Module 1 What is history

History
-to the study and interpretation by a historian on the data and
other source of the past human activity, people, societies and
civilizations leading to the present day.
- It is a chronicle of records and studies the past and the legacies
of the past.

three things that we have to remember about

history

 based on past events.

 interpreted by someone usually by historian.
 that history relies on data and documents which historian
call as historical sources.
History came from the Greek word “Historia” means inquiry

Historian
-is an expert or student of history, especially that of a particular
period, geographical region or social phenomenon.
-also gives meaning to these facts and organizes them
chronologically.

1
One way for a historian to be objective is to follow the historical
method.

Historical method
- core protocols historians’ use for handling sources

objective historian
- must verify sources
-date them
-locate the place of origin
- identify their intended functions.

Philippine History

Renato Constantino
- who supposed that our Philippine History is a story of struggle.
-re-evaluation of history is the famous Filipino Anthropologist
Felipe Landa Jocano who disputed Henry Otley Beyer regarding
Filipinos who descended from Negritos and Malays through
Beyer’s Migration Theory

According to Jocano, “It is difficult to prove that the first

inhabitants of this country were Negritos.”

Teodoro A. Agoncillo
“There is a great similarity between legal evidence and historical
evidence.”

Birth of Philippine History

2
According to H.O. Beyer’s Migration Theory
-history of the Philippines is believed to have taken off with the
arrival of the first humans using rafts or boats at least 67,000
years ago as the 2007 discovery of Callao Man suggested.

the story of the Ten Bornean Datus

- Negrito tribes first inhabited the isles and more groups later
migrated to the islands
- written record of the Philippine Islands started with the coming
of the Spaniards.
- Many pre-colonial records were lost and were no longer
retrieved. Therefore, much of what is known about pre-Spanish
days is still insufficient.
- Others said that some of our recovered records came from
other countries which were in touch with the islands.

Murillo-Velarde Map
-was a hydrographical chart of the Philippine Island
-drawn by Jesuit Father Pedro Murillo Velarde (1696-1753)
- published in Manila in the year 1734
-the first and believed to be the most important map of the
Philippines.
-It shows that our country that time was a vital part of Spain and
it illustrates the maritime routes from Manila to Spain and to
those colonies of Spanish Empire in the New World.

Importance of Studying History

3
1. Revisiting and studying history is important because it allows
us to know and appreciate our past, which in turn allows
understanding our present and the present will be our foundation
for the future.
2. Studying history can provide us a vision into our cultures of
origin as well as cultures with which we might be less familiar.
3. It will increase our cross-cultural awareness and
understanding of things we do not know from our past.

Problems in Studying the Philippine History

Students lack interest in studying our Philippine History due to
the following possible reasons:
• Some teachers do not dig deeper in the discussion of
Philippine History to hopefully trigger enthusiasm of students
about our history.
• Lack of training and seminar to opportunities for both teachers
and students learning together about Philippine History.
• Presentation of topics in textbooks, at times, no longer fit the
interest of the students.
• The pedagogy of teaching Philippine History must help
students become critical thinkers rather than being just passive
recipient of lessons.

4
Module 2 Historical Sources
There are three kinds of sources
 Primary sources
 Secondary sources
 Tertiary sources.
Primary Source
- testimony of an individual who was a participant in or a direct
witness to the event that is being described.
-It is a document or physical object which was written or created
during the time under a study.

five main categories of primary sources:

 written sources
 numerical records
 oral statements,
 relics
 images
Written sources
-They are written or printed materials that have been produced
in one form or another sometime in the past.( travelogue,
transcription of speech, autobiographies, journals or
newspapers) (La Solidaridad).

5
Numerical records
- which include any type of numerical data in printed or
handwritten form.
Oral statements
- which include any form of statement made orally by an
eyewitness. It maybe through video recordings, audio
recordings, or transcribed.

Relics
- any objects whose physical or visual characteristics can
provide some information about the past. These include
artifacts, ruins and fossils.

Images
- It includes photograph, posters, paintings, drawing cartoons
and maps.

Secondary Sources
- interprets and analyzes primary sources.
- It is prepared by an individual who was not direct witness to an
event, but not who obtained his or her description of the event
from someone else.
-type of secondary sources
are history textbook, printed materials, biographies, nonfiction
text such as newspaper, magazine, journals, works of criticism
and interpretation.

Tertiary Source
6
- It provides third hand information by reporting ideas and
details from secondary source.
- examples of this kind of source are encyclopedia, almanac,
Wikipedia, YouTube, dictionaries,
message boards, social media sites and other search sites.

Historical Criticisms
Historical Criticism
- branch of criticism that investigates the origin of text or source
in order to understand the word behind the text.
Goal
1.is to discover the text primitive original historical context and
its literal sense.
2. seeks to establish a reconstruction of historical situation of the
author and recipients of the text.
two types of historical criticism
 external criticism (investigates the documents form)
 internal criticism (investigates the content of the
documents).

External Criticism
- obvious sign of forgery or misrepresentation.

7
- tests the authenticity of the sources.
- The historian also analyzes the original manuscript; its
integrity, localization and the date it was written
- is concern with the explicit sign of misrepresentation, it is the
first test the historian employ to ascertain sources validity.

Test of Authenticity
The first Test
to test a source to determine the date of document to see
whether it is anachronistic. Anachronism means out of time or
order
- It could be a person, thing or idea placed in a wrong time.
The second test
- determine the author’s handwriting, signature or seal.
The third test
- determining the authenticity of the source is by looking for the
anachronistic style. In this test we will examine idiomatic
expression or the orthography used in the documents.

The fourth test

- is the anachronistic reference to events. For example, if the
event cited in the document is prior to the actual event, then the
document must be forged or fake.

The fifth test

-of authenticity is the provenance or custody of the document.
Provenance is the place of origin of earliest known history of

8
documents. It traces the roots of any source.

Two test of authenticity

 Semantics
 Hermeneutics.

Semantics
- is the linguistic study of meaning. In this test semantics
determine the meaning of the text and words of the source. We
may ask: is the meaning of the statements different from its
literal meaning?

Hermeneutics
- hand is theory and methodology of interpretation.
- is more than interpretation or method used when immediate
comprehension fails.

Internal Criticism
- looks for deeper or more intense study of sources.
- It refers to the accuracy of the content of a document.
- It investigates the content or substance of a document and the
author’s point of view.

Test of Credibility

The first step

- is the identification of the author.

9
- the mental processes of the witness, if he is capable of telling
the truth, or if he is mentally challenged.

The second step

- testing the credibility of the eyewitness is to determine the
approximate date.
The third step
- testing the credibility of the source is its ability to tell the truth.
- examine how near an eyewitness is to the event. The closer a
source is to the event which it purports to describe, the more one
can trust it to give an accurate historical description of what
actually happened.

The fourth step

-is the willingness to tell the truth. If the eyewitness is coerced,
forced or somebody threaten him to tell something then his
account is not valid.

The last step

- to look for corroboration. This particular step rest upon the
independent testimony of two or more reliable sources.

Some Conflicting Views in Philippine History

background of the First Mass, The Cavite Mutiny, the so-called
Retraction of Jose Rizal, and The Cry of Balintawak.

Site of the First Mass in the Philippines

the controversy where the first mass was held in the Philippines

10
when Ferdinand Magellan reached our archipelago
– in (Masao)Butuan or Limasawa (Leyte)?

two Jesuit historians accounted for Magellan’s voyage in the

Philippines,
FATHER FRANCISCO COLLINS
FATHER FRANCISCO COMBES

1st interpretation
Father Francisco Collins
-he is a missionary preist here in the Philippines
-in his work Labor Evangelica(1663)
-published 240 years later in three volumes with annotations of
Father Pastells in Madrid in 1903.
-describes the story of the first mass in the phil.

According to father Francisco Collins

- the first mass in the philippines happened in Masao Butuan
About the arrival of Magellan and the first mass based on
COLLIINS
 “At the end of three months and twelve days during
which they traverse 4,000 leagues (22,200 km)-from
spain

11
 they crossed the equator a second time , they climbed up
to 15 degrees North Latitude where they came upon two
islands which they named Las Velas (The Sails)”
-After reaching las Velas they came upon the Ladrones
Islands (now Marianas Island).
 A few days later they saw the island of Ibabao (Samar)
in this archipelago in this archipelago, the first island
they touched at was humunu (humunhon)
 Humunu (Humunhon) - Small uninhabited Island near
Guiuan Point.
 Collins said to that the other islets they gave name
Buenas senas(good omens)
 -San Lazaro (Before it became Philippines)
-they gave this name for the entire archipelago
- being the Saturday of Saint Lazarus’ Sunday in Lent of
the year 1521.
 “On Easter Day, in the territory of Butuan, the first mass
ever offered and a cross was planted

 Magellan then took formal possession of the islands in

the name of the Emperor and of the crown of Castille.
 magellans also met several chief
 Chief of Dimasawa(Limasawa)
- relative of the chief of butuans and of that of
zebu(cebu)
-“The man who gave the most signal service to our men
 Collins seemed familiar and precise with the accounts of
Magellan‟s voyage and for his narration of Magellan’s
landing in Homonhon Island.

12
 2nd interpretation
Father Francisco Combes (1620- 1665).
 he and collins both lived and worked as missionaries
 History of Mindanao
 Combes’ work was edited by Wenceslao Retana and
Father Pastells.

According to Combes..
 first time that the royal standards of the faith were seen
to fly in this island (of Mindanao).
then the archipelago was first discovered by the Admiral
Alonzo de Magallanes.
 “He followed a new and difficult route (across the
Pacific), entering the Strait of Siargao formed by the
island and that of Leyte, and landing at the island of
Mazaua (Limasawa) which is the entrance of the strait.”
 “Amazed by the novelty and strangeness of the Spanish
Nation and the ships, the barbarians of that island
welcomed them and gave them good refreshments”

13
  “While at Limasaua, they heard of the river Butuan
 After to limasaua Magellan Visited the river of Butuan.
 Magellan contented himself with having them do
reverence to the cross which is erected upon a Hillock as
a sign to future generations of their alliance.
 Combes explained that Magellan landed in Butuan and
he put the cross in a solemn ceremony, but he did not
mention about the first mass held.

Two Contradicting Accounts of the two Jesuit Historians

1. Combes – Magellan went first to Limasaua then to

Butuan(where the cross erected)and went back to
Limasaua(whre they held the first mass) before sailing to Cebu.
2. Collin - Magellan went first to Butuan( erected the cross and
the first mass was held) then to Limasaua before sailing to Cebu.

Evidence that show Limasaua as the place where the first mass
was held:
1. Albo’s Log Book
Albo
-was part of Magellan expedition.
- He was the pilot (called contra maestre) in Magellan‟s flagship
Trinidad).
-he was among the 18 survivors of the expedition
-own log book during their voyage.

14
2. Pigafetta’s Chronicle
Antonio Pigafetta
-official chronicler of Ferdinand Magellan
-he recorded everything he observed during their voyages.

They used Pigafetta’s records as follows:

• Pigafetta’s testimony regarding the route;
• Pigafetta’s drawn map;
• The two native kings as stated in Pigafetta’s chronicle; and
• The seven day stay in the place called “Mazaua”.
3. Summary of Albo and Pigafetta Testimony.
4. Confirmatory evidence from Legaspi expedition.

In relation to this issue a law was passed in Congress, even

though it is still under debate,
Republic Act 2733
-declares Limasawa Island in the province of Leyte as the place
where the first mass in the Philippines was held.

Supplemental Reading:
Mora grouped his sources into four:
1.documents written during Ferdinand Magellan’s historic
expedition around the world
2.reports and testimonies of the survivors who managed to make
it back to Europe;
3. chronicles and other primary sources by authors who
interviewed the survivors

15
4. secondary sources that years later interpreted the information
provided by the primary sources and the testimonies transmitted
over time.

Cavite mutiny (ang pag-aalsa ng cavite)

• Primary reason of cavite mutiny

1. arsenal workers (filipino worker) of spaniards

2 privileges of Arsenal workers
-excepted from tax
-excepted from rendering service to polo y servicio
-when the new seated governor Rafael Izquierdo
removed this privilege from the arsenal workers.
2. Secularization of the parishes
-spanish friars to filipino priest
2 kinds of clergy
8Regular clergy - missionary (after the missionary they must
go back to Spain but the Spanish don’t want to go back
because they want the power)
*Secular Clergy
– control the parishes (but the Spanish Spaniards don’t want
to give the control of the parishes that’s because they join
the mutiny. Gumburza was also executed)
• The 12th June of every year since 1898
-is a very important event for all the Filipinos.
-Philippines Independence Day.
• 1896
-it is equally important

16
-the year when the Philippine Revolution broke out owing to the
Filipino’s desire to be free from the abuses
• 1872
-we should be reminded that another year is as historic as the
two
• The two major events in 1872
*Cavite Mutiny
* the martyrdom of the three Filipino priests in the persons
(Fathers Mariano Gomes, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora
(GOMBURZA)
GOMBURZA
-which in effect a major factor in awakening of Nationalism
among the Filipinos.
• Spanish Viewpoint of the Mutiny
The two Spaniards
Montero Vidal-Spanish Historian,
Governor General Rafael Izquierdo
- According to them the cavite mutiny is a big conspiracy
among educated leaders, mestizos, abogadillos or native
lawyers, residents of Manila and Cavite and the native clergy.
- They insinuated that the conspirators of Manila and Cavite
planned to liquidate high- ranking Spanish officers to be
followed by the massacre of the friars.
- Mutiny happened (January 20, 1872)
the day Sampaloc Manila celebrated the feast of the Virgin of

17
Loreto, as a tradition. They celebrated the occasion with usual
fireworks displays.
- Apparently, those in Cavite misidentified the fireworks as the sign for
the attack.

-headed by Sergeant La Madrid the 200-men contingent

- launched an attack targeting Spanish officers at sight and seized

the arsenal in Fort San Felipe.

- When the news reached Gov. Gen. Izquierdo, he ordered the reinforcement
of the Spanish forces in Cavite to suppress the revolt

-The “revolution” was easily crushed when the anticipated support from
Manila did not come ashore..

- Sergeant La Madrid were killed in the battle,

-while the GOMBURZA were tried by a court-martial and were
condemned to die by strangling (Garote).
- Patriots like Joaquin Pardo de Tavera, Antonio Ma. Regidor,
Jose and Pio Basa and other abogadillos were suspended by the
Audiencia (High Court) from the practice of law, arrested and
were exiled to Guam
-Gov. Gen. Izquierdo dissolved the native regiments of artillery
and ordered the formation of artillery force to be composed
exclusively of Peninsulares (Spanish-born Spaniard or mainland
Spaniard residing in newly colonized countries).

18
• Filipino Viewpoint of the Mutiny
Dr. Trinidad Pardo de Tavera
Filipino scholar and researcher,
- wrote the Filipino version of the incident in Cavite.
From his point of view
- the event was an ordinary mutiny by the native Filipino soldiers and
laborers of the Cavite arsenal who turned out to be frustrated with the
end of their privileges.
- Tavera pointed Gov. Izquierdo responsible for cold- blooded policies
such as the abolition of privileges of the workers and native army
members of the arsenal and the exclusion of the creation of school of
arts and trades for Filipinos,

- On January 20, 1872,

headed by Sergeant La Madrid
about 200 men comprised of soldiers, laborers of the arsenal, the
residents of Cavite, rose in arms and killed the commanding officer
and Spanish officers in sight. expecting support from the majority of
the army but, unfortunately, it did not happen.
- This report of mutiny reached the authorities in Manila and Gov.
Gen. Izquierdo instantly ordered the reinforcement of Spanish troops
in Cavite.
- After two days, the mutiny was officially declared restrained.
- Spanish friars and Gov. Izquierdo used the Cavite Mutiny as a
powerful control by amplifying it as full- blown conspiracy
- involved residents of Cavite and Manila, and essentially the native
clergy to take over the Spanish government in Philippines.

19
- It is important to note that during that time, the Central Government
in Madrid announced its intention to remove the friars of all the
powers of involvement in matters of civil government and the course
and organization of educational institutions.
This gathering of events was, believed by Tavera, urged friars to do
something severe in their awful aspiration to maintain power in the
Philippines.

Retraction of Rizal
• Some historians believed that Jose Rizal retracted his Anti-Catholic
ideas through a document before he was executed.

2 version of Retraction of Riza

*Jesuit Version
*Spy Version

this lesson is based on research of Rene Escalante*

-Did Jose Rizal Die a Catholic? Revisiting Rizal’s Last 24 Hours
Using Spy Reports

Reasons why historians had different narratives about Rizal’s life:

1. His biographers could not focus their narratives on just one aspect
of his life since he was a versatile person and his engagements were
numerous
2. Researchers were viewing Rizal from different perspectives
3. Differences may be due to the primary sources on which historians
based their narratives.
The Jesuit Version
- The local newspaper that reported the retraction were La Voz
Espanola, El Espanol, El Comercio, and La Oceania Espanola.

20
-The Jesuits figured prominently during the last 24 hours of Rizal’s
life
Manila Archbishop Bernardino Nozaleda
-the retraction of rizal happen because of this archbishop
-he asked them (pio pi) to take care of Rizal’s spiritual needs
- Pio Pi (the Superior of the Jesuits)
-he considered Rizal to be Ateneo Municipal High School’s “very
distinguished and dear pupil”
-Pio pi sent to rizal detention cell were Frs. Vicente Balaguer, Jose
Vilaclara, Estanislao March, Luis Visa, Federico Faura, and Miguel
Saderra.
-Fr. Pi instructed them to persuade Rizal to retract his anti- Catholic
teachings as well as his affiliation with the Masons.
- they demand these two things before ministering the necessary sacraments.
*that the retraction should be in writing
*should be in writing using either of the two sample retraction
templates approved by the archbishop

Fr. Vicente Balaguer

- who wrote extensively about what happened in
Rizal’s detention cell that day before he was executed.
- used the first person pronoun, which suggests that he was Personally
present and involved un the negotiation.

• According to Balaguer, they discussed some articles of Catholic

faith. They debated on such issues like supremacy of faith over
reason, and dogmatic differences that divided Catholics and
protestants.
• They advised Rizal not to spend much time discussing

21
faith-related issues and focus instead on how to die
in state of grace so he could enter heaven.
• They explained that they could not administer the sacraments he
needed without him signing a retraction letter and making a profession
of faith.
• He warned Rizal that he will go to hell if he did not return to the
Catholic fold
• It was in their return at 10pm they showed Rizal the two retraction
templates Fr. Pi had given them.
• first template unacceptable because it was too long and its language
and style were nor reflective of his personality
• Balaguer withdrew it and offered the shorter one but Rizal did not
sign it right away because he was uncomfortable with the statement
• After making some changes to the draft, Rizal signed the retraction
before midnight.
• Balaguer handed it to Fr. Pi, who in turn submitted it to Archbishop
Bernardino Nozaleda.
The text of the retraction states:

Challenges to the Jesuit version

Friedrich Stahl
• wrote to Ferdinand Blumentritt in January 1897
“nobody has ever seen this written declaration in spite of the fact that
quite a number of people would want to see it”

Jose Alejandrino

22
• sent to Filipino expatriates in Hong Kong dated March 6, 1897
he expressed the same point.
“the Spaniards want to persecute him even in the tomb, since they
slander him by imputing to him confessions and retractions which he
himself could not have done”

Trinidad, Rizal’s sister

• after her brother’s death the Jesuits invited their family to attend a
Mass offered for the eternal repose of his soul.
• The Jesuits promised that after the Mass they would show them the
original retraction. Until they parted ways, the promise did not
materialize.

Fr. Manuel Gracia

In 1935 the archdiocesan archivist
• was sorting through folders of documents that he would later transfer
to a newly acquired fireproof vault. While doing this, he found the
“original” retraction document about Rizal in a bundle titled Masoneria
• he called Manila Archbishop Michael O’Doherty
• the archbishop, who in turn showed it to President Manuel L. Quezon.

• Teodoro M. Kalaw,
- a Mason and the director of the National Library
- That same day they asked him to examine the document.
- Kalaw declared that it was “authentic, definite and final”

• Carlos P. Romulo
-the editor of the newspaper Philippines Herald,
-to evaluate the veracity of the document.
-Romulo agreed with Kalaw’s findings,
-on June 15, 1935 he published the news in the Philippines Herald under the
banner headline“Rizal’s Retraction Found.”

23
• Doherty requested H. Otley Beyer,
-a professor of anthropology at U.P. Diliman and a known handwriting
expert,
-to examine whether the document was genuine or not.
- Beyer concluded, “there is not the slightest doubt that every word on that
sheet of paper was written by Jose Rizal”

• The masons regarded the retraction that came out in 1935 as a fact, but
whether it was indeed written and signed by Rizal was for them a big
question.

• Rafael Palma,
- former president of the University of the Philippines and a prominent
Mason
-disputed/disagree the veracity of the document because it did not reflect
Rizal’s true character and beliefs. “pious fraud”

• Dr. Ricardo R. Pascual

-one of the persons who was given permission by the archbishop to examine
the document,
wrote: “it is better that such document should not have been discovered at
all” (Pascual 1959, 4).

-came up with a book that questioned its authenticity

-1. First, he scrutinized the handwriting and compared it with other
documents that Rizal had written days before he was executed.
These included Mi Ultimo Adios. The Defensa, and the dedicatory note
found on the title page of the book Imitacio de Cristo, which Rizal gave to
Josephine Bracken.
-Pascual identified inconsistencies in the slants of the handwriting, Rizal’s
signature, the inks used, the font of some words, the margin, and the way
individual letters were formed.
-All these observations led him to conclude that the newly found retraction
document was a forgery.

24
• Another objection raised against the authenticity of Rizal’s retraction was
the differences between the text of the 1935 document cualidad is spelled with a
u while in Fr. Balaguer’s version, the spelling is calidad (without the u”)
• Second, Fr. Balaguer’s version does not have the word Catolica after the word
Iglesia. In the 1935 and the newspaper versions, the word Catolica is present.
• Third, in the Jesuits’ copy the third Iglesias is preceded by the word misma.
This word cannot be found in the 1935 document.
• Fourth, with regard to paragraphing, Fr. Balaguer’s version does not begin
the second paragraph until the fifth sentence while the 1935 version starts the
second paragraph immediately after the second sentence.
• Finally, the text of the 1935 retraction has 4 commas, while the text of Fr.
Balaguer’s has 11

• Pascual concluded that the 1935 retraction document was a forgery, but he
was not able to identify the forgers.

Ildefonso Runes
-who would do so in a book that he published in 1962.
-Runes wrote that on August 13, 1901
-Roman Roque, a close neighbor of the Abads, was among the celebrants’
well-wishers.
-Roque disclosed that he had been fetched by Lazaro Segovia in San Isidro,
and later taken to Manila.
-He had stayed in the Hotel Quatro Naciones in Intramuros and been
employed by the friars for 10 days. He was given the equivalent of his salary
for two months in the government.
-For several days, he studied Rizal’s handwriting. According to him, he made
about five copies of retraction letter based on a draft prepared by the friars.
-He thought of keeping one for himself. But when he was searched upon
departure, his copy was taken from him.
Roman roque – considered as the forger of the history

Cuerpo de Vigilancia Collection

25
• Cuerpo de Vigilancia de Manila (Security Corps of Manila)
- was the intelligence service that the Spanish Colonial government created
in 1895.
-organized primarily to gather information on the activities of Katipunan
members and supporters.

-able to collect almost 3, 000 documents containing eyewitness accounts of

the activities of individuals fighting for Philippine Independence.

-NCCA officuals labeled the Cuerpo Collections as “Katipunan and Rizal

documents.”( only 30% of the collection.)
-more than 1000 reports found in the collection, around 30 are about Rizal.

Cuerpo de Vigilancia Version

Details observertion
• Inspector Jefe Federico Moreno

-was neither a member of the Catholic hierarchy nor a Mason.

-Moreno’s report did not mention Fr. Balaguer.

-Only two Jesuits were present, Fr. Jose Vilaclara and Fr. Estanislao March

-Moreno confirmed that Rizal had visitors in after dinner, before the day of
his execution.

-visitors are Senor Andrade, Senor Maure, Frs March and Vilaclara.

-Moreno’s report was a big blow to Balaguer’s credibility but it did not refute
the claim that Rizal retracted.

-It mentions that when Fr. March returned at 3pm, Rizal handed him a
document.

-that after Rizal signed the alleged retraction letter, he read the Acts of Faith,
Hope and Charity as well as the prayer for the Departing Soul. While kneeling in front
of the altar, he read his prayer book

26
-Rizal and Josephine Bracken got married. The ceremony was done in
articulo mortis (point of death) and there were no sponsors and
witnesses. No signing of marriage certificate was mentioned.
-Moreno also reported that minutes before Rizal was brought to
Luneta, he heard mass, confessed to Fr. March, received the Holy
Communion, and kissed the image of the Blessed Mother.

Cry of Balintawak or Pugadlawin?

• Based on the article of Milagros Guerrero, Emmanuel Encarnacion,
and Ramon Villegas on NCCA website
• In August 1896, northeast of Manila, Filipinos similarly declared
their rebellion against the Spanish colonial government.

Raging Controversy
Teo valenzuela
-the cry happened first at balintawak
Teodoro Agoncillo
-chose to emphasize Bonifacio’s tearing of the cedula (tax receipt)
before a crowd of Katipuneros who then broke out in cheers.

Guardia Civil Manuel Sityar

-never mentioned in his memoirs (1896- 1898) the tearing or
inspection of the cedula
-did note the pacto de sangre (blood pact) mark on every single
Filipino he met in August 1896 on his reconnaissance missions around
Balintawak.

Conflicting Accounts
-the conflict started to a one person and that is Teo valenzuela
• In September 1896, Valenzuela stated before the Olive Court, which
was charged with investigating persons involved in the rebellion, only

27
that Katipunan meetings took place from Sunday to Tuesday or 23 to
25 August at Balintawak.

• In 1911, averred that the Katipunan began meeting on 22 August

while the Cry took place on 23 August at Apolonio Samson’s house in
Balintawak.
• From 1928 to 1940, Valenzuela maintained that the Cry happened on
24 August at the house of Tandang Sora (Melchora Aquino) in Pugad
Lawin, which he now situated near Pasong Tamo Road.
• In 1935 Valenzuela, Pantas and Pacheco proclaimed
“na hindi sa Balintawak nangyari ang unang sigaw ng paghihimagsik
na kinalalagian ngayon ng bantayog, kung di sa pook na kilala sa
tawag na Pugad Lawin.”

• In 1940, a research team of the Philippines Historical Committee (a

forerunner of the National Historical Institute or NHI), which included
Pio Valenzuela, identified the precise spot of Pugad Lawin as part of
sitio Gulod, Banlat, Kalookan City. In 1964, the NHI’s Minutes of the
Katipunan referred to the place of the Cry as Tandang Sora’s and not
as Juan Ramos’ house, and the date as 23 August.

• Valenzuela memoirs (1964, 1978) averred that the Cry took place on
23 August at the house of Juan Ramos at Pugad Lawin. The NHI was
obviously influenced by Valenzuela’s memoirs.
-In 1963, upon the NHI endorsement, President Diosdado Macapagal
ordered that the Cry be celebrated on 23 August and that Pugad Lawin
be recognized as its site.

28
• John N. Schrumacher, S.J,
- the Ateneo de Manila University was to comment on Pio
Valenzuela’s credibility:
“I would certainly give much less credence to all accounts coming
from Pio Valezuela, and to the interpretations Agoncillo got from him
verbally, since Valenzuela gave so many versions from the time he
surrendered to the Spanish authorities and made various statements
not always compatible with one another up to the time when as an
old man he was interviewed by Agoncillo.”

In 1896, Valenzuela testified that when the Katipunan consulted Jose

Rizal on whether the time had come to revolt, Rizal was vehemently
against the revolution. Later, in Agoncillo’s Revolt of the masses,
Valenzuela retracted and claimed that Rizal was actually for the
uprising, if certain prerequisites were met. Agoncillo reasoned that
Valenzuela had lied to save Rizal.

• Agoncillo used his considerable influence and campaigned for a

change in the recognized site to Pugad Lawin and the date 23 August
1896.

• Consequently, Macapagal ordered that the Cry of Balintawak be

called the “Cry of Pugad Lawin,” and that it be celebrated on 23
August instead of 26 August.
The 1911 monument in Balintawak was later removed to a highway.
Student groups moved to save the discarded monument, and it was
installed in front of Vinzons Hall in the Diliman campus of the
University of the Philippines on 29 November 1968.

29
• In 1962, Teodoro Agoncillo, together with the UP Student Council,
placed a marker at the Pugad Lawin site.
•According to Agoncillo, the house of Juan Ramos stood there in
1896, while the house of Tandang Sora was located at Pasong Tamo.
• On 30 June 1983, Quezon City Mayor Adelina S. Rodriguez created
the Pugad Lawin Historical Committee to determine the location of
Juan Ramos’s 1896 residence at Pugad Lawin

• In 1943 map of Manila marks Balintawak separately from Kalookan

and Diliman. The sites where revolutionary events took place are
within the ambit of Balintawak.
• Government maps issued in 1956, 1987, and 1990, confirm the
existence of barangays Bahay Toro, but do not define their
boundaries. Pugad Lawin is not on any of these maps.

Was Andres Bonifacio the first Philippine

president?
Written by: Carmen N. Pedrosa, The Philippine Star,
December 1, 2018
According to her Andres Bonifacio should be considered the first
Philippine president.

-Bonifacio, often portrayed with a bolo in hand, is most known for

leading the Katipuneros‟ revolt against the Spanish colonizers.

-he died not in battle but under orders from another Katipunero,
Emilio Aguinaldo, who is currently recognized as the first Philippine

30
president.

Aguinaldo
-won in a snap election during the Tejeros Convention between the
Magdiwang(Bonifacio) and Magdalo(Aguinalado)
– two rival factions of the Katipunan.
Magdiwang (Bonifacio) -ordinary people
Magdalo (Aguinalado) -rich katipuneros

-Bonifacio(founder of the Katipunan) should be recognized as the first

president of the Philippines is based on his position as
Supremo of the Katipunan revolutionary government from 1896 to
1897. “From that point on, the Katipunan ceased to be a mere
revolutionary organization into a revolutionary government.

Historian Xiao Chua said

-On Aug. 24, 1896
-Andres Bonifacio convened the Kataastaasang Kapulungan (Supreme
Council) (including teo valenzuela and Emilio jacinto), declaring an
armed revolution against Spain. It was in the same meeting that they
established the Katipunan as a national government, and held an
election of officials to lead the army and the nation.

Gregorio F. Zaide
“The Katipunan was more than a secret revolutionary society; it was,
withal, a Government. It was the intention of Bonifacio to have the
Katipunan govern the whole Philippines after the overthrow of
Spanish rule.”
- who wrote a history of the Katipunan, was quoted in an article by

31
historians Milagros C. Guerrero, Emmanuel N. Encarnacion, and
Ramon N. Villegas.
- Bonifacio referred to the country as Haring Bayang Katagalugan
-Guerrero wrote in “Reform and Revolution, Kasaysayan:
The History of the Filipino People 5.”
- In letters addressed to Emilio Jacinto in 1897, Bonifacio‟s titles and
designations included Ang Kataastaasang Pangulo and Pangulo ng
Haring Bayang Katagalugan – his concept of the Philippine nation.

-Should the Katipunan revolutionary government be recognized, this

would predate the Tejeros Convention on March 22, 1897.

-Bonifacio arrived at the meeting, which was intended to resolve the

issues between the two groups. However, Aguinaldo wanted to
dissolve the Katipunan and establish a revolutionary government.

“Iyon ay isang masasabi mong maneobra para matanggal na si

Bonifacio sa puwesto. Habang andoon ang Katipunan hindi siya
matatanggal. So pinalitan nila ang agenda,”
- UP Manila professor Danilo Aragon said

• Meanwhile, Bonifacio
-was voted as director of interior.
Daniel Tirona
-a Magdalo, protested Bonifacio’s election, claiming he was not
qualified for the job. Insulted, Bonifacio, who presided over the
election, declared the assembly dissolved.
Acta de Tejeros
- a document stating they did not adopt the election results of the
convention.

32
“Yung klase ng trapo politics na mayroon tayo ngayon, ay nagsimula
pa noong panahon pa nila Aguinaldo sa Tejeros Convention.
Nandoon na yung lokohan, panlalait sa mga kandidato na walang
pera,” Aragon said.

• On May 10, 1897, Bonifacio and his brother Procopio were killed
under orders from Aguinaldo, who issued a statement 50 years later
saying he had authorized the death sentence as advised by members of
the Council of War.
March 22, 1948 was published in Teodoro Agoncillo‟s
“Revolt of the Masses.”
“Kawawa si Bonifacio, dahil parang hindi siya binigyan ng tamang
respeto bilang nagtatag ng Katipunan at nagsimula ng rebolusyon,”
Villegas said in “Case Unclosed.”

•The brothers were killed in the mountain of Maragondon, Cavite

”Kung binuhay mo din si Bonifacio, manggugulo naman siya. Kung
na sa sitwasyon ka nung kampo ni Aguinaldo, hindi mo rin siya
puwedeng hayaan na buhay,” Villegas said.

• The descendants Unsurprisingly, the descendants of the two men

hold different opinions on the matter.
“Kaya yan ang kinikilala naming hero ng pamilya sapagkat siya ay
nakipaglaban sa Kastila at naproklama niya ang ating kasarinlan,”
said former Prime Minister Cesar Virata, Aguinaldo‟s descendant.

Meanwhile, Bonifacio‟s descendant Gregorio said they want to

correct what is wrong. “Bilang apo ni Bonifacio, natural gusto naming
itama kung ano ang mali. Not for anything else, because para yung
susunod na henerasyon at nabasa nila na ito ang tama, alam nila kung
ano ang gagawin nila,” he said.

33
But while the National Historical Council of the Philippines is open to
such petitions, they maintain that Bonifacio was not the first president.
“We do not think of him as the first president, but rather we think of
him as the leader of the Katipunan. Because for one reason, we do not
yet have a government to call our own at that time,” said commission
member Bryan Anthony Paraiso. “It does not diminish his
contribution to Philippine history,” Paraiso also said.

Before the Conquest

• Philippine history writing started during Spanish time when
Ferdinand Magellan landed in the Philippine archipelago in the
year 1521, followed by Filipinos like Dr. Jose Rizal who
annotated Antonio Morga’s Book “Sucessos de Las Islas
Filipinas” (Events of the Philippine Islands) and Americans. But
before the Spaniards, there were archaeological records of early
Chinese and some Muslim scholars narrating the existence of
civilization in the archipelago.

Early Dwellers in the Philippine Archipelago

34
1. Tabon Man
- the Tabon Man skull cap was discovered by Dr. Robert Fox, an
American Anthropologist, in the Tabon cave in Palawan in
1962.
- According to research this man
lived on the early days called Stone Age and inside the cave.
- He also found evidence that these early human already knew
how to make and use tools.
Experts said skeletal remains found in Tabon were not a
Negrito.

2. Negrito
Henry Otley Beyer, a known anthropologist, introduced the
“Theory of Migration” that the first Human who came to the
Philippine Archipelago through through the Land Bridges were
Negritos, the Ancestors of the Aetas, has many anthropologists
and experts opposed and disproved this belief.

• Laguna Copperplate Inscription (LCI)

- The oldest written documents in Philippine history was found
in Lumbang River in the province of Laguna by a sand worker
and he sold it to National Museum. According to the story, a
Dutch anthropologist named Anton Postma translated the
inscription. The translation shows the Chief of Tondo pardoned
the debt of Namwaran. The LCI names several places in the
Philippines and Indonesia

• The copperplate discloses the influence of Hindu culture in the

Philippines before 900 AD (Anno Domini).

35
• Some believe that cultural contact was more likely through
Hindu Empire in Indonesia or India.
• It proves that Manila was already populated and civilized
before the arrival of Muslims in the year 1100’s to 1200’s.
It also indicates the interaction of the early Filipinos to its
neighboring Asian countries before Ferdinand Magellan.

The Early Philippine Society

• The early Filipinos started building their communities along the
mouth of the river or coastal areas. They chose the place because of
economic opportunities wherein they access the land and the water for
their everyday routine life. Their community was a Barangay setup
with 50 or 2000 people as residents.

• The Barangay originated from the story of the Ten Bornean Datus
who were believed to have sailed in the direction of the Philippines.
-using their boat called Balangay to escape the cruelty of Sultan
Makatunaw of Borneo, with their family and other people onboard.
-However, this story according to recent studies revealed
some irregularities because the story does not have any written
evidences, but only verbal or spoken historical account which became
part of Filipino culture.

Traditional Filipino Communities

• The Raja or Datu ruled the Barangay –
– their duty is to look over to the people and maintain peace within the
community and lead them if there are intruders who would like to
conquer them.

• After the historic Sandugo of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi and Datu

36
Sikatuna of Bohol, some tribal leaders adopted the symbolic
ceremony and preservation of friendship between the two tribes.

-Another way to solve the disputes of the two tribes or Barangay

during the early days was the arrange marriage of their children.
-This will give way to the merging of the two former rival kingdoms
and becomes a larger, strong and a more powerful tribe.

How does the Early Barangay choose their leader as Raja or Datu?

Early Barangay also sets qualification for their leader:

1. Age – their leader must be at around 30 years old and above.

2. Physically Fit – leader is expected to be physically strong to lead
the Barangay in maintaining peace and order and a protector from
outside aggressors.
3. Inheritance – based on bloodline relations to the former Raja or
Datu (first born son, daughter, or an immediate relative).
4. Extent of knowledge – had enough knowledge about the customs
and the traditions of Barangay.

Social Classes in the Barangay

1. Raja or Datu – was the title of the leader in the barangay during
pre-Hispanic time.
2. Maharlika (The Noble People) – This class of people does not pay
taxes in the community; they are relatives of the Datu or Raja.
3. Timawa (The Free Man) – these classes of people are free
commoner.

37
4. Alipin - Aliping Namamahay - who had received a piece of land
from his master. Aliping Sa Gigilid – single men and women who
worked to their master’s home.

Pre-Colonial Dwellings

• The early Filipinos used caves for their housing until they learned to
build houses outside using woods or bamboo and nipa leaves or cogon
grass.

Clothing’s as Ornaments
• According to Pigafetta’s chronicles, native men and women
were barefoot, without upper clothing, only Bahag for men
while women wear a piece of cloth wrapped around the waist.
They always wear necklaces and armlets.

Early Religion

• Early natives did not have religion, but they have

their god as Bathala or Maycapal in Mountain
Province.
- Islam is already present in the archipelago by 1380,
way before the Spaniard’s arrival.

Superstitious Beliefs
-• Early Filipinos believed in the existence of aswang,
kapre, dwende, tiyanak, a tikbalang.

38
Early Philippine Writing
• Baybayin – pre-Hispanic writing system in the
archipelago ; from Kawi (Javanese in Indonesia) or
Sanskrit in India.

Economy
• Archeological artifacts suggest that early Filipinos
already are engaged in trading, rice planting, hunting,
and fishing. Barter Trading is already practiced;
Chinese traders were in the archipelago.

Music and Dance

• Kudyapi - 2-stringed boat-shaped guitar.

• Kalaleng (Tongali) - flute blown by the nose.
• Gangsa – a flat gong.
• Batikok-kok – a bamboo drum.
• Kundiman – known as love song.
• Kumintang – known as sinaunang awit at sayaw
pandigma.

39
• Ang Dalit/ Imno/Oyayi/Hele – ang himno o dalit ay
isang awit ng papuri, luwalhati, kaligayahan o
pasasalamat, karaniwang para sa Diyos.
• Dugso - dance fro Bukidnon (danced duringharvest,
prayer for thanksgiving and invocation for protection)
• Salip - from Kalinga (Courtship Dance)

Colonization of the Philippines

• It all started when the two powerful countries –

Portugal and Spain – had a cold rivalry in conquering
lands to expand their empire and to look for spices as
one of the most valuable goods which is equivalent to
gold.

• To pacify the situation Pope Alexander VI mediated

between the two to avoid further conflict although they
are both Catholic countries. The Pope issued a Papal
Bull in May 4, 1493 to imaginarily divide the world
into two. A line of 556 kilometers westward of the
Azores belonged to Spain and eastward it was for

40
Portugal.

Who is Ferdinand Magellan?

• Ferdinand Magellan was born in Portugal in 1480. In
1505, he joined the Portuguese fleet that sailed to East
Africa. In Lisbon, he studied cartography, astronomy,
and celestial navigation.

• In 1513, while in war with the moors in Morocco, he

was wounded on his leg that caused him to limp for the
rest of his life. After the incident, Magellan was
accused of illegal trading with the moors that caused
him to be rejected of employment in Portugal as per
order of the King.

In 1517, convinced by Magellan’s voyage plan, King

Charles V of Spain commissioned Magellan to lead a
fleet of five (5) ships and was made a Commander.

After the successful voyage of Magellan, the King

rewarded him the following:
1. Monopoly of the discovered route for ten (10) years.
2. Appointment as Governors of discovered territories.
3. A share of fifth to any gains during the voyage.
41
4. The right to levy 1000 ducats (gold coins) on
upcoming trips.
5. Granting an island, fifteenth, he would discover.

Magellan’s Fleet
1. Trinidad (Flagship) – 55 crews (110 tons)
• 2. San Antonio – 60 crews (120 tons)
• 3. Concepcion – 45 crews (90 tons)
• 4. Victoria – 43 crews (85 tons)
• 5. Santiago- 32 crews (75 tons)

Notable Men Who Joined Magellan

• Antonio Pigafetta – Magellan’s biographer
• Albo – the captain of Trinidad
• Juan De Cartagena – Inspector General of the
expedition

Notable Events During Magellan’s Voyage

• Easter of 1520 – some of Magellan’s crews mutinied
• Santiago Ship was wrecked
• October 1520 – Magellan discovered the Pacific
Ocean

42
• San Antonio Ship – sailed back to Spain, abandoning
Magellan
• March 16, 1521 – Magellan landed at Homonhon,
Samar

• Rajah Kulambo (chieftain of Limasawa) became

friends with Magellan and guided him to reach Sugbu
(Cebu). Magellan met with Rajah Humabon (Sugbo
chieftain).
• Rajah Humabon – the Supreme Ruler of Sugbo
(Cebu), under him were eight (8) Barangay chieftains.

3 Gs of Magellan’s Expedition
• 1. God – Christianity (Catholicism)
• 2. Glory – territories (lands, Islands)
• 3. Gold – spices, gold, copper, silver, etc.

• Rajah Humabon (and his wife) was converted to

Christianity and was given the name Carlos (wife was
named Juana).
• Lapu –Lapu – chief of Mactan
• Cali Pulaco – Lapu-Lapu’s original name according
to a 17th century poet

43
• Cilapulapu – Lapu-Lapu’s name according to
Pigafetta
• Battle of Mactan – led by Lapu- Lapu ( first Filipino
to resist foreign invaders?)

Battle of Mactan
After the death of Magellan at the hands of Lapu-Lapu,
Rajah Humabon treacherously killed 2 Spanish fleet
commanders;
• 1. Juan Serrano
• 2. Duarte Barbosa

•Almost all (except 59 survivors) of the Spaniards in

the island were killed. 18 survived – out of the 59 after
encountering Portuguese sailors.

•The three ships (Trinidad, Concepcion, and Victoria)

had a problem because they were lacking crew for their
remaining ships so they decided to abandon and burn
the smaller ship which was Concepcion and divide the
crew for the Trinidad under Gonzalo Gomez de
Espinosa as the captain and Victoria under the
command of Juan Sebastian El Cano.
44
The Trinidad went back to their previous
route crossing the Pacific but unfortunately they were
apprehended and fell in the hands of their rival
Portuguese while the Victoria under the leadership of
El Cano continued the route of sailing westward but
along the way they encountered Portuguese ships and
they engaged into battle. Luckily they defeated the
Portuguese but from 59 crews, it went down to 18 after
the incident. They went around the Cape of Good Hope
and entered the Port of San Lucar de Barrameda.

September 7, 1522 – Victoria reached its port of origin

(Seville, Spain). It was the first ship who
circumnavigated the world, while the captain Juan
Sebastian Elcano was awarded a coat of arms by
Charles I of Spain, featuring a globe with the motto:
Primus Circumdidesti (in Latin, “You went around me
first”), and a lifetime annual pension.

45