝑇 − 𝐻𝐿1−2 = 𝐸2
𝐸1 −𝐸2 = 𝐻𝑇 + 𝐻𝐿1−2
𝑉12 −𝑉22 𝑃1 −𝑃2
𝐻𝑇 = + + 𝑍1 − 𝑍2 − 𝐻𝐿1−2
2𝑔 𝓌
Pump Performance:
1. Pump power (water power), P:
- the power supplied by the pump to the flowing fluid.
- the available power coming from falling water
𝑃 = 𝑄ⱳ𝐻𝑈
𝑚3
Where: Q = discharge or volume flow rate,
𝑠
𝐻𝑈 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑐 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑, 𝑚
𝐾𝑁 𝑘𝑔
ⱳ = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 3 , 3
𝑚 𝑚
2. Brake power, (Shaft power) or the power input of the pump
𝑃 𝑃
𝐵𝐾𝑊 = 𝑜𝑟 𝐵𝐻𝑃 =
𝜂𝑃 𝜂𝑃
 Where: BKW = brake power in kW
𝜂𝑝 = pump efficiency
p = water power in kw
𝑄ⱳ𝐻𝑢
or 𝐵𝑘𝑊 =
𝜂𝑝
3. Electrical power, (input to the motor)
𝐵𝑘𝑊
𝑘𝑊𝑒 =
𝜂𝑚
Where:
η𝑚 = 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
𝑃
or 𝑘𝑊𝑒 =
𝜂𝑝 .𝜂𝑚
from: a generator source,
𝑃
𝑘𝑊𝑒 =
𝜂𝑝 .𝜂𝑚 .𝜂𝑡𝑟
where:
𝜂𝑡𝑟 = 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦