Transformer

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Transformer & PLC

Working principle of a transformer:


A transformer is a static piece of apparatus by means of which electric power in one circuit is transformed into
electric power of the same frequency in another circuit. It can raise or lower the voltage in a circuit but with a
corresponding decreases or increase in current. The physical basis of a transformer is mutual induction between two
circuits linked by a common magnetic flux. It consists of two inductive coils which are electrically separated but
magnetically linked through a path of low reluctance.
If one coil is connected to a source of alternating voltage, an alternating flux is set up in the laminated core, most of
which is linked with the other coil in which it produces mutually induced emf (according to Faraday’s Laws of
Electromagnetic Induction). If the second coil circuit is closed, a current flow in it and so electric energy is transferred
from the first coil to the second coil. The first coil, in which electric energy is fed from the ac supply mains, is called
primary winding and the other form which energy is drawn out, is called secondary winding.
Transformer on the basis of form of construction:

EMF Equation of a transformer:

Let,
N1 = No. of turns in primary
N2 = No. of turns in secondary
Φm = Maximum flux in core = Bm × A

Shown in Fig. Flux increases from its zero value to maximum value Φm in one quarter of the cycle i.e. in 1/4f second.
Average rate of change of flux = Φm / (1/4f)
= 4f Φm wb/s or volt

Now, rate of change of flux per turn means induced emf in volts.
Average emf/turn = 4f Φm volt

If flux Φ varies sinusoidally, then rms value of induced emf is obtained by multiplying the average value with form
factor.
Form factor = rms value/ average value = 1.11
Rms value of emf/turn = 1.11 × 4f Φm = 4.44f Φm volt
Rms value of the induced emf in whole of primary winding = induced emf/turn × No. of primary turns
E1 = 4.44 f N1BmA …………..(a)

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Similarly,
E2 = 4.44 f N2BmA …………..(b)
˚ E1/N1= E2/N2 = 4.44 f Φm = K known as voltage transformation ratio.

Why transformer rating in kVA?


Copper loss of a transformer depends on current and iron loss on voltage. Hence total transformer loss depends on
volt-ampere (VA) and not on phase angle between voltage and current i.e. it is independent of load power factor. That
is why rating of transformer is in kVA and not in kW.
kW = kVA × power factor (COSθ)

Losses in a transformer:
In a static transformer, there are no friction or windage losses. Hence, the only losses occurring are:
a) Core loss or iron loss b) Copper loss

Core loss or iron loss:


It includes both hysteresis loss and eddy current loss. Because the core flux in a transformer remains constant for all
loads. The core loss is practically the same at all loads.

Copper loss:
This loss is due to the ohmic resistance of the transformer windings. Total copper loss = I12 + I22
It’s clear that Copper loss is proportional to (current)2 or (kVA)2

Programmable Logic Controller (PLC):


A programmable logic controller (PLC) is a specialized computer used to control machines and process.

Advantages/ needs for PLC:


 Hardwired panels were very time consuming to wire, debug and change.
 Solid-state not mechanical
 Easy to modify input and output devices
 Easily programmed and maintained by plant electricians
 Be able to function in an industrial environment
 Flexible
 Faster response time
 Allows for diagnostics “easy to troubleshoot”
 Less expensive

Possible Questions:
1. Define transformer. Explain the operating principle of transformer.
2. Derive the E.M.F equation of transformer.
3. What are the losses in transformer?
4. Why the transformer rating in KVA?
5. What is PLC? Why is it needed? Or what are the advantages of PLC?

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