TRANSPORTATION 10 Class Notesvvp

TRANSPORTATION
All the parts of the body that help in the transportation of various materials in the body collectively called
Circulatory system.
Substances to be transported are digested food, water, respiratory gases, hormones, excretory products like
urea etc.
Body fluids involved in the process of transportation of the materials are blood and lymph.
Organs of circulatory system are heart, blood vessels and fluid connective tissue (Blood).
Components of blood:
Plasma: The fluid matrix of blood, pale yellow in colour, and its function is to transport materials.
Cellular part:
R B C: these are red due to presence of a pigment called haemoglobin. No nucleus, bi concave, disc shaped,
life span 120 days, carry respiratory gases, produced in bone marrow.
W B C: Irregular shaped, contain nucleus, protect body from infection (immunity). Life span 2-3 weeks.
Produced in bone marrow or in lymph nodes, spleen.
Platelets: Smallest cells, no nucleus also produced in bone marrow, life span 3-5 days. Useful in clotting of
blood at injuries.
Functions of blood: 1.Transport of nutrients, 2.transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide3. Transport of waste
products to kidneys for purification.4. Transport of hormones to target sites.5.regulation of body temperature
6. Body defense7. Plugging areas of injury.
Heart: Heart is a muscular organ made up of cardiac muscles which is as big as your fist. It is covered by
pericardium a double walled protective membrane, a fluid called pericardial fluid is present in between these
two membranes. it absorbs shocks.
Heart consists of 4 chambers. Upper chambers are right and left Auricles. Lower chambers are right and left
Ventricles. Chambers of right and left are separated by a septum (dividing wall).heart has tricuspid, bicuspid
and semi lunar valves which helps in the unidirectional flow of blood.
Left side of the heart always contains oxygenated blood. Right side of the heart always contains deoxygenated
blood. Blood always enter the heart through atria and leaves the heart through ventricles.
BLOOD VESSELS: arteries, veins and capillaries.
Arteries: Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to various parts of the body, have thick elastic
walls as blood from heart emerges under high pressure, do not have valves.
Veins: brings deoxygenated blood back to the heart from various organs of the body. Thin walled as the blood
is not flowing under high pressure, have valves to ensure unidirectional flow of blood.
Capillaries: The arteries divide in to still smaller branches called arterioles, the arterioles further branch
repeatedly to form a network of very fine vessels called capillaries, where exchange of materials takes place.
Then the capillaries join to form venules, which in turn join to form large vessels called veins.
Working of heart: Deoxygenated blood is brought to right atrium by the superior and inferior venacavae, the
blood flows to right ventricle, when the right atrium contracts and bicuspid valve opens.
Right ventricle contracts and blood flows through pulmonary artery to lungs. After gaseous exchange
oxygenated blood flows through pulmonary vein to left atrium.
Left atrium contracts, blood flows in to left ventricle, left ventricle contracts and pushes the blood in to aorta.
The blood flows to all parts of the body through aorta.
The right and left side of the heart is separated completely, this helps in keeping the oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood separate from mixing together. Since blood flows twice through the heart and thus it is
called double circulation.
This allows highly efficient supply of oxygen to the body. This is useful for birds and mammals which use
energy to maintain their body temperature.
Amphibians and reptiles have 3 chambered heart. They do not maintain a constant body temperature. The
body temperature depends on the environment. These organisms can tolerate the mixing of oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood.
Fishes have only 2 chambered heart. Blood is pumped to the gills; it is oxygenated there and passes directly to
the body. Thus blood goes only once through the heart. This is known as single circulation.
Lymph: (Tissue fluid): Through the pores in the walls of the capillaries some amount of proteins ,plasma and
blood cells escape in to intercellular spaces in the tissue. This is lymph. This fluid is similar to plasma but
contains less protein and is colour less. Lymph passes in to lymphatic capillaries which unite to form larger
tubes which open in to larger veins. Lymph carries digested and absorbed fats from intestine and drains extra
fluid from extracellular space in to blood. It also protects body from infection.
Plasma : Lymph
1.Yellowish 1. Colourless and unidirectional flow
2. More proteins 2. Less proteins
3.RBC,WBC and Platelets are present 3. Only lymphocytes are present

Transportation in plants
Substances to be transported: water, minerals and synthesized food.
Tissues for transport: vascular tissue--- xylem and phloem.
Xylem helps in transportation of water and minerals and consists of tracheids, vessels, xylem parenchyma and
xy. Sclerenchyma.
Phloem conducts prepared food, consists of sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem parenchyma and phloem
fibres.
Water is absorbed by root hairs from the soil by the process of osmosis. (At roots cells in contact with the soil
actively takes up ions. This creates a difference in the concentration of these ions between the root and the
soil water therefore moves into the root to eliminate the difference.)
Transpiration creates a suction pull. This pulls water from the xylem of roots. Thus transpiration helps in the
upward movement of water and minerals from roots to leaves and helps in regulation of temperature.
The effect of root pressure in transport of water is more important at night.
Translocation: Food prepared by the leaves moves to other parts of the body like roots, stem, fruits etc
through phloem. This is called Translocation. Phloem also transports amino acids and other important
substances from storage organs.
Translocation in phloem is achieved by using energy from ATP. This increases osmotic pressure of the tissue.
This pressure moves the materials in the phloem to transport materials according to the needs of the plant. In
spring the sugar stored in the root system is transported to the buds which need energy to grow.

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TRANSPORTATION

BLOOD VESSELS: arteries, veins and capillaries.

1.Yellowish 1. Colourless and unidirectional flow

2. More proteins 2. Less proteins

3.RBC,WBC and Platelets are present 3. Only lymphocytes are present

Tissues for transport: vascular tissue--- xylem and phloem.

The effect of root pressure in transport of water is more important at night.

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