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    623 Exam 1 Solutions

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    This document provides solutions to exam problems involving linear algebra concepts like elementary matrices, eigenvalues and eigenspaces, diagonalizability of matrices, linear transformations, and properties of skew-symmetric matrices. The solutions demonstrate properties and computations for each problem, citing examples from course materials.

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    623 Exam 1 Solutions

    Uploaded by

    Mauricio
    58 views1 page
    This document provides solutions to exam problems involving linear algebra concepts like elementary matrices, eigenvalues and eigenspaces, diagonalizability of matrices, linear transformations, and properties of skew-symmetric matrices. The solutions demonstrate properties and computations for each problem, citing examples from course materials.

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    This document provides solutions to exam problems involving linear algebra concepts like elementary matrices, eigenvalues and eigenspaces, diagonalizability of matrices, linear transformations, and properties of skew-symmetric matrices. The solutions demonstrate properties and computations for each problem, citing examples from course materials.

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    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    58 views1 page

    623 Exam 1 Solutions

    Uploaded by

    Mauricio
    This document provides solutions to exam problems involving linear algebra concepts like elementary matrices, eigenvalues and eigenspaces, diagonalizability of matrices, linear transformations, and properties of skew-symmetric matrices. The solutions demonstrate properties and computations for each problem, citing examples from course materials.

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    Math 623 Exam 1 Solutions

    1. Suppose that A ∈ Mn (F) has RREF of In . Prove that A may be written as the product of elementary
    matrices.
    See Ex. 0.18. We put A into RREF using elementary matrices E1 , . . . , Ek ; i.e. I = Ek Ek−1 · · · E2 E1 A.
    We then multiply both sides by the same matrix (repeatedly) to get E1−1 E2−1 · · · Ek−1 −1
    Ek−1 = A.
    The last observation we need is that the inverse of an elementary matrix is elementary, so in fact
    E1−1 , . . . , Ek−1 are each elementary matrices.

    2. Let J ∈ Mn (R) be the matrix all of whose entries are 1. Find σ(J), and for each eigenvalue find a
    basis for the corresponding eigenspace.
    See Ex 1.1.5. Set e = (1, 1, . . . , 1); we have Je = ne, so (n, e) is an eigenvalue-eigenvector pair. Set
    xi = e − nei ; we have Jxi = 0 = 0xi , so (0, xi ) is an eigenvalue-eigenvector pair. However {x1 , . . . , xn }
    is too big (it is dependent, since the sum is zero). Any subset of size n − 1 will be a basis for the
    eigenspace corresponding to eigenvalue 0. Note: there are no other eigenvalues since the ones we have
    found already have total multiplicity n.

    3. Give an example of a matrix M ∈ M3 (C) that is diagonalizable but not diagonal, and has fewer than
    3 distinct eigenvalues.
    −1
    See Ex. 1.3.9. The simplest approach is to start with a diagonal matrix
    h 2 0 0Λ,
    i then hcalculate
    i SΛS h 1– 0this iis
    101 −1 −1
    guaranteed to be diagonalizable. We can try something like Λ = 0 2 0 , S = 0 1 0 , S = 0 1 0 ,
    h 2 0 −1 i 001 001 00 1
    which yields M = SΛS −1 = 0 2 0 .
    00 1
    h1 2 3i
    4. Calculate the adjugate and eigenvalues of B = 321 .
    111
    1 1 −4
    h i
    See Ex. 0.31. This is a straightforward computation; adjA = −2 −2 8 , σ(B) = {−1, 0, 5}.
    1 1 −4

    5. Set P3 (t) to be the set of all polynomials of degree at most 3, in variable t, with real coefficients. Find
    the rank and nullity of linear transformation T : P3 (t) → P3 (t) given by T (f (t)) = t dfdt(t) .
    See Ex. 0.10. A basis for P3 (t) is {1, t, t2 , t3 }, and we calculate T (1) = 0, T (t) = t, T (t2 ) = 2t2 , T (t3 ) =
    3t3 . Hence the range of T is spanned by {t, 2t2 , 3t3 }; these are clearly linearly independent, hence the
    rank of T is 3. By the rank-nullity theorem, the rank plus the nullity is the dimension of P3 (t), namely
    4. Hence the nullity of T is 1.

    6. A matrix A ∈ M3 (C) is a square root of B if A2 = B. Prove that every diagonalizable B ∈ M3 (C)


    has a square root.
    −1
    See 1.3.P7. Suppose B is diagonalizable; √ then
    √ √there is invertible S where B = SDS , where
    D = diag(a, b, c). Now, set E = diag( a, b, c) (choose either square root if ambiguous), and
    A = SES −1 . We calculate A2 = SES −1 SES −1 = SE 2 S −1 = SDS −1 = B.
    [Note: C is necessary, else we might not be able to take square roots.]

    7. Let A ∈ M3 (C) be skew-symmetric. Prove that PA (t) = −PA (−t), and that if λ is an eigenvalue of
    A, so is −λ.
    See 1.4.P2. Since A is skew-symmetric, we have A = −AT . We calculate PA (t) = det(tI − A) =
    det(tI − (−AT )) = (−1)3 det(−tI − AT ) = −det((−tI − AT )T ) = −det(−tI − A) = −PA (−t). Suppose
    now that (λ, x) is a (right) eigenvalue-eigenvector pair for A. Then Ax = λx. We take transposes to
    get xT AT = λxT , then negate to get xT (−AT ) = (−λ)xT or xT A = (−λ)xT . Hence (−λ, x) is a (left)
    eigenvalue-eigenvector pair for A, and hence −λ is an eigenvalue for A.

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