Acids, Bases and Salts

ACIDS, BASES & SALTS_10th Class_ 1
ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS

1. Acids and bases – acids are substances which have a sour taste e.g. lemon juice, tomatoes,
vinegar ….etc. bases are substances which have bitter tastes, e.g. washing soda, baking soda, lime
etc.
2. Test to distinguish between acids and bases – substance which show one colour (or odour) in
acidic medium and a different colour (or odour) in the basic medium are called acid – base
indicators. These are of two types:
(i) Indicators showing different in the acidic and basic medium e.g. litmus solution,
phenolphthalein, methyl orange etc.
The colour of some natural indicators are summed up in the Table below:
Indicators Colour in the Colour in the Colour in the
neutral solution acidic solution basic solution
Litmus Purple Red Blue
Red cabbage leave extract Red Red Green
Flowers of hydrangea plant Blue Blue Pink
Phenolphthalein Colourless Colourless Pink
Methyl orange Orange Red Yellow
(ii) Indicators giving different odours in the acidic and basic medium e.g. onions, vanilla, essence,
clove oil etc
3. General characteristic properties of acids

(i) Sour taste – almost all acidic substances have a sour taste
(ii) Action on litmus paper – acids turn blue litmus solution red.
(iii) Action on methyl orange – methyl orange turns red when 1-2 drops of its solution are added
to the solution of an acidic substance.
(iv) Corrosive nature – most of the acids are corrosive in nature. They produce a burning
sensation on the skin and holes in the clothes on which they fall.
4. Reaction mark – acids react with active metals like zinc, magnesium etc generally with the
evolution of hydrogen gas.
5. Reaction with metal carbonates and metal hydrogen carbonate – acids react with metal carbonates
and bicarbonates to give out carbon dioxide togive out carbon dioxide with effervescene and
forming the corresponding salt and water. For example
(i) NaCO3 + H2SO4 ----> Na2SO4 + H2O + CO2
(ii) NaHCO3 + HCl -----> NaCl + H2O + CO2
(iii) CaCO3 + 2 HCl -----> CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
6. Conduct electricity – the solution of acids in water conduct electricity
7. Reaction with bases – when an acid reacts with a base, t form salt and water. As a result, the
acidic properties of the acid disappear. The process is called neutralization.
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8. Reaction with metallic oxides – metal oxides like quick lime i.e. calcium oxide (CaO), copper (II)
oxide (CuO), magnesium oxide (MgO) etc react with acid to form salt and water.
9. Some naturally occurring acids

Natural source Acid present
Oranges, lemon Citric acid
Apples Malic acid
Tomatoes Oxalic acid
Tamarind Tartaric acid
Sour milk or curd Lactic acid
Vinegar Acetic acid
Proteins Amino acid
10. Organic and inorganic acids -Acids present in plants and animals are called organic acids while
acids obtained from the minerals of the earth are called inorganic acids.
(i) Acetic acid is used as a preservative in making pickles
(ii) Tartaric acid is an ingredient of baking powder
(iii) Carbonic acid is present in the soft drinks and soda water
11. Some common acids and their chemical formulas

Name of the acid Chemical formula
Hydrochloric acid HCl
Sulphuric acid H2SO4
Nitric acid HNO3
Acetic acid CH3COOH
Formic acid HCOOH
Carbonic acid H2CO3
Phosphoric acid H3PO4
12. Acids are the substances which contain hydrogen and which when dissolved in water give
hydrogen ions (H+) in the solution
13. Rain water conducts electricity but distilled water does not – distilled water does not contain any
acid, base or salt which may dissociate to produce ions. Hence, it does not conduct electricity.
Rain water contain dissolved gases of the air like CO2, SO2, NO2 etc. these gases dissolve in
water to form acids e.g., CO2 dissolves in H2O to form H2CO3 which dissociate to give H+ ions
and carbonate ions. Hence, it conducts electricity.
14. Role of water in the solution of an acid – HCl gas or solution of HCl gas in benzene or toluene
does not show acidic properties. However, solution of HCl gas in water shows acidic properties.
Thus, aids give H+ ions only in presence of water. These H+ ions combine with H2O molecules
and exist as H3O+ or H+ (aq). Thus, the properties of an acid are due to H+ (aq) or H3O+ ions
which it gives in the aqueous solution.
15. Dilution of concentrated acid – dilution of concentrated acid with water is highly exothermic.
Hence, for dilution, we always add acid into water and not water into acid.
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16. Effects of dilution on acids – on dilution, the concentration of H+ (aq) ions per unit volume
decreases. Hence, acidic strength decreases.
17. Use of mineral acids in industry
(a) Sulphuric acid – it is used in a number of industries like fertilizers, paints, explosives, dyes,
drugs etc. hence it is called ‘King of Chemicals’
(b) Nitric acid is used in manufacture of fertilizers, explosives, artificial silk.
(c) Hydrochloric acid is used in cleaning the surface of metals before electroplating as well as in
textile, food, leather and dye industries.
18. Properties of bases
(a) bitter taste- bases possess a bitter taste
(b) slippery or soapy touch – they possess a slippery touch like soaps.
(c) Action on litmus paper – they turn read litmus blue.
(d) Action on phenolphthalein – they turn phenolphthalein solution pink.
(e) Corrosive nature – some bases like caustic soda, caustic potash etc. produce a burning
sensation on the skin.
(f) Reaction with acid –some bases like sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide react with
active metals like zinc and aluminium to liberate hydrogen gas along with formation of a
salt.
(g) Reaction with non – metals – bases react with non – metal oxides (like CO2, SO2, SO3, P2O5)
to form salt and water.
19. Difference between a base and an alkali – the bases which are soluble in water and give
hydroxide ions in the aqueous solution are called alkali. Thus, all alkalies are bases but all bases
are not alkalies.
20. Neutralization reaction between an acid and base- it may be defined as the reaction between H+
ions given by the acid with the OH- ions given by the base to form water and salt. Neutralization
is always an exothermic process
21. Uses of some common bases
Name Commercial Chemical Uses
name formula
Sodium hydroxide Caustic soda NaOH In manufacture of soaps, artificial fibres
like rayon and in paper industry.
Potassium hydroxide Caustic potash KOH In manufacture of soft soaps, in nickel –
iron storage battery and for absorbing CO2
In manufacture of bleaching powder, in
Calcium hydroxide Slaked lime Ca(OH)2 white washing and testing CO2 gas
Magnesium Milk of lime Mg(OH)2 As an antacid to neutralize acid in the

hydroxide stomach
Ammonium NH4OH For removing greases from, clothes in dry
hydroxide cleaning and in cleaning window panes.
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22. Chemical nature of base – a base is a substance which when dissolved in water gives hydroxide
(OH-) ions in the solution, hence, the properties of abase are due to OH- ions which it gives in the
aqueous solution.
23. Strong and weak acids – acids like HCl and H2SO4 which dissociate completely in the aqueous
solution to produce a large amount of H+ ions and hence conduct electricity to a large extent are
called strong acids.
On the other hand, acids likes acetic acids (CH3COOH), oxalic acid (COOH)2, carbonic acid
(H2CO3) etc., which dissociate only partially in the aqueous solution to produce a small amount of
H+ ions and hence conduct electricity to a small extent are called weak acids.
24. Strong and weak bases – bases like NaOH, KOH etc., which dissociate completely in the aqueous
solution to produce a large amount of OH- ions and hence conduct electricity to a large extent are
called strong bases.
On the other hand, bases like NH4OH, Ca(OH)2 etc., which dissociate only partially in the
aqueous solution to produce a small amount of OH- ions and hence conduct electricity in a small
extent are called weak bases.
25. pH of a solution – the acidity or alkalinity of a solution is expressed in terms of pH. The pH of a
solution is the magnitude of the negative power to which 10 must be raised to express the H + ion
concentration in moles per litre e.g., if H+ ion concentration of a solution = 10-x mol L-1, then
pH = x
26. pH scale – an acidic , basic or neutral solution contain both H+ ions and OH- ions. If the solution
is neutral, [H+] = [OH-] = 10-7M. In a solution, [H+] can from 100 to 10-14 M. Hence, solution can
have pH from O to 14. This is called pH scale. Neutral solution have pH = 7. Acidic solutions
have pH < 7 and basic solution have pH > 7. Lesser is the pH than 7, more acidic is the solution.
Greater is the pH than 7, more basic is the solution.
27. Universal indicator – it is a mixture of a number of indicators. It shows different colours at

different pH values.
28. Role of pH in everyday

(a) Human blood, tears and saliva have pH range of 7.0 to 7.8. If pH falls below 7 or rise above
7.8, survival of living organism becomes difficult.
(b) Plants have a healthy growth if pH of the soil is such that it is neither alkaline nor highly
acidic.
(c) Hydrochloric acid produced in the stomach helps in digestion. However, if excess of acid is
produced due to spicy food, it causes indigestion and we have to take ‘antacid’ like milk of
magnesia.
(d) Acid is produced in the mouth due to degradation of sugar and left out food particles. It is
partially neutralized by the saliva. However, if excess acid is produced due to sweets, it
causes tooth decay.
(e) Animals and plants have self-defence through chemical warfare. The sting by honey – bee or
yellow ant or leaves of nettle plant injects methanoic acid into our body and we feel pain.
(f) The tarnished surface of a copper vessel due to copper oxide layer (which is basic) can be
cleaned by rubbing with lemon (which is acidic)
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29. Salt and their formation – salts are ionic compounds consisting of two parts, one parts carrying a
positive charge and other part carrying a negative charge.
30. Formation of salts

a. By neutralization of acids and bases – NaOH + HCl --> NaCl + H2O
b. By action of acids on carbonates and hydrogen carbonates – NaHCO3 + HCl -> NaCl+
H2O+CO2
c. By action of metals on acids – Zn + H2SO4 ----> ZnSO4 + H2
d. By action of metals on alkalies – 2NaOH + Zn --->Na2ZnO2 + H2
31. Families of salts –

a. On the basis of acids from which they are formed e.g. chlorides from HCl acids, sulphates
from H2SO4, nitrate from HNO3
b. On the basis of bases from which they are formed e.g., sodium salts from NaOH, potassium
salts from KOH, calcium salts from Ca(OH)2.
32. pH of salt solution – when salt is dissolved in water, it reacts to give back the acid and base. It is
called salt hydrolysis. It is reverse of neutralization.
a. Salts of strong acids and strong bases like NaCl, KNO3 etc. give neutral solution with pH =
7.
b. Salt of strong acids and weak base like CuSO4, NH4Cl etc. give acidic solution with pH < 7
c. Salts of weak acids and strong base like Na2CO3 five basic solution with pH >7
33. Chemical name of common salt is sodium chloride.
34. Table salt – it used as a food material is iodized salt containing a small amount of potassium
iodide which protects us from thyroid disorders.
35. Occurrence and extraction –

a. From sea water, by evaporation
b. Rock salt formed from dried up seas
c. Inland lakes due to natural evaporation of water.
36. Properties of common salt –

a. Colourless, crystalline with melting point 8200C
b. Soluble at room temperature. Solubility does not vary much with temperature.
c. On heating, a crackling sound is produced.
d. It is hygroscopic, i.e., takes up moisture from air and becomes wet.
37. Uses of common salt –

a. Essential constituent of diet
b. Preservative for packed food materials like fish.
c. Make freezing mixture with ice.
d. In salting out soap and preparation of pottery glaze etc.
e. A raw material for production of other chemicals like baking soda, washing soda, caustic
soda, chlorine, sodium, bleaching powder etc.
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38. Chemical name of caustic soda is sodium hydroxide, NaOH
39. Manufacture of caustic soda – by electrolysis o an aqueous solution of sodium chloride. The
method is called chlor – alkali process because it gives chlorine and the alkali, NaOH. Hydrogen
and chlorine are obtained as by – products. They can be combined to produce HCl gas which can
be dissolved in water to produce hydrochloric acid.
40. Uses of caustic soda

a. In making soap
b. For degreasting metals
c. Paper, due and rayon industry
d. In petroleum refining
e. For mercerizing cotton
f. As laboratory reagent
41. Chemically, bleaching powder is calcium oxychloride CaOCl2
42. Manufacture – bleaching powder is manufactured by action of chlorine on dry slaked lime.
43. Properties of leaching powder

a. It is yellowish white powder.
b. When exposed to air, it reacts with CO2 of the air to liberate Cl2 gas.
c. It is soluble in cold water. The milkiness of the solution is due to presence of unreacted lime.
d. It reacts with HCl and H2SO4, liberating Cl2 gas.
44. Uses of bleaching powder –

a. For bleaching cotton in textile industry and wood pulp in paper industry.
b. For disinfecting drinking water.
c. As an oxidizing agent.
d. In manufacture of chloroform.
45. Chemically, baking soda is sodium hydrogen carbonated (NaHCO3)
46. Manufacture – It is prepared by passing CO2 through NaCl solution saturated with NH3. It can
also be prepared by passing CO2 through aqueous Na2CO3 solution.
47. Properties - It is white crystalline solid, stable in air, sparingly soluble in water. On heating, it
decomposes to give Na2CO3 and CO2. It reacts with acids with effervescence to give out CO2 gas.
48. Uses – it is used in medicines as antacid, as a constituent of baking powder for preparing fluffy
food stuff like cake, bread etc. and in fire extinguishers.
49. Washing soda is chemically known as sodium carbonate decahydrate.
50. Anhydrous sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) is called soda – ash.
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51. Sodium carbonate exists in three forms : NA2CO3, 10H2O, Na2CO3.H2O and Na2CO3
52. Sodium carbonate is manufacture by Solvay process in the following steps:

a. Manufacture of sodium hydrogen carbonate- by passing CO2 through NaCl solution
saturated with NH3
NH3 + H2O + CO2 ----> NH4HCO3
NaCl + NH4HCO3 ----> NaHCO3 + NH4Cl
NaHCO3 being less soluble separates out as crystalline solid and is filtered off.
b. Re-crystallization of sodium carbonate – anhydrous sodium carbonate is converted into
washing soda by dissolving in hot water and then subjecting to re-crystallization.
Na2CO3 + 10H2O ----> Na2CO3 . 10H2O
CO2 is required in step (i) is obtained from limestone (CaCO3). Hence, the raw materials
required are (a) NaCl (b) NH0 (c) CaCO3
c. Calculation of NaHCO3. NaHCO3 crystals obtained in step (i) are heated strongly. They
decompose to form anhydrous Na2CO3
2 NaHCO3 -----> Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2
53. Properties of washing soda –

a. It is a transparent crystalline solid with the formula Na2CO3. 10 H2O
b. On exposure to air, it decomposes to form monohydrate which is white powder. The process
us called efflorescence.
c. Its aqueous solution in water is alkaline.
d. On heating, it forms anhydrous Na2CO3
e. It reacts with acids to evolve CO2 with brisk effervescence.
54. Uses of sodium carbonate

a. It is used in the laundary for cleaning clothes.
b. For removing permanent hardness of water.
c. In manufacture of glass, soap, paper etc.
d. As a laboratory agent.
55. Crystalline salts like Na2CO3. 10 H2O, CaSO4.2 H2O, CaSO4.½ H2O, CuSO4.5H2O etc. which
seem to be dry contain water of crystallization. Water of crystallization is a fixed number of water
molecules present in one formula unit of the salt.
56. Plaster of Paris is chemically CaSO4.½ H2O
57. It is prepared by heating gypsum at 1000C

CaSO4 . 2H2O ---> CaSO4. ½ H2O + H2O
Temperature is not allowed to rise above 1000 C as otherwise it gives anhydrous, called “dead
burnt plaster” which does not set with water.
58. It is white powder. Mixed with water, it sets to a hard mass. His is due to rehydration to from
gypsum
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59. Reaction with water

CaSO4. ½ H2O + H2O -----> CaSO4 . 2H2O
60. Uses of plaster of Paris

a. In medical science, it is used for setting fractured bones in the right position and in making
casts in dentistry.
b. In making toys, cats for statues, decorative materials, jewellery and cosmetics.
c. In making decorative designs on the ceilings, pillars etc. to beautify the house or other
buildings.
d. In making chalks for writing on the blackboard.
e. In laboratory, for making the apparatus air- tight by sealing the gaps at the stoppers etc.
f. In making fire proof materials.
g. In making the surface smooth e.g, that of walls, ceiling etc. before paint.
***
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ACIDS, BASES & SALTS_10th Class_ 1

3. General characteristic properties of acids

6. Conduct electricity – the solution of acids in water conduct electricity

9. Some naturally occurring acids

11. Some common acids and their chemical formulas

Magnesium Milk of lime Mg(OH)2 As an antacid to neutralize acid in the

27. Universal indicator – it is a mixture of a number of indicators. It shows different colours at

28. Role of pH in everyday

30. Formation of salts

31. Families of salts –

33. Chemical name of common salt is sodium chloride.

35. Occurrence and extraction –

36. Properties of common salt –

37. Uses of common salt –

38. Chemical name of caustic soda is sodium hydroxide, NaOH

40. Uses of caustic soda

41. Chemically, bleaching powder is calcium oxychloride CaOCl2

43. Properties of leaching powder

44. Uses of bleaching powder –

45. Chemically, baking soda is sodium hydrogen carbonated (NaHCO3)

49. Washing soda is chemically known as sodium carbonate decahydrate.

50. Anhydrous sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) is called soda – ash.

52. Sodium carbonate is manufacture by Solvay process in the following steps:

53. Properties of washing soda –

54. Uses of sodium carbonate

56. Plaster of Paris is chemically CaSO4.½ H2O

57. It is prepared by heating gypsum at 1000C

59. Reaction with water

60. Uses of plaster of Paris

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