ASNT LEVEL III - BASIC NDT STUDIES

FORMULA FOR BASIC EAMINATION

Description Formula Remarks

Mechanical Testing
Load [pound]
Tensile Strength (TS) [psi] TS = Load / Cross-sectional area
Original cross-sectional area [sq. inch]
Safety factor (S) S = UTS / Allowable design stress
Load to break specimen
Ultimate Tensile Strength UTS = Pmax / Area
original cross-sectional area
Yield Strength (YS) YS = Load at specified off-set / Specimen’s original cross-sectional area

Lf = final gage length

Percent Elongation % PE = [ (Lf − Lo) / Lo ] x 100
Lo = original gage length

Load [pound]
Stress [psi] S = Load/Area
Original cross-sectional area [sq. inch]

Fracture toughness of material K1C = stress x ( 3.14 x flaw size )1/2

Carbon Equivalent (CE) CE = % C + % Mn / 6) + % Ni/ 15 + % Cu/ 13 + % Mo/ 14

Number of grains per square inch

N = 2 (n-1) n = ASTM grain size number
at 100X magnification
Magnetic Particle Testing
B = Flux Density measured in Gauss
Permeability µ µ = B/H H = Magnetizing force measured in
Oersted
Permeability, m1 and m2 are strengths of
Coulomb’s law F = m1 m2 /µr2 two poles
r is the distance between them
Flux density B = F/A F Magnetic flux, A - Area
Parts positioned towards the side where
NI = K/(L/D) = 45000/(L/D) (±10%) L = Length of the cylindrical shape test
of the coil (low fill factor)
piece.
Parts positioned in the centre of
NI = 43000R / (6L/D-5) (±10%) D = Diameter.
the coil (low fill factor)
K = constant (45000)
N = number of turns
Parts positioned within a High Fill I = current in amperes
(NI) = 3500/(L/D +2) (±10%)
Factor (e.g. cable wrap) R= radius of coil in inches
µ(effective) = 6L/D - 5
Ultrasonic Testing

λ → Wave Length [m] V → Velocity [m/s]

Frequency F = V/ λ
F → Frequency (Hz)
V → Velocity [m/s], ρ → Density [kg/m3
Acoustic Impedance Z=Vxρ
Z → Acoustic Impedance
Vi, Vr → the longitudinal wave velocities
Snell's Law Sinθi / Sinθr = Vi/ Vr
in the first and second materials,

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 ASNT LEVEL III - BASIC NDT STUDIES

θi, θr → the angles of incident and

refracted waves
Reflection coefficient for normal
R = {(Z2-Z1) / (Z2+ Z1)}2
incidence Z1 →Acoustic impedance of Medium 1
Transmission coefficient for Z2 → Acoustic impedance of Medium 2
T = 4Z1Z2/ (Z2 + Z1)
normal incidence
D → Transducer diameter [mm]
2 2
Near Field Length No = D x F/4V or D /4λ F → Transducer frequency [Hz]
λ → Sound velocity [mm/s]
Sin(θ/2) = 1.22 x V/ DF x or 1.22 λ/ D θ → Beam divergence angle (Full)
Beam Spread
Sin(θ/2) = 1.08 x V/ DF x or 1.08 λ/ D θ → Beam divergence angle (Half)
Skip Distance 2T x Tan θ
Full beam Path 2T / Cos θ BP → Sound/Beam Path
SD → Skip/Surface/Projected Distance
Full surface Distance BP x Sin θ T → Thickness
Depth (1st Leg) BP x Cos θ D → Depth

Depth (2nd Leg) 2T - (BP x Cos θ) SD = Sin θ∘ x sound path length (BP)
Depth Depth = SD / Tan θ
t → Thickness, λ → wavelength, V →
Piezo Electric Crystal Thickness t = λ/2 = V/2f
Velocity f → frequency
dB ratio between two reflectors dB →gain, A1 →Reflector Amplitude1,
dB = 20 Log (A1 / A2)
of known area two screen height A2→Reflector Amplitude 2
Calculation of the dB ratio
dB→ gain, D1 →Diameter of Reflector1,
between two reflectors of known dB = 40 Log (A1 / A2)
D2 →Diameter of Reflector2
diameter
Minimum water path Material Thickness X {VW/VM} Velocity of the Water and Material
F → Focal Length and R →Radius of lens
Focal Length R = F (n-1)/n or F = R {n/(n-1)}
curvature, n → Refractive Index
Longitudinal/Transverse/ Surface
VT ≈ 0.5VL & VR = 0.9 VT
wave Relations
Eddy Current Testing
I → Current (amp), V → Voltage (volt)
Ohm's Law V = IR or I = V/R
R → Impedance (ohm)
Inductive reactance (XL) XL = 2πfL f → Frequency (Hertz)
L → Inductance (Henrys)
Phase Angle (ɸ) ɸ = Tan-1(XL/R) Z → Impedance (ohm)
R → Resistance (ohm)
Impedance (Z) Z= {R2+XL2}½ or Z2= R2+XL2 XL → Inductance Reactance(ohm)

Conductivity (σ) σ=1/ρ

σ → Conductivity (% IACS)
ρ → Resistivity (µohm cm)
Conductivity (σ) σ%IACS = 172.41 / ρ
µo → Magnetic Permeability (1.257 x 10-6
Depth of Penetration (δ) δ = 1/{πfµσ} ½
H/m)
σ → Electrical Conductivity (Siemens/m)
Frequency (f) f = 1/ {δ2πµσ} t → test wall thickness, mm
μr → relative permeability,

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ID → Inside diameter of tube (mm)

Fill Factor (ɳ) ɳ = OD2/ID2 OD → Outside diameter of coil/probe
(mm)
Radiography Testing

Half-Value Layer HLV = 0.693 / µ µ attenuation coefficient

E1 = Exposure at D1
Exposure-Distance Relationship E1/E2 = D12/D22 E2 = Exposure at D2
D1 = Distance 1 from source
D2 = Distance 2 from source
Inverse square law: I1/I2 = D12/D22 I1 = Intensity 1 at D1
I2 = Intensity 2 at D2
f = X-ray generator focal-spot size.
a = distance from x-ray source to front
Ug = Effective Focal Spot Size x
Geometric Unsharpness surface of object
OFD/SOD
b = distance from the material/object to
the detector
Least visible wire dia of IQI / Penetrated thickness = wall thickness +
% of Sensitivity
Penetrated Thickness x 100 weld cap height + root penetration
Job thickness, T IQI thickness H hole size
Equivalent sensitivity equation : S = 100/x {TH/2}½
All are in inches
Io is the intensity of the incident light and
Film density D D = Log10 Io/I I is the intensity of the transmitted light
through the film
Visual Testing
Inverse square law of I1→ illuminance of light at distance d1
I1/I2 = D12/D22
photometry: I2 →illuminance of light at distance d2
I → source illuminance, E→ surface
Lambert's cosine law E = I cosθ
illuminance θ→ angle of incidence
Lg — greater luminance Ll — lesser
Luminance contrast (C) C = (Lg - Ll)/Lg
luminance
k = wavelength f = frequency
Velocity of light in the medium V = f λ /n
n = refractive index of the medium
Magnification of a Simple lens M = 250/ f or 250/ M f = focal length of the lens (mm)
The image formation by a thin f = focal length d = image distance u =
l/ f = (l/d) + (l/u)
lens object distance
M1 = magnification of objective lens
Magnification (M) of a
M = m1 x m2 x m3 M2 = magnification of middle lenses
borescope's optical system
M3 = magnification of ocular or eye piece
Sl = image size
Magnification (M) of a divergent So = objective size
M = SI/So = DI/Do
lens DI = image distance from optical axis
Do = objective distance from optical axis.
Lf = final gage length
Percent Elongation % PE = [ (Lf − Lo) / Lo ] x 100
Lo = original gage length
Theoretical throat of fillet weld = Leg length of fillet weld x 0.7

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