Clin Nutr Res.

2019 Jul;8(3):247-253
https://doi.org/10.7762/cnr.2019.8.3.247
pISSN 2287-3732·eISSN 2287-3740 CLINICAL NUTRITION RESEARCH

Case Report Nutritional Management of a Patient

with a High-Output Stoma after
Extensive Small Bowel Resection to
Treat Crohn's Disease

Yun Jung Lee , MeeRa Kweon , Misun Park

Department of Food Service and Nutrition Care, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea

Received: Jul 4, 2019

Revised: Jul 20, 2019
ABSTRACT
Accepted: Jul 24, 2019
For patients with short bowel syndrome who undergo ileostomy, nutritional management
Correspondence to is essential to prevent complications associated with a high-output stoma (HOS). We
Misun Park
report a practical example of ostomic, medical nutrition therapy provided by an intensive
Department of Food Service and Nutrition
Care, Seoul National University Hospital, 101
nutritional support team (NST). A 42-year-old male with a history of Crohn's disease visited
Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea. Seoul National University Hospital for treatment of mechanical ileus. He underwent loop
E-mail: [email protected] ileostomy after extensive small bowel resection. As his remaining small bowel was only
160 cm in length, the stomal output was about 3,000 mL/day and his body weight fell from
Copyright © 2019. The Korean Society of
52.4 to 40.3 kg. Given his clinical condition, continuous tube feeding for 24 h was used to
Clinical Nutrition
This is an Open Access article distributed promote adaptation of the remnant bowel. Thereafter, an oral diet was initiated and multiple,
under the terms of the Creative Commons nutritional educational sessions were offered by dietitians. Constant infusion therapy was
Attribution Non-Commercial License (https:// prescribed and included in the discharge plan. Two months after discharge, his body weight
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) had increased to 46.6 kg and his hydration status was appropriately maintained. This case
which permits unrestricted non-commercial
suggests that the critical features of medical nutritional therapy for ostomy management
use, distribution, and reproduction in any
medium, provided the original work is properly
are frequent assessments of fluid balance, weight history, and laboratory data and after
cited. nutritional interventions.

ORCID iDs Keywords: Ileostomy; Short bowel syndrome; Diet therapy; Nutrition therapy
Yun Jung Lee
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4088-1896
MeeRa Kweon
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1602-8097 INTRODUCTION
Misun Park
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6157-4380 After small bowel resection, when the remnant bowel is less than 200 cm long and concludes
Conflict of Interest with an ostomy (thus lacking colonic continuity), the incidence of high-output stoma (HOS)
The authors declare that they have no is high [1]. The definition of HOS remains controversial, but an effluent volume exceeding
competing interests. 2,000 mL/day is considered clinically significant in terms of possible complications [2,3].
These complications include electrolyte abnormalities, renal dysfunction caused by water
loss, and malabsorption-induced weight loss [4]. Management of complications and
maximization of patient outcomes require successful adaptation of the remaining small
bowel [5]. The extent of intestinal adaptation varies by the residual bowel length and sites
of resection; however, pharmacological and nutritional therapies improve the performance
of the remnant bowel. Antimotility agents are commonly used to maximize absorption by
controlling intestinal transit time, and antisecretory agents are employed to reduce gastric

https://e-cnr.org 247
Nutrition Management for a High-Output Stoma CLINICAL NUTRITION RESEARCH

acid secretion and nutrient loss caused by diarrhea. Nutritional therapy seeks to decrease
stool volume and improve consistency; individualized dietary plans are based on the patient's
nutritional requirements, considering hydration and possible parenteral nutrition (PN). A
comprehensive long-term plan for life after discharge is essential, and nutritional education
following the dietary guidelines for ostomy patients should be offered.

The ostomy nutrition guide [6] recommends a low-residue/high-protein diet commencing

immediately after surgery and a regular diet resumed as soon as the bowel adapts. In the
transitional period, small meals every 3–4 hours and consumption of 6–8 cups of water/day
are recommended. At 6–8 weeks after surgery, fiber-containing foods should be started, and
new foods should be tested in terms of intestinal rehabilitation. In particular, a patient who
has a short bowel after an ostomy may require a dedicated dietary strategy. When HOS is in
play, avoidance of sugary beverages and consumption of hypertonic fluids instead of water
are important. As the small bowel is short, adaptation takes longer; inclusion of high-fiber
vegetables in the diet may need to be delayed. Multivitamin/mineral supplementation should
continue until a regular diet is tolerated.

Multidisciplinary management is required to ensure patient recovery and a good quality of life
[3]. In the long term, dietitians must be alert to nutritional deficiencies and dehydration, and
revise the nutrition care plan and education accordingly. Adults with particular dietary habits
may find it difficult to adhere to new dietary guidelines; repeated nutritional education (not
just single sessions before and after discharge) is important. Moreover, home nursing (PN and
caring for the stoma) may be needed to manage the patient's general condition [7]. A nutrition
support team (NST) plays pivotal roles not only in acute care but also home care settings [1].

This case report shares our experience with the nutritional management of HOS after a
patient with Crohn's disease underwent extensive small bowel resection. The study was
approved, and the need for informed consent waived, by the Institutional Review Board of the
Seoul National University College of Medicine (approval No. 1905–174–1036).

CASE
A 42-year-old male whose Crohn's disease had been controlled with medications for more than
19 years visited the emergency room (ER) with small bowel dilation and mechanical ileus in
October 2018. Emergency surgery was performed because the ileus became exacerbated and
small intestinal perforation was suspected. A severe adhesion and a fistula were found at the 200
cm point (in the Treitz ligament) and another severe adhesion was evident in the distal ileum.
Bowel segments about 80 cm in length both proximal and distal to the lesion were resected and
then loop ileostomy was formed. The remaining small bowel was 160 cm in length.

Nutrition management
At the time of ER admission, an initial nutritional assessment was conducted. He was
moderately malnourished based on the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition
(ASPEN)/Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (AND) malnutrition criteria [8]. His estimated
nutritional need was 25–30 kcal/kg usual body weight (UBW)/day with 1.2–2.0 g protein/kg
UBW/day based on guidelines for the adult critically ill patient [9]. Because of the mechanical
ileus, total PN was initiated with a target of 25 kcal/kg UBW/day and 1.4 g protein/kg UBW/
day. PN was customized to prevent the development of electrolyte imbalances.

https://e-cnr.org https://doi.org/10.7762/cnr.2019.8.3.247 248

Nutrition Management for a High-Output Stoma CLINICAL NUTRITION RESEARCH

After extensive small bowel resection, the estimated energy requirement was 1,500 kcal/
day (derived using the Penn State equation). In order to decrease stomal output and allow
persistent luminal stimulation, continuous tube feeding with a low-residual formula (500
kcal) was initiated at 20 mL/hr over 24 hours. When he could tolerate 1,200 kcal/day at 50
mL/hr over 24 hours, he was weaned off PN (1,058 kcal/day, protein 58 g/day). According to
evaluations about 1 month after surgery (postoperative day [POD] #30), he had continued
to lose weight; he weighed 41.1 kg (body mass index [BMI] 13.9 kg/m2) which meant he
had lost 21.6% of his body weight at admission. HOS (about 3,000 ml/day) and elevated
blood urea nitrogen (24.0 mg/dL) and creatinine (1.6 mg/dL) were observed, so the risk of
dehydration was high. Although on POD #30 magnesium concentration was not measured,
it was 1.5 mEq/dL on POD #14, and since it was the marginal level and PN was suspended,
deficiency of micronutrient was also expected. Intake via tube feeding was 1,400 kcal/day
(34 kcal/kg current body weight [CBW]) and protein 56 g/day (1.35 g/kg CBW). Our NST
decided to increase the enteral nutrition (EN) supply to the target calorie level and to provide
supplemental PN (commercial 3-in-1 PN with multivitamins and trace elements, 345 kcal/day,
protein 16 g/day) to replenish nutrients lost. Total amount supplied, including EN and PN,
was 1845 kcal/day (45 kcal/kg CBW) and protein 75.8 g/day (1.85 g/kg CBW).

He commenced an oral diet 6 weeks after operation (POD #43) and was again weaned from
PN. A dietitian evaluated dietary intake, and assessed stomal output volume and consistency.
The estimated dietary intake was 1400 kcal/day with protein 80 g/day. The stomal output
was approximately 3,000 mL/day (the bag was emptied 10 times/day) of watery diarrhea. The
dietitian educated the patient on the need for frequent small meals, the sipping of fluid between
meals (thus not with meals) to ensure hydration, and the avoidance of foods containing high
levels of fiber and sugary beverages, which might exacerbate stomal output. Multivitamins
and multiminerals were recommended. As a typical Korean meal includes a bowl of vegetable
soup and several vegetable side dishes, the need to strictly avoid soup and vegetables was
emphasized. The guidelines recommend commencing vegetables 6–8 weeks after operation.
However, given his HOS status, a vegetable-free diet was maintained until the stomal output fell
to below 2,000 mL/day, even 8 weeks after the operation. To enhance compliance and to help
him understand the principles of food selection, the dietitian visited him 4 times.

As discharge approached, the dietitian conducted a nutritional re-assessment. The patient

exhibited severe malnutrition based on the ASPEN/AND criteria [8]. He had lost 25.4% of his
body weight and exhibited moderate loss of muscle mass and body fat. His estimated nutritional
requirements were 35–45 kcal/kg UBW/day and 1.5–2.0 g protein/kg UBW/day. He was taking
1,800 kcal and 90 g protein/day but still losing weight. To increase his weight and improve his
nutritional status, home PN support was recommended. The NST planned home PN three times/
week (commercial 3-in-1 PN with multivitamins and trace elements, 578 kcal, protein 26 g).

When he was re-admitted 1 month after discharge (POD #106), nutritional re-assessment
was performed. His percent of ideal body weight value was 71.6%, his BMI was 15.8 kg/
m2, and the nutritional intake met his requirements; his nutritional status had improved
compared to that 1 month earlier. His progress is summarized in Table 1.

The energy intakes from both EN and PN after loop ileostomy are shown in Figure 1. Two
months after operation (POD #60), his body weight was 40.3 kg at discharge. He maintained
the oral intake that he had established in the hospital, and received home PN, for 2 months
after discharge. About 18 weeks after the operation (POD #106), he was re-admitted to

https://e-cnr.org https://doi.org/10.7762/cnr.2019.8.3.247 249

Nutrition Management for a High-Output Stoma CLINICAL NUTRITION RESEARCH

Table 1. Summary of the nutritional interventions delivered by the nutrition support team
Hospital course EN PN Nutrition management
Visited the ER [Initial nutritional assessment]
Moderate malnutrition
Target calories: 1,350–1,620 kcal/day
Target protein: 65–108 g/day
NPO Calories: 1,338 kcal/day • Customized PN to mitigate the risk of malnutrition
Protein: 78 g/day
Operation
POD #2 Calories: 500 kcal/day Calories: 1,338 kcal/day • Continuous enteral feeding with low-residual formula to
(ICU stay) Protein: 20 g/day Protein: 78 g/day decrease stomal output and allow persistent luminal
stimulation
POD #19 Calories: 1,200 kcal/day Wean from PN (Meets
(Transfer to general ward) Protein: 48 g/day 80% of requirements)
POD #33 Calories: 1,500 kcal/day Calories: 345 kcal/day • Increase EN to the target calorie level and use supplemental PN
Protein: 60 g/day Protein: 16 g/day to replenish nutrients lost because of the ostomy
POD #50 Oral diet: low-residual diet - • 1st visit - education on the need to adhere to ostomy nutritional
Calories: 1,400 kcal guidelines
Protein: 80 g/day
POD #54 Oral diet: low-residual diet - [Nutritional reassessment]
Calories: 1,400 kcal Severe malnutrition
Protein: 80 g/day • Plan of home PN after discharge to prevent dehydration and
electrolyte imbalances
POD #55 Oral diet: low-residual diet Calories: 578 kcal/day • 2nd visit - advise to sip hypertonic fluid in-between meals to
ensure hydration
Calories: 1,400 kcal Protein: 26 g/day • Supply of home PN regimen
Protein: 80 g/day
POD #56 Oral diet: low-residual diet Calories: 578 kcal/day • 3rd visit - advise to limit vegetables and soup with meals to
Calories: 1,800 kcal Protein: 26 g/day reduce stomal output
Protein: 90 g/day
POD #64 Oral diet: low-residual diet Calories: 578 kcal/day • 4th visit - advise to take frequent small meals (5–6 a day) and
Calories: 1,800 kcal Protein: 26 g/day increase nutrient density to allow weight gain and improve
Protein: 90 g/day absorption
POD #66
(Discharge)
POD #106 Oral diet: low-residual diet - [Nutritional assessment]
(Re-admission) Calories: 1,900 kcal Moderate malnutrition
Protein: 100 g/day
PN, parenteral nutrition; EN, enteral nutrition; ER, emergency room; NPO, nil per os; POD, postoperative day; ICU, intensive care unit.

2,500 60
EN PN Body weight
55
52.4
2,000 289‡ 50
46.6
Energy intake (kcal)

45.1 345
Body weight (kg)

1,500 45
41.1 40.3
1,058 42.5 40
1,000 1,900† 35
1,800†
1,400* 1,500*
1,338 30
500
800*
25

0 20
OP POD #14 POD #30 POD #45 POD #60 POD #106
Time after formation of loop ileostomy
Figure 1. Changes in nutritional intake and body weight after ileostomy.
OP, operation; POD, postoperative day; EN, enteral nutrition; PN, parenteral nutrition.
*Tube feeding intake; †estimated oral intake; ‡home PN (3times/week) converted into daily.

https://e-cnr.org https://doi.org/10.7762/cnr.2019.8.3.247 250

Nutrition Management for a High-Output Stoma CLINICAL NUTRITION RESEARCH

Table 2. Data after the operation of ileostomy formation

Patient data OP POD #14 POD #30 POD #45 POD #60 POD #106
Laboratory data
Sodium (135–145 mmol/L) 138.0 133.0 141.0 137.0 137.0 141.0
Potassium (3.5–5.5 mmol/L) 4.0 3.7 4.1 4.1 3.8 3.5
Chloride (98–110 mmol/L) 102.0 95.0 97.0 95.0 105.0 101.0
Blood urea nitrogen (10–26 mg/dL) 44.0 70.0 24.0 18.0 19.0 15.0
Creatinine (0.7–1.4 mg/dL) 1.4 4.3 1.6 0.9 0.7 0.7
Calcium (8.8–10.5 mg/dL) 8.5 9.0 9.6 10.0 9.0 9.1
Phosphorus (2.5–4.5 mg/dL) 4.7 3.7 4.3 5.1 3.6 4.7
Magnesium (1.5–2.5 mEq/L) 1.6 1.5 - - - -
Uric acid (3.0–7.0 mg/dL) 2.6 4.7 4.5 6.7 5.5 5.6
Total protein (6.0–8.0 g/dL) 5.1 5.6 6.4 6.7 5.8 6.0
Albumin (3.3–5.2 g/dL) 2.4 2.9 3.4 3.4 3.2 3.5
24 hours urine volume (mL/day) 120 1,140 - - - -
Stomal output (mL/day) 40 630 3,000* 3,000* 2,800* 2,500*
Parenteral nutrition volume (mL/day) 1,400 1,100 - 500 800 -
Parenteral fluid (mL/day) - - - - - 1,000
OP, operation; POD, postoperative day.
*Estimated volume: number of bag-emptying/day × one-time emptying volume.

manage necrosis of both feet and hands associated with use of an inotropic agent in the
intensive care unit. His body weight was 46.6 kg (BMI 15.8 kg/m2), and had thus increased by
15.6% since discharge.

After ileostomy, intravenous PN and/or fluids were administered for about 18 weeks. Table 2
lists the laboratory data, stomal output volumes, and the PN infusion details. Although
a large stomal output (about 3,000 mL/day) of watery diarrhea was observed in the early
postoperative period, the electrolyte balance was optimized via infusion therapy. When he
was re-admitted (POD #106), his stomal output was slightly reduced but the consistency had
thickened significantly.

DISCUSSION
When HOS develops after extensive small bowel resection, it can cause complications such as
dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and undernutrition [1,3,4]. Our case is a useful example
of how intensive nutritional therapy can prevent such complications. Improvement of the
patient’s nutritional status was essential, because not only does Crohn's disease exhibit a
high rate of postoperative relapse [10], but rehabilitation is the principal treatment for limb
necrosis in relatively young patients.

Intensive nutritional management allowed improvements in nutritional status, such as

weight gain and maintenance of adequate hydration. To optimize results, a multidisciplinary
approach (team-based care) is essential [11]. Dietitians play key roles in care [4]. Assessment
of energy demand based on current nutritional status is an important feature of nutritional
care. The ASPEN guidelines [8] recommend 35–45 kcal/kg/day (the need may attain up to
60 kcal/kg/day) and protein 1.5–2.0 g/kg/day for small bowel syndrome (SBS) patients with
end-jejunostomies. One report described a patient who was losing weight on an intake of
2,600 kcal/day despite the fact that the estimated requirement (using the Schofield equation)
for her current body weight was 1,660 kcal/day [12]. Throughout the nutrition care process,
nutritional requirements should be estimated considering both the patient's intake and the
volume lost in the stoma. For our case, the estimated requirement was 2,100 kcal/day (40

https://e-cnr.org https://doi.org/10.7762/cnr.2019.8.3.247 251

Nutrition Management for a High-Output Stoma CLINICAL NUTRITION RESEARCH

kcal/kg/day) with protein 103 g/day (2.0 g/kg/day) for a target body weight of 52.4 kg (the
baseline weight). At about 2 months after discharge, his body weight was 46.6 kg. Thus,
weight gain was observed, but the target was not attained. If the patient can tolerate it, more
intensive nutritional support may be considered.

Another factor affecting outcomes is how strictly the patient follows the dietary guidelines.
Strict dietary adherence decreases dependence on intravenous support [5]. Our patient
took six meals daily (three regular meals and three small meals), but eschewed soup. He
consumed a considerable amount of protein at every meal. He used refined grain to minimize
dietary fiber intake and ate few high-fiber vegetables. Multivitamin/mineral supplements
were consistently taken.

In cases of HOS caused by a short bowel, parenteral infusion therapy (fluid and/or PN) is
inevitable. The need for long-term intravenous support depends on the remnant length
of the small intestine, and less support may be required as absorptive capacity improves
[3]. Thompson et al. [7] reported that 50% of SBS patients with Crohn’s disease require
permanent home PN. Wall [5] found that a patient with about 105 cm of remnant small bowel
required PN for 4 years after discharge. Our patient visited the outpatient clinic several times,
but did not receive follow-up nutritional management, and appropriate infusion therapy was
thus not possible. Thus, when he was re-admitted after 2 months without infusion therapy,
an electrolyte imbalance attributable to dehydration was detected (data not shown). However,
even after hospitalization, he refused PN support. Infusion therapy is delivered by home care
nurses and may become economically burdensome in the long term. In study of Thompson
et al. [7], insurance coverage was of concern to those who required home therapy, and in
study of Winkler and Smith [13], home PN imposed financial hardship on families caring for
patients. However, SBS patients require long-term management; their insurance coverage
should alleviate the economic burden of continuing treatment.

In conclusion, nutritional therapy is essential for successful management of, and prevention
of complications in, patients with HOS. The nutritional interventions include estimation of
dietary requirements and education on how to reduce stomal output and the need for infusion
therapy. Our present case is a good example of nutritional care for a patient with HOS.

REFERENCES
1. Baker ML, Williams RN, Nightingale JM. Causes and management of a high-output stoma. Colorectal Dis
2011;13:191-7.
PUBMED | CROSSREF
2. Nightingale J, Woodward JM; Small Bowel and Nutrition Committee of the British Society of
Gastroenterology. Guidelines for management of patients with a short bowel. Gut 2006;55 Suppl 4:iv1-12.
PUBMED | CROSSREF
3. Mountford CG, Manas DM, Thompson NP. A practical approach to the management of high-output
stoma. Frontline Gastroenterol 2014;5:203-7.
PUBMED | CROSSREF
4. Arenas Villafranca JJ, López-Rodríguez C, Abilés J, Rivera R, Gándara Adán N, Utrilla Navarro P. Protocol
for the detection and nutritional management of high-output stomas. Nutr J 2015;14:45.
PUBMED | CROSSREF
5. Wall EA. An overview of short bowel syndrome management: adherence, adaptation, and practical
recommendations. J Acad Nutr Diet 2013;113:1200-8.
PUBMED | CROSSREF

https://e-cnr.org https://doi.org/10.7762/cnr.2019.8.3.247 252

Nutrition Management for a High-Output Stoma CLINICAL NUTRITION RESEARCH

6. United Ostomy Associations of America. Ostomy nutrition guide. Kennebunk (ME): United Ostomy
Associations of America; 2017
7. Thompson JS, Iyer KR, DiBaise JK, Young RL, Brown CR, Langnas AN. Short bowel syndrome and
Crohn's disease. J Gastrointest Surg 2003;7:1069-72.
PUBMED | CROSSREF
8. American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. The ASEPEN adult nutrition support core
curriculum. 3rd ed. Silver Spring (MD): American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition; 2017
9. McClave SA, Taylor BE, Martindale RG, Warren MM, Johnson DR, Braunschweig C, McCarthy MS,
Davanos E, Rice TW, Cresci GA, Gervasio JM, Sacks GS, Roberts PR, Compher C; Society of Critical
Care Medicine, American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. Guidelines for the provision and
assessment of nutrition support therapy in the adult critically ill patient: Society of Critical Care Medicine
(SCCM) and American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (A.S.P.E.N). JPEN J Parenter Enteral
Nutr 2016;40:159-211.
PUBMED | CROSSREF
10. Bernell O, Lapidus A, Hellers G. Risk factors for surgery and postoperative recurrence in Crohn's disease.
Ann Surg 2000;231:38-45.
PUBMED | CROSSREF
11. Matarese LE, Jeppesen PB, O'Keefe SJ. Short bowel syndrome in adults: the need for an interdisciplinary
approach and coordinated care. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2014;38:60S-64S.
PUBMED | CROSSREF
12. Tsao SK, Baker M, Nightingale JM. High-output stoma after small-bowel resections for Crohn's disease.
Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005;2:604-8.
PUBMED | CROSSREF
13. Winkler MF, Smith CE. Clinical, social, and economic impacts of home parenteral nutrition dependence
in short bowel syndrome. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2014;38:32S-37S.
PUBMED | CROSSREF

https://e-cnr.org https://doi.org/10.7762/cnr.2019.8.3.247 253