Transformer
Transformer
Transformer
Let,
N1 = No. of turns in primary
N2 = No. of turns in secondary
Φm = Maximum flux in core = Bm × A
Shown in Fig. Flux increases from its zero value to maximum value Φm in one quarter of the cycle i.e. in 1/4f second.
Average rate of change of flux = Φm / (1/4f)
= 4f Φm wb/s or volt
Now, rate of change of flux per turn means induced emf in volts.
Average emf/turn = 4f Φm volt
If flux Φ varies sinusoidally, then rms value of induced emf is obtained by multiplying the average value with form
factor.
Form factor = rms value/ average value = 1.11
Rms value of emf/turn = 1.11 × 4f Φm = 4.44f Φm volt
Rms value of the induced emf in whole of primary winding = induced emf/turn × No. of primary turns
E1 = 4.44 f N1BmA …………..(a)
Page 1
Similarly,
E2 = 4.44 f N2BmA …………..(b)
˚ E1/N1= E2/N2 = 4.44 f Φm = K known as voltage transformation ratio.
Losses in a transformer:
In a static transformer, there are no friction or windage losses. Hence, the only losses occurring are:
a) Core loss or iron loss b) Copper loss
Copper loss:
This loss is due to the ohmic resistance of the transformer windings. Total copper loss = I12 + I22
It’s clear that Copper loss is proportional to (current)2 or (kVA)2
Possible Questions:
1. Define transformer. Explain the operating principle of transformer.
2. Derive the E.M.F equation of transformer.
3. What are the losses in transformer?
4. Why the transformer rating in KVA?
5. What is PLC? Why is it needed? Or what are the advantages of PLC?
Page 2