PAPER OF INTRO TO LITERATURE

“ ELEMENTS OF LITERATURE”

LECTURER:
Dessy Kurniasy, M.Hum

By:
Group II
Rohman (1042021004)
Mawaddah (1042021008)
Zaurin Adeliani (1042021022)
Putri Yasmin (1042021026)
Zurairah (1042021006)
Melly Permata Sari (1042021013)

STUDY PROGRAM ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

FACULTY TARBIYAH AND TEACHER TRAINING
STATE INSTITUTE ISLAMIC STUDIES LANGSA
2022-2023
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Assalammualaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh

First of all by saying praise and gratitude, we pray to the presence of Allah
SWT for His mercy and grace, so that the writer can complete this paper in Intro to
Literature Course.
The hope of the author as the author of this paper is that this paper can fulfill
the task, as well as be useful for writers in filling out and adding a little knowledge
about Elemen of Literature.
We realize that the preparation of this paper cannot be separated from the
support of various parties, therefore, on this occasion we thank our supervisors.
We are fully aware that in the preparation of this paper there are still many
shortcomings, due to limited knowledge and abilities. For this reason, we really hope
for constructive criticism and suggestions from readers for the perfection of this
paper.
Thus we made this preface, I hope this paper is useful for us and also for the
readers.

Langsa, 13 Desember 2022

Group II

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

ACKNOWLEDGMENT.....................................................................................i
TABLE OF CONTENT......................................................................................ii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION........................................................................1
A. Background Of Study..............................................................................1
B. Question of the Problem.........................................................................2
C. Objectives.................................................................................................2
CHAPTER II THEORYTICAL STUDY..........................................................3
A. Definition Of Literature..........................................................................3
B. Poetry........................................................................................................4
C. Drama.......................................................................................................9
D. Fiction.......................................................................................................13
CHAPTER III CONCLUTION AND RECOMMENDATION......................18
A. Conclution................................................................................................18
B. Recommendation.....................................................................................18

BLIBLIOGRAPHY.............................................................................................19

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 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

A. Backgraund Of Study

Literature has been a subject of study in many countries at any

level of students.Literature in the language classroom has two purposes.1First
is the study of literature. Themain focus of activity is on literature as cultural
artifact. In the second, literature becomesone source among others for
promoting language learning. The primary concern will be to ensure that
students interact with the text and with each other in ways which
promotelanguage learning.Literature in language teaching has a long history as
primarily it was literary worksthat constituted the main tool in the process
of foreign language learning.
The role of literature in language teaching has been variously
interpreted over the past 100 years.2 Inearlier period, when the grammar-
translation model was paramount, literary texts were the very staple of foreign
language teaching, representing both models of good writing
andillustrations of grammatical rules of language.During the period of structural
dominance, literature found itself sidelined. The formal properties of the
language took precedence, and literature study was seen as part of thebad old
‘traditional’ methods. It was, moreover, difficult to justify the use of literary texts in
aworld where the grading of vocabulary and structures was given so much emphasis.
In making a scientific writing, it takes some literature to support the
writing or research that we do. To get the literature, we can get it by reading,
understanding, criticizing, and reviewing literature from various sources. Literature
review has a very important role in making a scientific writing or essay, where a
literature review provides ideas and objectives about the research topic to be carried
out.

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B. Question of the Problem
1. What the defination of literature?
2. What the meaning about poetry?
3. What the meaning about drama?
4. What the meaning about Fiction?

C. Objectives
1. To know definition of literature
2. To know meaning about poetry
3. To Know meaning about drama
4. To know meaning about fiction

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 CHAPTER II
THEORYTICAL STUDY

A. Definition of Literature
Literature (from Latin litterae (plural); letter) is the art of written work
and can, in some circumstances, refer exclusively to published sources. The word
literature literally means "things made from letters" and the pars pro toto term
"letters" is sometimes used to signify "literature," as in the figures of speech "arts
and letters" and "man of letters." Literature is commonly classified as having two
major forms fiction and non-fiction and two major techniques poetry and prose.
Literature may consist of texts based on factual information
(journalistic or non-fiction), as well as on original imagination, such as polemical
works as well as autobiography, and reflective essays as well as belles-lettres.
Literature can be classified according to historical periods, genres, and political
influences. The concept of genre, which earlier was limited, has broadened over
the centuries. A genre consists of artistic works which fall within a certain central
theme, and examples of genre include romance, mystery, crime, fantasy, erotica,
and adventure, among others. Important historical periods in English literature
include Old English, Middle English, the Renaissance, the 17th Century
Shakespearean and Elizabethan times, the 18th Century Restoration, 19th Century
Victorian, and 20th Century Modernism. Important intellectual movements that
have influenced the study of literature include feminism, post-colonialism,
psychoanalysis, post-structuralism, post-modernism, romanticism, and Marxism.
Literature is a form of human expression. But not everything expressed
in words even when organized and written down is counted as literature. Those
writings that are primarily informative technical, scholarly, journalistic would be
excluded from the rank of literature by most, though not all, critics. Certain forms
of writing, however, are universally regarded as belonging to literature as an art.
Individual attempts within these forms are said to succeed if they possess
something called artistic merit and to fail if they do not

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B. Poetry
a. Definition
Poetry is one type of literary work that we often encounter and study in high
school and junior high school. Poetry is a form of self-expression that describes
someone's anxiety, imagination, criticism, thoughts, experiences, pleasures or
advice.
Indonesia has many famous poets, including Chairil Anwar, WS Rendra,
Sapardi Djoko Damono, Taufik Ismail. While some of the well-known works of
poetry include Karawang Bekasi, I Want, I and many others.
Understanding Poetry is a literary work in the form of an expression of the
author's heart in which there is rhythm, lyrics, rhyme, and rhythm in each line.
Packaged in imaginative language and arranged in solid and meaningful words.

b. Definition of Poetry According to Experts

• According to H.B Jassin Poetry is a literary work which is uttered with a
feeling which contains a thought and a response.
• According to Sumardi Poetry is a literary work with condensed language,
shortened and given a rhythm with a coherent sound and words with
figurative (imaginative) meaning.
• According to James Reevas Poetry is an expression of language that is full
and rich in charm.
• According to Herman Waluyo Poetry is a literary work that expresses the
poet's thoughts and feelings imaginatively and is composed by focusing all
the power of language in a physical structure and an inner structure.

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c. Characteristics of Poetry
• Poetry has regular rhymes or rhymes
• Poetry has connotative meaning
• Poetry is symmetrical.
• Poetry also uses more rhymes, or pantun patterns. (old poem)
• Poetry consists of syntactic units (gatra)
• The language used in poetry is denser than prose and drama.

In poetry there are elements that make it up. Poetry elements consist of inner
structure and physical structure.
1. The Physical Structure of Poetry
The physical structure of poetry is an element of poetry that can be
seen and observed directly with the eye. This structure consists of diction,
imagery/images, figures of speech, concrete words, typography and rhymes.
• Diction is the choice of words by a poet to get the effect he wants.
• Typography Is the format of a poem, such as the arrangement of lines, the
margins of the paper right, left, top, bottom, type of font used
• Figure of speech is the use of language by describing something with a
special connotation so that the meaning of a word can have many meanings.
• Concrete words are word arrangements that allow images to occur.
• Imagery or imagery is giving a description to listeners/readers so that it
seems as if they can see, hear, feel or experience the things contained in the
poem. Imagery has 6 types, including visual, auditory, olfactory, feeling,
touching and movement imagery.
• Rima or Rhythm Is the sound equation in the delivery of poetry from the
beginning to the end of the poem. Some forms of rhyme include: (1)
Onomatope: Imitation of sound, for example a prank that expresses
something breaking. (2) The internal form of the sound pattern, namely
alliteration, assonance, final equation, initial equation, intermittent rhyme,

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 half rhyme, full rhyme, repetition, and so on. (3) Repetition of words,
namely determining the high-low, long-short, loud and weak of a sound.

2. The Inner Structure of Poetry

The inner structure of poetry is an element of poetry construction in
the form of meaning that is not visible to the eye. Examples are theme, tone,
atmosphere, feeling and message/purpose.
• Theme/ Meaning is this element in the form of an implied meaning that the
writer wants to convey to the reader/listener.
• Tone is the poet's attitude towards his audience, which is related to meaning
and taste. From the tone heard, the audience can infer the author's attitude is
dictating, patronizing, looking down on, or other attitudes.
• Mandate is the message the writer wants to convey to his audience.
• Feelings are something that is based on the poet's background, for example
religion, education, social class, gender, social experience, etc.

d. types of poetry
1) Old Poetry
Old poetry is poetry that was produced before the 20th century. This
type of poetry is also divided into several types, including rhymes, talibuns,
rhymes related (shlokas), rhymes for lightning (karmina), gurindam, poetry,
spells, etc.
• Pantun is a poem consisting of four lines rhyming at the end of ab-ab.
Rhymes can be distinguished by type, such as funny rhymes, children's
rhymes, and so on.
• Spells are utterances that are believed to bring magical powers. Usually used
in certain events, for example a spell that is cast to prevent rain or vice versa.
• Karmina is a form of prose which is shorter than pantun. It's so short, it's
also known as lightning rhyme.
• Seloka, which is a rhyme related to classical Malay which contains proverbs.

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• Gurindam is a poem consisting of two stanzas, where each stanza consists of
two lines of sentences with the same rhyme. Usually contained advice and
mandate.
• Poetry is poetry that is composed of four lines with the same ending sound.
Poetry usually tells a story and contains the message the poet wants to
convey.
• Talibun, which is a rhyme that has more than four lines and has abc-abc
rhymes.

2) New Poetry
New poetry is poetry that is freer than old poetry, both in the number
of lines, syllables, and rhymes. Several types of new poetry are as follows.
• The ballad is a simple poem that tells a touching folk story. Sometimes
presented in dialogue form, or sung.
• Hymn (Gita Puja) is a kind of hymn devoted to God, or Gods, or something
that is considered important and sacred.
• Ode is a lyric poem filled with praise for a person who has contributed with
a noble tone and a serious theme. Generally odes are dedicated to parents,
heroes and great people.
• Epigram, namely poetry that contains teachings and life guidance. Epigram
means elements of teaching, advice, leading to the truth to be used as a guide
for life.
• Romance, namely story poetry that contains overflowing feelings of love.
Romance poetry creates a romantic effect.
• Elegies are poems or songs that contain lamentations and expressions of
sorrow, especially in the event of death.
• Satire, namely poetry that uses a style of language containing satire, or
criticism delivered in the form of irony, sarcasm, or parody.
• Distikon, namely poetry in which each stanza consists of two lines (two
strands).

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e. How To Make Poetry
1. Determine the Theme or Title
In determining the theme, choose a theme that you think is
interesting and in accordance with your conscience. Poetry can use themes
related to nature, friendship, social, education or expressions of the heart.

2. Define Keywords
If you have determined the theme and title, the next step is to
determine which keywords will be developed into sentences. For example
one keyword used for one array, or one keyword to make one stanza.

3. Using Language Style

Language style will beautify the poem itself. You can use various
kinds of figure of speech so that readers or listeners don't get bored reading
it.
However, it must be underlined that the inappropriate placement of
diction or language style will reduce or even eliminate the meaning of the
contents contained therein.

4. Develop Poetry as Interesting as Possible

Next is to develop the keywords into beautiful sentences that represent
your feelings. Choose words that are dense and full of meaning in
them.Three things related to words and arrays in poetry, namely:

f. How to Read Good Poetry

• Expression, facial expressions and emotional poetry
• Kinesics or body movements in accordance with the poetry being sung
• Articulation or clarity and accuracy of word pronunciation.
• Rhythm Short length, low high, loud and soft sound
• Intonation or word stress.

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C. Drama
a. Definition

The term drama is adapted from the Greek, namely dromai which
means to act, to do.According to the Big Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI), drama
is a composition of poetry or prose that is expected to describe life and
character through behavior (acting) or dialogue that is staged. Stories or stories
especially those involving conflict or emotions that are specific to theatrical
performances.

The drama is a literary genre whose physical appearance shows

verbally an dialogue or a conversation among the characters In literature, a
drama is the portrayal of fictional or non-fictional events through the
performance of written dialog (either prose or poetry). Dramas can be
performed on stage, on film, or the radio. Dramas are typically called plays, and
their creators are known as “playwrights” or “dramatists.”

According to an expert named Seni Handayani, drama is a composition

of two branches of art, namely literature and performance which will later
divide drama into two forms, namely written text drama and staged drama.

b. Types of Drama

Dramatic performances are generally classified into specific categories

according to the mood, tone, and actions depicted in the plot. Some popular
types of drama include:

• Comedy: Lighter in tone, comedies are intended to make the audience laugh
and usually come to a happy ending. Comedies place offbeat characters in
unusual situations causing them to do and say funny things. Comedy can
also be sarcastic in nature, poking fun at serious topics. There are also
several sub-genres of comedy, including romantic comedy, sentimental
comedy, a comedy of manners, and tragic comedy plays in which the

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 characters take on tragedy with humor in bringing serious situations to happy
endings.
• Tragedy: Based on darker themes, tragedies portray serious subjects like
death, disaster, and human suffering in a dignified and thought-provoking
way. Rarely enjoying happy endings, characters in tragedies, like
Shakespeare's Hamlet, are often burdened by tragic character flaws that
ultimately lead to their demise.
• Farce: Featuring exaggerated or absurd forms of comedy, a farce is a
nonsensical genre of drama in which characters intentionally overact and
engage in slapstick or physical humor. Examples of farce include the play
Waiting for Godot by Samuel Beckett and the hit 1980 movie Airplane!,
written by Jim Abrahams.
• Melodrama: An exaggerated form of drama, melodramas depict classic one-
dimensional characters such as heroes, heroines, and villains dealing with
sensational, romantic, and often perilous situations. Sometimes called
“tearjerkers,” examples of melodramas include the play The Glass
Menagerie by Tennessee Williams and the classic movie of love during the
Civil War, Gone With the Wind, based on Margaret Mitchell’s novel.
• Opera: This versatile genre of drama combines theater, dialogue, music, and
dance to tell grand stories of tragedy or comedy. Since characters express
their feelings and intentions through song rather than dialogue, performers
must be both skilled actors and singers. The decidedly tragic La Bohème, by
Giacomo Puccini, and the bawdy comedy Falstaff, by Giuseppe Verdi are
classic examples of opera.
• Docudrama: A relatively new genre, docudramas are dramatic portrayals of
historic events or non-fictional situations. More often presented in movies
and television than in live theater, popular examples of docudramas include
the movies Apollo 13 and 12 Years a Slave, based on the autobiography
written by Solomon Northup.

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c. Dramatic Elements

The elements of drama are as follows:

• Theme, namely the main idea or idea contained in the drama story.
• Plot, namely the storyline of a play, from the beginning to the final round.
• Characters, namely characters in drama consisting of main characters and
supporting characters.
• Character, namely the behavior of the characters in the drama; good
character (protagonist) and bad character (antagonist).
• Setting, namely a description of the place, time, and situation that occurs in
the drama.
• Mandate, namely the message that the playwright wants to convey to the
audience through the drama story.

d. Characteristics of Drama

All stories in drama stories are conveyed in the form of dialogue, both
dialogue between characters and dialogue between characters with themselves
(monologue).

Drama must have characters or figures played by humans, puppets, or

puppets.In drama there must be conflict or tension which is the core of the
drama story.The duration of the drama performance can last for about three
hours.

Drama performances are usually carried out on a stage that has been
equipped with several equipment and tools to liven up the atmosphere.

Drama performances are always performed in front of an audience

where the drama is performed as a means of entertainment.

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e. Dramatic Structure

Drama structure is very important in a performance. The structure of

the drama itself consists of certain aspects.

1. Prologue

If a book has a preface, a play has a prologue. The structure of the

drama prologue is at the beginning of the play, and briefly describes the
story in the play. In addition to a brief story about the drama that will be
played, the prologue also provides an overview of the characters, setting, and
several other aspects.

2. Dialogue

The next drama structure is dialogue. A drama won't be drama if it doesn't

have dialogue. You could say dialogue is everything in a performance, not just
drama but literary and artistic performances. In drama, the existence of dialogue
becomes even more important because with dialogue, the characters can
describe the story in the drama, starting from the prologue, problems, conflicts,
to the epilogue.

The dialogue will also introduce us to the various characters in the

drama, complete with their respective characters. The dialogue itself is broken
down into several parts, namely an introduction that introduces the characters,
situations, and events that were happening at that time. Complications that tell
about the conflicts that arise between the characters in the drama. Lastly is the
resolution, or the solution to the conflict that appears as well as being the end of
a show.

3. Episodes
Episodes are identical to soap operas that air on television. Actually,
it's not just soap operas that have episodes, dramas too. Basically, episodes
are part of a drama's script or script, and are aired sequentially.

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 Even so, the drama episodes are not as long as the episodes we usually
see in Indonesian soap operas. Usually dramas only consist of a few
episodes, and the number doesn't reach dozens, let alone thousands.

4. Scene
Even though the episodes are not as long as soap operas, a drama, no
matter how short it is, must consist of many scenes. The scene itself is a change
of events in a play.

D. Fiction
a. Definition
Fiction is a literary genre comprised of narratives that aren’t factual
but are, instead, products of the authors’ imaginations. Fiction is the opposite of
nonfiction, a literary genre consisting of historically accurate narratives about
real people or events. Fiction writers construct imaginary worlds, typically with
symbolism, thematic elements, and aesthetic value.
Most fiction is prose, and novels and short stories are the most
common forms. There are two main categories in fiction—literary fiction and
genre or popular fiction—though the line between these two delineations can
occasionally blur.
The word fiction comes from the Latin fiction, meaning “a fashioning
or forming,” which describes the creative world-building central to the genre.

b. The Characteristics and Types of Fiction

1. Literary Fiction
Works of literary fiction include at least one of these characteristics:
• Abundant use of literary device: Authors employ any number of literary
devices to enrich the story, such as allegories, imagery, metaphors, and
symbolism.

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 • Character-driven narratives: The characters, rather than the events of the
story, move the plot forward. The characters’ internal lives and
motivations are of primary interest to the author and the audience.
• Exploration of larger themes: Literary fiction tends to examine larger
themes of the human condition. It’s not uncommon for these works to
function as a commentary on society, nature, or human behavior.
• Sophisticated language: The language an author uses might involve an
advanced vocabulary, poetic descriptions, didacticism, and/or lofty
references or allusions.
• Unconventional plots: Authors may structure plots in nontraditional ways
that challenge accepted formulas and reader expectations, such as
nonlinear narratives and ambiguous endings.

2. Genre/P opular Fiction

Works of genre or popular fiction have a more widespread appeal, but
that doesn’t make them any more or less important than works of literary
fiction. Genre/popular fiction usually has the following characteristics:
• Adherence to a formula: Writers of genre/popular fiction stick to formulas
that readers expect. From one work to the next, plots follow a similar
trajectory and characters possess certain shared traits and motivations.
• Focus on plot: Stories in genre/popular fiction are plot driven. Characters
still play a significant role, but the writer’s emphasis is more on driving
the plot forward through events and less on the meticulous development
of characters.
• Readability: Genre/popular fiction is generally easy to read and
understand. Writers utilize accessible language and concepts, and they
construct plots and characters for maximum entertainment and reader
engagement.

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 Examples of genre or popular fiction include:
• Crime: This kind of fiction centers on criminal acts, investigations, and
outcomes. Courtroom thrillers, like John Grisham’s A Time to Kill and
Scott Turow’s Presumed Innocent, and detective novels, like Sue
Grafton’s Alphabet Mystery series and Dan Brown’s The Da Vinci Code,
are two subgenres of popular crime fiction.
• Fantasy: These novels take place in richly imagined worlds not bound to
known realities or scientific laws; things like folklore, magic, mythology,
and/or the supernatural might all influence these worlds. Popular fantasy
novels include Anne McCaffrey’s Dragonriders of Pern series and
Suzanne Hamilton’s Hunger Games trilogy.
• Horror: Writers of horror fiction aim to scare and shock the reader. These
works may or may not employ supernatural elements; psychological
horror is often just as frightening. Horror novels like Stephen King’s It
and Anne Rice’s Interview with the Vampire are popular mainstays.
• Romance: These novels chart the romantic relationship between two
characters (usually), typically resulting in a happily-ever-after ending.
Novels like Laura London’s The Windflower and Nicholas Sparks’s The
Notebook are classics of the genre.
• Science Fiction: Books in this category take place in imagined worlds
rich with speculative elements, such as technology, futurism, space travel,
and other science-based concepts. Jurassic Park by Michael Crichton and
The Left Hand of Darkness by Ursula K. Le Guin are just two popular
science fiction novels.

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c. The Formats of Fiction
Novels, novellas, and short stories are among the most common fiction
formats. However, because fiction deals with made-up stories and characters,
the term can describe any format that presents a fictionalized plot. This includes
plays, comic books and graphic novels, fables and fairy tales, and even some
types of poetry, such as narrative poems and epic poems.
A fiction format that has grown exponentially in recent years is fan
fiction. Fan fiction is a work that uses characters or settings originally
developed by another writer as the basis for a new story. Though the original
novel’s ideas are copyrighted, fan fiction is largely seen as an homage to the
source work. The Harry Potter books and Twilight series inspired legions of fan
fiction including, in the case of the latter, the Fifty Shades of Grey trilogy.

d. The Function of Fiction

The primary purpose of fiction is to entertain the reader. The genre
offers fully imagined worlds that keep readers engaged through compelling
characters and plotlines. Fiction can also educate and enlighten, introducing
readers to people, settings, and experiences they wouldn’t normally encounter
in their daily lives.
Fiction can present and inspire ideas, and it can comment on existing
structures of power, politics, and society. Fiction often integrates age-old
themes that have long interested writers, such as humanity and its foibles, the
beauty and brutality of nature, and the eternal mysteries of love and death. In
essence, this genre is both an escape from the world and an opportunity to learn
more about it.

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e. Examples of Fiction
• Louisa May Alcott, Little Women
Alcott’s 1868 novel is a classic work of literary fiction that follows the
lives and loves of the four March sisters: Jo, Meg, Beth, and Amy. It is a
coming-of-age story focusing on the sisters’ evolution from girlhood to
young womanhood as they try to find their respective places in the world.
Little Women is a fictionalized version of Alcott’s own life and her
relationship with her sisters.

• Madeleine L’Engle, A Wrinkle in Time

This work is a beloved, award-winning science fiction novel. It tells
the story of high schooler Meg Murry, who embarks on an epic adventure
through time and space. Her younger brother Charles Wallace and her friend
Calvin O’Keefe accompany her on a quest to rescue Meg and Charles
Wallace’s scientist father from an evil being holding him captive on another
planet. And, in the process, they end up saving the world.

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 CHAPTER III
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

A. Conclution
Literature (from Latin litterae (plural); letter) is the art of written work
and can, in some circumstances, refer exclusively to published sources. The word
literature literally means "things made from letters" and the pars pro toto term
"letters" is sometimes used to signify "literature," as in the figures of speech "arts
and letters" and "man of letters." Literature is commonly classified as having two
major forms fiction and non-fiction and two major techniques poetry and prose.
Literature is divided into three elements, namely poetry, drama, and
fiction.Poetry is a form of self-expression that describes someone's anxiety,
imagination, criticism, thoughts, experiences, pleasures or advice. drama is a
composition of poetry or prose that is expected to describe life and character
through behavior (acting) or dialogue that is staged. Stories or stories especially
those involving conflict or emotions that are specific to theatrical
performances.Fiction is a literary genre comprised of narratives that aren’t factual
but are, instead, products of the authors’ imaginations. Fiction is the opposite of
nonfiction, a literary genre consisting of historically accurate narratives about real
people or events. Fiction writers construct imaginary worlds, typically with
symbolism, thematic elements, and aesthetic value.

B. Recommendation
Likewise, we can benefit from the material that is the subject of this
paper, of course, there are still many shortcomings and weaknesses, due to lack of
knowledge and lack of references related to the title of this paper. The author
really hopes that dear readers, provide constructive criticism and suggestions for a
perfect paper to the author in writing papers at the next opportunity. Hopefully this
article is useful for readers.

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 BLIBIOGRAPHY

Banham, Martin, ed. 1998. “The Cambridge Guide to Theatre.” Cambridge

University Press. ISBN 0-521-43437-8.
Carlson, Marvin. 1993. “Theories of the Theatre: A Historical and Critical Survey
from the Greeks to the Present.” Cornell University Press
Worthen, W.B. “The Wadsworth Anthology of Drama.” Heinle & Heinle, 1999.
ISBN-13: 978-0495903239
10th July 2013 oleh fahmi ibrahimovic
https://www.supersummary.com/fiction/
https://www.coursehero.com/file/117048814/Makalah-Literaturedocx/

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