2000 Paper 1+2+ans

2000-CE
HIST
PAPER 1 HONG KONG EXAMINATIONS AUTHORITY
HONG KONG CERTIFICATE OF EDUCATION EXAMINATION 2000
HISTORY PAPER 1
8.30 am – 10.15 am (1¾ hours)

This paper must be answered in English
1. This paper consists of Part A and Part B. Part A carries 40% of the subject marks, and Part B carries 30%.
You are required to answer questions from both Parts. You are advised to spend approximately one hour on
Part A and 45 minutes on Part B.
2. Part A consists of data-based questions, all of which are to be answered. The mark allocation is shown in
brackets at the end of each question. It is a guide to the length of answer required, which may vary from one
sentence to a short paragraph. You should plan your time accordingly.
3. Part B consists of five essay-type questions, of which you may attempt any one. You are reminded of the
necessity of presenting your answer in essay form and in a clear and orderly manner.
4. Where a question is divided into a number of sub-questions, you MUST also divide your answer into
different parts accordingly. You may risk mark penalties if you do not do so.

Hong Kong Examinations Authority
All Rights Reserved 2000
2000-CE-HIST 1–1
DSEHOLIC｜全港最齊免費試題
PART A (DATA-BASED QUESTIONS)
Attempt all questions in this part.
1. Study Source A.
SOURCE A
The following map shows China’s situation in 1899–1900.
(a) Identify three problems faced by the Qing government in 1899–1900, as reflected in Source A.
(3 marks)
(b) Does Source A adequately explain the downfall of the Qing dynasty? Support your view with
reference to evidence from Source A, and using your own knowledge. (6 marks)
2000-CE-HIST 1–2 –1–

2. Study Sources B and C.
SOURCE B
The following cartoon shows Czar Nicholas II dancing to Rasputin’s tune.
SOURCE C
The following extract is adapted from Czar Nicholas II’s letter of reply to his wife, written on 9 September
1916. The Czar was at the front with the army. In his letter, he talked about whether Protopopov should
be appointed as Minister of Internal Affairs as recommended by Rasputin.
It seems to me that this Protopopov is a good man.... I must consider the question, as it has taken me
completely by surprise. Our friend’s [Rasputin’s] opinions of people are sometimes very strange, as you
know yourself – therefore we must be careful, especially with appointments to high offices.... This must
be thought out very carefully.... All these changes make my head go round. In my opinion, they are too
frequent. In any case, they are not good for the internal situation of the country, as each new man
brings with him changes in the administration. I am very sorry that my letter has turned out to be so
dull.
(a) What does Source B tell you about Nicholas II’s character? Explain your answer with reference to
evidence from Source B. (3 marks)
(b) Does Nicholas II’s character reflected in Source C agree with that reflected in Source B? Explain
your answer. (3 marks)
(c) How useful are Sources B and C in reflecting Russia’s political conditions in the period 1905–16?
Explain your answer with reference to Sources B and C, and using your own knowledge. (5 marks)
2000-CE-HIST 1–3 –2–

Go on to the next page
3. Study Source D.
SOURCE D
The following articles are adapted from the Nazi Manifesto of 1920.
1. We demand the union of all Germans to form a Greater Germany.

2. We demand the abolition of the Treaties of Versailles and St. Germain.
3. We demand land and colonies to feed our people and to settle our surplus
population.
4. Only those of German blood may be members of the nation. Accordingly, no
.. Jew may be a member of the nation.
..
14... We demand profit-sharing in the big industries.
..
20. The school curricula must be brought into line with practical life. Schools must
.. give their pupils a grasp of the notion of the State through civic education.
..
25. We demand the creation of a strong central government in Germany.
(a) Identify two characteristics of Nazism, as reflected in Source D. Cite one relevant article for each
of these characteristics. (4 marks)
(b) Select one demand from the Nazi Manifesto, and then explain :
(i) the historical circumstances leading the Nazis to make this demand; and (3 marks)
(ii) whether this demand was satisfied by the year 1939. (3 marks)
2000-CE-HIST 1–4 –3–

4. Study Source E.
SOURCE E
The following cartoon depicts the early phase of the Potsdam Conference, which was held in July–August
1945.
Churchill : ‘It’s quite simple, Joe*. I throw it to you, you throw it to Truman, and he
throws it to me, and so on, but you mustn’t hang on to it+.’
* Joe : Joseph
+
mustn’t hang on to it : mustn’t keep it and not let go
(a) Name the country represented by the man called ‘Joe’, and suggest two clues from Source E to
support your answer. (1 + 2 marks)
(b) (i) In the cartoonist’s view, would ‘Joe’ make a good team member? Explain your answer
with reference to evidence from Source E. (4 marks)
(ii) Suggest one historical incident which the cartoonist would have used to support his view
about ‘Joe’. Explain your choice. (3 marks)
2000-CE-HIST 1–5 –4– Go on to the next page

PART B (ESSAY-TYPE QUESTIONS)
Answer any one of the following five questions. You are reminded to divide your answer into parts (a) and (b).
5. Explain whether the following helped to maintain peace and order in Europe in the period 1815–48 :
(a) the Vienna Settlement; (20 marks)
(b) the Congress System. (10 marks)
6. (a) Identify the similarities and differences in the courses of opening of China and Japan in the mid
19th century. (10 marks)
(b) How did the opening of China and Japan affect their respective developments up to the 1860s?
(20 marks)
7. (a) What were the obstacles to the Italian and German unification movements? (20 marks)
(b) Which of these unification movements do you think faced greater obstacles? Justify your answer.
(10 marks)
8. (a) What do you think are the necessary conditions for a country to become a ‘world power’?
(10 marks)
(b) Could Japan be regarded as a ‘world power’ by the year 1922? Explain your answer with
reference to the conditions you mentioned in (a). (20 marks)
9. Explain the importance of the following as causes of the Second World War :
(a) the failure of collective security; (20 marks)
(b) the Great Depression. (10 marks)
END OF PAPER
2000-CE-HIST 1–6 –5–

2000-CE
HIST HONG KONG EXAMINATIONS AUTHORITY
2 HONG KONG CERTIFICATE OF EDUCATION EXAMINATION 2000
HISTORY PAPER 2
11.00 am – 11.45 am (¾ hour) Subject Code 110
1. Read carefully the instructions on the Answer Sheet and insert the information
required (including the Subject Code) in the spaces provided.
2. When told to open this book, check that all the questions are there. Look for
the words ‘END OF PAPER’ after the last question.
3. ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS. All answers should be marked on the

Answer Sheet.
4. You should only mark ONE answer for each question; otherwise no mark will
be given.
5. All questions carry equal marks. No marks will be deducted for wrong
answers.

Hong Kong Examinations Authority
2000-CE-HIST 2–1
This paper consists of 40 questions.
1. Hitler passed the Nuremberg Laws to
A. eliminate the Aryan race.

B. crush communist activities in Germany.
C. turn Germany into a Nazi police state.
D. persecute the Jews in Germany.
2. Which of the following is true about Russia immediately after the downfall
of the Czarist regime in 1917?
A. Russia withdrew from the First World War.

B. A government dominated by the middle class was set up.
C. A civil war broke out between the Whites and the Reds.
D. Russia broke up into a number of independent states.
3. Which of the following explains the enormous influence enjoyed by the

Genro in Meiji Japan?
(1) They enjoyed a dominating position in the Privy Council.

(2) They had made an immense contribution towards the success of
the Meiji Restoration.
(3) They were granted legislative power under the 1889 Constitution.
A. (1) and (2) only

B. (1) and (3) only
C. (2) and (3) only
D. (1), (2) and (3)
2000-CE-HIST 2–2 –1–

4. The following statement was made by a statesman in response
to the German invasion of .
A. French ...... Poland

B. French ...... Belgium
C. British ...... Belgium
D. British ...... Poland
If I am asked what we are fighting for, I reply in two sentences. In the first
place, to fulfil a solemn international obligation; secondly, we are fighting
to vindicate the principle that small nationalities are not to be crushed by
the arbitrary will of a strong and overmastering Power.
6 August, 1914
5. Which of the following persons advocated a policy of ‘peaceful co-

existence’ with capitalist countries in the late 1950s?
A. Stalin
B. J. F. Kennedy
C. Khrushchev
D. Eisenhower
6. Which of the following has a direct cause-and-effect relationship?
A. Prussia’s victory in the Franco-Prussian War ––– the

formation of Greater Germany
B. Austria’s defeat in the Austro-Prussian War ––– the
disintegration of the Austrian Empire
C. Russia’s victory in the Russo-Turkish War ––– the
formation of an independent Albania
D. Turkey’s defeat in the First Balkan War ––– the
disintegration of the Turkish Empire
2000-CE-HIST 2–3 –2–

Questions 7 and 8 are based on the following cartoon :
Man on left : ‘The scum of the earth, I believe?’

Man on right : ‘The bloody assassin of the workers, I presume?’
7. The cartoon refers to the signing of the
A. Pact of Steel.
B. Nazi-Soviet Non-aggression Pact.
C. Anti-Comintern Pact.
D. Munich Agreement.
8. Which of the following was a direct outcome of the agreement shown by the
cartoon?
A. the development of a European war into a global war

B. the entry of the Soviet Union into the Second World War
C. the declaration of war on Germany by Britain and France
D. the partition of Poland by Germany and the Soviet Union
2000-CE-HIST 2–4 –3–
9. Which of the following is true about SunYixian?
(1) He advocated the Second Revolution against Yuan Shikai.

(2) He formed the Tongmenghui to combine the strength of
revolutionary societies.
(3) He personally led the Wuchang Uprising to overthrow the Qing
government.
A. (1) and (2) only

B. (1) and (3) only
C. (2) and (3) only
D. (1), (2) and (3)
10. Which of the following helped to explain Japan’s success in setting up

Manzhouguo in 1932?
A. The League of Nations took no military action to stop

Japan’s aggression.
B. Japan could freely pursue its territorial ambitions after its
withdrawal from the League of Nations.
C. Japan had the support of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy
in pursuing its expansionist policy.
D. The League of Nations was preoccupied with the
Abyssinian Incident.
11. Which of the following countries posed a major obstacle to nationalist

movements in the Balkans in the second half of the 19th century?
(1) Serbia
(2) Austria-Hungary
(3) Turkey
A. (1) and (2) only

B. (1) and (3) only
C. (2) and (3) only
D. (1), (2) and (3)
2000-CE-HIST 2–5 –4–

12. In the context of the following extract, ‘X’ and ‘Y’ refer to the and
the respectively.
A. Organisation for European Economic Cooperation ......

European Free Trade Association
B. European Economic Community ...... Organisation for
Economic Cooperation and Development
C. Organisation for European Economic Cooperation ......
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and
Development
D. European Economic Community ...... European Free
Trade Association
When X was formed in 1957, Britain was enjoying economic

prosperity ....Therefore, although members of X were anxious to have
Britain join them, Britain instead took the lead in forming Y.
13. Which of the following are correctly paired?
A. Alexander I ––– the signing of the Treaty of Adrianople

B. Alexander II ––– the signing of the Treaty of San Stefano
C. Alexander III ––– the signing of the Treaty of Portsmouth
D. Nicholas II ––– the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
14. Napoleon III’s main contribution to the completion of Italian unification

was that he
A. stationed troops in Rome.

B. forced Garibaldi to surrender his conquest to Piedmont.
C. helped expel the Austrians from Lombardy.
D. returned Nice and Savoy to Piedmont.
2000-CE-HIST 2–6 –5–

Questions 15 and 16 are based on the following cartoon, which was published in
1950 :
HISTORY DOESN’T REPEAT ITSELF

15. The cartoon relates to the
A. Korean War.
B. Cuban Missile Crisis.
C. Greek Civil War.
D. Vietnam War.
16. The cartoonist was trying to convey the message that the
A. efforts of the League of Nations to prevent aggression
were doomed to fail.
B. United States would abandon its isolationist foreign
policy and play an active role in maintaining world
peace.
C. League of Nations would sooner or later be replaced by
the United Nations as a peacekeeping organisation.
D. attempt of the United States to save the League of
Nations from disintegration came too late.
2000-CE-HIST 2–7 –6–

17. The Great Depression helped to bring about the
(1) decline of party government in Japan.

(2) seizure of political power by Mussolini in Italy.
(3) setting up of a coalition government in Britain.
A. (1) and (2) only

B. (1) and (3) only
C. (2) and (3) only
D. (1), (2) and (3)
18. As a result of recommendation, the was set up.
A. Prince Gong’s ..... Zongli Yamen

B. Zuo Zongtang’s ..... Jiangnan Arsenal
C. Zeng Guofan’s ..... Fuzhou Shipyard
D. Yuan Shikai’s ..... Beiyang Fleet
19. Japan entered into the Anglo-Japanese Alliance in 1902 mainly to
A. seek Britain’s acceptance of Japan’s annexation of Korea.

B. secure Britain’s support of Japan in case Japan fought a
war with Russia.
C. secure Britain’s agreement to give up extraterritorial
rights in Japan.
D. seek Britain’s recognition of Japan’s special interests in
Manchuria.
20. The Social Revolutionaries in Russia were likely to be most pleased with
A. Stolypin’s land reforms.

B. Nicholas II’s proclamation of the October Manifesto.
C. Sergei Witte’s industrialisation programme.
D. Lenin’s establishment of the soviets.
2000-CE-HIST 2–8 –7–

21. The data in the following table describe the early career of
A. Lenin.
B. Mao Zedong.
C. Chen Duxiu.
D. Stalin.
1879 Born in a peasant family

1905 Published anti-government writings and advocated strikes
1917 Edited the party newspaper
1920 Became Secretary-General of the party
22. Which of the following statements correctly describes both the Self-
strengthening Movement and the Late Qing Reform?
A. They were intended to enhance the status of the Han

Chinese.
B. They were regionally-based reforms which lacked
direction by the central government.
C. They were launched after China had successfully
suppressed domestic rebellions.
D. They were carried out after China had been defeated by
the foreign powers.
23. Which of the following is true about Japan during the late Tokugawa and
Meiji periods?
A. The emperor had no real power.

B. The government ruled a decentralised country.
C. The government was a military dictatorship.
D. The emperor favoured an open-door policy.
2000-CE-HIST 2–9 –8–

24. The following extract relates to the of 1949.
A. Warsaw Pact
B. United Nations Charter
C. North Atlantic Treaty
D. Marshall Plan
The Parties agree that an armed attack against one or more of them in
Europe or North America shall be considered an attack against them all.
25. Which of the following marked a diplomatic setback suffered by the Meiji
government?
A. Britain refused to renew the Anglo-Japanese Alliance.

B. The Powers rejected Japan’s claim for racial equality in
the Paris Peace Conference.
C. Japan returned the Liaodong Peninsula to China under
foreign pressure.
D. China did not accept all the terms in the Twenty-one
Demands.
26. Which of the following were reforms carried out by the Russian Czars in the
19th century?
(1) the setting up of the Duma

(2) the introduction of trial by jury
(3) the emancipation of the serfs
A. (1) and (2) only

B. (1) and (3) only
C. (2) and (3) only
D. (1), (2) and (3)
2000-CE-HIST 2–10 –9–

27. Which of the following actions could be regarded as a violation of the
Treaty of Versailles?
A. Japan’s attack on Manchuria

B. Germany’s remilitarisation of the Rhineland
C. the Soviet Union’s occupation of Poland
D. Italy’s invasion of Abyssinia
28. As a result of discontents created by the abolition of feudalism, the

started a rebellion in 1877 against the Meiji government.
A. daimyo
B. merchants
C. peasants
D. samurai
29. Which of the following orders of events related to the relations between the
Guomindang and the Chinese Communist Party is in correct chronological
order?
(1) Long March

(2) Second United Front
(3) Xian Incident
A. (1), (3), (2)

B. (2), (1), (3)
C. (3), (1), (2)
D. (3), (2), (1)
2000-CE-HIST 2–11 – 10 –
30. ‘Relief, recovery and reform’ were the proclaimed objectives of
A. Hitler’s Four-Year Plans.

B. Mussolini’s ‘Corporate State’ system.
C. President Roosevelt’s New Deal.
D. Stalin’s Second Five-Year Plan.
31. Russia’s intervention in the Greek War of Independence in the early 19th
century was primarily prompted by its
A. support for the ideas of liberalism.

B. fear of the spread of revolutionary movements.
C. obligation to uphold the Vienna Settlement.
D. territorial ambitions in the Balkans.
32. Which of the following is true about Shandong during the late Qing period?
A. It was turned into a Russian sphere of influence.

B. It was the place where opposition against railway
nationalisation was the strongest.
C. It was turned into a Japanese protectorate under the
Twenty-one Demands.
D. It was the place where the Boxer movement originated.
33. Before the First World War, Austro-Russian relations were strained by
A. Russia’s occupation of Big Bulgaria.

B. Austria’s annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
C. Russia’s signing of the Franco-Russian Alliance.
D. Austria’s refusal to renew the Dreikaiserbund.
2000-CE-HIST 2–12 – 11 –
34. Which of the following were disarmament conferences held in the period
between the two world wars?
(1) Geneva Conference

(2) Second Hague Conference
(3) Washington Conference
A. (1) and (2) only

B. (1) and (3) only
C. (2) and (3) only
D. (1), (2) and (3)
35. According to the data below, the war deaths suffered by the Central Powers
in the First World War totalled
A. 3,000,000.
B. 3,400,000.
C. 3,600,000.
D. 4,000,000.
Country War deaths

Austria-Hungary 1,250,000
Bulgaria 100,000
France 1,500,000
Germany 1,750,000
Britain 900,000
Italy 600,000
Rumania 30,000
Russia 1,750,000
Serbia 50,000
Turkey 300,000
USA 114,000
2000-CE-HIST 2–13 – 12 –
36. The 1905 Russian Revolution was significant in that it
A. made the Czar unpopular with the army.

B. led to the launching of a constitutional experiment in
Russia.
C. brought about Russia’s defeat in the Russo-Japanese
War.
D. united major political parties against the Czarist regime.
37. Which of the following is true about the decade after the end of the First
World War?
A. Britain and France adopted an appeasement policy

towards Germany.
B. The United States played an active role in maintaining
European peace and prosperity.
C. Many old empires on the European continent were
divided into new nation-states.
D. Eastern Europe turned communist while Western Europe
remained democratic.
38. In its very nature, the May Fourth Incident was primarily
A. a patriotic protest against Japanese aggression.

B. an intellectual movement aiming at uprooting the
traditional Chinese culture.
C. a workers’ demonstration supporting communism.
D. an anti-monarchical uprising against Yuan Shikai.
2000-CE-HIST 2–14 – 13 –
2000 History Paper 2
Question No. Key Question No. Key
1. D 21. D
2. B 22. D
3. A 23. A
4. C 24. C
5. C 25. C
6. B 26. C
7. B 27. B
8. D 28. D
9. A 29. A
10. A 30. C
11. C 31. D
12. D 32. D
13. B 33. B
14. C 34. B
15. A 35. B
16. B 36. B
17. B 37. C
18. A 38. A
19. B 39. C
20. A 40. A
39. By 1840, the had succeeded in their struggle for independence.
(1) Belgians
(2) Greeks
(3) Poles
A. (1) only
B. (3) only
C. (1) and (2) only
D. (2) and (3) only
40. Members of the Triple Entente formed in 1907 included shown in

the map below.
A. (1), (2) and (4)

B. (1), (2) and (6)
C. (3), (4) and (5)
D. (3), (5) and (6)
END OF PAPER
2000-CE-HIST 2–15 – 14 –
HKCEE Running Answer Texts
2000 History
3. (a) The first characteristic is that Nazism supported Pan-Germanism, as
found in Article 1 “We demand the union of all Germans to form a
Greater Germany”. The second characteristic is that Nazism supported
the expansion of German territory, as shown in Article 3 “We demand
land and colonies to feed our people and to settle our surplus
population”.
(b) (i) One of the demands made by the Germans is to form a Greater
Germany. On the National Assembly at Frankfort in 1848-49, the idea
of Pan-Germanism was firstly introduced under the influence of the
German-Romanticism. However, as Austria was strongly against this
idea, Germany was finally unified into a ‘little Germany’. After the
defeat in the First World War, Germany was forced to sign the Treaty
of Versailles and the Treaty of St. Germain. Millions of Germans were
segregated into other places such as Poland and Czechoslovakia.
Strong sense of racial segregation and insult were provoked among the
Germans. Therefore Nazis requested the union of a Greater Germany
to suit the appetites of the Germans who wanted to retaliate, and to
easily rally public support.
(ii) This demand was satisfied. In 1935, Germany violated the Versailles
Treaty and introduced the conscription. In 1936, it occupied the
demilitarized Rhineland. From 1938 to 1939, Austria and Sudetenland
were occupied in the excuse of joining with other Germans in the
above two areas. Therefore, Hitler was able to form a Greater Germany
by military expansion.
2000-HIST-CE I-1
2000 History
4. (a) The man called Joe represented the Soviet Union. The first clue was
that ‘Joseph’ appeared in the cartoon and Joseph Stalin was the one
who represented Soviet Union in the Potsdam Conference. The second
clue was that the hammer and sickle was the symbol on the national
flag of the Soviet Union.
(b) (i) In the cartoonist’s view, the Soviet Union would not make a good team
member. Based on Source E, Churchill worried that Joe would hold the
ball without letting go. This means that Stalin would like to control the
conference. Second, Churchill and Truman wore the same style of
team clothes whereas Joe wore his own style which is distinctive from
the other team members. These two clues prove that Joe was not a
good team member.
(ii) The cartoonist might use the Berlin Blockade in1948-49 to support his
view. After the Second World War, Berlin was divided into four zones
for rehabilitation. In 1948, the U.S., France and Britain wanted to
promote a new and unified currency reform in the three zones they
held and reunified the three zones into an independent Western
Germany. However, considering a strong Germany might threaten the
expansion of the Soviet Union, the Soviet leadership refused to carry
out the currency reform with the western powers and occupied the
eastern part of Germany. The Soviet Union also imposed a blockade on
West Berlin which lasted for one year. This showed that the Soviet
Union could not cooperate with the other members well.
2000-HIST-CE I-2
2000 History
9. (a) In order to maintain peace and to prevent the outbreak of another great
war, the great powers proposed the collective security system,
including setting up international cooperation like the League of
Nations, signing treaties like the Locarno Treaties and the
Briand-Kellogg Pact, and calling for disarmament conference.
However, these all could not work effectively to maintain peace, which
led to the collapse of the collective security and the outbreak of the
Second World War in 1939.
Firstly, the League of Nations was founded to maintain peace, to
improve people’s livelihood, and to settle disputes, but it suffered from
defeats. It lacked the support of the great powers. The United States
adopted isolationism and refused to join it. The Soviet Union did not
join till 1934 because it was a communist state which was not
welcomed by non-communist states in the League. Germany joined in
1926 but withdrew in 1933 when Hitler started its expansion. Amongst
the four permanent members, Japan and Italy withdrew in the 1930s
for fulfilling their expansionist policy. In other words, Britain and
France were the only two powers to lead the League of Nations, but
they suffered from economic difficulties after the Great Depression
and adopted the appeasement policy in the 1930s. Overall, the League
could not seek the support from strong countries.
Secondly, in the League of Nations, a unanimous agreement of an
issue had to be made before taking any action. However, every state in
2000-HIST-CE I-3
2000 History
the League had their individual interests. Some of them participated in
the League because they wanted to resist other’s action rather than
maintaining peace of the world. Also, there was serious ideological
discrepancy among the members. For instance, the Soviet Union
advocated communism and planned economy, but states like France
and Britain advocated democracy and capitalism. All these made a
unanimous agreement on decision-making impossible.
Also, the League of Nations had no military force and economic
resources to enforce its decisions made. It could only condemn the
aggressors or impose economic sanction on them. However, members
tended not to impose economic sanction so as not to undermine their
economic interests. As a result, it could do nothing to stop the
withdrawal of members. Hence, the League of Nations had no
authorities in maintaining peace. Also, the two dominant powers of the
League, Britain and France, adopted the appeasement policy in the
1930s to the aggressors. The League could not stop the Japanese
invasion in Manchuria, the Italian expansion in Abyssinia (1936) and
Albania (1938), the German expansion in Austria and the Sudetenland
(1938), in Czechoslovakia and Poland (1939), the Soviet expansion in
Poland, Baltic states, and Finland (1939). The League of Nations also
failed to prevent the outbreak of the war once Germany invaded
Poland in 1939.
Despite the effort made by the League of Nations, two treaties were
concluded to maintain peace. In 1925, representatives of Britain,
2000-HIST-CE I-4
2000 History
France, Germany, Belgium and Italy met at Locarno in Switzerland
and signed a treaty. They agreed to respect the borders amongst France,
Belgium and Germany and to settle their disputes by peaceful means.
Although the Locarno Treaties helped improve their relations, it did
not impose any issue on how to implement the conditions on the treaty
effectively. Furthermore, the treaty did not really provide a solution for
the German grievances. Germany still wanted to revise the Treaty of
Versailles and to extend her eastern frontiers towards Poland and
Czechoslovakia. The political tension still existed.
Another attempt to maintain peace was the signing of the
Briand-Kellogg Pact in 1928. Altogether 65 nations signed the pact.
The signatories promised not to use war as a way to settle conflict,
except for self-defense. Yet, every country could have a different
perspective on the term “self-defense”. This allowed the signatories to
use the term “self-defense” as an excuse for war. The pact did nothing
to solve the problem of German resentment over the Treaty of
Versailles. After the Great Depression, aggressors made an excuse of
recovering the economy for starting the war.
Finally, the great powers called three conferences for disarmament.
The first disarmament conference held in 1921-22 was the Washington
Conference. United States, Britain, Japan, France and Italy met and
concluded the Five-Power Pact. They all agreed to limit the
construction of capital ships to a fixed ratio of 5 (US): 5 (Britain): 3
(Japan): 1.75 (France): 1.75 (Italy), and to ensure that no new naval
2000-HIST-CE I-5
2000 History
base was to be built by the United States, Britain and Japan in the
Pacific. However, it did not impose any restrictions on building other
kinds of battleships and on armies. Additionally, there was no
enforcement on how to deal with the violation of these agreements.
The second disarmament conference was the London Conference
which was held in 1930. The London treaty was signed to limit the
ratio of cruisers between Britain, Japan and the United States. However,
they added special clauses in the agreement. These clauses allowed
them to increase the number of their battleships if one of them did not
complied with the agreed limits. The effectiveness of disarmament was
hence undermined. The third disarmament conference was the Geneva
Conference which was held in 1932-34. Despite the naval disarmament,
the powers also proposed to reduce the quantity of land forces and
weapons. However, the conference failed to achieve its arm because of
the mutual distrust amongst the participants. When Hitler rose to
power in 1933, he decided to withdraw from the conference in order to
prevent any resistance on Germany’s rearmament. Other powers
followed Germany’s action and eventually led to the armament race.
The relations between countries were eventually worsened because
strong hostility was created in military race and military conflicts.
Overall, the idea of the collective security system was created with a
clear goal of maintaining peace. However, there were a number of
weaknesses which made the League failed to stop the aggression, and
led to the outbreak of the Second World War.
2000-HIST-CE I-6
2000 History
(b) After the First World War, the United States provided economic aids to
different countries to help them recover their economy or pay the
indemnities. However, because of the over-dependence on United
States’ financial support, the 1929 Great Depression in the United
States hinged the world’s economy into a trough. As suffering from
severely economic setback, most of the governments endeavored in
shifting their people’s internal resentment into external attention. No
matter in diplomatic or military development, the leadership of the
suffered countries tried to earn the support of their people by
delivering policies which were in their people’s most favor. Their
policies neglected the importance of maintaining peace which led to
the outbreak of the Second World War.
The economic depression facilitated the emergence of the aggressive
leadership in Germany and Japan. In Germany, the post-war
rehabilitation mainly relied on United States’ loan. After the economic
depression, the United States stopped offering the loans. This led to
inflation and economic collapse in Germany. The Weimar Republic
was unable to settle the problems on currency and the successive
bankruptcy of enterprises. Most Germans sought for a strong leader to
solve the problems and Hitler became their only choice. After Hitler
got the power, he used rearmament and foreign expansion to solve the
economic problems and unemployment.
In Japan, as the United States and European countries was suffering
from economic depression, the benefit from foreign trade was
2000-HIST-CE I-7
2000 History
significantly diminished. Furthermore, influenced by the Great
Depression, the trade partners of Japan imposed higher tariffs on
Japan’s export goods and reduced the import quantity of the goods.
Japan’s total export was sharply decreased about for 50% in 1931 and
the whole economy was dragged down. Zaibatsu imputed the downfall
of Japan’s economy to the democratic government as the democratic
government was the one who supported economic cooperation with
foreign countries and gave up the expansionist policies. As a result,
they changed to support the militarists to control the government. The
militarist government adopted an aggressive policy and started the
invasion in China, which led to the outbreak of the Second World War.
Also, under the Great Depression, some European countries and Japan
expanded abroad in order to seek for raw materials and exploit new
markets. As the original trading partners could no longer provide
steady economic and financial support, countries turned to be
self-sufficient and intensively industrialized. For those countries who
did not have sufficient domestic resource, such as Japan, Russia and
Germany, they had to scramble natural resource by foreign expansion
to support their domestic industrialization. For example, Japan
occupied Manchuria in 1931, and Italian took over Abyssinia (1936)
and Albania (1938). Germany also annexed Austria, and the
Sudetenland (1938), Czechoslovakia and Poland (1939). These
invasions led to the outbreak of the Second World War.
2000-HIST-CE I-8
2000 History
Additionally, the economic depression made Britain and France
adopted the appeasement policy which tolerated the aggressive action
of the totalitarian states. Both Britain and France faced economic
hardship after the First World War and their governments concentrated
on solving the economic problems after the Great Depression and
could not divide their attention on maintaining peace. In order to
satisfy the territorial want of the aggressive countries, they tolerated
their expansionist activities. For examples, when Italy invaded
Abyssinia in 1935, both France and Britain agreed that two-thirds of
Abyssinia would be given to Italy. In 1938, when Germany invaded
the Sudetenland, both countries signed the Munich Agreement with
Hitler to allow the occupation of the Sudetenland. Under the Great
Depression, both Britain and France adopted the appeasement policy to
tolerate the aggressors and encouraged the territorial expansions of
aggressors which led to the war.
Finally, the Great Depression fostered nationalism indirectly.
Countries under the economic recession increased tariffs and imposed
protective measures to protect their local industries. Under the
widespread of economic nationalism, economic operation and
interdependence were weakened, whereas competition between
countries was intensified. To scramble for raw materials and to seek
new trade markets, aggressive countries invaded other places.
In conclusion, the Great Depression encouraged the warlike behaviors
of Germany, Italy and Japan, led to the adoption of the appeasement
2000-HIST-CE I-9
2000 History
policy by Britain and France and terminated the international
cooperation, which led to the outbreak of the Second World War.
2000-HIST-CE I-10
2000年香港中學會考
歷史科評卷參考
甲部 (歷史資料題)
1. (a) 清政府所面對的問題 [3分]
任何三個問題:
例: – 內部叛亂 (義和團運動)。
– 武裝起事 (康有為及唐才常的支持者所策動)。
– 革命運動 (孫中山支持者所策動)。
– 排外活動 (傳教士在多個地區遇襲)。
(b) 資料是否充分解釋滿清政府倒台的原因 [6分]
L1 答案只局限於資料，或只運用了歷史知識作答。 (最多3分)
L2 答案完備，能適當引用相關的資料，並有提及資料遺漏了的其他因素。
(資料中提及的因素)
例 : – 義和團運動 : 加劇地域主義。
– 傳教士遇襲 : 使中外關係趨於緊張。
– 武裝起事 : 削弱滿清統治。
(資料以外的因素)
例 : – 對外戰爭屢遭挫敗 : 帶來屈辱。
– 政府腐敗無能 : 造成廣泛的不滿。
– 改革失敗 : 加強反政府/革命運動的號召力。 (最多6分)
2000-CE-HIST 1−1
只限教師參閱 FOR TEACHERS’ USE ONLY
修訂版
2. (a) 漫畫家對尼古拉二世性格的看法 [3分]
L1 只指出漫畫家的看法，但沒有加以解釋/引用資料中相關證據。
(最多1分)
L2 指出漫畫家的看法，並能引用相關證據來支持答案。
例: – 意志薄弱/容易被人影響 (像被催眠了般，隨著拉斯普丁吹奏的曲調
起舞)。
– 耽於逸樂 (欣然起舞)。 (最多3分)
(b) 資料C顯示的尼古拉二世性格是否與資料B一致 [3分]
預期考生能察覺到資料C與資料B所持的看法不一致。但如果考生持相反意見，
並能提出有力理據，應予接受。
L1 解釋含糊，鮮有嘗試用自己的文字表達。 (最多1分)
L2 答案清晰，並嘗試用自己文字解釋。
例 : – 他質疑拉斯普丁對人的看法，顯示他並非意志薄弱/不易受人影響。
– 他對高層職位的任命表示關注，顯示他並非只貪圖逸樂。(最多3分)
(c) 資料B及C對了解1905–16年間俄國的政治狀況有多大用處 [5分]
L1 答案只說明資料在反映當時俄國的政治狀況方面的用處或局限。 (最多3分)
L2 答案完備，能說明資料的用處及局限。
(用處)
例 : – 尼古拉二世的柔弱性格(資料B)，使拉斯普丁得以權傾朝野。
– 大臣頻頻更換(資料C)。
(局限)
遺漏其他重要因素(例如：改革失敗，革命活動蔓延，與德國交戰
失利)。 (最多5分)
2000-CE-HIST 1−2
3. (a) 納粹主義的特徵 [4分]
L1 從資料指出兩項特徵，但沒有提及相關的條文。 (最多2分)
L2 指出兩項特徵，並引用相關條文。
例 : – 主張泛日耳曼主義/極端民族主義 (條文1)。
– 決心廢除凡爾賽條約及聖澤門條約 (條文2)。
– 主張擴張德國領土/生存空間 (條文3)。
– 相信日耳曼民族的優越性/反閃族主義 (條文4)。 (最多4分)
(b) (i) 導致納粹黨人提出有關的要求的歷史背景 [3分]
L1 論點含糊，鮮有把要求與相關的歷史背景連繫起來。 (最多2分)
L2 清楚地把要求與相關的歷史背景連繫起來。
例 : – 日耳曼民族對國家光榮的渴求 (因此提出條文1所示的要求)。
– 凡爾賽協定帶來的屈辱 (因此提出條文2及3所示的要求)。
– 威瑪政府的缺失 (因此提出條文25所示的要求)。 (最多3分)
(ii) 到了1939年，上述要求是否得到實現 [3分]
L1 論點含糊，鮮有把要求與相關的史實連繫起來。 (最多2分)
L2 答案清晰，並適當地引用相關史實。
例 : – 條文1所示的要求：吞併奧地利，並侵佔蘇台德區 (1938)。
– 條文 2 所示的要求：侵佔萊茵河區 (1936) ，並吞併奧地利
(1938)。
– 條文3所示的要求：侵佔蘇台德區以外的捷克領土，並進攻波
蘭 (1939)。
– 條文25所示的要求：希特拉崛起 (1933)，顯示強人領袖的出
現。 (最多3分)
2000-CE-HIST 1−3
修訂版
4. (a) 國家名稱 [1分]
蘇聯
線索 [2分]
任何兩項線索：
例： – 約瑟史太林是出席波茨坦會議(1945)的蘇聯代表，其身份可從邱吉爾的
講話以及漫畫中的人物推斷出來。
– 準備接球的人物的外貌與約瑟史太林相似。
– 鐵鎚與鐮刀是蘇聯的象徵。
(b) (i) 解釋「約瑟」是否一個好隊友 [4分]
L1 持正面的看法，並引用相關的線索：
例 : – 約瑟參與球賽，並看來樂在其中。 (最多2分)
L2 持負面的看法，並適當地引用相關的線索：
例 : – 邱吉爾擔心約瑟不會遵守球賽規則 (持球不放)。
– 約瑟似乎不大合作/不合群 (所穿球衣與邱吉爾及杜魯門的
不同)。
– 約瑟被描繪成有野心及具攻擊性 (雙腳拱起，兩手張開，準
備攫取任何物件)。 (最多4分)
(註：若考生只提供一項線索，分數不應多於3分。)
(ii) 支持漫畫家對「約瑟」的看法的歷史事件 [3分]
L1 僅指出歷史事件而未加申述。 (最多1分)
L2 清楚地運用歷史事件支持漫畫家的看法。
例：– 蘇聯在德黑蘭/雅爾達會議中暴露其領土野心。
– 蘇聯反對美國提出的馬歇爾計劃。
– 蘇聯不贊同英美兩國有關德國再度統一的建議。
– 蘇聯領導共產主義集團，抗衡以英美兩國為首的資本主義集
團。 (最多3分)
2000-CE-HIST 1−4
乙部 (論述題)
5. (a) 1815–48年間，維也納協定是否有助於維持歐洲的和平與秩序 [20分]
討論焦點應放在維也納協定於上述時期，是否有效地維持歐洲的和平與秩序。
答案可提及領土的安排與下列原則的施行如何影響歐洲的和平與秩序：圍堵侵
略者、復辟正統君主、維持勢力均衡。
(註：若答案只陳述維也納協定，分數不應多於8分。)
(b) 1815–48年間，會議制度是否有助於維持歐洲的和平與秩序 [10分]
考生應探討直至1848年，愛斯拉沙伯會議 (1818)，特波拉會議 (1820)，萊柏

克會議 (1821)，及凡羅拿會議 (1822) 是否有效地維持歐洲的和平與秩序。
(註：若答案只陳述各次會議，分數不應多於4分。)
6. (a) 19世紀中葉中國與日本對外開放門戶過程相同及相異之處 [10分]
相同之處：
例： – 兩者均不願意開放門戶。
– 兩者均在武力脅迫下開放門戶。
相異之處：
例： – 中國因對外戰爭屢次失利而開放門戶，但日本的門戶開放過程則沒有涉
及同等程度/規模的軍事衝突。
– 中國蒙受的損失較日本大 (戰爭挫敗，領土損失，龐大賠款)。
(註：若答案只分別陳述中國與日本對外開放門戶的過程，分數不應多於4分。)
(b) 中國與日本的門戶開放如何影響兩國直至1860年代的發展 [10 +10分]
考生應探討中國與日本如何受西力東漸以及期間與列強簽訂的條約之影響。討
論範圍可包括政治、社會、經濟及文化等方面。
2000-CE-HIST 1−5
7. (a) 意大利及德意志統一運動遇上的障礙 [10 +10分]
考生應探討意大利及德意志統一運動所面對的外來及內部障礙。討論範圍可包括
地域分歧、政治分裂，以及遭受外邦管治/干預等。
(b) 哪個運動遇上較大的障礙 [10分]
只要論點具說服力，答案選取哪個運動均可接受，惟考生須嘗試比較，並作出結
論。
(註：若答案只陳述其中一個運動而沒有作出比較，分數不應多於5分。)
8. (a) 成為「世界強國」需具備的條件 [10分]
考生應指出成為「世界強國」需具備的條件，例如：軍事力量、經濟實力、政治
穩定、社會進步及國際地位。
(b) 到了1922年，日本可否被視為一個「世界強國」 [20分]
只要論點能與(a)部所述的「需具備的條件」連繫起來，肯定及否定的答案均可
接受。
(註：若答案只陳述日本直至1922年的發展，而沒有與(a)部所述的「需具備的條
件」連繫起來，分數不應多於8分。)
2000-CE-HIST 1−6
9. 作為第二次世界大戰的成因，(a)集體安全的失敗及(b)「經濟大衰退」的重要性
[20+10分]
(a) 集體安全的失敗 [20分]
考生應討論兩戰期間各項謀求維持集體安全的努力所遭的挫敗，如何導致第二
次世界大戰。該等努力可包括國際聯盟、羅加諾條約、凱格–白理安公約、華
盛頓會議、倫敦會議及日內瓦會議。
(註：若答案只陳述各項謀求維持集體安全的努力，而沒有與第二次世界大戰的
發生連繫起來，分數不應多於8分。)
(b) 「經濟大衰退」 [10分]
考生應討論「經濟大衰退」如何導致社會及經濟問題、造成有利於獨裁者/侵略
國崛起的環境，以及引致英法兩國採取綏靖政策，因而引發第二次世界大戰。
2000-CE-HIST 1−7
2000-CE-HIST 1−8

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2000-CE

8.30 am – 10.15 am (1¾ hours)

Attempt all questions in this part.

The following map shows China’s situation in 1899–1900.

2000-CE-HIST 1–2 –1–

The following cartoon shows Czar Nicholas II dancing to Rasputin’s tune.

2000-CE-HIST 1–3 –2–

1. We demand the union of all Germans to form a Greater Germany.

2000-CE-HIST 1–4 –3–

2000-CE-HIST 1–5 –4– Go on to the next page

(a) the Vienna Settlement; (20 marks)

(b) the Congress System. (10 marks)

(a) the failure of collective security; (20 marks)

(b) the Great Depression. (10 marks)

2000-CE-HIST 1–6 –5–

11.00 am – 11.45 am (¾ hour) Subject Code 110

3. ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS. All answers should be marked on the

1. Hitler passed the Nuremberg Laws to

A. eliminate the Aryan race.

A. Russia withdrew from the First World War.

3. Which of the following explains the enormous influence enjoyed by the

(1) They enjoyed a dominating position in the Privy Council.

A. (1) and (2) only

2000-CE-HIST 2–2 –1–

A. French ...... Poland

5. Which of the following persons advocated a policy of ‘peaceful co-

6. Which of the following has a direct cause-and-effect relationship?

A. Prussia’s victory in the Franco-Prussian War ––– the

2000-CE-HIST 2–3 –2–

Man on left : ‘The scum of the earth, I believe?’

7. The cartoon refers to the signing of the

A. the development of a European war into a global war

(1) He advocated the Second Revolution against Yuan Shikai.

A. (1) and (2) only

10. Which of the following helped to explain Japan’s success in setting up

A. The League of Nations took no military action to stop

11. Which of the following countries posed a major obstacle to nationalist

A. (1) and (2) only

2000-CE-HIST 2–5 –4–

A. Organisation for European Economic Cooperation ......

When X was formed in 1957, Britain was enjoying economic

13. Which of the following are correctly paired?

A. Alexander I ––– the signing of the Treaty of Adrianople

14. Napoleon III’s main contribution to the completion of Italian unification

A. stationed troops in Rome.

2000-CE-HIST 2–6 –5–

HISTORY DOESN’T REPEAT ITSELF

2000-CE-HIST 2–7 –6–

(1) decline of party government in Japan.

A. (1) and (2) only

18. As a result of recommendation, the was set up.

A. Prince Gong’s ..... Zongli Yamen

19. Japan entered into the Anglo-Japanese Alliance in 1902 mainly to

A. seek Britain’s acceptance of Japan’s annexation of Korea.

A. Stolypin’s land reforms.

2000-CE-HIST 2–8 –7–

1879 Born in a peasant family

A. They were intended to enhance the status of the Han

A. The emperor had no real power.